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Shi Y, Yu C, Zhou W, Wang T, Zhu L, Cheng X, Bao H. The Association of Malnutrition With Chronic Kidney Disease in the Older Chinese Population With Hypertension: Evidence From the China H-type Hypertension Registry Study. J Ren Nutr 2024; 34:209-215. [PMID: 37116627 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current evidence of the dose-response association between the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. Hence, this study aimed to determine the association between GNRI and CKD in the elderly Chinese population with hypertension. METHODS Data were derived from the China H-type Hypertension Registry. A total of 9,897 elderly patients with hypertension were included in the cross-sectional analysis. GNRI was calculated using the serum albumin and weight loss and the specific formula was as follows: GNRI = [1.489 × serum albumin (g/L)] + [41.7 × (actual weight/ideal weight)]. The outcome of our study was CKD, which was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate value of <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2. The association between the GNRI and CKD was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The present study population was composed of 9,897 participants with an average age of 68.67 (6.10) years. In particular, it was consisted of 4,683 (47.32%) male and 5,214 (52.68%) female participants. Overall, there was a significantly negative association between GNRI and CKD prevalence (per 1 increment; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-0.97). In a fully adjusted model, compared with the participants in the highest group tertiles 3 (GNRI ≥112), the participants in group tertiles 1 (GNRI <106) and group tertiles 2 (GNRI ≥106 ≤ 112) increased the prevalence of CKD by 57% (OR 1.57, 95% CI: 1.28-1.93) and 5% (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.86-1.28), respectively. Moreover, similar results were observed when the GNRI was assessed as a categorical variable based on the clinical cutoff values. CONCLUSION This cross-sectional analysis found a significant negative association between GNRI and CKD among the elderly Chinese adults with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Huihui Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Provincial Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China; Jiangxi Sub-center of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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Park JY, Bu SY. The ability of the geriatric nutritional risk index to predict the risk of heart diseases in Korean adults: a Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study cohort. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1276073. [PMID: 37964931 PMCID: PMC10641288 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1276073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The predictive ability of nutritional risk index on cardiovascular outcomes in middle-aged and non-hospitalized adults has not yet been reported. This study investigated whether the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), an index for assessing the risk of developing malnutrition, could predict heart disease in middle-aged Korean adults. Methods The cohort used in this study consisted of 3,783 participants selected from 10,030 Korean adults who participated in the Ansan-Ansung cohort study as part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The GNRI was determined based on serum albumin level, proportion of current weight, and ideal body weight. Participants were then divided into two groups: GNRI ≤98 and > 98, which corresponded to the risk of malnutrition and normal, respectively. The major outcome of this study was coronary artery disease (CAD) or congestive heart failure (CHF) during a 15-year-follow period. Results During the follow-up period spanning 2004-2018, 136 events of heart disease occurred. Using a Kaplan-Meier analysis, event-free rates were found to be associated with 90.5% on a GNRI ≤98 and 96.6% on a GNRI >98 (p < 0.0009). GNRI ≤98 showed a 3.2-fold (hazard ratio, 3.22; 95% credit interval, 1.49-6.96; p = 0.0029) increase in the incidence of heart disease, including CAD or CHF, compared with GNRI >98, after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusion Malnutrition risk confers a significantly increased risk for heart disease in middle-aged Koreans. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to verify the efficacy of the GNRI in predicting disease risk in adults with pre-disease.
