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An R, Zhou X, He P, Lyu C, Wang D. Inulin mitigated antibiotic-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis - a comparison of different supplementation stages. Food Funct 2024; 15:5429-5438. [PMID: 38644728 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are unavoidable to be prescribed to subjects due to different reasons, and they decrease the relative abundance of beneficial microbes. Inulin, a fructan type of polysaccharide carbohydrate, on the contrary, could promote the growth of beneficial microbes. In this study, we investigated the effect of inulin on antibiotic-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and compared their overall impact at different supplementation stages, i.e., post-antibiotic, at the time of antibiotic administration or prior to antibiotic treatment, in the C57BL/6 mice model. Although supplementation of inulin after antibiotic treatment could aid in the reconstruction of the intestinal microbial community its overall impact was limited and no remarkable differences were identified as compared to the spontaneous restoration. On the contrary, the effect of simultaneous and pre-supplementation was more remarkable. Simultaneous inulin supplementation significantly mitigated the antibiotic-induced dysbiosis based on alterations as evaluated using weighted and unweighted UniFrac distance between baseline and after treatment. Moreover, comparing the effect of simultaneous supplementation, pre-supplemented inulin further mitigated the antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, especially on the relative abundance of dominant microbes. Collectively, the current study found that the use of inulin could alleviate antibiotic-induced microbiota dysbiosis, and the best supplementation stage (overall effect as evaluated by beta diversity distance changes) was before the antibiotic treatment, then simultaneous supplementation and supplementation after the antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Penglin He
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chenang Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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García G, Pérez-Ríos M, Ruano-Ravina A, Candal-Pedreira C. Assessing conflict of interest reporting and quality of clinical trials on infant formula: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2024; 169:111313. [PMID: 38432526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the quality, risk of bias, and conflicts of interest (COIs) of clinical trials conducted on the effects of fortified infant formula. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTTING Systematic review including all randomized clinical trials targeting healthy children and using three arms: fortified infant formula; standard formula; and breastfeeding. We performed a descriptive analysis of the studies reviewed, assessed their quality using the "Risk of Bias 2- RoB 2" tool, and identified COIs. RESULTS A total of 40 studies were included. All showed a high overall risk of bias, with this being especially noteworthy in the "deviations from intention to treat" and "missing outcome data" domains. Of the total included studies, 29 reported conclusions in favor of the fortified formula; 15 studies reported multiple conclusions that were either contradictory or not in line with the results. COIs with industry were identified in 33 studies, and in 17 studies, these conflicts were not declared in the appropriate section. CONCLUSION From a methodological perspective, studies on fortified infant formula display low quality, made evident by the high risk of bias. Additionally, there are frequent COIs. These aspects must be considered by health professionals and the population when drawing up recommendations for the use of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez-Ríos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela-IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ruano-Ravina
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela-IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Candal-Pedreira
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela-IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Iddrisu I, Monteagudo-Mera A, Poveda C, Shahzad M, Walton GE, Andrews SC. A review of the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota of children in developing countries and the impact of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38586996 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422424000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many physiological functions of the body, and it is required for normal growth and development. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common form of micronutrient malnutrition and is particularly prevalent in infants and young children in developing countries. Iron supplementation is considered the most effective strategy to combat the risk of ID and ID anaemia (IDA) in infants, although iron supplements cause a range of deleterious gut-related problems in malnourished children. The purpose of this review is to assess the available evidence on the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota during childhood ID and to further assess whether prebiotics offer any benefits for iron supplementation. Prebiotics are well known to improve gut-microbial health in children, and recent reports indicate that prebiotics can mitigate the adverse gut-related effects of iron supplementation in children with ID and IDA. Thus, provision of prebiotics alongside iron supplements has the potential for an enhanced strategy for combatting ID and IDA among children in the developing world. However, further understanding is required before the benefit of such combined treatments of ID in nutritionally deprived children across populations can be fully confirmed. Such enhanced understanding is of high relevance in resource-poor countries where ID, poor sanitation and hygiene, alongside inadequate access to good drinking water and poor health systems, are serious public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishawu Iddrisu
- Rose Ward, Prospect Park Hospital, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, RG30 4EJ, UK
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Muhammed Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan
| | - Gemma E Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Simon C Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK
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4
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Park J, Wickramasinghe S, Mills DA, Lönnerdal BL, Ji P. Iron Fortification and Inulin Supplementation in Early Infancy: Evaluating the Impact on Iron Metabolism and Trace Mineral Status in a Piglet Model. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102147. [PMID: 38645881 PMCID: PMC11026733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infant formula in the United States contains abundant iron, raising health concerns about excess iron intake in early infancy. Objectives Using a piglet model, we explored the impact of high iron fortification and prebiotic or synbiotic supplementation on iron homeostasis and trace mineral bioavailability. Methods Twenty-four piglets were stratified and randomly assigned to treatments on postnatal day 2. Piglets were individually housed and received an iron-adequate milk diet (AI), a high-iron milk diet (HI), HI supplemented with 5% inulin (HI with a prebiotic [HIP]), or HIP with an oral gavage of Ligilactobacillus agilis YZ050, an inulin-fermenting strain, every third day (HI with synbiotic [HIS]). Milk was provided in 14 meals daily, mimicking formula feeding in infants. Fecal consistency score and body weight were recorded daily or every other day. Blood and feces were sampled weekly, and tissues collected on postnatal day 29. Data were analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures whenever necessary. Results Diet did not affect growth. HI increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron compared to AI. Despite marginal adequacy, AI upregulated iron transporter genes and maintained satisfactory iron status in most pigs. HI upregulated hepcidin gene expression in liver, caused pronounced tissue iron deposition, and markedly increased colonic and fecal iron. Inulin supplementation, regardless of L. agilis YZ050, not only attenuated hepatic iron overload but also decreased colonic and fecal iron without altering pH or the expression of iron regulatory genes. HI lowered zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the duodenum and liver compared to AI, whereas HIP and HIS further decreased Zn and Cu in the liver and diminished colonic and fecal trace minerals. Conclusions Early-infancy excessive iron fortification causes iron overload and compromises Zn and Cu absorption. Inulin decreases trace mineral absorption likely by enhancing gut peristalsis and stool frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjae Park
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Saumya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bo L. Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA, United States
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5
