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Xu K, Ren X, Wang J, Zhang Q, Fu X, Zhang PC. Clinical development and informatics analysis of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoid drugs: A critical review. J Adv Res 2024; 63:269-284. [PMID: 37949300 PMCID: PMC11380023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are one of the most important metabolites with vast structural diversity and a plethora of potential pharmacological applications, which have drawn considerable attention in the laboratory. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain how many candidates were progressed to clinical application. AIM OF REVIEW We carried out a critical review of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoid drugs and candidates undergoing different clinical phases worldwide by applying an adequate search method and conducted a brief cheminformatic and bioinformatic analysis. It was expected that the obtained results might narrow the screening scope and reduce the cost of drug research and development. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW To our knowledge, this is the most systematic summarization of flavonoid-based drugs and clinical candidates to date. It was found that a total of 19 flavonoid-based drugs have been approved for the market, and of these, natural flavonoids accounted for 52.6%. Besides, a total of 36 flavonoid-based clinical candidates are undergoing or suspended in different phases, and of these, natural flavonoids account for 44.4%. Thus, natural flavonoids remain the best option for finding novel agents/active templates, and when investigated in conjunction with synthetic chemicals and biologicals, they offer the potential to discover novel structures that can lead to effective agents against a variety of human diseases. Additionally, flavonoid-based marketed drugs have been successful in cardiovascular treatment, and the related drugs account for more than 30% of marketed drugs. However, the use of flavonoids as antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents is not likely for approximately 50% of the candidates suspended in the clinical stage. Interestingly, the marketed drugs covered a broader range of chemical spaces based on size, polarity, and three-dimensional structure compared to the clinical candidates. In addition, flavonoid glycosides with poor oral bioavailability account for 36.8% of the marketed drugs, and thus, they could be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Xu
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao 266114, China
| | - Xia Ren
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao 266114, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Chongqing Kangzhou Big Data (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401336, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Chongqing Kangzhou Big Data (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401336, China
| | - Xianjun Fu
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao 266114, China.
| | - Pei-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
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Hu D, Cao J, Yu H, Ding N, Mi L, Ye Y, Li M, Wang D, Wu J, Wang X, Song Y, Zhu J, Ping L. PI3K inhibitor idelalisib enhances the anti-tumor effects of CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib via PLK1 in B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Lett 2024; 597:216996. [PMID: 38815797 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients still faced with poor survival, representing an unmet clinical need. In-depth research into the disease's pathogenesis and the development of targeted treatment strategies are urgently needed. Here, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of gene mutation and expression using data from our center and public databases. Cell cycle-related genes especially for CDKN2A/B-CDK4/6/CCND1 machinery altered frequently in DLBCL and MCL. Clinically, high CDK4 and CDK6 expression were correlated with poor prognosis of DLBCL and MCL patients. Furthermore, we also validated the pharmacological efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib and its synergy effect with PI3K inhibitor idelalisib utilizing in vitro cell lines and in vivo cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Our results provided sufficient pre-clinical evidence to support the potential combination of palbociclib and idelalisib for DLBCL and MCL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Purines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Quinazolinones/pharmacology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/metabolism
- Mice
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Female
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jiaowu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yingying Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Dedao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jiajin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaogan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Tao JH, Ruan PL, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Guan CX. Identification of the potential Pan-CDK antagonists: tracing the path of virtual screening and inhibitory activity on lung cancer cells. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10939-0. [PMID: 39069541 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are overexpressed in tumor cells, and their aberrant activation can promote the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We utilized structure-based virtual screening and experimental validation to screen for potential CDKs antagonists among TargetMol natural products. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that Dolastatin 10 exhibits strong interactions with multiple subtypes of CDKs (CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, and CDK6), forming stable CDKs-Dolastatin 10 complex compounds. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrate that Dolastatin 10 significantly inhibits the viability, migration, and invasion of H1299 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase by inducing cell senescence. These findings suggest that Dolastatin 10 may serve as a potential CDKs antagonist deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ping-Lang Ruan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ascle Therapeutics, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Cha-Xiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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Hassanzadeh A, Shomali N, Kamrani A, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Nasiri H, Akbari M. Cancer therapy by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs): bench to bedside. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:862-882. [PMID: 38983782 PMCID: PMC11231458 DOI: 10.17179/excli2024-7076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A major characteristic of cancer is dysregulated cell division, which results in aberrant growth of cells. Consequently, medicinal targets that prevent cell division would be useful in the fight against cancer. The primary regulator of proliferation is a complex consisting of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). The FDA has granted approval for CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) to treat metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Specifically, CDK4/6 CDKIs block the enzyme activity of CDK4 and CDK6. Unfortunately, the majority of first-generation CDK inhibitors, also known as pan-CDK inhibitors because they target multiple CDKs, have not been authorized for clinical use owing to their serious side effects and lack of selection. In contrast to this, significant advancements have been created to permit the use of pan-CDK inhibitors in therapeutic settings. Notably, the toxicity and negative consequences of pan-CDK inhibitors have been lessened in recent years thanks to the emergence of combination therapy tactics. Therefore, pan-CDK inhibitors have renewed promise for clinical use when used in a combination regimen. The members of the CDK family have been reviewed and their primary roles in cell cycle regulation were covered in this review. Next, we provided an overview of the state of studies on CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Kamrani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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5
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Asghar A, Chohan TA, Khurshid U, Saleem H, Mustafa MW, Khursheed A, Alafnan A, Batul R, Bin Break MK, Almansour K, Anwar S. A systematic review on understanding the mechanistic pathways and clinical aspects of natural CDK inhibitors on cancer progression.: Unlocking cellular and biochemical mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 393:110940. [PMID: 38467339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cell division, differentiation, and controlled cell death are all regulated by phosphorylation, a key biological function. This mechanism is controlled by a variety of enzymes, with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) being particularly important in phosphorylating proteins at serine and threonine sites. CDKs, which contain 20 unique components, serve an important role in regulating vital physiological functions such as cell cycle progression and gene transcription. Methodologically, an extensive literature search was performed using reputable databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords encompassed "cyclin kinase," "cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors," "CDK inhibitors," "natural products," and "cancer therapy." The inclusion criteria, focused on relevance, publication date, and language, ensured a thorough representation of the most recent research in the field, encompassing articles published from January 2015 to September 2023. Categorization of CDKs into those regulating transcription and those orchestrating cell cycle phases provides a comprehensive understanding of their diverse functions. Ongoing clinical trials featuring CDK inhibitors, notably CDK7 and CDK4/6 inhibitors, illuminate their promising potential in various cancer treatments. This review undertakes a thorough investigation of CDK inhibitors derived from natural (marine, terrestrial, and peptide) sources. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive comprehension of the chemical classifications, origins, target CDKs, associated cancer types, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Asghar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Umair Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Saleem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mian Waqar Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Khursheed
- Department of Pharmacy, Grand Asian University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahila Batul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khaled Bin Break
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Hao B, Yang Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Wang S. Advances in Flavonoid Research: Sources, Biological Activities, and Developmental Prospectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2884-2925. [PMID: 38666911 PMCID: PMC11049524 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, the occurrence of a large number of infectious and non-communicable diseases poses a serious threat to human health as well as to drug development for the treatment of these diseases. One of the most significant challenges is finding new drug candidates that are therapeutically effective and have few or no side effects. In this respect, the active compounds in medicinal plants, especially flavonoids, are potentially useful compounds with a wide range of pharmacological activities. They are naturally present in nature and valuable in the treatment of many infectious and non-communicable diseases. Flavonoids are divided into fourteen categories and are mainly derived from plant extraction, chemical synthesis and structural modification, and biosynthesis. The structural modification of flavonoids is an important way to discover new drugs, but biosynthesis is currently considered the most promising research direction with the potential to revolutionize the new production pipeline in the synthesis of flavonoids. However, relevant problems such as metabolic pathway analyses and cell synthesis protocols for flavonoids need to be addressed on an urgent basis. In the present review, new research techniques for assessing the biological activities of flavonoids and the mechanisms of their biological activities are elucidated and their modes of interaction with other drugs are described. Moreover, novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, bioparticles, colloidals, etc., are gradually becoming new means of addressing the issues of poor hydrophilicity, lipophilicity, poor chemical stability, and low bioavailability of flavonoids. The present review summarizes the latest research progress on flavonoids, existing problems with their therapeutic efficacy, and how these issues can be solved with the research on flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (B.H.); (Z.Y.); (H.L.); (Y.L.)