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Cano-García L, Redondo-Rodríguez R, Manrique-Arija S, Domínguez-Quesada C, Crisóstomo Vacas J, Armenteros-Ortiz P, Ruiz-Vilchez D, Martín-Martín JM, García-Studer A, Ortiz-Márquez F, Mena-Vázquez N, Fernández-Nebro A. Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors in Older Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3500. [PMID: 37630691 PMCID: PMC10460011 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency of malnutrition in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and investigate associated risk factors. METHODS This multicenter, cross-sectional study included participants aged ≥65 years who met the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for RA. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and based on variables, such as albumin level, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), and vitamin D. Data were also collected on epidemiological variables, inflammatory disease activity, quality of life, physical function, and frailty. Multivariate models were used to study factors associated with nutritional status. RESULTS The study population comprised 76 RA patients aged ≥65 years, of whom 68.4% had a normal nutritional status, and 31.5% had an impaired nutritional status: 28.9% were at risk of malnutrition, and 2.6% were malnourished. Additionally, 10% had albumin levels <3.8 g/L. Patients with impaired nutritional status had poorer quality of life and physical function. The factors associated with compromised nutritional status (OR [95% CI]) were age (1.0 [1.0-1.1]; p = 0.035), DAS28-ESR (1.8 [1.0-3.2]; p = 0.024), and EuroQoL-5D-5L (0.9 [0.9-0.9]; p = 0.040). Furthermore, the GNRI was associated with the MNA score (0.06 [0.0-0.1]; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of older patients with RA have impaired nutritional status. Older age, higher inflammatory disease activity, and decreased quality of life are associated with impaired nutritional status. The MNA and GNRI are valuable tools for assessing the nutritional status of patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cano-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (S.M.-A.); (A.G.-S.); (F.O.-M.); (A.F.-N.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Redondo-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (S.M.-A.); (A.G.-S.); (F.O.-M.); (A.F.-N.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara Manrique-Arija
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (S.M.-A.); (A.G.-S.); (F.O.-M.); (A.F.-N.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan Crisóstomo Vacas
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (J.C.V.); (P.A.-O.); (D.R.-V.)
| | - Pedro Armenteros-Ortiz
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (J.C.V.); (P.A.-O.); (D.R.-V.)
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Desiree Ruiz-Vilchez
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (J.C.V.); (P.A.-O.); (D.R.-V.)
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Martín-Martín
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Aimara García-Studer
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (S.M.-A.); (A.G.-S.); (F.O.-M.); (A.F.-N.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Ortiz-Márquez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (S.M.-A.); (A.G.-S.); (F.O.-M.); (A.F.-N.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Natalia Mena-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (S.M.-A.); (A.G.-S.); (F.O.-M.); (A.F.-N.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (L.C.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (S.M.-A.); (A.G.-S.); (F.O.-M.); (A.F.-N.)
- UGC de Reumatología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Evaluation of Selected Parameters of Oxidative Stress and Adipokine Levels in Hospitalized Older Patients with Diverse Nutritional Status. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030569. [PMID: 36978817 PMCID: PMC10044703 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is classified as one of the Giant Geriatric Syndromes. It carries serious consequences, such as sarcopenia or depression, which lead to functional disability. The main objective of this study was to identify parameters of oxidative stress and adipokines, which may be potential biomarkers of malnutrition in hospitalized older patients. During the study, selected parameters were determined in 137 senile patients, taking into account their nutritional status determined according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), as well as an additional tool, namely the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI). Leptin and resistin were determined as the parameters with statistically significant differences between the patients classified according to the MNA. This phenomenon was confirmed using the GNRI classification. However, additional parameters for which differences were observed include the oxidized low-density lipoprotein level and activity of glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion, the determination of the mentioned markers in hospitalized senile patients as an adjunct to the routine assessment of nutritional status might be suggested to identify the early risk of malnutrition so that a personalized nutritional therapy can be implemented as early as possible.
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Two Distinct Nutritional Assessment Tools Have Dissimilar Outcomes in a Sample of Older Adult Patients With Cancer. FORUM OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fco-2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Malnutrition is strongly associated with negative outcomes in aged populations with cancer. Several studies have compared the outcomes of nutritional-screening tools, but knowledge specifically covering older adult patients with cancer remains limited. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of two tools, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) versus the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) for this population.
Method
Cross-sectional study with 432 participants who consented to participate and were enrolled at admission to medical and surgical wards of a tertiary referral hospital. The participants’ nutritional statuses were simultaneously assessed using the PG-SGA and the MNA, and the outcomes compared using the kappa statistical test. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) was employed to calculate the MNA sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and was compared with PG-SGA.