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An R, Zhou X, Zhang J, Yang Y, Lyu C, Wang D. Restoration of Intestinal Microbiota After Inulin Supplementation Halted: The Secondary Effect of Supplemented Inulin. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2400033. [PMID: 38483096 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Consumption of inulin could affect the intestinal microbiota composition. Hereby, it is aimed to investigate the intestinal microbial community restoration process when the inulin supplementation is terminated (i.e., the secondary effect). METHODS AND RESULTS The current study investigates the response and restoration of intestinal microbiota to/after high (Inulin-H) and low (Inulin-L) dosage of inulin supplementation or sequential antibiotics and inulin (Anti-Inulin-L) supplementation, based on analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences in C57BL/6 mice. The number of significantly changed genera in response to inulin is highest in Anti-Inulin-L (n = 66) group, followed by Inulin-H (n = 51) and Inulin-L (n = 38) group. After inulin supplementation stops, microbiota of all studied groups tend to recover to their original states, with highest percentage of inulin-responding microbes stay significantly different at Anti-Inulin-L (93.94%) group, followed by Inulin-H (74.51%) and Inulin-L (44.12%) groups. Of note, the relative abundance of some non-inulin-responding taxa significantly increases during restoration. CONCLUSION Sequential antibiotics and inulin supplementation induce greatest changes in the intestinal microbial composition, followed by high and low dosage of inulin. Additionally, the changes induce by supplemented inulin in the intestinal microbial community, provide a chance for some microbes to outcompete the other microbes during the spontaneous restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China, Jiangchang West Road 1518, Shanghai, 200436, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chengang Lyu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan 800, Shanghai, 200240, China
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6
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Nagy DU, Sándor-Bajusz KA, Bódy B, Decsi T, Van Harsselaar J, Theis S, Lohner S. Effect of chicory-derived inulin-type fructans on abundance of Bifidobacterium and on bowel function: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12018-12035. [PMID: 35833477 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2098246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Inulin-type fructans are considered to stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms, like Bifidobacterium in the gut and support health. However, both the fructan source and chemical structure may modify these effects. A systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of chicory-derived inulin-type fructans consumed either in specific foods or as dietary supplements on abundance of Bifidobacterium in the gut and on health-related outcomes. Three electronic databases and two clinical trial registries were systematically searched until January 2021. Two authors independently selected randomized controlled trials that investigated with a protocol of minimum seven days supplementation the effect of chicory-derived inulin-type fructans on Bifidobacterium abundance in any population. Meta-analyses with random-effects model were conducted on Bifidobacterium abundance and bowel function parameters. We evaluated risk of bias using Cochrane RoB tool. Chicory-derived inulin-type fructans at a dose of 3-20 g/day significantly increased Bifidobacterium abundance in participants with an age range from 0 to 83 years (standardized mean difference: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.58-1.08; p < 0.01; 50 studies; 2525 participants). Significant bifidogenic effects were observed in healthy individuals and in populations with health impairments, except gastrointestinal disorders. Significant beneficial effects on bowel function parameters were observed in healthy subjects. Chicory-derived inulin-type fructans may have significant bifidogenic effects and may beneficially influence bowel function in healthy individuals. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020162892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid U Nagy
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Geobotany/Plant Ecology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kinga Amália Sándor-Bajusz
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Blanka Bódy
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Stephan Theis
- BENEO-Institute, c/o BENEO GmbH, Obrigheim, (Germany)
| | - Szimonetta Lohner
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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7
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Baaleman DF, Wegh CAM, de Leeuw TJM, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, Vaughan EE, Schoterman MHC, Belzer C, Smidt H, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA, Koppen IJN. What are Normal Defecation Patterns in Healthy Children up to Four Years of Age? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr 2023; 261:113559. [PMID: 37331467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize available data on defecation frequency and stool consistency of healthy children up to age 4 in order to estimate normal references values. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review including cross-sectional, observational, and interventional studies published in English, that reported on defecation frequency and/or stool consistency in healthy children 0-4 years old. RESULTS Seventy-five studies were included with 16 393 children and 40 033 measurements of defecation frequency and/or stool consistency. Based on visual inspection of defecation frequency data, a differentiation was made between two age categories: young infants (0-14 weeks old) and young children (15 weeks-4 years old). Young infants had a mean defecation frequency of 21.8 per week (95 % CI, 3.9-35.2) compared with 10.9 (CI, 5.7-16.7) in young children (P < .001). Among young infants, human milk-fed (HMF) infants had the highest mean defecation frequency per week (23.2 [CI, 8.8-38.1]), followed by formula-fed (FF) infants (13.7 [CI 5.4-23.9]), and mixed-fed (MF) infants (20.7 [CI, 7.0-30.2]). Hard stools were infrequently reported in young infants (1.5%) compared with young children (10.5%), and a reduction in the frequency of soft/watery stools was observed with higher age (27.0% in young infants compared with 6.2% in young children). HMF young infants had softer stools compared with FF young infants. CONCLUSIONS Young infants (0-14 weeks old) have softer and more frequent stools compared with young children (15 weeks-4 years old).
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree F Baaleman
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Carrie A M Wegh
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa J M de Leeuw
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Clara Belzer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merit M Tabbers
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilan J N Koppen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Du M, Cheng X, Qian L, Huo A, Chen J, Sun Y. Extraction, Physicochemical Properties, Functional Activities and Applications of Inulin Polysaccharide: a Review. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:243-252. [PMID: 37097509 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-023-01066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inulin is a naturally soluble dietary fiber that is widely distributed and primarily derived from plants. As a reserve biopolysaccharide in plants, inulin is considered an indigestible carbohydrate of fructan because of its unique β-(2,1)-glycosidic bond structure. Numerous recent animal and human experimental studies have shown that functional inulin possesses multiple bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and gastrointestinal protective activities. Due to its increasing popularity, people tend to consume foods containing inulin. Moreover, inulin holds promise as a bioactive compound for use in the development of various food products. Therefore, this paper provides a detailed review of the extraction method, physicochemical properties, functional activity, and application development of inulin polysaccharides, to provide a theoretical foundation for further advancements in the fields of preparation and application of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Du
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Xueyan Cheng
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Lijuan Qian
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Ayue Huo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Yujun Sun
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China.
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9
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Pre-, pro-, syn-, and Postbiotics in Infant Formulas: What Are the Immune Benefits for Infants? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051231. [PMID: 36904230 PMCID: PMC10004767 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first objective of infant formulas is to ensure the healthy growth of neonates and infants, as the sole complete food source during the first months of life when a child cannot be breastfed. Beyond this nutritional aspect, infant nutrition companies also try to mimic breast milk in its unique immuno-modulating properties. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota under the influence of diet shapes the maturation of the immune system and influences the risk of atopic diseases in infants. A new challenge for dairy industries is, therefore, to develop infant formulas inducing the maturation of immunity and the microbiota that can be observed in breastfed delivered vaginally, representing reference infants. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, Bifidobacterium breve (BC50), Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus fermentum (CECT5716), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) are some of the probiotics added to infant formula, according to a literature review of the past 10 years. The most frequently used prebiotics in published clinical trials are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). This review sums up the expected benefits and effects for infants of pre-, pro-, syn-, and postbiotics added to infant formula regarding the microbiota, immunity, and allergies.