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7
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Abd El-Hameed RH, Mohamed MS, Awad SM, Hassan BB, Khodair MAEF, Mansour YE. Novel benzo chromene derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction in human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:405-422. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2151592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rania H. Abd El-Hameed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mosaad S. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samir M. Awad
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bardes B. Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Yara E. Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Wang Q, Bode AM, Zhang T. Targeting CDK1 in cancer: mechanisms and implications. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:58. [PMID: 37311884 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases that are proposed as promising candidate targets for cancer treatment. These proteins complexed with cyclins play a critical role in cell cycle progression. Most CDKs demonstrate substantially higher expression in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and, according to the TCGA database, correlate with survival rate in multiple cancer types. Deregulation of CDK1 has been shown to be closely associated with tumorigenesis. CDK1 activation plays a critical role in a wide range of cancer types; and CDK1 phosphorylation of its many substrates greatly influences their function in tumorigenesis. Enrichment of CDK1 interacting proteins with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was conducted to demonstrate that the associated proteins participate in multiple oncogenic pathways. This abundance of evidence clearly supports CDK1 as a promising target for cancer therapy. A number of small molecules targeting CDK1 or multiple CDKs have been developed and evaluated in preclinical studies. Notably, some of these small molecules have also been subjected to human clinical trials. This review evaluates the mechanisms and implications of targeting CDK1 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
| | - Tianshun Zhang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
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Mounika P, Gurupadayya B, Kumar HY, Namitha B. An Overview of CDK Enzyme Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023; 23:603-619. [PMID: 36959160 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230320144713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to address the cell cycle in cancer therapy brings up new medication development possibilities. Cyclin-dependent kinases are a group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle. The CDK/cyclin complexes are activated when specific CDK sites are phosphorylated. Because of their non-selectivity and severe toxicity, most first-generation CDK inhibitors (also known as pan-CDK inhibitors) have not been authorized for clinical usage. Despite this, significant progress has been made in allowing pan-CDK inhibitors to be employed in clinical settings. Pan-CDK inhibitors' toxicity and side effects have been lowered in recent years because of the introduction of combination therapy techniques. As a result of this, pan-CDK inhibitors have regained a lot of clinical potential as a combination therapy approach. The CDK family members have been introduced in this overview, and their important roles in cell cycle control have been discussed. Then, we have described the current state of CDK inhibitor research, with a focus on inhibitors other than CDK4/6. We have mentioned first-generation pan-CDKIs, flavopiridol and roscovitine, as well as second-generation CDKIs, dinaciclib, P276-00, AT7519, TG02, roniciclib, and RGB-286638, based on their research phases, clinical trials, and cancer targeting. CDKIs are CDK4/6, CDK7, CDK9, and CDK12 inhibitors. Finally, we have looked into the efficacy of CDK inhibitors and PD1/PDL1 antibodies when used together, which could lead to the development of a viable cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peddaguravagari Mounika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Bannimath Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Bannimath Namitha
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
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Fu L, Mou J, Deng Y, Ren X, Qiu S. Design, Synthesis, and Activity Assays of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 Inhibitors With Flavone Scaffolds. Front Chem 2022; 10:940427. [PMID: 36003621 PMCID: PMC9393241 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.940427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) plays an indispensable role in the whole cell cycle. It has become a new target for cancer therapy. According to the binding mode of a pan-CDK inhibitor, flavopiridol with CDK1, and our previous work, a new series of flavone derivatives were discovered. Among them, compound 2a showed the best CDK1 inhibitory and anti-proliferative potencies in the in vitro activity investigation. The IC50 of 2a against CDK1 was 36.42 ± 1.12 μM vs. 11.49 μM ± 0.56 of flavopiridol. In the anti-proliferation activity assays, 2a exhibited better activity toward RAW264.7 than MCF-7 cells. The results indicated that flavone derivatives, besides inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, can also antagonize inflammatory response. Molecular docking results showed that conformation of 2a can form hydrogen bonds and various hydrophobic interactions with the key amino acid residues of CDK1. It can be used as a promising lead compound for CDK1 inhibitor development.
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He M, Cao C, Ni Z, Liu Y, Song P, Hao S, He Y, Sun X, Rao Y. PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:181. [PMID: 35680848 PMCID: PMC9178337 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years. It uses bifunctional small molecules to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTACs can not only be used as potential clinical treatments for diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, but also provide unique chemical knockdown tools for biological research in a catalytic, reversible, and rapid manner. In 2019, our group published a review article "PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry" in the journal, summarizing the representative compounds of PROTACs reported before the end of 2019. In the past 2 years, the entire field of protein degradation has experienced rapid development, including not only a large increase in the number of research papers on protein-degradation technology but also a rapid increase in the number of small-molecule degraders that have entered the clinical and will enter the clinical stage. In addition to PROTAC and molecular glue technology, other new degradation technologies are also developing rapidly. In this article, we mainly summarize and review the representative PROTACs of related targets published in 2020-2021 to present to researchers the exciting developments in the field of protein degradation. The problems that need to be solved in this field will also be briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chaoguo Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Ni
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peilu Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Hao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuna He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Rao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
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12
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Shi Z, Tian L, Qiang T, Li J, Xing Y, Ren X, Liu C, Liang C. From Structure Modification to Drug Launch: A Systematic Review of the Ongoing Development of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors for Multiple Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6390-6418. [PMID: 35485642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss more than 50 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that have been approved or have undergone clinical trials and their therapeutic application in multiple cancers. This review discusses the design strategies, structure-activity relationships, and efficacy performances of these selective or nonselective CDK inhibitors. The theoretical basis of early broad-spectrum CDK inhibitors is similar to the scope of chemotherapy, but because their toxicity is greater than the benefit, there is no clinical therapeutic window. The notion that selective CDK inhibitors have a safer therapeutic potential than pan-CDK inhibitors has been widely recognized during the research process. Four CDK4/6 inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of breast cancer or for prophylactic administration during chemotherapy to protect bone marrow and immune system function. Furthermore, the emerging strategies in the field of CDK inhibitors are summarized briefly, and CDKs continue to be widely pursued as emerging anticancer drug targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Shi
- Department of Urology Surgery Center, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xing
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
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13
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Li X, Huang CH, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Kennedy MC, Tschaharganeh DF, Morris JP, Montinaro A, O'Rourke KP, Banito A, Wilkinson JE, Chen CC, Ho YJ, Dow LE, Tian S, Luan W, de Stanchina E, Zhang T, Gray NS, Walczak H, Lowe SW. A preclinical platform for assessing antitumor effects and systemic toxicities of cancer drug targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110557119. [PMID: 35442775 PMCID: PMC9169916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110557119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drug development campaigns often fail due to an incomplete understanding of the therapeutic index differentiating the efficacy of the agent against the cancer and its on-target toxicities to the host. To address this issue, we established a versatile preclinical platform in which genetically defined cancers are produced using somatic tissue engineering in transgenic mice harboring a doxycycline-inducible short hairpin RNA against the target of interest. In this system, target inhibition is achieved by the addition of doxycycline, enabling simultaneous assessment of efficacy and toxicity in the same animal. As proof of concept, we focused on CDK9—a cancer target whose clinical development has been hampered by compounds with poorly understood target specificity and unacceptable toxicities. We systematically compared phenotypes produced by genetic Cdk9 inhibition to those achieved using a recently developed highly specific small molecule CDK9 inhibitor and found that both perturbations led to robust antitumor responses. Remarkably, nontoxic levels of CDK9 inhibition could achieve significant treatment efficacy, and dose-dependent toxicities produced by prolonged CDK9 suppression were largely reversible upon Cdk9 restoration or drug withdrawal. Overall, these results establish a versatile in vivo target validation platform that can be employed for rapid triaging of therapeutic targets and lend support to efforts aimed at advancing CDK9 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez-Rivera