Results
Prevalence of good nourishment was observed in 62.5% and 61.1% of the participants, as detected by PG-SGA and MNA, respectively. Both tools concurred moderately (kappa = 0.453). Importantly, there were significant differences in the diagnosis of malnutrition (7.6% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.000). The MNA showed sensitivity of 72.2% and specificity of 75.9% in detecting good nourishment for the population investigated.
Conclusion
The MNA may not present greater sensitivity, possibly due to a lack of coverage of gastrointestinal symptoms. It is a quick and efficient tool for nutritional assessment of older adult patients with cancer, but as it is more specific than sensitive, caution is recommended when identifying borderline or early malnourished individuals of this population.
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Jang JH, Kim T, Yeo HJ, Cho WH, Min KH, Oh JY, Hong SB, Baek AR, Lee HK, Kim C, Chang Y, Park HK, Lee HB, Bae S, Moon JY, Yoo KH, Gil HI, Shin B, Jeon K, Cho WH, Min KH, Oh JY, Hong SB, Baek AR, Lee HK, Kim C, Chang Y, Park HK, Lee HB, Bae S, Moon JY, Yoo KH, Gil HI, Shin B, Jeon K. Impact of nutrition and physical activity on outcomes of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15605. [PMID: 36114344 PMCID: PMC9481870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty is an important risk factor for adverse health-related outcomes. It is classified into several phenotypes according to nutritional state and physical activity. In this context, we investigated whether frailty phenotypes were related to clinical outcome of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). During the study period, a total of 526 patients were screened for HAP and 480 of whom were analyzed. The patients were divided into four groups according to physical inactivity and malnutrition: nutritional frailty (Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index [GNRI] < 82 and Clinical Frailty Scale [CFS] ≥ 4), malnutrition (GNRI < 82 and CFS < 4), physical frailty (GNRI ≥ 82 and CFS ≥ 4), and normal (GNRI ≥ 82 and CFS < 4). Among the phenotypes, physical frailty without malnutrition was the most common (39.4%), followed by nutritional frailty (30.2%), normal (20.6%), and malnutrition (9.8%). There was a significant difference in hospital survival and home discharge among the four phenotypes (p = 0.009), and the nutritional frailty group had the poorest in-hospital survival and home discharge (64.8% and 34.6%, respectively). In conclusion, there were differences in clinical outcomes according to the four phenotypes of HAP. Assessment of frailty phenotypes during hospitalization may improve outcomes through adequate nutrition and rehabilitation treatment of patients with HAP.
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Kregel HR, Murphy PB, Attia M, Meyer DE, Morris RS, Onyema EC, Adams SD, Wade CE, Harvin JA, Kao LS, Puzio TJ. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index as a predictor of complications in geriatric trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 93:195-199. [PMID: 35293374 PMCID: PMC9329178 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after trauma. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is a validated scoring system used to predict the risk of complications related to malnutrition in nontrauma patients. We hypothesized that GNRI is predictive of worse outcomes in geriatric trauma patients. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective study of trauma patients 65 years or older admitted in 2019. Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index was calculated based on admission albumin level and ratio of actual body weight to ideal body weight. Groups were defined as major risk (GNRI <82), moderate risk (GNRI 82-91), low risk (GNRI 92-98), and no risk (GNRI >98). The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included ventilator days, intensive care unit length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, discharge home, sepsis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between GNRI risk category and outcomes. RESULTS A total of 513 patients were identified for analysis. Median age was 78 years (71-86 years); 24 patients (4.7%) were identified as major risk, 66 (12.9%) as moderate risk, 72 (14%) as low risk, and 351 (68.4%) as no risk. Injury Severity Scores and Charlson Comorbidity Indexes were similar between all groups. Patients in the no risk group had decreased rates of death, and after adjusting for Injury Severity Score, age, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, the no risk group had decreased odds of death (odds ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.41) compared with the major risk group. The no risk group also had fewer infectious complications including sepsis and pneumonia, and shorter hospital LOS and were more likely to be discharged home. CONCLUSIONS Major GNRI risk is associated with increased mortality and infectious complications in geriatric trauma patients. Further studies should target interventional strategies for those at highest risk based on GNRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and Epidemiologic; Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Kregel
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Surgical Trials and Evidence-based Practice, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
| | | | - Mina Attia
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Surgical Trials and Evidence-based Practice, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - David E. Meyer