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10
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Fernández-Lainez C, Aan de Stegge M, Silva-Lagos LA, López-Velázquez G, de Vos P. β(2 → 1)-β(2 → 6) branched graminan-type fructans and β(2 → 1) linear fructans impact mucus-related and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes in goblet cells and attenuate inflammatory responses in a fructan dependent fashion. Food Funct 2023; 14:1338-1348. [PMID: 36656019 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02710k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers such as fructans have beneficial effects on intestinal health but it is unknown whether they impact goblet cells (GCs). Here we studied the effects of inulin-type fructans (ITFs) and graminan-type fructans (GTFs) with different molecular weights on mucus- and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes in intestinal GCs. To that end, GCs were incubated in the presence of ITFs or GTFs, or ITFs and GTFs + TNFα or the N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin (Tm). IL-8 production by GCs was studied as a marker of inflammation. Effects between ITFs and GTFs were compared. We found a beneficial impact of GTFs especially on the expression of RETNLB. GTF II protects from the TNFα-induced gene expression dysregulation of MUC2, TFF3, GAL3ST2, and CHST5. Also, all the studied fructans prevented Tm-induced dysregulation of GAL3ST2. Interestingly, only the short chain fructans ITF I and GTF I have anti-inflammatory properties on GCs. All the studied fructans except ITF I decreased the expression of the ER stress-related HSPA5 and XBP1. All these benefits were fructan-structure and chain length dependent. Our study contributes to a better understanding of chemical structure-dependent beneficial effects of ITFs and GTFs on gut barrier function, which could contribute to prevention of gut inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Laboratorio de Errores innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Iman 1, 04530, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Edificio D, 1° Piso. Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Myrthe Aan de Stegge
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luis Alfredo Silva-Lagos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. Iman 1, 04530, Cuidad de México, Mexico.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Yao D, Wu M, Dong Y, Ma L, Wang X, Xu L, Yu Q, Zheng X. In vitro fermentation of fructooligosaccharide and galactooligosaccharide and their effects on gut microbiota and SCFAs in infants. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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12
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Effect of a Novel E3 Probiotics Formula on the Gut Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112904. [PMID: 36428472 PMCID: PMC9687608 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) has been shown to be closely related to gut dysbiosis mediated through the gut−skin axis, and thus the gut microbiome has recently been explored as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. Contrasting and varying efficacy have been reported since then. In order to investigate the determining factor of probiotics responsiveness in individuals with AD, we initiated the analysis of 41 AD patients with varying disease severity in Hong Kong, whereas the severity was assessed by Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) by board certified dermatologist. 16S rRNA sequencing on the fecal samples from AD patients were performed to obtain the metagenomics profile at baseline and after 8 weeks of oral administration of a novel E3 probiotics formula (including prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics). While EASI of the participants were significantly lower after the probiotics treatment (p < 0.001, paired Wilcoxon signed rank), subjects with mild AD were found to be more likely to respond to the probiotics treatment. Species richness among responders regardless of disease severity were significantly increased (p < 0.001, paired Wilcoxon signed rank). Responders exhibited (1) elevated relative abundance of Clostridium, Fecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Romboutsia, and Streptococcus, (2) reduced relative abundance of Collinsella, Bifidobacterium, Fusicatenibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella amid orally-intake probiotics identified using the machine learning algorithm and (3) gut microbiome composition and structure resembling healthy subjects after probiotics treatment. Here, we presented the gut microbiome dynamics in AD patients after the administration of the E3 probiotics formula and delineated the unique gut microbiome signatures in individuals with AD who were responding to the probiotics. These findings could guide the future development of probiotics use for AD management.
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Reported Prevalence and Nutritional Management of Functional Constipation among Young Children from Healthcare Professionals in Eight Countries across Asia, Europe and Latin America. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194067. [PMID: 36235719 PMCID: PMC9572126 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of functional constipation (FC) among children varies widely. A survey among healthcare professionals (HCPs) was conducted to better understand the HCP-reported prevalence and (nutritional) management of FC in children 12−36 months old. Methods: An anonymous e-survey using SurveyMonkey was disseminated via emails or WhatsApp among HCPs in eight countries/regions. Results: Data from 2199 respondents were analyzed. The majority of the respondents (65.9%) were from Russia, followed by other countries (Indonesia (11.0%), Malaysia (6.0%)), Mexico, KSA (5.1% (5.7%), Turkey (3.0%), Hong Kong (2.2%), Singapore (1.1%)). In total, 80% of the respondents (n = 1759) were pediatricians. The prevalence of FC in toddlers was reported at less than 5% by 43% of the respondents. Overall, 40% of the respondents reported using ROME IV criteria in > 70% of the cases to diagnose FC, while 11% never uses Rome IV. History of painful defecation and defecations < 2 x/week are the two most important criteria for diagnosing FC. In total, 33% of the respondents reported changing the standard formula to a specific nutritional solution, accompanied by parental reassurance. Conclusion: The most reported prevalence of FC in toddlers in this survey was less than five percent. ROME IV criteria are frequently used for establishing the diagnosis. Nutritional management is preferred over pharmacological treatment in managing FC.
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Effect of Fructooligosaccharides Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota in Human: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163298. [PMID: 36014803 PMCID: PMC9413759 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have investigated the effects of the supplementation of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the number of bacteria in the gut that are good for health, but the results have been inconsistent. Additionally, due to its high fermentability, supplementation of FOS may be associated with adverse gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating and flatulence. Therefore, we assessed the effects of FOS interventions on the composition of gut microbiota and gastrointestinal symptoms in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Design: All randomized controlled trials published before 10 July 2022 that investigated the effects of FOS supplementation on the human gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal symptoms and met the selection criteria were included in this study. Using fixed or random-effects models, the means and standard deviations of the differences between the two groups before and after the intervention were combined into weighted mean differences using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Eight studies containing 213 FOS supplements and 175 controls remained in this meta-analysis. Bifidobacterium spp. counts significantly increased during FOS ingestion (0.579, 95% CI: 0.444−0.714) in comparison with that of the control group. Subgroup analysis showed greater variation in Bifidobacterium spp. in adults (0.861, 95% CI: 0.614−1.108) than in infants (0.458, 95% CI: 0.297−0.619). The increase in Bifidobacterium spp. counts were greater in the group with an intervention duration greater than 4 weeks (0.841, 95% CI: 0.436−1.247) than an intervention time less than or equal to four weeks (0.532, 95% CI: 0.370−0.694), and in the group with intervention doses > 5 g (1.116, 95% CI: 0.685−1.546) the counts were higher than those with doses ≤ 5 g (0.521, 95% CI: 0.379−0.663). No differences in effect were found between FOS intervention and comparators in regard to the abundance of other prespecified bacteria or adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first meta-analysis to explore the effect of FOS on gut microbiota and to evaluate the adverse effects of FOS intake on the gastrointestinal tract. FOS supplementation could increase the number of colonic Bifidobacterium spp. while higher dose (7.5−15 g/d) and longer duration (>4 weeks) showed more distinct effects and was well tolerated.
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Mu C, Pochakom A, Reimer RA, Choudhary A, Wang M, Rho JM, Scantlebury MH, Shearer J. Addition of Prebiotics to the Ketogenic Diet Improves Metabolic Profile but Does Not Affect Seizures in a Rodent Model of Infantile Spasms Syndrome. Nutrients 2022; 14:2210. [PMID: 35684010 PMCID: PMC9182787 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment for infantile spasms syndrome (IS). However, the KD has implications for somatic growth, development, and the gut microbiota. The impact of incorporating a prebiotic fiber (PRE, oligofructose-enriched inulin, 0.8 g/dL) into a KD diet on spasms, developmental milestones, fecal gut microbiota, metabolites, and hippocampal mitochondrial metabolism were examined. Following IS induction, animals were randomized to KD or KD + PRE diets. A third group without IS and suckled by dams was included as a normally developing reference group (R). PRE inclusion decreased ketones and increased circulating glucose levels but had no impact on spasms. In the liver, PRE increased triglyceride concentrations, decreased carnitine levels, and downregulated genes encoding enzymes responsible for ketogenesis. In the hippocampus, PRE increased glutathione levels but did not affect the maximal respiratory capacity of mitochondria. Analysis of the gut microbiota showed that KD + PRE increased microbial richness and the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Lactobacillus johnsonii. No differences in developmental milestones (i.e., surface righting, negative geotaxis, and open field behavior) were observed between KD and KD + PRE, except for ultrasonic vocalizations that were more frequent in KD + PRE. In summary, PRE did not impact spasms or developmental outcomes, but was effective in improving both metabolic parameters and gut microbiota diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Mu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.P.); (R.A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Angela Pochakom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.P.); (R.A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.P.); (R.A.R.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.C.); (M.W.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Anamika Choudhary
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.C.); (M.W.); (M.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Melinda Wang
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.C.); (M.W.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Jong M. Rho
- Departments of Neurosciences, Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Morris H. Scantlebury
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.C.); (M.W.); (M.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.P.); (R.A.R.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.C.); (M.W.); (M.H.S.)