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Margaret C. Kennedy
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Darjus F. Tschaharganeh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - John P. Morris
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P. O'Rourke
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Medicine/The Rockefeller University/Sloan Kettering Institute Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ana Banito
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - John E. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chi-Chao Chen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lukas E. Dow
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sha Tian
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Wei Luan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Innovative Medicines Accelerator, Stanford Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Innovative Medicines Accelerator, Stanford Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
- Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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14
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Xie Z, Hou S, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Wang Q, Liao C. Lessons Learned from Past Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Drug Discovery Efforts. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6356-6389. [PMID: 35235745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has become an effective therapeutic strategy for treating various diseases, especially cancer. Over almost three decades, although great efforts have been made to discover CDK inhibitors, many of which have entered clinical trials, only four CDK inhibitors have been approved. In the process of CDK inhibitor development, many difficulties and misunderstandings have hampered their discovery and clinical applications, which mainly include inadequate understanding of the biological functions of CDKs, less attention paid to pan- and multi-CDK inhibitors, nonideal isoform selectivity of developed selective CDK inhibitors, overlooking the metabolic stability of early discovered CDK inhibitors, no effective resistance solutions, and a lack of available combination therapy and effective biomarkers for CDK therapies. After reviewing the mechanisms of CDKs and the research progress of CDK inhibitors, this perspective summarizes and discusses these difficulties or lessons, hoping to facilitate the successful discovery of more useful CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shuzeng Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology─Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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15
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Manohar SM, Joshi KS. Promising Anticancer Activity of Multitarget Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors against Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2022; 15:1024-1033. [PMID: 35068399 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220124125809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and its incidence is steadily rising in developing nations. Cell cycle aberrations due to deregulation of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins are common events during colorectal carcinogenesis. Yet, efficacy of multitarget CDK inhibitors as therapeutic agents has not been much explored against CRC.
Objective:
The anticancer potential of multitarget CDK inhibitor riviciclib (also known as P276-00), was investigated against CRC cell lines of varied genetic background.
Method:
Cytotoxicity of riviciclib - potent CDK1, CDK4 and CDK9-specific inhibitor was evaluated in vitro. Further, its effect on clonogenic potential, cell cycle, apoptosis and transcription was tested using colony forming assay, flow cytometry and western blot analysis respectively. Also, efficacy of riviciclib in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents was assessed. Dependency of CRC cells on specific CDKs for their survival was confirmed using siRNA studies.
Results:
Riviciclib exerted significant cytotoxicity against CRC cells and inhibited their colony forming potential. It induced apoptosis along with inhibition of cell cycle CDKs and cyclins as well as transcriptional CDKs and cyclins. Moreover, dual combination of riviciclib with standard chemotherapeutic drugs exhibited synergism in CRC cells. siRNA studies indicated that CRC cells are dependent on specific CDKs for their survival which are targets of riviciclib.
Conclusion:
This study provides evidence that multitarget CDK inhibitors can serve as promising therapeutic agents against CRC alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal M. Manohar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia of School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
| | - Kalpana S. Joshi
- Discovery Engine, Cipla R and D, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli (West), Mumbai, India
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16
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Pinto C, Cidade H, Pinto M, Tiritan ME. Chiral Flavonoids as Antitumor Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1267. [PMID: 34959668 PMCID: PMC8704364 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of natural products with a great structural diversity, widely distributed in plant kingdom. They play an important role in plant growth, development and defense against aggressors. Flavonoids show a huge variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antimicrobial and antitumor, being able to modulate a large diversity of cellular enzymatic activities. Among natural flavonoids, some classes comprise chiral molecules including flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavanones, and rotenoids, which have one or more stereogenic centers. Interestingly, in some cases, individual compounds of enantiomeric pairs have shown different antitumor activity. In nature, these compounds are mainly biosynthesized as pure enantiomers. Nevertheless, they are often isolated as racemates, being necessary to carry out their chiral separation to perform enantioselectivity studies. Synthetic chiral flavonoids with promising antitumor activity have also been obtained using diverse synthetic approaches. In fact, several new chiral bioactive flavonoids have been synthesized by enantioselective synthesis. Particularly, flavopiridol was the first cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor which entered clinical trials. The chiral pool approaches using amino acid as chiral building blocks have also been reported to achieve small libraries of chrysin derivatives with more potent in vitro growth inhibitory effect than chrysin, reinforcing the importance of the introduction of chiral moieties to improve antitumor activity. In this work, a literature review of natural and synthetic chiral flavonoids with antitumor activity is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.C.); (M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.C.); (M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.C.); (M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.P.); (H.C.); (M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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17
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Bhurta D, Bharate SB. Analyzing the scaffold diversity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and revisiting the clinical and preclinical pipeline. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:654-709. [PMID: 34605036 DOI: 10.1002/med.21856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kinases have gained an important place in the list of vital therapeutic targets because of their overwhelming clinical success in the last two decades. Among various clinically validated kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are one of the extensively studied drug targets for clinical development. Food and Drug Administration has approved three CDK inhibitors for therapeutic use, and at least 27 inhibitors are under active clinical development. In the last decade, research and development in this area took a rapid pace, and thus the analysis of scaffold diversity is essential for future drug design. Available reviews lack the systematic study and discussion on the scaffold diversity of CDK inhibitors. Herein we have reviewed and critically analyzed the chemical diversity present in the preclinical and clinical pipeline of CDK inhibitors. Our analysis has shown that although several scaffolds represent CDK inhibitors, only the amino-pyrimidine is a well-represented scaffold. The three-nitrogen framework of amino-pyrimidine is a fundamental hinge-binding unit. Further, we have discussed the selectivity aspects among CDKs, the clinical trial dose-limiting toxicities, and highlighted the most advanced clinical candidates. We also discuss the changing paradigm towards selective inhibitors and an overview of ATP-binding pockets of all druggable CDKs. We carefully analyzed the clinical pipeline to unravel the candidates that are currently under active clinical development. In addition to the plenty of dual CDK4/6 inhibitors, there are many selective CDK7, CDK9, and CDK8/19 inhibitors in the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deendyal Bhurta
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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18
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Mou J, Qiu S, Chen D, Deng Y, Tekleab T. Design, synthesis, and primary activity assays of baicalein derivatives as cyclin-dependent kinase 1 inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:639-654. [PMID: 34233076 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumor is a disease with high mortality. Traditional treatment methods have many disadvantages, such as side-effects, drug resistance. Because cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) plays an indispensable role in cell cycle regulation, it became an attractive target in rational anti-cancer drug discovery. Herein, we reported a series of baicalein derivatives, which remarkably repressed the proliferation of MCF-7 tumor cells and the activity of CDK1/cyclin B kinase. Among them, compound 4a displayed better inhibition rate than flavopiridol against MCF-7 proliferation at the concentration of 50 μg/ml, comparable to compound CGP74514A, while compound 3o possessed the best activity against CDK1/cyclin B kinase (IC50 = 1.26 μM). The inhibitory activities toward the kinase well correlated with anti-proliferative activities. Molecular docking results suggested that compound 3o can interact with the key amino acid residues, E81, L83, and D146, of CDK1 through hydrogen bond just like flavopiridol does. And it can also form an extra hydrogen bond with D146 by its introduced 7-acrylate group, which flavopiridol does not have. These findings proved that baicalein derivatives can be used as CDK1 inhibitors fighting against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Mou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Danghui Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanru Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Teka Tekleab