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Surgical Trials and Evidence-based Practice, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
| | - Rachel S. Morris
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Ezenwa C. Onyema
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Sasha D. Adams
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Surgical Trials and Evidence-based Practice, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
| | - Charles E. Wade
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
| | - John A. Harvin
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Surgical Trials and Evidence-based Practice, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
| | - Lillian S. Kao
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Surgical Trials and Evidence-based Practice, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
| | - Thaddeus J. Puzio
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Surgical Trials and Evidence-based Practice, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Center for Translational Injury Research, Houston, TX
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Chrástecká M, Blanař V, Pospíchal J. Risk of malnutrition assessment in hospitalised adults: A scoping review of existing instruments. J Clin Nurs 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chrástecká
- Faculty of Health Studies University of Pardubice Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Vít Blanař
- Faculty of Health Studies University of Pardubice Pardubice Czech Republic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Pardubice Hospital, Hospitals of the Pardubice Region Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pospíchal
- Faculty of Health Studies University of Pardubice Pardubice Czech Republic
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Vargas Becerra C, Urquiaga Meza D, Valderrama Bacilio T, Urbina Calderón F. Complementary considerations in the evaluation of malnutrition in hospitalized elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022; 69:453-454. [PMID: 35787354 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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Application of a perioperative nursing strategy in the surgical treatment of elderly patients: a narrative review †. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
With the steady increase of older people in society, a progressively greater number of patients belonging to the geriatric group need surgical treatment. Since elderly patients with reduced physiological reserve and organ failure often have chronic diseases, geriatric syndrome, and other clinical problems, the perioperative nursing of elderly patients is more complicated. Therefore, we need to comprehensively consider clinical issues, such as patients’ preoperative status, surgical risks, and postoperative quality of life and life expectancy, and conduct comprehensive evaluations and holistic, individualized, and continuous nursing and therapy through the participation of interdisciplinary teams to achieve better curative effects. Here, the perioperative nursing of elderly patients is reviewed, including preoperative evaluation and nursing, intraoperative management, and postoperative nursing.
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Sun B, Zhao Y, Lu W, Chen Y. The Relationship of Malnutrition With Cognitive Function in the Older Chinese Population: Evidence From the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:766159. [PMID: 34880747 PMCID: PMC8645828 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.766159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Few studies have explored the relationship between malnutrition measured by the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and cognitive performance. This study aimed to investigate the association of malnutrition with cognitive function in the Chinese population. Methods: It was a prospective longitudinal study and used three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data in 2011–2012, 2014, and 2017–2018. Participants aged 60 years or older without mental illness and cerebrovascular diseases were eligible. The GNRI was used to assess nutritional status as follows: normal nutrition (a GNRI > 98), mild malnutrition (92 ≤ a GNRI ≤ 98), and moderate-to-severe malnutrition (a GNRI < 92). Cognitive performance was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. The relationship between the GNRI and cognitive function was analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: A total of 1,632 subjects were analyzed, including 741 males and 891 females. Of these, 65.0, 19.4, and 15.6% of subjects were at normal nutritional status, mild, and moderate-to-severe malnutrition, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants under mild and moderate-to-severe malnutrition status have a lower MMSE score [β (95% CI): –0.95 (–1.60, –0.25) and –1.39 (–2.21, –0.57), respectively], compared with those having normal nutrition. Also, there was a linear trend in the association of malnutrition risk with cognitive function in the total population [β (95% CI): –0.74 (–1.13, –0.35)]. However, a significant association of malnutrition with cognitive function was observed only among illiterate females aged above 90 years. Conclusion: This study suggested that there was a significant relationship between the GNRI and cognitive function in the Chinese elderly. Furthermore, subjects with more