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Yoshinaga T, Zhang Z, Iida A. Restraining vocal fold vertical motion reduces source-filter interaction in a two-mass model. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2024; 4:035201. [PMID: 38426891 PMCID: PMC10926109 DOI: 10.1121/10.0025124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Previous experimental studies suggested that restraining the vocal fold vertical motion may reduce the coupling strength between the voice source and vocal tract. In this study, the effects of vocal fold vertical motion on source-filter interaction were systematically examined in a two-dimensional two-mass model coupled to a compressible flow simulation. The results showed that when allowed to move vertically, the vocal folds exhibited subharmonic vibration due to entrainment to the first vocal tract acoustic resonance. Restraining the vertical motion suppressed this entrainment. This indicates that the vertical mobility of the vocal folds may play a role in regulating source-filter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Yoshinaga
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Akiyoshi Iida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, , ,
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2
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Deng JJ, Erath BD, Zañartu M, Peterson SD. The effect of swelling on vocal fold kinematics and dynamics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1873-1889. [PMID: 37428270 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Swelling in the vocal folds is caused by the local accumulation of fluid, and has been implicated as a phase in the development of phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction and related structural pathologies, such as vocal fold nodules. It has been posited that small degrees of swelling may be protective, but large amounts may lead to a vicious cycle wherein the engorged folds lead to conditions that promote further swelling, leading to pathologies. As a first effort to explore the mechanics of vocal fold swelling and its potential role in the etiology of voice disorders, this study employs a finite-element model with swelling confined to the superficial lamina propria, which changes the volume, mass, and stiffness of the cover layer. The impacts of swelling on a number of vocal fold kinematic and damage measures, including von Mises stress, internal viscous dissipation, and collision pressure, are presented. Swelling has small but consistent effects on voice outputs, including a reduction in fundamental frequency with increasing swelling (10 Hz at 30 % swelling). Average von Mises stress decreases slightly for small degrees of swelling but increases at large magnitudes, consistent with expectations for a vicious cycle. Both viscous dissipation and collision pressure consistently increase with the magnitude of swelling. This first effort at modeling the impact of swelling on vocal fold kinematics, kinetics, and damage measures highlights the complexity with which phonotrauma can influence performance metrics. Further identification and exploration of salient candidate measures of damage and refined studies coupling swelling with local phonotrauma are expected to shed further light on the etiological pathways of phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Byron D Erath
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Matías Zañartu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sean D Peterson
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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3
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Deng JJ, Peterson SD. Examining the influence of epithelium layer modeling approaches on vocal fold kinematics and kinetics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:479-493. [PMID: 36536195 PMCID: PMC10787511 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Grouping the thin epithelium and thicker superficial lamina propria layers into a single cover layer has been widely adopted in finite element vocal fold models. Recent silicone vocal fold studies have suggested, however, that inclusion of a distinct epithelial layer leads to more physiologically representative motion. This study systematically explores the ramifications of incorporating an epithelial layer into a cover grouping for finite element vocal fold modeling. A membrane model for the epithelium is introduced to facilitate parametric investigation by reducing the mesh density requirement of the epithelium into a single infinitesimally thin layer. Excluding the epithelium entirely leads to increased energy in higher order modes and larger inferior-superior excursion of the folds. Integrating the epithelium into a cover layer with volume-weighted average stiffness results in similar kinematics to that of a model treating the epithelium as a distinct layer. However, the internal stress/strain and contact pressure during collision are higher, and viscous dissipation is lower, when the epithelium is integrated into the cover. Thus, careful treatment of the epithelium is recommended for finite element studies, particularly when employing the models for estimating measures dependent upon internal stress/strain and/or collision pressure, such as vocal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sean D Peterson
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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4
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Investigation of the Upper Respiratory Tract of a Male Smoker with Laryngeal Cancer by Inhaling Air Associated with Various Physical Activity Levels. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Smokers are at a higher risk of laryngeal cancer, which is a type of head and neck cancer in which cancer cells proliferate and can metastasize to other tissues after a tumor has formed. Cigarette smoke greatly reduces the inhaled air quality and can also lead to laryngeal cancer. In this study, the upper airway of a 70-year-old smoker with laryngeal cancer was reconstructed by taking a CT scan using Mimics software. To solve the governing equations, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with a pressure base approach was used with the help of Ansys 2021 R1 software. As a result, the maximum turbulence intensity occurred in the larynx. At 13 L/min, 55 L/min, and 100 L/min, the maximum turbulence intensity was 1.1, 3.5, and 6.1, respectively. The turbulence intensity in the respiratory system is crucial because it demonstrates the ability to transfer energy. The maximum wall shear stress (WSS) also occurred in the larynx. At 13 L/min, 55 L/min, and 100 L/min, the maximum WSS was 0.62 Pa, 5.4 Pa, and 12.4 Pa, respectively. The WSS index cannot be calculated in vivo and should be calculated in vitro. Excessive WSS in the epiglottis is inappropriate and can lead to an airway obstruction. Furthermore, real mathematical modeling outcomes provide an approach for future prevention, treatment, and management planning by forecasting the zones prone to an acceleration of disease progression. In this regard, accurate computational modeling leads to pre-visualization in surgical planning to define the best reformative techniques to determine the most probable patient condition consequences.