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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19
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Abstract
The introduction of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CKIs) has marked a major development in the standard treatment of advanced breast cancer. Extensive preclinical, translational and clinical research efforts into CKI agents are ongoing, and clinical application of this class of systemic anti-cancer therapy is anticipated to expand beyond metastatic breast cancer treatment. Emerging evidence indicates that mechanisms by which CKI agents exert their therapeutic effect transcend their initially expected impacts on cell cycle control into the realms of cancer immunology and metabolism. The recent expansion in our understanding of the multifaceted impact of CKIs on tumour biology has the potential to improve clinical study design, therapeutic strategies and ultimately patient outcomes. This review contextualises the current status of CKI therapy by providing an overview of the original and emerging insights into mechanisms of action and the evidence behind their current routine use in breast cancer management. Recent preclinical and clinical studies into CKIs across tumour types are discussed, including a synthesis of the more than 300 clinical trials of CKI-combination treatments registered as of November 2020. Key challenges and opportunities anticipated in the 2020s are explored, including treatment resistance, combination therapy strategies and potential biomarker development.
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20
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in Hematological Malignancies-Current Understanding, (Pre-)Clinical Application and Promising Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102497. [PMID: 34065376 PMCID: PMC8161389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyclin-dependent kinases are involved in the regulation of cancer-initiating processes like cell cycle progression, transcription, and DNA repair. In hematological neoplasms, these enzymes are often overexpressed, resulting in increased cell proliferation and cancer progression. Early (pre-)clinical data using cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors are promising but identifying the right drug for each subgroup and patient is challenging. Certain chromosomal abnormalities and signaling molecule activities are considered as potential biomarkers. We therefore summarized relevant studies investigating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in hematological malignancies and further discuss molecular mechanisms of resistance and other open questions. Abstract Genetically altered stem or progenitor cells feature gross chromosomal abnormalities, inducing modified ability of self-renewal and abnormal hematopoiesis. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) regulate cell cycle progression, transcription, DNA repair and are aberrantly expressed in hematopoietic malignancies. Incorporation of CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) into the existing therapeutic regimens therefore constitutes a promising strategy. However, the complex molecular heterogeneity and different clinical presentation is challenging for selecting the right target and defining the ideal combination to mediate long-term disease control. Preclinical and early clinical data suggest that specific CDKIs have activity in selected patients, dependent on the existing rearrangements and mutations, potentially acting as biomarkers. Indeed, CDK6, expressed in hematopoietic cells, is a direct target of MLL fusion proteins often observed in acute leukemia and thus contributes to leukemogenesis. The high frequency of aberrancies in the retinoblastoma pathway additionally warrants application of CDKIs in hematopoietic neoplasms. In this review, we describe the preclinical and clinical advances recently made in the use of CDKIs. These include the FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors, traditional and novel pan-CDKIs, as well as dual kinase inhibitors. We additionally provide an overview on molecular mechanisms of response vs. resistance and discuss open questions.
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21
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Hei R, Li X, Cai H, Wu X, Zheng Q, Cai C. CDK inhibitors in cancer therapy, an overview of recent development. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1913-1935. [PMID: 34094661 PMCID: PMC8167670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated cell division, which leads to aberrant cell proliferation, is one of the key hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, therapeutic targets that block cell division would be effective for cancer treatment. Cell division is mainly controlled by a complex composed of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). To date, the CDK inhibitors (CDKIs), specifically the ones that block the enzyme activity of CDK4 and CDK6 (CDK4/6), have been approved by FDA for the treatment of metastatic hormone receptor positive breast cancer. However, due to the non-selectivity and significant toxicity, most of the first generation CDK inhibitors (so called pan-CDK inhibitors that target several CDKs), have not been approved for clinical application. Despite this, great efforts and progress have been made to enable pan-CDK inhibitors application in the clinical setting. Notably, the development of combination therapy strategies in recent years has made it possible to reduce the toxicity and side effects of pan-CDK inhibitors. Thus, as a combination therapy approach, pan-CDK inhibitors regain great potential in clinical application. In this review, we introduced the CDK family members and discussed their major functions in cell cycle controlling. Then, we summarized the research progress regarding CDK inhibitors, especially those other than CDK4/6 inhibitors. We reviewed first-generation pan-CDKIs Flavopiridol and Roscovitine, and second-generation CDKIs Dinaciclib, P276-00, AT7519, TG02, Roniciclib, RGB-286638 by focusing on their developing stages, clinical trials and targeting cancers. The specific CDKIs, which targets to increase specificity and decrease the side effects, were also discussed. These CDKIs include CDK4/6, CDK7, CDK9, and CDK12/13 inhibitors. Finally, the efficacy and discrepancy of combination therapy with CDK inhibitors and PD1/PDL1 antibodies were analyzed, which might give insights into the development of promising strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
| | - Lingxian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
| | - Ruoxuan Hei
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
| | | | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
- Shenzhen Academy of Peptide Targeting Technology at Pingshan, and Shenzhen Tyercan Bio-pharm Co., Ltd.Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Cheguo Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430071, China
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22
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Goel B, Tripathi N, Bhardwaj N, Jain SK. Small Molecule CDK Inhibitors for the Therapeutic Management of Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1535-1563. [PMID: 32416692 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200516152756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a group of multifunctional enzymes consisting of catalytic and regulatory subunits. The regulatory subunit, cyclin, remains dissociated under normal circumstances, and complexation of cyclin with the catalytic subunit of CDK leads to its activation for phosphorylation of protein substrates. The primary role of CDKs is in the regulation of the cell cycle. Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is one of the widely investigated tumor suppressor protein substrates of CDK, which prevents cells from entering into cell-cycle under normal conditions. Phosphorylation of Rb by CDKs causes its inactivation and ultimately allows cells to enter a new cell cycle. Many cancers are associated with hyperactivation of CDKs as a result of mutation of the CDK genes or CDK inhibitor genes. Therefore, CDK modulators are of great interest to explore as novel therapeutic agents against cancer and led to the discovery of several CDK inhibitors to clinics. This review focuses on the current progress and development of anti-cancer CDK inhibitors from preclinical to clinical and synthetic to natural small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Nancy Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Nivedita Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
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23
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Qiu X, Li Y, Yu B, Ren J, Huang H, Wang M, Ding H, Li Z, Wang J, Bian J. Discovery of selective CDK9 degraders with enhancing antiproliferative activity through PROTAC conversion. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 211:113091. [PMID: 33338869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) is an increasingly important potential cancer treatment target. Nowadays, developing selective CDK9 inhibitors has been extremely challenging as its ATP-binding sites are similar with other CDKs. Here, we report that the CDK9 inhibitor BAY-1143572 is converted into a series of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) which leads to several compounds inducing the degradation of CDK9 in acute myeloid leukemia cells at a low nanomolar concentration. In addition, the most potent PROTAC molecule B03 could inhibit cell growth more effectively than warhead alone, with little inhibition of other kinases. This enhanced antiproliferative activity is mediated by a slight increase in kinase inhibitory activity and an increase in the level of apoptosis induction. Moreover, B03 could induce the degradation of CDK9 in vivo. Our work provides evidence that B03 represents a lead for further development and that CDK9 degradation is a potential valuable therapeutic strategy in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huidan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, PR China.