serious malnutrition have a worse cognitive function, especially in the oldest illiterate females. Clinicians should put more emphasis on assessing the nutritional and cognitive status of the elderly to timely intervene and prevent cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihao Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Aoyagi M, Furuya J, Matsubara C, Yoshimi K, Nakane A, Nakagawa K, Inaji M, Sato Y, Tohara H, Minakuchi S, Maehara T. Association between Improvement of Oral Health, Swallowing Function, and Nutritional Intake Method in Acute Stroke Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11379. [PMID: 34769895 PMCID: PMC8583163 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and poor oral health are common in older people, and the brain injuries associated with stroke are often accompanied by a decline in oral function. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of stroke patients who could not recover oral ingestion until discharge and the association between improved oral health, swallowing function, and nutritional intake methods in acute care. The subjects were 216 consecutive stroke patients who were admitted to Tokyo Medical and Dental University hospital and received oral health management. Nutritional intake, dysphagia, and oral health were evaluated using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), Dysphagia Severity Scale (DSS), and Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT), respectively. Patients in the tube feeding group (FOIS level 1-2, N = 68) tended to have a worse general condition, fewer functional teeth, and a worse DSS level than those in the oral nutrition group (FOIS level 3-7, N = 148). Multiple analysis with improvement in FOIS score as the dependent variable showed that number of functional teeth (odds ratio [OR]: 1.08, p = 0.04) and improved DSS (OR: 7.44, p < 0.001) and OHAT values (OR: 1.23, p = 0.048) were associated with improvement in nutritional intake methods in acute care. Therefore, recovery of swallowing function and oral health might be important for stroke patients to recover oral ingestion in acute care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Aoyagi
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.A.); (K.Y.); (A.N.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Junichi Furuya
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; sato-@dent.showa-u.ac.jp
| | - Chiaki Matsubara
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (C.M.); (S.M.)
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Junior College, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8021, Japan
| | - Kanako Yoshimi
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.A.); (K.Y.); (A.N.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Ayako Nakane
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.A.); (K.Y.); (A.N.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Kazuharu Nakagawa
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.A.); (K.Y.); (A.N.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Motoki Inaji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (M.I.); (T.M.)
| | - Yuji Sato
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan; sato-@dent.showa-u.ac.jp
| | - Haruka Tohara
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (M.A.); (K.Y.); (A.N.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Shunsuke Minakuchi
- Department of Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (C.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Taketoshi Maehara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (M.I.); (T.M.)
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Zheng H, Duan G, Shen S, Zhang X. Association of Nutritional Risk Index With Postoperative Pain Outcomes in Elderly Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Surgeries: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:535627. [PMID: 34568349 PMCID: PMC8458734 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.535627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition is a major health problem, which is common in hospitalized elderly patients and is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. However, studies on malnutrition and its effect on postoperative pain outcomes in elderly patients have been largely neglected. Here we investigated the relationship between nutritional risk and postoperative pain outcomes in elderly patients. Methods: Between April 1, 2012, and August 31, 2015, 734 elderly patients (≥65 years) who underwent gastrointestinal surgeries were recruited and assigned into two groups according to geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI). All patients received standard anesthesia procedures and postoperative patient-controlled analgesia for 48 h. The preoperative epidemiology data and postoperative outcome data including pain intensities at rest and movement, the cumulative consumption of analgesics and its common side effects were recorded. Results: The total number of patients with high nutritional risk (GNRI < 92) was 533 out of 734 (72.62%). When compared with low nutritional risk individuals (GNRI ≥ 92), the incidence of inadequate analgesia was significantly higher in elderly patients with GNRI < 92 at different time points. In addition, the cumulative consumption of analgesics was also significantly higher in elderly patients with GNRI < 92 at 0–6 h postoperatively. Through logistic regression analysis, high nutritional risk (OR = 3.113, 95% CI: 1.661–5.834, P < 0.001) and female gender (OR = 0.606, 