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Development and validation of UPLC method for quantitative determination of major bovine milk oligosaccharides and their heat stability. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiang H, Gallier S, Feng L, Han J, Liu W. Development of the digestive system in early infancy and nutritional management of digestive problems in breastfed and formula-fed infants. Food Funct 2022; 13:1062-1077. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Food digestion and absorption in infants are closely related to early growth and long-term health. Human milk and infant formula are the main food sources for 0-6 month-old infants. Due...
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Term Infant Formulas Influencing Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124200. [PMID: 34959752 PMCID: PMC8708119 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal colonization of the neonate is highly dependent on the term of pregnancy, the mode of delivery, the type of feeding [breast feeding or formula feeding]. Postnatal immune maturation is dependent on the intestinal microbiome implementation and composition and type of feeding is a key issue in the human gut development, the diversity of microbiome, and the intestinal function. It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more has several benefits with respect to formula feeding. The composition of the new generation of infant formulas aims in mimicking HM by reproducing its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiome and on the gut associated immune system (GAIS). Several approaches have been developed currently for designing new infant formulas by the addition of bioactive ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), probiotics, prebiotics [fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs)], or by obtaining the so-called post-biotics also known as milk fermentation products. The aim of this article is to guide the practitioner in the understanding of these different types of Microbiota Influencing Formulas by listing and summarizing the main concepts and characteristics of these different models of enriched IFs with bioactive ingredients.
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Bioactive Compounds in Infant Formula and Their Effects on Infant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:8850080. [PMID: 34095293 PMCID: PMC8140835 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8850080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infant formulas are an alternative to replace or supplement human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. The knowledge of human milk's bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects has attracted the interest of researchers in the field of infant nutrition, as well as researchers of technology and food sciences that seek to improve the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas. Several scientific studies evaluate the optimization of infant formula composition. The bioactive compound inclusion has been used to upgrade the quality and nutrition of infant formulas. In this context, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the scientific evidence of bioactive compounds present in infant formulas (α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, taurine, milk fat globule membrane, folates, polyamines, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, and probiotics) and their effects on infant nutrition and health. Through previously determined criteria, studies published in the last fifteen years from five different databases were included to identify the advances in the optimization of infant formula composition. Over the last few years, there has been optimization of the infant formula composition, not only to increase the similarities in their content of macro and micronutrients but also to include novel bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits for infants. Although the infant food industry has advanced in the last years, there is no consensus on whether novel bioactive ingredients added to infant formulas have the same functional effects as the compounds found in human milk. Thus, further studies about the impact of bioactive compounds in infant nutrition are fundamental to infant health.
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Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Prebiotic Enriched Infant Formula-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041276. [PMID: 33924514 PMCID: PMC8070502 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effects of an infant formula supplemented with a mixture of prebiotic short and long chain inulin-type oligosaccharides on health outcomes, safety and tolerance, as well as on fecal microbiota composition during the first year of life. In a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study, n = 160 healthy term infants under 4 months of age were randomized to receive either an infant formula enriched with 0.8 g/dL of Orafti®Synergy1 or an unsupplemented control formula until the age of 12 months. Growth, fever (>38 °C) and infections were regularly followed up by a pediatrician. Digestive symptoms, stool consistency as well as crying and sleeping patterns were recorded during one week each study month. Fecal microbiota and immunological biomarkers were determined from a subgroup of infants after 2, 6 and 12 months of life. The intention to treat (ITT) population consisted of n = 149 infants. Both formulae were well tolerated. Mean duration of infections was significantly lower in the prebiotic fed infants (p < 0.05). The prebiotic group showed higher Bifidobacterium counts at month 6 (p = 0.006), and higher proportions of Bifidobacterium in relation to total bacteria at month 2 and 6 (p = 0.042 and p = 0.013, respectively). Stools of infants receiving the prebiotic formula were softer (p < 0.05). Orafti®Synergy1 tended to beneficially impact total daily amount of crying (p = 0.0594). Supplementation with inulin-type prebiotic oligosaccharides during the first year of life beneficially modulates the infant gut microbiota towards higher Bifidobacterium levels at the first 6 months of life, and is associated with reduced duration of infections.
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Singh RS, Singh T, Singh D, Kennedy JF. HPTLC-densitometry quantification of fructooligosaccharides from inulin hydrolysate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:221-228. [PMID: 33609578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of present research was to develop an easy, precise and accurate HPTLC densitometry method for quantification of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) from inulin hydrolysate. The chromatographic separation of FOSs was performed on pre-coated silica gel (60, F254) TLC plates using a mobile phase (butanol:ethanol:water, 60:24:16), and densitometry evaluation of FOSs was performed at A500. Both kestose and nystose were successfully resolved with Rf value of 0.43 and 0.34, respectively. The accuracy, reliability and reproducibility of developed method was assessed by percent relative standard deviation of kestose and nystose for instrument precision (1.43% and 1.50%), repeatability (1.48% and 1.56%), intra-day precision (1.60% and 1.63%), inter-day precision (1.62% and 1.66%), limit of detection (4.58 ng/spot and 4.58 ng/spot), limit of quantification (13.87 ng/spot and 13.89 ng/spot) and recovery (98.81% and 98.69%). Moreover, overlapping spectra of test sample with standard confirms the specificity of developed method, which was validated as per ICH guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India.
| | - Taranjeet Singh
- Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India
| | - Dhandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, India
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, 5 The Croft, Buntsford Drive, Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcs B60 4JE, UK
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Man S, Liu T, Yao Y, Lu Y, Ma L, Lu F. Friend or foe? The roles of inulin-type fructans. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Newman AM, Arshad M. The Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Combating Multidrug-Resistant Organisms. Clin Ther 2020; 42:1637-1648. [PMID: 32800382 PMCID: PMC7904027 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms is increasing worldwide, posing a unique challenge to global health care systems. Novel approaches are needed to combat the spread of infection with these organisms. The enteric microbiome, and in particular the resistome, offers a unique target in both the prevention of infection with these organisms and the acquisition and spread within the community. We highlight a novel approach to combat multidrug-resistant organisms: the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics to manipulate the microbiome and resistome. This review summarizes the published literature and clinical trials related to these products to date, with a focus on efficacious trials. It highlights the probable mechanism of action for each product, as well as its safety profile in selective populations. Ultimately, although further research is needed before a definitive statement can be made on the efficacy of any of these 3 interventions, the literature to date offers new hope and a new tool in the arsenal in the fight against bacterial drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehreen Arshad
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States; Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, United States; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Preparation, characterization and release studies of folic acid from inulin conjugates. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:1147-1156. [PMID: 31760005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid a synthetic form of folate, is the oxidized form of folate which acts as a coenzyme in one carbon transfer reactions required in the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA and its deficiency could be related to diseases such as neural tube defects, Alzheimer's disease, pregnancy complications and cancer. Inulin is a polydisperse polysaccharide comprising mostly of fructosyl fructose units. An oxidized derivative of this inulin was prepared and used as a complexing agent for folic acid to obtain a polysaccharide bound folic acid conjugate. The aldehyde content and degree of oxidation of the oxidized inulin were determined by acid-base titrations. All the products were characterized by sophisticated spectroscopic and thermal methods of analysis. Release studies of folic acid from conjugates were carried out in different pH media and the results demonstrate the pH-sensitive behavior of the inulin-based delivery system towards the controlled release of folic acid.