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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24
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Yuan K, Wang X, Dong H, Min W, Hao H, Yang P. Selective inhibition of CDK4/6: A safe and effective strategy for developing anticancer drugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:30-54. [PMID: 33532179 PMCID: PMC7838032 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustained cell proliferation resulting from dysregulation of the cell cycle and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is a hallmark of cancer. The inhibition of CDKs is a highly promising and attractive strategy for the development of anticancer drugs. In particular, third-generation CDK inhibitors can selectively inhibit CDK4/6 and regulate the cell cycle by suppressing the G1 to S phase transition, exhibiting a perfect balance between anticancer efficacy and general toxicity. To date, three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors have received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and 15 CDK4/6 inhibitors are in clinical trials for the treatment of cancers. In this perspective, we discuss the crucial roles of CDK4/6 in regulating the cell cycle and cancer cells, analyze the rationale for selectively inhibiting CDK4/6 for cancer treatment, review the latest advances in highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds, explain the mechanisms associated with CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance and describe solutions to overcome this issue, and briefly introduce proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), a new and revolutionary technique used to degrade CDK4/6.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CDK4/6
- CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinases
- CIP/KIP, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1/kinase inhibitory protein
- CKIs, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- CPU, China Pharmaceutical University
- CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer
- Cancer
- Cell cycle
- Drug resistance
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FLT, fms-like tyrosine kinase
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- INK4, inhibitors of CDK4
- JAK, janus kinase
- MCL, mantle cell lymphoma
- MM, multiple myeloma
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- ORR, overall response rates
- PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase
- PR, progesterone receptor
- PROTAC
- PROTAC, proteolysis targeting chimera
- RB, retinoblastoma protein
- SPH, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd.
- STATs, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- Selectivity
- UNISA, University of South Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haojie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenjian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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25
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Moloudizargari M, Moradkhani F, Hekmatirad S, Fallah M, Asghari MH, Reiter RJ. Therapeutic targets of cancer drugs: Modulation by melatonin. Life Sci 2020; 267:118934. [PMID: 33385405 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of melatonin range beyond the regulation of the circadian rhythm. With regard to cancer, melatonin's potential to suppress cancer initiation, progression, angiogenesis and metastasis as well as sensitizing malignant cells to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy are among its most interesting effects. The targets at which melatonin initiates its anti-cancer effects are in common with those of a majority of existing anti-cancer agents, giving rise to the notion that this molecule is a pleiotropic agent sharing many features with other antineoplastic drugs in terms of their mechanisms of action. Among these common mechanisms of action are the regulation of several major intracellular pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) signaling. The important mediators affected by melatonin include cyclins, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), heat shock proteins (HSPs) and c-Myc, all of which can serve as potential targets for cancer drugs. Melatonin also exerts some of its anti-cancer effects via inducing epigenetic modifications, DNA damage and mitochondrial disruption in malignant cells. The regulation of these mediators by melatonin mitigates tumor growth and invasiveness via modulating their downstream responsive genes, housekeeping enzymes, telomerase reverse transcriptase, apoptotic gene expression, angiogenic factors and structural proteins involved in metastasis. Increasing our knowledge on how melatonin affects its target sites will help find ways of exploiting the beneficial effects of this ubiquitously-acting molecule in cancer therapy. Acknowledging this, here we reviewed the most studied target pathways attributed to the anti-cancer effects of melatonin, highlighting their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradkhani
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Hekmatirad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Marjan Fallah
- Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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26
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A review on kinases phosphorylating the carboxyl-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II-Biological functions and inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104318. [PMID: 33142427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) plays a major role in gene transcription for eukaryote. One of the major modes of regulation in eukaryotes is the phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Pol II. The current study found that the phosphorylation of Ser2, Ser5, Ser7, Thr4 and Tyr1 among the heptapeptide repeats of CTD plays a key role in the transcription process. We therefore review the biological functions and inhibitors of kinases that phosphorylate these amino acid residues including transcriptional cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs), bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), Polo-like kinases 3 (Plk3) and Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene 1 and 2 (c-Abl1/2).
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27
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Wu T, Qin Z, Tian Y, Wang J, Xu C, Li Z, Bian J. Recent Developments in the Biology and Medicinal Chemistry of CDK9 Inhibitors: An Update. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13228-13257. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tizhi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Ray B, Mehrotra R. Nucleic acid binding mechanism of flavone derivative, riviciclib: Structural analysis to unveil anticancer potential. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 211:111990. [PMID: 32858336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite burgeoned knowledge about the origin, growth, tissue interactions, and spread of cancer in recent years, the functional complexity and unique survival ability of cancer cells still make it difficult to target them. Riviciclib is a semi-synthetic derivative of rohitukine and possesses anticancer potential. Inhibition of nucleic acid activity in an uncontrolled dividing cell can form the basis for the development of new-age cancer therapeutics. The present study reports the molecular interaction between riviciclib and nucleic acid (DNA/tRNA) using spectroscopic and molecular docking studies in an attempt to comprehend its cellular toxicity as well as the nature and mode of binding between them. Vibrational spectroscopic results suggest that riviciclib intercalates DNA duplex and primarily binds with guanine, adenine, and thymine nucleobases. While in the case of riviciclib-tRNA complexation, riviciclib interacts mostly with uracil residues of the tRNA molecule. Besides nucleobases, riviciclib interacts with the sugar-phosphate backbone of both biomacromolecules. Conformationally, DNA alters from B-form to C-form, whereas tRNA shows no change in its native A-form. The order (104 M-1) of binding constant for riviciclib-nucleic acid complexation infer moderate to strong affinity of riviciclib with DNA and tRNA, respectively. Molecular docking explorations are further in corroboration with our spectroscopic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Ray
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ranjana Mehrotra
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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29
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Wang S, Zhou D, Xu Z, Song J, Qian X, Lv X, Luan J. Anti-tumor Drug Targets Analysis: Current Insight and Future Prospect. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1180-1202. [PMID: 30947670 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190402145325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of malignant tumors are on the rise, which has become the second leading cause of death in the world. At present, anti-tumor drugs are one of the most common methods for treating cancer. In recent years, with the in-depth study of tumor biology and related disciplines, it has been gradually discovered that the essence of cell carcinogenesis is the infinite proliferation of cells caused by the disorder of cell signal transduction pathways, followed by a major shift in the concept of anti-tumor drugs research and development. The focus of research and development is shifting from traditional cytotoxic drugs to a new generation of anti-tumor drugs targeted at abnormal signaling system targets in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the targets of anti-tumor drugs and analyse the molecular mechanisms of their effects, which lay a foundation for subsequent treatment, research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dexi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xueyi Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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30
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Ibrahim N, Bonnet P, Brion JD, Peyrat JF, Bignon J, Levaique H, Josselin B, Robert T, Colas P, Bach S, Messaoudi S, Alami M, Hamze A. Identification of a new series of flavopiridol-like structures as kinase inhibitors with high cytotoxic potency. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112355. [PMID: 32402934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, unique flavopiridol analogs bearing thiosugars, amino acids and heterocyclic moieties tethered to the flavopiridol via thioether and amine bonds mainly on its C ring have been prepared. The analogs bearing thioether-benzimidazoles as substituents have demonstrated high cytotoxic activity in vitro against up to seven cancer cell lines. Their cytotoxic effects are comparable to those of flavopiridol. The most active compound 13c resulting from a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study and in silico docking showed the best antiproliferative activity and was more efficient than the reference compound. In addition, compound 13c showed significant nanomolar inhibition against CDK9, CDK10, and GSK3β protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Ibrahim
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR7311 Université d'Orléans-CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067, Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Brion
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Jean-François Peyrat
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Jerome Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, F-91198, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Helene Levaique
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, F-91198, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Josselin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Pierre Colas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France
| | - Mouad Alami
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France.