95% CI: 0.394–0.932, P = 0.023) were identified as significant predictors for postoperative inadequate analgesia. Further sensitivity analyses showed high nutritional risk as a predictor for postoperative inadequate analgesia was more prominent in female patients and early elderly patients. Moreover, 88 was determined as an optimal cut-off value of GNRI for postoperative inadequate analgesia using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Conclusion: High nutritional risk is associated with poor postoperative pain outcomes in gastrointestinal elderly patients. Preoperative nutritional evaluation using simple nutritional screening instruments (e.g., GNRI) with the new suggested cut-off value (GNRI = 88) might be included as a standard procedure in routine clinical practice among these patients for postoperative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiqian Shen
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Shi X, Shen Y, Yang J, Du W, Yang J. The relationship of the geriatric nutritional risk index to mortality and length of stay in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure: A retrospective cohort study. Heart Lung 2021; 50:898-905. [PMID: 34411871 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly people with acute respiratory failure (ARF) have prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS) and high mortality rates. Malnutrition is negatively correlated with these LOS and mortality. However, no tools have been used to detect the risk of malnutrition and assist in designing nutritional support for these patients. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is reported as a novel tool for evaluating the risk of malnutrition. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship of the GNRI score with mortality and LOS in elderly patients with ARF. METHODS Data of elderly patients diagnosed with ARF were retrieved from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. A total of 1250 patients were divided into two groups based on their GNRI score: the malnutrition risk group (GNRI ≤ 98) and no risk group (GNRI > 98). The primary endpoints of this study were hospital mortality and hospital LOS. RESULTS The higher GNRI score was associated with lower hospital mortality and shorter hospital LOS. Odds ratio (OR) for hospital mortality of patients with nutritional risk (GNRI ≤ 98) was 1.264 (95% CI:1.067-1.497) in the adjusted model. Patients with GNRI ≤98 had longer hospital LOS (adjusted OR: 1.142, 95%CI: 1.044-1.250) compared with those with GNRI > 98. Subgroup analysis showed that higher GNRI was only significantly associated with lower hospital mortality in the patients that did not undergo mechanical ventilator (MV) treatment (adjusted OR: 0.985, 95% CI: 0.977-0.992, P < 0.01). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that the 90-day survival was significantly lower in the group with nutrition risk (GNRI≤98) compared with the no risk group (GNRI > 98, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings imply that GNRI is a useful prognostic tool in elderly patients with ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Shi
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueqian Shen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wurong Du
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junchao Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.54 Youdian Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
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Vargas Becerra C, Urquiaga Meza D, Valderrama Bacilio T, Urbina Calderón F. Complementary considerations in the evaluation of malnutrition in hospitalized elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2021; 69:S2530-0164(21)00141-5. [PMID: 34158276 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Nutritional Assessment in Older Adults : MNA® 25 years of a Screening Tool and a Reference Standard for Care and Research; What Next? J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:528-583. [PMID: 33786572 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-021-1601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A tool to assess nutritional status in older persons was really needed. It took 5 years to design the MNA® (Mini Nutrition Assessment) tool, complete the first validations studies both in Europe and in the U.S. and to publish it. After the full MNA®, the MNA® short form and the self-MNA® have been validated. As well as Chinese and other national MNA® forms. Now more than 2000 clinical research have used the MNA® all over the world from community care to hospital. At least 22 Expert groups included the MNA® in new clinical practice guidelines, national or international registries. The MNA® is presently included in almost all geriatric and nutrition textbook and part of the teaching program for medicine and other health care professional worldwide. The urgent need is to target the frail older adults more likely to have weight loss and poor appetite and to prevent frailty and weight loss in the robust. We present in this paper the review of 25 years of clinical research and practice using the MNA® worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guigoz
