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Asfour SS, Alshaikh B, AlMahmoud L, Sumaily HH, Alodhaidan NA, Alkhourmi M, Abahussain HA, Khalil TM, Albeshri BA, Alhamidi AA, Al-Anazi MR, Asfour RS, Al-Mouqdad MM. SMOFlipid Impact on Growth and Neonatal Morbidities in Very Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193952. [PMID: 36235604 PMCID: PMC9573282 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil lipid (SMOFlipid) is increasingly being used worldwide without definite evidence of its benefits. We examined the effect of SMOFlipid on growth velocity and neonatal morbidities in very preterm infants. Very preterm infants who received soybean-based lipid emulsion between January 2015 and 2018 were compared with those who received SMOFlipids between 2019 and January 2022 in our neonatal tertiary center. Linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze the association between type of lipid emulsion and growth velocity. Modified log-Poisson regression with generalized linear models and a robust variance estimator (Huber−White) were applied to adjust for potential confounding factors. A total of 858 infants met our inclusion criteria. Of them, 238 (27.7%) received SMOFlipid. SMOFlipid was associated with lower growth velocity between birth and 36-week corrected gestational age compared with intralipid Δ weight z-score (adjusted mean difference (aMD) −0.67; 95% CI −0.69, −0.39). Subgroup analysis indicated that mainly male infants in the SMOFlipid−LE group had a lower Δ weight z-score compared to those in the intralipid group (p < 0.001), with no difference observed in females (p = 0.82). SMOFlipid was associated with a lower rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (aRR 0.61; 95% CI 0.46, 0.8) and higher rate of late-onset sepsis compared with intralipid (aRR 1.44; 95% CI 1.22−1.69). SMOFlipid was associated with lower growth velocity and BPD but higher rate of late-onset sepsis—it is a double-edged sword.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan S. Asfour
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Belal Alshaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Latifah AlMahmoud
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Hospital of Pediatrics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haider H. Sumaily
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Hospital of Pediatrics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeel A. Alodhaidan
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Hospital of Pediatrics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Alkhourmi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Department, Hospital of Pediatrics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah A. Abahussain
- General Pediatrics Department, Hospital of Pediatrics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thanaa M. Khalil
- Obstetric and Gynecology Department, Maternity Hospital, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bushra A. Albeshri
- Pharmacy Department, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aroub A. Alhamidi
- Pharmacy Department, Pharmaceutical Care Services, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12613, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha R. Al-Anazi
- Pharmacy Department, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raneem S. Asfour
- Pharmacy College, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid P.O. Box 3030, Jordan
| | - Mountasser M. Al-Mouqdad
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Hospital of Pediatrics, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-114355555 (ext. 506); Fax: +966-114354406
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Cai W, Calder PC, Cury-Boaventura MF, De Waele E, Jakubowski J, Zaloga G. Biological and Clinical Aspects of an Olive Oil-Based Lipid Emulsion-A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:E776. [PMID: 29914122 PMCID: PMC6024782 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) have been an integral component of parenteral nutrition for more than 50 years. Numerous formulations are available and are based on vegetable (soybean, olive, coconut) and animal (fish) oils. Therefore, each of these formulations has a unique fatty acid composition that offers both benefits and limitations. As clinical experience and our understanding of the effects of fatty acids on various physiological processes has grown, there is evidence to suggest that some ILEs may have benefits compared with others. Current evidence suggests that olive oil-based ILE may preserve immune, hepatobiliary, and endothelial cell function, and may reduce lipid peroxidation and plasma lipid levels. There is good evidence from a large randomized controlled study to support a benefit of olive oil-based ILE over soybean oil-based ILE on reducing infections in critically ill patients. At present there is limited evidence to demonstrate a benefit of olive oil-based ILE over other ILEs on glucose metabolism, and few data exist to demonstrate a benefit on clinical outcomes such as hospital or intensive care unit stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, or mortality. We review the current research and clinical evidence supporting the potential positive biological and clinical aspects of olive oil-based ILE and conclude that olive oil-based ILE is well tolerated and provides effective nutritional support to various PN-requiring patient populations. Olive oil-based ILE appears to support the innate immune system, is associated with fewer infections, induces less lipid peroxidation, and is not associated with increased hepatobiliary or lipid disturbances. These data would suggest that olive oil-based ILE is a valuable option in various PN-requiring patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Phillip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Maria F Cury-Boaventura
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Department of Nutrition, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julie Jakubowski
- TA Integrated Pharmacy Solutions, Baxter International Inc., One Baxter Parkway, DF5-3E Deerfield, IL 60015, USA.
| | - Gary Zaloga
- Consultant Medical Affairs, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, One Baxter Parkway, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA.
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Growth and fatty acid profiles of VLBW infants receiving a multicomponent lipid emulsion from birth. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58:417-27. [PMID: 24667866 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants are dependent on parenteral nutrition after birth. A parenteral lipid emulsion with a multicomponent composition may improve growth and neurodevelopment and may prevent liver injury, which is often observed in association with long-term parenteral nutrition with pure soybean oil. Our aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a multicomponent lipid emulsion containing 30% soybean oil, 30% medium-chain triacylglycerol, 25% olive oil, and 15% fish oil compared with a conventional pure soybean oil emulsion in VLBW infants. METHODS We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial in VLBW infants randomized to parenteral nutrition with the multicomponent (study group) or pure soybean oil emulsion (control group) from birth at a dose of 2 to 3 g · kg(-1) · day(-1) until the infants were receiving full enteral nutrition. We assessed efficacy by growth rates and measuring plasma fatty acid profiles (representative subset). Safety was evaluated by assessing hematologic and biochemical parameters, potentially harmful phytosterol concentrations (same subset), and clinical neonatal outcome parameters. RESULTS Ninety-six infants were included (subsets n = 21). The multicomponent emulsion was associated with higher weight and head circumference z scores during admission. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were higher in the study group. The hematological, biochemical, and neonatal outcomes were not different between groups, whereas the plasma concentrations of phytosterols were higher in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The multicomponent lipid emulsion was well tolerated and associated with improved growth and higher plasma fatty acid profiles in VLBW infants in comparison with the pure soybean oil emulsion.