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Châtenay Malabry, France.
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31
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Miljkovic MD, Roschewski M, Dunleavy K, Wilson WH. Hybrid dosing of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor flavopiridol in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:3320-3323. [PMID: 31204529 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1627540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Roschewski
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kieron Dunleavy
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Zhao H, Li S, Wang G, Zhao W, Zhang D, Wang F, Li W, Sun L. Study of the mechanism by which dinaciclib induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of lymphoma Raji cells through a CDK1-involved pathway. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4348-4358. [PMID: 31207099 PMCID: PMC6675732 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify and evaluate the mechanism by which apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were induced by dinaciclib in lymphoma Raji cells. Methods The colony formation assay was used to detect cell proliferation of Raji cells. Cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL assays, respectively. Protein expression related to the Raji cell state was evaluated by Western blot. The Raji/Dinaciclib drug‐resistant cell line was established, where the regulating functions of CDK1‐involved pathway were verified. In addition, the effect of dinaciclib in vivo was examined in orthotopically implanted tumors in nude mice. Results Cell apoptosis was induced, and DNA synthesis ability was decreased in a time‐dependent manner in dinaciclib‐treated lymphoma Raji cells. Furthermore, the cell cycle was found to be blocked in the G2/M Phase. Further study indicated that CDK1‐involved pathway played a key regulatory role in this process. It was revealed by cell transfection that the expression of cell cycle proteins was downregulated after treatment with dinaciclib through a CDK1‐involved pathway, which eventually led to apoptosis. Knockdown of CDK1 restored the sensitivity of the Raji/Dinaciclib cells to dinaciclib. Xenograft model of nude mice showed that dinaciclib treatment in vivo could effectively inhibit tumor growth, consistent with the experiment results mentioned before. Conclusion In this study, we clarified the mechanisms through which dinaciclib induces Raji cell apoptosis and blocks the cell cycle through a CDK1‐involved pathway, which supported that dinaciclib had potential values in the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shenglei Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wugan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhu FX, He YC, Zhang JY, Wang HF, Zhong C, Wang XT. Using Prognosis-Related Gene Expression Signature and Connectivity Map for Personalized Drug Repositioning in Multiple Myeloma. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3247-3255. [PMID: 31048671 PMCID: PMC6510057 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic cancer with poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to decrease the high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to identify prospective agents for MM. MATERIAL AND METHODS A microarray dataset was mined, which contains the transcriptome profiles of 588 MM patients. Univariate Cox analysis was performed to analyze the relationships between genes and clinical outcome. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were determined. Protective and risky genes were uploaded to Connectivity Map (CMAP) database to identify the potentially unknown effects of existing drugs. An example was selected to be docked on the known molecules. RESULTS A total of 1445 genes significantly correlated with the event free survival (EFS) of MM patients were identified and included 676 protective and 769 risky indicators. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these prognosis-associated genes were enriched in the "cell cycle," "DNA replication," and "P53 signaling pathway". The top t3 most significant potential molecules were vorinostat, trifluoperazine, and thioridazine. CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase-1) ranked as the core in the class of prognosis-related genes in MM based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. With Sybyl-X 2.0, the majority of the top 10 molecules aforementioned displayed high binding forces with CDK1. Among these molecules, trichostatin A had the greatest ability in combining with CDK1. CONCLUSIONS Genes that mainly accumulate in the cell cycle pathway play an essential role in the prognosis of MM, and these prognosis-related genes also have great value in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xiao Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Chan He
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Hang-Fei Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Tao Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China (mainland)
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Zhao L, Yuan X, Wang J, Feng Y, Ji F, Li Z, Bian J. A review on flavones targeting serine/threonine protein kinases for potential anticancer drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:677-685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li X, Seebacher NA, Xiao T, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Targeting regulation of cyclin dependent kinase 9 as a novel therapeutic strategy in synovial sarcoma. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:510-521. [PMID: 30488489 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Synovial sarcomas hold a low genomic complexity, making it distinct from other types of soft-tissue sarcomas. Many studies focused on targeting the SS18-SSX fusion protein, which presents in over 90% of human synovial sarcomas. This protein acts as an oncogenic promoter in the tumorigenesis of synovial sarcomas, making it an ideal therapeutic target. However, to date there have been no effective strategies targeting SS18-SSX for the treatment of synovial sarcomas. Therefore, it is an urgent need to identify alternative therapeutic targets. More recently, CDK9, a protein involved in RNA transcription regulation, has been investigated for its role in the pathogenesis of cancer. However, the expression and function of CDK9 in synovial sarcomas remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that CDK9 was to be largely localized to the cell nucleus, and highly expressed in all tested human synovial sarcoma cell lines and over 90% of human sarcoma tissue microarray samples. High-CDK9 expression was associated with a poorer patient prognosis of human sarcomas. Inhibition of CDK9, with either siRNA or a CDK9 inhibitor, prevented synovial sarcoma cell growth and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This was also accompanied with a reduction in the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II and an increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Moreover, CDK9 inhibition decreased sarcoma cell spheroid formation and cell motility. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of CDK9 in human synovial sarcoma cell growth and proliferation. Therefore, CDK9 may represent a promising target for the treatment of synovial sarcomas. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:510-521, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Li
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicole A Seebacher
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Tao Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, California, 90095
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Molecular signatures for CCN1, p21 and p27 in progressive mantle cell lymphoma. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 13:421-434. [PMID: 30465121 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a comparatively rare non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterised by overexpression of cyclin D1. Many patients present with or progress to advanced stage disease within 3 years. MCL is considered an incurable disease with median survival between 3 and 4 years. We have investigated the role(s) of CCN1 (CYR61) and cell cycle regulators in progressive MCL. We have used the human MCL cell lines REC1 < G519 < JVM2 as a model for disease aggression. The magnitude of CCN1 expression in human MCL cells is REC1 > G519 > JVM2 cells by RQ-PCR, depicting a decrease in CCN1 expression with disease progression. Investigation of CCN1 isoform expression by western blotting showed that whilst expression of full-length CCN1 was barely altered in the cell lines, expression of truncated forms (18-20 and 28-30 kDa) decreased with disease progression. We have then demonstrated that cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (p21CIP1and p27KIP1) are also involved in disease progression. Cyclin D1 was highly expressed in REC1 cells (OD: 1.0), reduced to one fifth in G519 cells (OD: 0.2) and not detected by western blotting in JVM2 cells. p27KIP1 followed a similar profile of expression as cyclin D1. Conversely, p21CIP1 was absent in the REC1 cells and showed increasing expression in G519 and JVM2 cells. Subcellular localization detected p21CIP1/ p27KIP1 primarily within the cytoplasm and absent from the nucleus, consistent with altered roles in treatment resistance. Dysregulation of the CCN1 truncated forms are associated with MCL progression. In conjunction with reduced expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of p21, this molecular signature may depict aggressive disease and treatment resistance.
