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Williams ME, Corn EA, Martinez Ransanz S, Berl MM, Andringa-Seed R, Mulkey SB. Neurodevelopmental assessments used to measure preschoolers' cognitive development in Latin America: a systematic review. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:321-339. [PMID: 38244996 PMCID: PMC11098046 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically review the standardized neurodevelopmental assessments used to study preschool-aged children's cognitive development in Spanish-speaking Latin America. METHODS The authors systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases for peer-reviewed articles from Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. Articles were included if they measured cognitive development among children aged 2-6 years using at least one standardized assessment tool; 97 articles were included and reviewed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to assess their use of these tools. RESULTS Ninety-seven studies across 13 countries used a total of 41 assessments to measure cognitive development; most widely used were the Wechsler intelligence scales (n = 46/97), particularly the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (n = 23 and 29, respectively). Other common assessments included the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (n = 9), Raven's Progressive Matrices (n = 9), Child Neuropsychological Assessment (n = 8), and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (n = 7). In regions where normative data for a given assessment were unpublished, authors commonly used norms from the United States, Mexico, or Spain or did not report standard scores in their analyses. CONCLUSIONS The wide range of tools used in these studies presents a challenge for generalizing results when measuring the neurodevelopment of Latin American preschool-aged children. The low availability of normative data for specific regions reveals concerns if some tools are culturally and linguistically appropriate even when Spanish is a common language, particularly in low-resource settings. Future work to forge greater consistency in the use of validated measures, clarity in reporting research methods, and publication of regional normative data would benefit the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E Williams
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Corn
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Santiago Martinez Ransanz
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Madison M Berl
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Regan Andringa-Seed
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sarah B Mulkey
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
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Smolińska K, Szopa A, Sobczyński J, Serefko A, Dobrowolski P. Nutritional Quality Implications: Exploring the Impact of a Fatty Acid-Rich Diet on Central Nervous System Development. Nutrients 2024; 16:1093. [PMID: 38613126 PMCID: PMC11013435 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the comprehensive examination of the role of fatty acid-rich diets in central nervous system development in children, this study bridges significant gaps in the understanding of dietary effects on neurodevelopment. It delves into the essential functions of fatty acids in neurodevelopment, including their contributions to neuronal membrane formation, neuroinflammatory modulation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Despite the acknowledged importance of these nutrients, this review reveals a lack of comprehensive synthesis in current research, particularly regarding the broader spectrum of fatty acids and their optimal levels throughout childhood. By consolidating the existing knowledge and highlighting critical research gaps, such as the effects of fatty acid metabolism on neurodevelopmental disorders and the need for age-specific dietary guidelines, this study sets a foundation for future studies. This underscores the potential of nutritional strategies to significantly influence neurodevelopmental trajectories, advocating an enriched academic and clinical understanding that can inform dietary recommendations and interventions aimed at optimizing neurological health from infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Smolińska
- Chronic Wounds Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jan Sobczyński
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Serefko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Wu X, Jiang L, Qi H, Hu C, Jia X, Lin H, Wang S, Lin L, Zhang Y, Zheng R, Li M, Wang T, Zhao Z, Xu M, Xu Y, Chen Y, Zheng J, Bi Y, Lu J. Brain tissue- and cell type-specific eQTL Mendelian randomization reveals efficacy of FADS1 and FADS2 on cognitive function. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:77. [PMID: 38316767 PMCID: PMC10844634 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggested an association between omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function. However, the causal role of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene, which play a key role in regulating omega-3 fatty acids biosynthesis, on cognitive function is unclear. Hence, we used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the gene-specific causal effect of omega-3 fatty acids (N = 114,999) on cognitive function (N = 300,486). Tissue- and cell type-specific effects of FADS1/FADS2 expression on cognitive function were estimated using brain tissue cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) datasets (GTEx, N ≤ 209; MetaBrain, N ≤ 8,613) and single cell cis-eQTL data (N = 373), respectively. These causal effects were further evaluated in whole blood cis-eQTL data (N ≤ 31,684). A series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to validate MR assumptions. Leave-one-out MR showed a FADS gene-specific effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function [β = -1.3 × 10-2, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-2.2 × 10-2, -5 × 10-3), P = 2 × 10-3]. Tissue-specific MR showed an effect of increased FADS1 expression in cerebellar hemisphere and FADS2 expression in nucleus accumbens basal ganglia on maintaining cognitive function, while decreased FADS1 expression in nine brain tissues on maintaining cognitive function [colocalization probability (PP.H4) ranged from 71.7% to 100.0%]. Cell type-specific MR showed decreased FADS1/FADS2 expression in oligodendrocyte was associated with maintaining cognitive function (PP.H4 = 82.3%, respectively). Increased FADS1/FADS2 expression in whole blood showed an effect on cognitive function maintenance (PP.H4 = 86.6% and 88.4%, respectively). This study revealed putative causal effect of FADS1/FADS2 expression in brain tissues and blood on cognitive function. These findings provided evidence to prioritize FADS gene as potential target gene for maintenance of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Jia