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Kemsawasd V, Chaikham P. Effects of Frozen Storage on Viability of Probiotics and Antioxidant Capacities of Synbiotic Riceberry and Sesame-Riceberry Milk Ice Creams. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.8.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
According to many recent studies, ice cream was found to be an effective carrier of probiotics along the human gastrointestinal tract. While probiotics have long been known to improve gut health, prebiotic-supplemented ice creams have demonstrated properties that could be linked to various health benefits and improvement of the gut microbiota. In this study, riceberry and sesame-riceberry milk ice creams were supplemented with inulin, Lactobacillus casei 01 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 to examine the changes of probiotic populations in different formulations of ice cream. The survivability of probiotics after 60 days of frozen storage and the level of viable cell tolerance towards the simulated gastrointestinal environment were also assessed, followed by sensory evaluation with 100 untrained panelists and determination of chemical qualities of ice cream samples. Findings revealed L. casei 01 to be more resistant to frozen storage compared to L acidophilus LA5, whereas addition of sesame milk and inulin were shown to minimize levels of viable cell loss following environmental and mechanical stress, suggesting enhanced probiotic activity. Significant reductions in probiotic viability were observed for all ice cream samples, however higher survival rates were observed in prebiotic-supplemented samples prior to and after 60 days of frozen storage. Probiotic cell counts in all samples exceeded the minimum recommended value (6 log CFU/g). In simulated gastric and bile fluid, all samples illustrated a significant change in probiotic levels, which significantly decreased with increase time of exposure to acidic and basic conditions. Probiotic strains in samples containing riceberry, sesame and inulin demonstrated greatest survivability as observed by reduction in pH and increased total acidity, with increased antioxidant and phenolic contents. On the other hand, changes in physicochemical properties of ice cream lowered overall sensory scores in terms of color and flavor. This study contributes to future development and applications of riceberry and sesame for inducement of synbiotic effects in novel probiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varongsiri Kemsawasd
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom campus, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Pittaya Chaikham
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat 13000, Thailand
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The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:687-701. [PMID: 32826966 PMCID: PMC7581511 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In May 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of nutritionists, physiologists and microbiologists to review the definition and scope of synbiotics. The panel updated the definition of a synbiotic to "a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host". The panel concluded that defining synbiotics as simply a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics could suppress the innovation of synbiotics that are designed to function cooperatively. Requiring that each component must meet the evidence and dose requirements for probiotics and prebiotics individually could also present an obstacle. Rather, the panel clarified that a complementary synbiotic, which has not been designed so that its component parts function cooperatively, must be composed of a probiotic plus a prebiotic, whereas a synergistic synbiotic does not need to be so. A synergistic synbiotic is a synbiotic for which the substrate is designed to be selectively utilized by the co-administered microorganisms. This Consensus Statement further explores the levels of evidence (existing and required), safety, effects upon targets and implications for stakeholders of the synbiotic concept.
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Yan MR, Welch R, Rush EC, Xiang X, Wang X. A Sustainable Wholesome Foodstuff; Health Effects and Potential Dietotherapy Applications of Yacon. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112632. [PMID: 31684122 PMCID: PMC6893727 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A sustainable food supply is an ever-growing public and planetary health concern influenced by food culture, food practices, and dietary patterns. Globally, the consumption of plant foods that offer physiological and biochemical benefits is increasing. In recent years, products made from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) tubers and leaves, e.g., in the form of syrup, powder, and herbal tea, have steadily emerged with scientific evidence to validate their possible health claims. Yacon was introduced to New Zealand in 1966, and its products can now be produced on a commercial scale. This paper reviews literature published mainly in the last 10 years concerning the health-related properties of yacon as a wholesome foodstuff and its bioactive components, e.g., fructooligosaccharides. Literature was sourced from Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO Health, and Google Scholar up to June 2019. The potential markets for yacon in the field of food technology and new dietotherapy applications are discussed. Furthermore, the unique features of New Zealand-produced yacon syrup are introduced as a case study. The paper explores the scientific foundation in response to the growing public interest in why and how to use yacon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Yan
- AUT Food Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- Community and Social Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland 1025, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Welch
- Yacon New Zealand Ltd., Auckland 1051, New Zealand.
| | - Elaine C Rush
- AUT Food Network, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Xuesong Xiang
- National Institute of Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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He X, Parenti M, Grip T, Lönnerdal B, Timby N, Domellöf M, Hernell O, Slupsky CM. Fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed bovine MFGM supplemented formula or standard formula with breast-fed infants as reference: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11589. [PMID: 31406230 PMCID: PMC6690946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk delivers an array of bioactive components that safeguard infant growth and development and maintain healthy gut microbiota. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a biologically functional fraction of milk increasingly linked to beneficial outcomes in infants through protection from pathogens, modulation of the immune system and improved neurodevelopment. In the present study, we characterized the fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed a bovine MFGM supplemented experimental formula (EF) and compared to infants fed standard formula (SF) and a breast-fed reference group. The impact of MFGM on the fecal microbiome was moderate; however, the fecal metabolome of EF-fed infants showed a significant reduction of several metabolites including lactate, succinate, amino acids and their derivatives from that of infants fed SF. Introduction of weaning food with either human milk or infant formula reduces the distinct characteristics of breast-fed- or formula-fed- like infant fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles. Our findings support the hypothesis that higher levels of protein in infant formula and the lack of human milk oligosaccharides promote a shift toward amino acid fermentation in the gut. MFGM may play a role in shaping gut microbial activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tove Grip
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Niklas Timby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Sevim S, Topal GG, Tengilimoglu-Metin MM, Sancak B, Kizil M. Effects of inulin and lactic acid bacteria strains on aflatoxin M1 detoxification in yoghurt. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Benninga MA, Vandenplas Y. The Magnesium-Rich Formula for Functional Constipation in Infants: a Randomized Comparator-Controlled Study. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2019; 22:270-281. [PMID: 31110960 PMCID: PMC6506425 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2019.22.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of the magnesium (Mg)-enriched formula vs. control formula in constipated infants. METHODS An open-label, interventional, and the comparator-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mg-enriched formula in formula-fed infants ≤6 months old presenting with functional constipation according to modified Rome IV criteria. Infants were randomized 1:1 to intervention or control formula for 30 days. Parents recorded stool consistency (hard, normal, or watery) and frequency on days 1-7 and 23-29. Physicians recorded patient baseline characteristics and performed the clinical examination at the time of three patient visits (baseline, day 8, and 30). RESULTS Of the 286 recruited infants, 143 received the Mg-rich formula and 142 received the control formula. After 7 days, significantly more infants had stools with normal consistency with the Mg-rich formula compared to the infants fed with the control formula (81.8% vs. 41.1%; p<0.001). The number of infants passing one or more stools per day was increased at day 7 in the Mg-rich formula group (86.7% vs. 68.2%; p<0.001). At days 7 and 29, >25% of infants responded completely to the Mg-rich formula compared to <5% of infants fed with the control formula (p<0.001). Parents of infants in the Mg-rich formula group were very satisfied with the treatment (80.8% vs. 10.2%), with the majority willing to continue treatment after 30 days (97.9% vs. 52.6%; p<0.001). CONCLUSION The Mg-rich formula significantly improved stool consistency and frequency compared to the control formula in constipated infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Gupta N, Jangid AK, Pooja D, Kulhari H. Inulin: A novel and stretchy polysaccharide tool for biomedical and nutritional applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:852-863. [PMID: 30926495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inulin (INU) is a flexible, fructan type polysaccharide carbohydrate, mainly obtained from the root of chicory. It is a water-soluble dietary fibre and has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for improving the nutritional values of food products. INU is not digested or fermented in the initial portion of the human digestive system and directly reaches on the distal portion of the colon. Owing to this superior property, INU is specially applied to develop specific carrier systems for localized delivery of drugs related to colon diseases. Several studies proved that the fermented bi-products of INU help the growth and stimulating activity of colon bacteria e.g. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli. INU also has several inherent therapeutic effects like reduction of tumor risks, help in calcium ion absorption, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties etc. Apart from these, INU has been used for different pharmaceutical applications as a drug carrier, stabilizing agent, cryoprotectant, and an alternative to fats and sugars. Here, we review the applications of INU in different areas of biomedical science, look back into the nutritional effects of INU and outline various routes of administration of INU-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Gupta
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Jangid
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Deep Pooja
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India.