- Yves Guigoz, Chemin du Raidillon, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Rasheedy D, El-Kawaly WH. The accuracy of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in detecting frailty and sarcopenia in hospitalized older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:2469-2477. [PMID: 32036578 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty are prevalent conditions amongst hospitalized elderly. They are associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. The co-existence of these problems is common, with malnutrition playing a major role in the pathogenesis of the other two. Whether nutritional screening tools are useful for frailty and sarcopenia screening needs further evaluation. AIM To evaluate the accuracy of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) in identifying frailty and sarcopenia in hospitalized older adults. METHODS One hundred and fifty hospitalized patients (≥ 60 years) were recruited. Skeletal Muscle Index was obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Muscle strength and physical performance were measured by handgrip strength and timed up and go test, respectively. GNRI and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool were used for nutritional assessment. RESULTS GNRI had lower sensitivity but higher specificity compared to MNA in predicting frailty and dynapenia. GNRI discriminated the presence of sarcopenia but not pre-sarcopenia (AUC = 0.683, p = 0.02, and AUC = 0.586, p = 0.12), while MNA did not discriminate the presence of pre-sarcopenia nor sarcopenia in the studied sample (AUC = 0.56, p = 0.25 and AUC = 0.6, p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia, frailty, and malnutrition coexisted in 26% of our sample. GNRI Score at ≤ 86.73 was 71.9% sensitive and 65.6% specific for detecting frailty and its score at ≤ 89.04 was 64.42% sensitive and 63.53% specific for detecting sarcopenia. GNRI is a simple method, which could be used for sarcopenia, and frailty screening in all elders attending primary care settings where other tools for assessing muscle mass are unavailable.
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Bacelo AC, Cople-Rodrigues CDS, Gonçalves JL, Borges Quintana MDS, Torres PR, Cardoso CSDA, Silva MPD, Espirito Santo R, Almeida CFD, Silva PSD, Brito PDD. Nutritional status of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 patients: A retrospective study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 34:32-36. [PMID: 31677708 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The nutritional status of people with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection has been poorly described because it involves a neglected disease. The few studies that have been conducted mostly involve people with neurologic consequences and the possible clinical evolutions of the disease. The aim of this study was to describe the nutritional status of patients with HTLV-1, including those with associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and to evaluate food security in these patients. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted in people with HTLV-1 admitted to a referral hospital. We collected data from 17 medical records, including anthropometric data (i.e., body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and mid-arm muscle circumference), laboratory test results (i.e., haemoglobin, haematocrit, albumin, globulin, iron fixation capacity, and iron), the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) method, and food security (Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale) data. The data were analysed using the R-project software. To evaluate possible associations between the outcomes and predictors (age at hospitalisation, food security, presence of children <18 years of age living in the household, income, schooling, ANSG, BMI, difference between ideal weight and hospitalisation, TSF, MUAC ICU days, hospitalisation outcome, rehospitalisation in the first year after discharge, interval between readmissions, death, associated conditions, constipation upon admission), we used Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Fisher's exact, chi-square tests with continuity correction, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Hypothesis tests were considered statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 57 (52-60) years. The patients were predominantly women (59%) and had an income lower than the local minimum wage with at least 6 years of schooling (52.3%). Only 18.2% of patients were eutrophic according to their BMI and 23.5% of patients were malnourished based on the SGA method. Patients predominantly had food security (64.7%) and good intestinal functions (64.7%) during their hospital stay. CONCLUSION Despite having a limited number of patients in this study, HTLV-1 patients admitted to hospital are at high risk of malnutrition based on the scores from the SGA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Costa Bacelo
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Lauar Gonçalves
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcel de Souza Borges Quintana
- Clinical Research Platform, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brazil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Paloma Ribeiro Torres
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Santos De Aguiar Cardoso
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marlete Pereira da Silva
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel Espirito Santo
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Fonseca de Almeida
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Simplicio da Silva
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Dias de Brito
- Nutrition Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21040-900, Brazil
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