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifang Zhang
- Network and Information Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Digital Medicine Innovation Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jieli Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wimalasena ST, Ramírez-Silva CI, Gonzalez Casanova I, Stein AD, Sun YV, Rivera JA, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Ramakrishnan U. Effects of prenatal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on offspring cardiometabolic health at 11 years differs by maternal single nucleotide polymorphism rs174602: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial in Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:1123-1132. [PMID: 37839707 PMCID: PMC10797513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence regarding long-term effects of prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on offspring cardiometabolic health (CMH). Inconsistent results may be attributable to variants of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effect of prenatal DHA supplementation on offspring CMH and investigate effect modification by maternal FADS2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs174602. METHODS We used follow-up data from a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in Mexico in which pregnant females received 400 mg/d of algal DHA or placebo from midgestation until delivery. The study sample included 314 offspring with data at age 11 y and maternal FADS genetic data (DHA: n = 160; Placebo: n = 154). We derived a Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) score from body mass index, HDL, triglycerides, fasting glucose concentrations, and systolic blood pressure. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on offspring MetS score and test interactions between treatment group and genotype, adjusting for maternal, offspring, and household factors. RESULTS Offspring MetS score did not differ significantly by treatment group. We observed evidence of effect modification by maternal SNP rs174602 (P = 0.001); offspring of maternal TT genotype who received DHA had lower MetS score relative to the placebo group (DHA (mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)): -0.21 ± 0.11, n = 21; Placebo: 0.05 ± 0.11, n = 23; Δ= -0.26 (95% CI: -0.55, 0.04), P = 0.09); among CC maternal genotype carriers, offspring of mothers who received DHA had higher MetS score (0.18 ± 0.06, n = 62) relative to the placebo group (-0.05 ± 0.06, n = 65, Δ=0.24 (0.06, 0.41), P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The effect of prenatal DHA supplementation on offspring MetS score differed by maternal FADS SNP rs174602. These findings further support incorporating genetic analysis of FADS polymorphisms in DHA supplementation trials. CLINICAL TRIAL DETAILS This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00646360.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tandon Wimalasena
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Aryeh D Stein
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Juan A Rivera
- National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- LMU-Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Department of Pediatrics, LMU University Hospitals, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- LMU-Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Department of Pediatrics, LMU University Hospitals, Munich, Germany
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Wuni R, Ventura EF, Curi-Quinto K, Murray C, Nunes R, Lovegrove JA, Penny M, Favara M, Sanchez A, Vimaleswaran KS. Interactions between genetic and lifestyle factors on cardiometabolic disease-related outcomes in Latin American and Caribbean populations: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1067033. [PMID: 36776603 PMCID: PMC9909204 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1067033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases has increased in Latin American and the Caribbean populations (LACP). To identify gene-lifestyle interactions that modify the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in LACP, a systematic search using 11 search engines was conducted up to May 2022. Methods Eligible studies were observational and interventional studies in either English, Spanish, or Portuguese. A total of 26,171 publications were screened for title and abstract; of these, 101 potential studies were evaluated for eligibility, and 74 articles were included in this study following full-text screening and risk of bias assessment. The Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) and the Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool were used to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies. Results We identified 122 significant interactions between genetic and lifestyle factors on cardiometabolic traits and the vast majority of studies come from Brazil (29), Mexico (15) and Costa Rica (12) with FTO, APOE, and TCF7L2 being the most studied genes. The results of the gene-lifestyle interactions suggest effects which are population-, gender-, and ethnic-specific. Most of the gene-lifestyle interactions were conducted once, necessitating replication to reinforce these results. Discussion The findings of this review indicate that 27 out of 33 LACP have not conducted gene-lifestyle interaction studies and only five studies have been undertaken in low-socioeconomic settings. Most of the studies were cross-sectional, indicating a need for longitudinal/prospective studies. Future gene-lifestyle interaction studies will need to replicate primary research of already studied genetic variants to enable comparison, and to explore the interactions between genetic and other lifestyle factors such as those conditioned by socioeconomic factors and the built environment. The protocol has been registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42022308488. Systematic review registration https://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier CRD420223 08488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramatu Wuni
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Eduard F. Ventura
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claudia Murray
- Department of Real Estate and Planning, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Nunes
- Department of Real Estate and Planning, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A. Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Penny
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Favara
- Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Sanchez
- Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE), Lima, Peru
| | - Karani Santhanakrishnan Vimaleswaran
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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