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system and regulation of immune responses. Many factors influence the composition of the infant intestinal microbiome and therefore the development and function of the immune system. This, in turn, may alter the risk of subsequent allergies, autoimmune diseases and other adverse health outcomes. Here, we review factors that influence the composition of the intestinal microbiome during the first year of life, including birth location, gestational age, delivery mode, feeding method, hospitalization, antibiotic or probiotic intake and living conditions. Understanding how the early intestinal microbiome is established and how this is perturbed provides many opportunities for interventions to improve health.
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Peng J, Xu W, Ni D, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Preparation of a novel water-soluble gel from Erwinia amylovora levan. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 122:469-478. [PMID: 30342147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Less attention has been focused on the industrial applications of levan-type fructan than that of inulin. Levan-type fructan is a unique homopolysaccharide consisting of fructose residues with a β-(2, 6) linkage that possesses unique physiochemical properties such as low intrinsic viscosity. In this study, the recombinant levansucrase from Erwinia amylovora was used to efficiently produce levan from sucrose, and under optimised conditions, 195 g/L levan was produced from 500 g/L sucrose, with the highest conversion rate of 59%. The physicochemical properties of E. amylovora levan, such as surface morphology, thermal behaviour, rheology behaviour and texture analysis, were evaluated and compared with those of commercial gels, including xanthan, guar, carrageenan and Arabic gums. The produced E. amylovora levan showed a series of acceptable physicochemical properties, indicating a potential application for levan as a novel water-soluble micro gel. The conclusions of this study support the exploration of the use of more hydrogels in the food, medicinal and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Zhou S, Hang Y, Wang J, Fang R. Enzyme activity and phosphate uptake in the small intestine of Sprague Dawley rats improved by supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2018; 4:300-304. [PMID: 30175258 PMCID: PMC6116332 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was to identify the effects of prebiotics supplemented in infant formula on enzyme activity and phosphate uptake in the small intestine of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Forty-eight healthy SD rats at 15 days old (a week before weaning) with similar weight were randomly divided into 3 groups: A (control group), B, C, with 16 rats per group. Rats in groups A, B, C were fed a standard infant formula, the standard infant formula supplemented with oligosaccharides, and the standard infant formula supplemented with polysaccharides, respectively. The feeding test was conducted for 28 d. Compared with group A, the results showed the following: 1) the activities of sucrose and lactase in the small intestine were significantly increased in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05); 2) the relative expressions of lactase gene in the anterior and posterior segments of the small intestine were significantly increased by 1.68 and 2.26 in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05), and the relative expression of Mgam gene in the posterior segment of the small intestine was significantly increased by 0.99 in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05); 3) the relative expressions of Na/Pi-IIb gene in the anterior and posterior segments of the small intestine were significantly increased by 1.85 and 2.28 in SD rats of group C (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the supplementation of infant formula with prebiotics can promote enzyme activity in the small intestine by increasing the relative expression of enzyme gene or by decreasing intestinal injury, and can increase the relative expression of Na/Pi-IIb gene. The effect of polysaccharides is better than that of oligosaccharides.
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36
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Lohner S, Jakobik V, Mihályi K, Soldi S, Vasileiadis S, Theis S, Sailer M, Sieland C, Berényi K, Boehm G, Decsi T. Inulin-Type Fructan Supplementation of 3- to 6-Year-Old Children Is Associated with Higher Fecal Bifidobacterium Concentrations and Fewer Febrile Episodes Requiring Medical Attention. J Nutr 2018; 148:1300-1308. [PMID: 29982534 PMCID: PMC6074834 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inulin-type fructans used in formula have been shown to promote microbiota composition and stool consistency closer to those of breastfed infants and to have beneficial effects on fever occurrence, diarrhea, and incidence of infections requiring antibiotic treatment in infants. Objectives The primary study aim was to explore whether prophylactic supplementation with prebiotic fructans is able to influence the frequency of infectious diseases in kindergarten children during a winter period. A secondary objective was to ascertain the effect on the intestinal microbiota. Methods 142 boys and 128 girls aged 3-6 y were randomly allocated to consume 6 g/d fructans or maltodextrin for 24 wk. At baseline, stool samples were collected for microbiota analysis and anthropometric measurements were made. During the intervention period diagnoses were recorded by physicians, whereas disease symptoms, kindergarten absenteeism, dietary habits, and stool consistency were recorded by parents. Baseline measurements were repeated at wk 24. Results In total 219 children finished the study. Both the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (P < 0.001) and that of Lactobacillus (P = 0.014) were 19.9% and 7.8% higher, respectively, post data normalization, in stool samples of children receiving fructans as compared with those of controls at wk 24. This was accompanied by significantly softer stools within the normal range in the prebiotic group from wk 12 onwards. The incidence of febrile episodes requiring medical attention [0.65 ± 1.09 compared with 0.9 ± 1.11 infections/(24 wk × child), P = 0.04] and that of sinusitis (0.01 ± 0.1 compared with 0.06 ± 0.25, P = 0.03) were significantly lower in the prebiotic group. The number of infectious episodes and their duration reported by parents did not differ significantly between the 2 intervention groups. Conclusions Prebiotic supplementation modified the composition of the intestinal microbiota and resulted in softer stools in kindergarten-aged children. The reduction in febrile episodes requiring medical attention supports the concept of further studies on prebiotics in young children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03241355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szimonetta Lohner
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs,Address correspondence to SL (e-mail: )
| | - Viktória Jakobik
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
| | - Krisztina Mihályi
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
| | - Sara Soldi
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Srl, Fiorenzualo d'Arda (Pc), Italy
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Károly Berényi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
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Cuello-Garcia C, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Morgano GP, Zhang Y, Agarwal A, Gandhi S, Terracciano L, Schünemann HJ, Brozek JL. Prebiotics for the prevention of allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 47:1468-1477. [PMID: 29035013 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of allergic diseases in infants is approximately 10% reaching 20 to 30% in those with an allergic first-degree relative. Prebiotics are selectively fermented food ingredients that allow specific changes in composition/activity of the gastrointestinal microflora. They modulate immune responses, and their supplementation has been proposed as an intervention to prevent allergies. OBJECTIVE To assess in pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and infants (populations) the effect of supplementing prebiotics (intervention) versus no prebiotics (comparison) on the development of allergic diseases and to inform the World Allergy Organization guidelines. METHODS We performed a systematic review of studies assessing the effects of prebiotic supplementation with an intention to prevent the development of allergies. RESULTS Of 446 unique records published until November 2016 in Cochrane, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, 22 studies fulfilled a priori specified criteria. We did not find any studies of prebiotics given to pregnant women or breastfeeding mothers. Prebiotic supplementation in infants, compared to placebo, had the following effects: risk of developing eczema (RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.15), wheezing/asthma (RR, 0.37; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.80), and food allergy (RR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.08 to 1.00). There was no evidence of an increased risk of any adverse effects (RR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.10). Prebiotic supplementation had little influence growth rate (MD: 0.92 g per day faster with prebiotics, 95% CI: 0 to 1.84) and the final infant weight (MD: 0.10 kg higher with prebiotics, 95% CI: -0.09 to 0.29). The certainty of these estimates is very low due to risk of bias and imprecision of the results. CONCLUSIONS Currently available evidence on prebiotic supplementation to reduce the risk of developing allergies is very uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cuello-Garcia
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A Fiocchi
- Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - R Pawankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J J Yepes-Nuñez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,University of Antioquia School of Medicine, Medellín, Colombia
| | - G P Morgano
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A Agarwal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Gandhi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Terracciano
- Department of Child and Maternal Medicine, University of Milan Medical School at the Melloni Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - H J Schünemann
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J L Brozek
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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38
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Balthazar CF, Silva HL, Esmerino EA, Rocha RS, Moraes J, Carmo MA, Azevedo L, Camps I, K.D Abud Y, Sant'Anna C, Franco RM, Freitas MQ, Silva MC, Raices RS, Escher GB, Granato D, Senaka Ranadheera C, Nazarro F, Cruz AG. The addition of inulin and Lactobacillus casei 01 in sheep milk ice cream. Food Chem 2018; 246:464-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Infant formulae supplemented with prebiotics: Are they better than unsupplemented formulae? An updated systematic review. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:810-825. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn 2011, the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition systematically reviewed published evidence related to the safety and health effects of the administration of formulae supplemented with pro- and/or prebiotics compared with unsupplemented formulae. We updated evidence on the effects of the administration of prebiotic-supplemented infant formulae (IF) compared with unsupplemented IF. Five databases were searched up to March 2017 for randomised controlled trials. In all, forty-one publications were identified, including twenty-five new publications. The administration of currently evaluated prebiotic-supplemented formulae to healthy infants does not raise safety concerns with regard to growth and adverse effects. Some favourable clinical effects are possible, primarily stool softening, which may be beneficial in some infants. Currently, there is no existing robust evidence to recommend the routine use of prebiotic-supplemented formulae. The latter conclusion may reflect the small amount of data on specific prebiotics and outcomes, rather than a genuine lack of an effect. The efficacy and safety should be considered for each prebiotic(s)-supplemented formula.