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37
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García-Reyes B, Kretz AL, Ruff JP, von Karstedt S, Hillenbrand A, Knippschild U, Henne-Bruns D, Lemke J. The Emerging Role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3219. [PMID: 30340359 PMCID: PMC6214075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has critical functions in cell cycle regulation and controlling of transcriptional elongation. Moreover, dysregulated CDKs have been linked to cancer initiation and progression. Pharmacological CDK inhibition has recently emerged as a novel and promising approach in cancer therapy. This idea is of particular interest to combat pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a cancer entity with a dismal prognosis which is owed mainly to PDAC's resistance to conventional therapies. Here, we review the current knowledge of CDK biology, its role in cancer and the therapeutic potential to target CDKs as a novel treatment strategy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Anna-Laura Kretz
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jan-Philipp Ruff
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hillenbrand
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Kumar V, Bharate SB, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SS. Selection of a Water-Soluble Salt Form of a Preclinical Candidate, IIIM-290: Multiwell-Plate Salt Screening and Characterization. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8365-8377. [PMID: 30087943 PMCID: PMC6072253 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
IIIM-290, a semisynthetic derivative of natural product rohitukine, is an orally bioavailable Cdk inhibitor, efficacious in the xenograft models of colon, pancreatic, and leukemia cancer. Its low aqueous solubility (∼8.6 μg/mL) could be one of the reasons for achieving optimal in vivo efficacy relatively at a higher dose. Being a nitrogenous compound, salt formation was envisaged as one of the ideal approaches to enhance its solubility and dissolution profile. Thus, herein, a solubility-guided miniaturized 96-well plate salt screening protocol was devised for identification of the suitable salt form of this preclinical candidate. The solubility-guided strategy has resulted in the identification of hydrochloride as the most favorable counterion, resulting in 45-fold improvement in aqueous solubility. The HCl salt was then scaled up at a gram size and characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, and differential scanning calorimetry studies. The HCl salt displayed enhancement in the in vitro dissolution profile as well as improved plasma exposure in the pharmacokinetic study. The oral administration of the IIIM-290·HCl salt in BALB/c mice resulted in >1.5-fold improvement in areas under the curve, Cmax, and half-life. The prepared salt also did not alter its cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-2 and Cdk-9 inhibition activity. This biopharmaceutically improved lead has a potential to investigate further in preclinical studies. The solubility-guided salt screening strategy implemented herein could be utilized for other preclinical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Preformulation
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Medicinal Chemistry
Division, and Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- Preformulation
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Medicinal Chemistry
Division, and Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Preformulation
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Medicinal Chemistry
Division, and Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sonali S. Bharate
- Preformulation
Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, Medicinal Chemistry
Division, and Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
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Abstract
The MYC family oncogene is deregulated in >50% of human cancers, and this deregulation is frequently associated with poor prognosis and unfavorable patient survival. Myc has a central role in almost every aspect of the oncogenic process, orchestrating proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and metabolism. Although Myc inhibition would be a powerful approach for the treatment of many types of cancers, direct targeting of Myc has been a challenge for decades owing to its "undruggable" protein structure. Hence, alternatives to Myc blockade have been widely explored to achieve desirable anti-tumor effects, including Myc/Max complex disruption, MYC transcription and/or translation inhibition, and Myc destabilization as well as the synthetic lethality associated with Myc overexpression. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in targeting oncogenic Myc, particularly for cancer therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- 1Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,2Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hudan Liu
- 1Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,2Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Qing
- 1Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,2Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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40
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Boffo S, Damato A, Alfano L, Giordano A. CDK9 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:36. [PMID: 29471852 PMCID: PMC5824552 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is less than optimal, but increased understanding of disease pathobiology and genomics has led to clinical investigation of novel targeted therapies and rational combinations. Targeting the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) pathway, which is dysregulated in AML, is an attractive approach. Inhibition of CDK9 leads to downregulation of cell survival genes regulated by super enhancers such as MCL-1, MYC, and cyclin D1. As CDK9 inhibitors are nonselective, predictive biomarkers that may help identify patients most likely to respond to CDK9 inhibitors are now being utilized, with the goal of improving efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Boffo
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., Room 431, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6017 USA
| | - Angela Damato
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., Room 431, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6017 USA
- Medical Oncology Unit, Clinical Cancer Centre, IRCCS–Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luigi Alfano
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Per Lo Studio E La Cura Dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., Room 431, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6017 USA
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Bharate SB, Kumar V, Jain SK, Mintoo MJ, Guru SK, Nuthakki VK, Sharma M, Bharate SS, Gandhi SG, Mondhe DM, Bhushan S, Vishwakarma RA. Discovery and Preclinical Development of IIIM-290, an Orally Active Potent Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1664-1687. [PMID: 29370702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rohitukine (1), a chromone alkaloid isolated from Indian medicinal plant Dysoxylum binectariferum, has inspired the discovery of flavopiridol and riviciclib, both of which are bioavailable only via intravenous route. With the objective to address the oral bioavailability issue of this scaffold, four series of rohitukine derivatives were prepared and screened for Cdk inhibition and cellular antiproliferative activity. The 2,6-dichloro-styryl derivative IIIM-290 (11d) showed strong inhibition of Cdk-9/T1 (IC50 1.9 nM) kinase and Molt-4/MIAPaCa-2 cell growth (GI50 < 1.0 μM) and was found to be highly selective for cancer cells over normal fibroblast cells. It inhibited the cell growth of MIAPaCa-2 cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis. It achieved 71% oral bioavailability with in vivo efficacy in pancreatic, colon, and leukemia xenografts at 50 mg/kg, po. It did not have CYP/efflux-pump liability, was not mutagenic/genotoxic or cardiotoxic, and was metabolically stable. The preclinical data presented herein indicates the potential of 11d for advancement in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mubashir J Mintoo
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Santosh K Guru
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Vijay K Nuthakki
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Dilip M Mondhe
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Indian Pharmacopeia Commission , Sec-23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
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42
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Novel therapies for relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2017; 31:105-113. [PMID: 29452660 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is considered incurable with standard therapies. Most patients treated with frontline immunochemotherapy relapse within a few years and do not usually respond to salvage chemotherapy. Persistent activation of the B-cell receptor pathway is critical to the pathogenesis of mantle cell lymphoma. Inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, an essential B-cell receptor pathway component with ibrutinib has shown clinical activity and has changed how MCL is treated in the relapsed/refractory setting. However, resistance to ibrutinib is common and response is limited. Novel agents targeting the B-cell receptor pathway along with therapies outside of the pathway will be reviewed in this article. Ongoing and future studies will better define how these agents should be utilized in the ever-changing treatment landscape of mantle cell lymphoma.