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Wang WP, Yan XL, Ni YF, Guo K, Ke CK, Cheng QS, Lu Q, Zhang LJ, Li XF. Effects of lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition of esophageal cancer surgical patients receiving enteral nutrition: a comparative analysis. Nutrients 2013; 6:111-23. [PMID: 24379010 PMCID: PMC3916852 DOI: 10.3390/nu6010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Olive oil-based lipid emulsion (LE) and medium chain triglyceride/long chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT) emulsion are both LEs with low ω-6 polyunsaturated fat acids (PUFAs) content. However, which one of these LEs is associated with a lower infection risk in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) remains unclear. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of the two LEs in PN in esophageal cancer patients undergoing surgery. Methods: Patients with resectable esophageal carcinoma were recruited and allocated randomly to two groups. The test group was given enteral nutrition (EN) with PN containing olive oil-based LE after tumor resection for ≥7 days, and the patients in the control group were supported by EN with MCT/LCT emulsion-based PN after surgery for the same time period. Immunological markers and inflammatory indicators were tested and perioperative clinical outcomes were determined. The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register, number ChiCTR-TRC-13003562. 94 Patients were recruited, and grouped (olive oil-based LE, n = 46 and MCT/LCT, n = 48), matched for sex, age, body mass index, histological type, TNM stage, and nutrition risk screening (NRS) 2002 score. Results: There were no differences in perioperative fever (>38 °C), infectious complications, length of hospital stay (>14 days), length of critical care stay (>2 days), time for oral food intake, and in-hospital mortality between the two groups. The test group showed a higher increase in IgG level compared with the MCT/LCT group (p = 0.028). There was no difference in other immunological markers and inflammatory indicators between the two groups. Conclusion: PN containing olive oil-based or MCT/LCT LEs had similar effects on perioperative outcome, cell-mediated immune function and inflammatory response in esophageal cancer patients who had undergone surgery and were receiving EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Ping Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Ni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Kang Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Chang-Kang Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Qing-Shu Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Lan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.1, Xinsi road, Xi'an 710038, China.
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Garrett R, Kaura V, Kathawaroo S. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy – The fat of the land. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vlaardingerbroek H, Veldhorst MAB, Spronk S, van den Akker CHP, van Goudoever JB. Parenteral lipid administration to very-low-birth-weight infants--early introduction of lipids and use of new lipid emulsions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:255-68. [PMID: 22743312 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of intravenous lipid emulsions in preterm infants has been limited by concerns regarding impaired lipid tolerance. As a result, the time of initiation of parenteral lipid infusion to very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants varies widely among different neonatal intensive care units. However, lipids provide energy for protein synthesis and supply essential fatty acids that are necessary for central nervous system development. OBJECTIVE The objective was to summarize the effects of initiation of lipids within the first 2 d of life and the effects of different lipid compositions on growth and morbidities in VLBW infants. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of publications identified in a search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was undertaken. Randomized controlled studies were eligible if information on growth was available. RESULTS The search yielded 14 studies. No differences were observed in growth or morbidity with early lipid initiation. We found a weak favorable association of non-purely soybean-based emulsions with the incidence of sepsis (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.56, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS The initiation of lipids within the first 2 d of life in VLBW infants appears to be safe and well tolerated; however, beneficial effects on growth could not be shown for this treatment nor for the type of lipid emulsion. Emulsions that are not purely soybean oil-based might be associated with a lower incidence of sepsis. Large-scale randomized controlled trials in preterm infants are warranted to determine whether early initiation of lipids and lipid emulsions that are not purely soybean oil-based results in improved long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Vlaardingerbroek
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Bonet Saris A, Márquez Vácaro JA, Serón Arbeloa C. [Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): macro-and micronutrient requirements]. Med Intensiva 2012; 35 Suppl 1:17-21. [PMID: 22309747 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5691(11)70004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Energy requirements are altered in critically-ill patients and are influenced by the clinical situation, treatment, and phase of the process. Therefore, the most appropriate method to calculate calorie intake is indirect calorimetry. In the absence of this technique, fixed calorie intake (between 25 and 35 kcal/kg/day) or predictive equations such as the Penn State formula can be used to obtain a more accurate evaluation of metabolic rate. Carbohydrate administration should be limited to a maximum of 4 g/kg/day and a minimum of 2g/kg/day. Plasma glycemia should be controlled to avoid hyperglycemia. Fat intake should be between 1 and 1.5 g/kg/day. The recommended protein intake is 1-1.5 g/kg/day but can vary according to the patient's clinical status. Particular attention should be paid to micronutrient intake. Consensus is lacking on micronutrient requirements. Some vitamins (A, B, C, E) are highly important in critically-ill patients, especially those undergoing continuous renal replacement techniques, patients with severe burns and alcoholics, although the specific requirements in each of these types of patient have not yet been established. Energy and protein intake in critically-ill patients is complex, since both clinical factors and the stage of the process must be taken into account. The first step is to calculate each patient's energy requirements and then proceed to distribute calorie intake among its three components: proteins, carbohydrates and fat. Micronutrient requirements must also be considered.
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