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40
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Pekmez CT, Dragsted LO, Brahe LK. Gut microbiota alterations and dietary modulation in childhood malnutrition - The role of short chain fatty acids. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:615-630. [PMID: 29496274 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome affects the health status of the host through different mechanisms and is associated with a wide variety of diseases. Both childhood undernutrition and obesity are linked to alterations in composition and functionality of the gut microbiome. One of the possible mechanisms underlying the interplay between microbiota and host metabolism is through appetite-regulating hormones (including leptin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1). Short chain fatty acids, the end product of bacterial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, might be able to alter energy harvest and metabolism through enteroendocrine cell signaling, adipogenesis and insulin-like growth factor-1 production. Elucidating these mechanisms may lead to development of new modulation practices of the gut microbiota as a potential prevention and treatment strategy for childhood malnutrition. The present overview will briefly outline the gut microbiota development in the early life, gut microbiota alterations in childhood undernutrition and obesity, and whether this relationship is causal. Further we will discuss possible underlying mechanisms in relation to the gut-brain axis and short chain fatty acids, and the potential of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics for modulating the gut microbiota during childhood as a prevention and treatment strategy against undernutrition and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Tugba Pekmez
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lena Kirchner Brahe
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Abstract
Early nutrition may have long-lasting metabolic impacts in adulthood. Even though breast milk is the gold standard, most infants are at least partly formula-fed. Despite obvious improvements, infant formulas remain perfectible to reduce the gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Improvements such as reducing the protein content, modulating the lipid matrix and adding prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, are discussed regarding metabolic health. Numerous questions remain to be answered on how impacting the infant formula composition may modulate the host metabolism and exert long-term benefits. Interactions between early nutrition (composition of human milk and infant formula) and the gut microbiota profile, as well as mechanisms connecting gut microbiota to metabolic health, are highlighted. Gut microbiota stands as a key actor in the nutritional programming but additional well-designed longitudinal human studies are needed.
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42
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Kuo SM. Does Modification of the Large Intestinal Microbiome Contribute to the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fermentable Fiber? Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzx004. [PMID: 30377676 PMCID: PMC6201682 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.117.001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber is an inadequately understood and insufficiently consumed nutrient. This review examines the possible causal relation between fiber-induced microbiome changes and the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. To demonstrate the dominant role of fermentable plant fiber in shaping the intestinal microbiome, animal and human fiber-feeding studies are reviewed. Using culture-, PCR-, and sequencing-based microbial analyses, a higher prevalence of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera was observed from the feeding of different types of fermentable fiber. This finding was reported in studies performed on several host species including human. Health conditions and medications that are linked to intestinal microbial alterations likely also change the nutrient environment of the large intestine. The unique gene clusters of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus that enable the catabolism of plant glycans and the ability of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus to reduce the colonization of proteobacteria probably contribute to their prevalence in a fiber-rich intestinal environment. The fiber-induced microbiome changes could contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. Although most studies did not measure fecal microbial density or total daily fecal microbial output (colon microbial load), limited evidence suggests that the increase in intestinal commensal microbial load plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of fiber. Various probiotic supplements, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, showed anti-inflammatory activity only in the presence of fiber, which promoted microbial growth as indicated by increasing plasma short-chain fatty acids. Probiotics alone or pure fiber administered under sterile conditions showed no anti-inflammatory activity. The potential mechanisms that could mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of common microbial metabolites are reviewed, but more in vivo trials are needed. Future studies including simultaneous microbial composition and load measurements are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Ming Kuo
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY
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43
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Mao M, Zhang L, Ge J, Yan J, Northington R, Yao M, Nowacki J, Hays NP. Infant Feeding Regimens and Gastrointestinal Tolerance: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Cohort Study in China. Glob Pediatr Health 2018; 5:2333794X17750271. [PMID: 29344559 PMCID: PMC5764142 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x17750271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To study feeding tolerance in infants fed formula with increased sn-2 palmitate and oligofructose (sn-2+OF) in a real-world setting, healthy Chinese infants were enrolled in this 48-day observational study on their current feeding regimens: exclusively breastfed (BF; n = 147), exclusively sn-2+OF formula-fed (FF; n = 150), or mixed-fed with breast milk and sn-2+OF formula (MF; n = 163). Throughout the study, incidence (90% confidence interval) of hard stools was ≤2.1% (0.0-5.3) in FF and 0.8% (0.0-3.5) in MF, with no hard stools in BF. Incidence of watery stools was ≤5.0% (1.0-9.2) in FF and ≥5.1% (2.4-9.3) in MF and BF. Gastrointestinal tolerance scores, although low in all groups (lower scores indicating better tolerance), were slightly higher (P ≥ .03) in FF (17.5 ± 4.8) and MF (18.2 ± 5.0) versus BF (16.3 ± 3.2) at mid-study; this difference disappeared at study end. Overall, low incidences of hard and watery stools and good feeding tolerance were observed in infants fed sn-2+OF formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - John Ge
- Wyeth Nutrition (China) Company Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yan
- Nestlé Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland
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Petit V, Sandoz L, Garcia-Rodenas CL. Importance of the regiospecific distribution of long-chain saturated fatty acids on gut comfort, fat and calcium absorption in infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 121:40-51. [PMID: 28651696 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tolerance and fat and calcium (Ca) absorption are different between breast-fed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants. Certain components and/or structural particularities in human milk (HM), can contribute to favorable outcomes in BF infants. In HM, the long-chain saturated fatty acid (LCSFA) palmitic acid has a different stereospecific distribution (sn-2 position) compared to most infant formula (IF) (primarily sn-1, 3 positions), which may contribute to unfavorable outcomes. Evidence suggests palmitic acid is important in the formation of stool FA-mineral (or FA-Ca) soaps, associated with harder stools in FF infants. Partial replacement by structured palmitic acid-rich triacylglycerols (TAGs) promotes palmitic acid absorption. However, evidence for stool softening, improved fat absorption and reduced Ca excretion in stools is inconsistent. IFs with less palmitic acid can improve fat and Ca absorption, and stool consistency. The presence of other LCSFAs (myristic and stearic acids) in sn-1, 3 positions may also contribute to reduced absorption of fat and Ca, and stool hardness, in FF infants. Nevertheless, little attention has been given to modifying these other LCSFAs in IF. We review literature comparing the effect of HM and IF with different lipid compositions on stool patterns and/or fat and Ca absorption in healthy, term infants. Based on available data, we estimate a maximum level for sn-1, 3 LCSFAs of 13% of TAGs, under which fat and Ca absorption and stool consistency are improved. IF designed according to this threshold could efficiently improve nutrient absorption and stool patterns in healthy infants who cannot be breast-fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Petit
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laurence Sandoz