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43
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Kumar V, Gupta M, Gandhi SG, Bharate SS, Kumar A, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SB. Anti-inflammatory chromone alkaloids and glycoside from Dysoxylum binectariferum. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Mutations in cancer cells frequently result in cell cycle alterations that lead to unrestricted growth compared to normal cells. Considering this phenomenon, many drugs have been developed to inhibit different cell-cycle phases. Mitotic phase targeting disturbs mitosis in tumor cells, triggers the spindle assembly checkpoint and frequently results in cell death. The first anti-mitotics to enter clinical trials aimed to target tubulin. Although these drugs improved the treatment of certain cancers, and many anti-microtubule compounds are already approved for clinical use, severe adverse events such as neuropathies were observed. Since then, efforts have been focused on the development of drugs that also target kinases, motor proteins and multi-protein complexes involved in mitosis. In this review, we summarize the major proteins involved in the mitotic phase that can also be targeted for cancer treatment. Finally, we address the activity of anti-mitotic drugs tested in clinical trials in recent years.
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45
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Spurgeon SE, Till BG, Martin P, Goy AH, Dreyling MP, Gopal AK, LeBlanc M, Leonard JP, Friedberg JW, Baizer L, Little RF, Kahl BS, Smith MR. Recommendations for Clinical Trial Development in Mantle Cell Lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 109:2758475. [PMID: 28040733 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) comprises around 6% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) diagnoses. In younger patients, age less than 60 to 65 years, aggressive induction often followed by consolidation with autologous stem cell transplant has suggested improved outcomes in this population. Less intensive therapies in older patients often followed by maintenance have been studied or are under active investigation. However, despite recent advances, MCL remains incurable, with a median overall survival of around five years. Patients with high-risk disease have particularly poor outcomes. Treatment varies widely across institutions, and to date no randomized trials comparing intensive vs less intensive approaches have been reported. Although recent data have highlighted the heterogeneity of MCL outcomes, patient assessment for treatment selection has largely been driven by patient age with little regard to fitness, disease biology, or disease risk. One critical advance is the finding that minimal residual disease status (MRD) after induction correlates with long-term outcomes. As such, its use as a potential end point could inform clinical trial design. In order to more rapidly improve the outcomes of MCL patients, clinical trials are needed that prospectively stratify patients on the basis of MCL biology and disease risk, incorporate novel agents, and use MRD to guide the need for additional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Spurgeon
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Brian G Till
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Peter Martin
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Andre H Goy
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Martin P Dreyling
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Ajay K Gopal
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Michael LeBlanc
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - John P Leonard
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Jonathan W Friedberg
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Lawrence Baizer
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Richard F Little
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Brad S Kahl
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
| | - Mitchell R Smith
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science (OHSU) University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR (SES); Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (BGT, AKG); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (PM, JPL); John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ (AHG); Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany (MPD); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (ML); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (JWF); Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (LB); HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, and Clinical Investigations Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (RFL); Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (MRS)
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Therapeutic potential of targeting sphingosine kinases and sphingosine 1-phosphate in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 2016; 30:2142-2151. [PMID: 27461062 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, such as ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are bioactive molecules that have important functions in a variety of cellular processes, which include proliferation, survival, differentiation and cellular responses to stress. Sphingolipids have a major impact on the determination of cell fate by contributing to either cell survival or death. Although ceramide and sphingosine are usually considered to induce cell death, S1P promotes survival of cells. Sphingosine kinases (SPHKs) are the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of sphingosine to S1P. There are two isoforms, SPHK1 and SPHK2, which are encoded by different genes. SPHK1 has recently been implicated in contributing to cell transformation, tumor angiogenesis and metastatic spread, as well as cancer cell multidrug-resistance. More recent findings suggest that SPHK2 also has a role in cancer progression. This review is an overview of our understanding of the role of SPHKs and S1P in hematopoietic malignancies and provides information on the current status of SPHK inhibitors with respect to their therapeutic potential in the treatment of hematological cancers.
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Kumar V, Guru SK, Jain SK, Joshi P, Gandhi SG, Bharate SB, Bhushan S, Bharate SS, Vishwakarma RA. A chromatography-free isolation of rohitukine from leaves of Dysoxylum binectariferum: Evaluation for in vitro cytotoxicity, Cdk inhibition and physicochemical properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3457-63. [PMID: 27363938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rohitukine is a chromone alkaloid isolated from an Indian medicinal plant Dysoxylum binectariferum. This natural product has led to the discovery of two clinical candidates (flavopiridol and P276-00) for the treatment of cancer. Herein, for the first time we report an efficient protocol for isolation and purification of this precious natural product in a bulk-quantity from leaves (a renewable source) of D. binectariferum (>98% purity) without use of chromatography or any acid-base treatment. Despite of the fact that this scaffold has reached up to clinical stage, particularly for leukemia; however the antileukemic activity of a parent natural product has never been investigated. Furthermore, rohitukine has never been studied for cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibition, kinase profiling and for its experimental physicochemical properties. Thus, herein, we report in vitro cytotoxicity of rohitukine in a panel of 20 cancer cell lines (including leukemia, pancreatic, prostate, breast and CNS) and 2 normal cell lines; kinase profiling, Cdk2/9 inhibition, and physicochemical properties (solubility and stability in biological medias, pKa, LogP, LogD). In cytotoxicity screening, rohitukine displayed promising activity in HL-60 and Molt-4 (leukemia) cell lines with GI50 of 10 and 12μM, respectively. It showed inhibition of Cdk2/A and Cdk9/T1 with IC50 values of 7.3 and 0.3μM, respectively. The key interactions of rohitukine with Cdk9 was also studied by molecular modeling. Rohitukine was found to be highly water soluble (Swater=10.3mg/mL) and its LogP value was -0.55. The ionization constant of rohitukine was found to be 5.83. Rohitukine was stable in various biological media's including rat plasma. The data presented herein will help in designing better anticancer agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Preformulation Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Santosh K Guru
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Prashant Joshi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Preformulation Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
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Roskoski R. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitors including palbociclib as anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:249-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Balakrishnan A, Vyas A, Deshpande K, Vyas D. Pharmacological cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors: Implications for colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2159-2164. [PMID: 26900281 PMCID: PMC4734993 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer accounts for a significant proportion of cancer deaths worldwide. The need to develop more chemotherapeutic agents to combat this disease is critical. Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), along with its binding partner cyclins, serve to control the growth of cells through the cell cycle. A new class of drugs, termed CDK inhibitors, has been studied in preclinical and now clinical trials. These inhibitors are believed to act as an anti-cancer drug by blocking CDKs to block the uncontrolled cellular proliferation that is hallmark of cancers like colorectal cancer. CDK article provides overview of the emerging drug class of CDK inhibitors and provides a list of ones that are currently in clinical trials.
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