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Davis EC, Wang M, Donovan SM. The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:143-171. [PMID: 28068209 PMCID: PMC5390825 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1278104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the human infant intestinal microbiota is a sequential process that begins in utero and continues during the first 2 to 3 years of life. Microbial composition and diversity are shaped by host genetics and multiple environmental factors, of which diet is a principal contributor. An understanding of this process is of clinical importance as the microbiota acquired in early life influence gastrointestinal, immune and neural development, and reduced microbial diversity or dysbiosis during infancy is associated with disorders in infancy and later childhood. The goal of this article was to review the published literature that used culture-independent methods to describe the development of the gastrointestinal microbiota in breast- and formula-fed human infants as well as the impact of prebiotic and probiotic addition to infant formula, and the addition of solid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Davis
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA,CONTACT Sharon M. Donovan University of Illinois, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 339 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
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Closa-Monasterolo R, Ferré N, Castillejo-DeVillasante G, Luque V, Gispert-Llaurado M, Zaragoza-Jordana M, Theis S, Escribano J. The use of inulin-type fructans improves stool consistency in constipated children. A randomised clinical trial: pilot study. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:587-594. [PMID: 27931142 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1263605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constipation is a common disorder in children. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the beneficial effects of a daily supplementation with Orafti® inulin-type fructans in 2-5 year old constipated children. METHODS Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled parallel group trial where constipated children received two doses of 2 g Orafti® inulin-type fructans (OF:IN) or placebo (maltodextrin) for 6 weeks. Primary outcome was stool consistency. Secondary outcomes were stool frequency and gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS Twenty-two children were included, 17 completed the study protocol (nine and eight for the control and the OF:IN group, respectively). Results showed that Orafti® inulin-type fructans supplemented children had softer stools (p = .003). The longitudinal analysis showed no significant changes in controls, whereas supplemented children increased their stool consistency from 2.2 to 2.6 on the modified Bristol scale for children (five items instead of seven) (p = .040). CONCLUSIONS Prebiotic inulin-type fructans supplementation improves stool consistency in constipated 2-5-year old children. Clinicaltrials.gov, with number NCT02863848.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo
- a Neonatal Unit , Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona , Tarragona , Spain.,b Paediatrics Research Unit , Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV , Reus , Spain
| | - Natalia Ferré
- b Paediatrics Research Unit , Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV , Reus , Spain
| | - Gemma Castillejo-DeVillasante
- b Paediatrics Research Unit , Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV , Reus , Spain.,d Paediatrics Unit , Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus , Reus , Spain
| | - Veronica Luque
- a Neonatal Unit , Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona , Tarragona , Spain.,b Paediatrics Research Unit , Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV , Reus , Spain
| | | | | | | | - Joaquin Escribano
- b Paediatrics Research Unit , Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV , Reus , Spain.,c Nutrition Science, Beneo GmbH Obrigheim , Germany
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Benítez-Páez A, Gómez Del Pulgar EM, Kjølbæk L, Brahe LK, Astrup A, Larsen L, Sanz Y. Impact of dietary fiber and fat on gut microbiota re-modeling and metabolic health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Portune KJ, Benítez-Páez A, Del Pulgar EMG, Cerrudo V, Sanz Y. Gut microbiota, diet, and obesity-related disorders-The good, the bad, and the future challenges. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Portune
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia (IATA-CSIC); C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7; Valencia Spain
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia (IATA-CSIC); C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7; Valencia Spain
| | - Eva Maria Gomez Del Pulgar
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia (IATA-CSIC); C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7; Valencia Spain
| | - Victor Cerrudo
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia (IATA-CSIC); C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7; Valencia Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia (IATA-CSIC); C/ Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 7; Valencia Spain
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Hays NP, Mao M, Zhang L, Ge J, Northington R, Yao M, Volger S. Infant feeding and health-related quality of life in healthy Chinese infants: results from a prospective, observational cohort study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2016; 14:116. [PMID: 27502768 PMCID: PMC4977837 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-016-0518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant feeding regimens, including breastfeeding, formula-feeding, or a combination of the two, may influence infant health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, few studies have examined this association. METHODS This prospective cohort study assessed HRQOL in relation to three parent-selected feeding regimens: exclusively breastfed (n = 136), exclusively study formula-fed (n = 140), and mixed-fed with study formula and breast milk (n = 151). Healthy Chinese infants were enrolled at their first normally scheduled well infant clinic visit at age 42 days (study day 1). Parents independently chose their infants' feeding regimens prior to recruitment into the study, with infants in the formula and mixed-fed groups already consuming an infant formula enriched with α-lactalbumin and increased sn-2 palmitate and oligofructose. The Infant and Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire, which includes six infant-focused and three parent-focused concepts, was used to assess HRQOL at day 1 and at a follow-up visit 48 days later. Scores for each concept ranged from 0 to 100. Parent quality of life (assessed using the Mental Component Summary score of the SF-12v2 Health Survey) was included in the ANCOVA model to adjust for its potential effect on parent's perception of infant HRQOL. RESULTS HRQOL concept scores were high in all three study groups at both visits (mean scores 71-95). Day 1 HRQOL scores were not significantly different between groups. At day 48, 5 of 9 HRQOL scores were not significantly different between groups. However, scores for Temperament and Moods, General Health Perceptions and Parent Impact-Time were slightly but statistically significantly lower in the formula-fed group (mean scores 75-86; all p ≤ 0.01) compared to the breastfed (78-90) and mixed-fed (77-91) groups. Day 48 Parent Impact-Emotional scores were also significantly lower by a small margin (4 points; p = 0.003) in the formula-fed group compared with the breastfed group. CONCLUSIONS HRQOL was high in this population of healthy infants, with only a few small differences in HRQOL concept scores observed between breastfed, formula-fed and mixed-fed infants. These results indicate favorable physical, mental, and social well-being in these infants and parents. Assessment of infant HRQOL is therefore feasible and provides valuable insight into parental perceptions of their child's health and well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01370967 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng Mao
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - John Ge
- Wyeth Nutritional Company Ltd, Shanghai, China
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50
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Inulin: Properties, health benefits and food applications. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 147:444-454. [PMID: 27178951 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inulin is a water soluble storage polysaccharide and belongs to a group of non-digestible carbohydrates called fructans. Inulin has attained the GRAS status in USA and is extensively available in about 36,000 species of plants, amongst, chicory roots are considered as the richest source of inulin. Commonly, inulin is used as a prebiotic, fat replacer, sugar replacer, texture modifier and for the development of functional foods in order to improve health due to its beneficial role in gastric health. This review provides a deep insight about its production, physicochemical properties, role in combating various kinds of metabolic and diet related diseases and utilization as a functional ingredient in novel product development.
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