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5
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Avhad A, Li Z, Wilson A, Sayce L, Chang S, Rousseau B, Luo H. Subject-Specific Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction Modeling of Rabbit Vocal Fold Vibration. FLUIDS 2022; 7. [PMID: 35480340 PMCID: PMC9040707 DOI: 10.3390/fluids7030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A full three-dimensional (3D) fluid-structure interaction (FSI) study of subject-specific vocal fold vibration is carried out based on the previously reconstructed vocal fold models of rabbit larynges. Our primary focuses are the vibration characteristics of the vocal fold, the unsteady 3D flow field, and comparison with a recently developed 1D glottal flow model that incorporates machine learning. The 3D FSI model applies strong coupling between the finite-element model for the vocal fold tissue and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation for the flow. Five different samples of the rabbit larynx, reconstructed from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans after the in vivo phonation experiments, are used in the FSI simulation. These samples have distinct geometries and a different inlet pressure measured in the experiment. Furthermore, the material properties of the vocal fold tissue were determined previously for each individual sample. The results demonstrate that the vibration and the intraglottal pressure from the 3D flow simulation agree well with those from the 1D flow model based simulation. Further 3D analyses show that the inferior and supraglottal geometries play significant roles in the FSI process. Similarity of the flow pattern with the human vocal fold is discussed. This study supports the effective usage of rabbit larynges to understand human phonation and will help guide our future computational studies that address vocal fold disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Avhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Azure Wilson
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lea Sayce
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Siyuan Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Haoxiang Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-615-322-2079
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Li Z, Chen Y, Chang S, Rousseau B, Luo H. A one-dimensional flow model enhanced by machine learning for simulation of vocal fold vibration. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:1712. [PMID: 33765799 PMCID: PMC7954577 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A one-dimensional (1D) unsteady and viscous flow model that is derived from the momentum and mass conservation equations is described, and to enhance this physics-based model, a machine learning approach is used to determine the unknown modeling parameters. Specifically, an idealized larynx model is constructed and ten cases of three-dimensional (3D) fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations are performed. The flow data are then extracted to train the 1D flow model using a sparse identification approach for nonlinear dynamical systems. As a result of training, we obtain the analytical expressions for the entrance effect and pressure loss in the glottis, which are then incorporated in the flow model to conveniently handle different glottal shapes due to vocal fold vibration. We apply the enhanced 1D flow model in the FSI simulation of both idealized vocal fold geometries and subject-specific anatomical geometries reconstructed from the magnetic resonance imaging images of rabbits' larynges. The 1D flow model is evaluated in both of these setups and shown to have robust performance. Therefore, it provides a fast simulation tool that is superior to the previous 1D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1592, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1592, USA
| | - Siyuan Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1592, USA
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Haoxiang Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1592, USA
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Li Z, Wilson A, Sayce L, Avhad A, Rousseau B, Luo H. Numerical and experimental investigations on vocal fold approximation in healthy and simulated unilateral vocal fold paralysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021; 11. [PMID: 34671486 DOI: 10.3390/app11041817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel surgical/computational model for the investigation of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) which will be used to inform future in silico approaches to improve surgical outcomes in type I thyroplasty. Healthy phonation (HP) was achieved using cricothyroid suture approximation on both sides of the larynx to generate symmetrical vocal fold closure. Following high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) capture, sutures on the right side of the larynx were removed, partially releasing tension unilaterally and generating asymmetric vocal fold closure characteristic of UVFP (sUVFP condition). HSV revealed symmetric vibration in HP, while in sUVFP the sutured side demonstrated a higher frequency (10 - 11%). For the computational model, ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were captured at three configurations: non-approximated (NA), HP, and sUVFP. A finite-element method (FEM) model was built, in which cartilage displacements from the MRI images were used to prescribe the adduction and the vocal fold deformation was simulated before the eigenmode calculation. The results showed that the frequency comparison between the two sides were consistent with observations from HSV. This alignment between the surgical and computational models supports the future application of these methods for the investigation of treatment for UVFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 401592, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Azure Wilson
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lea Sayce
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Amit Avhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 401592, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Haoxiang Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place PMB 401592, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA
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Chen Y, Li Z, Chang S, Rousseau B, Luo H. A reduced-order flow model for vocal fold vibration: from idealized to subject-specific models. JOURNAL OF FLUIDS AND STRUCTURES 2020; 94:102940. [PMID: 32210520 PMCID: PMC7093056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.102940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a reduced-order model for fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation of vocal fold vibration during phonation. This model couples the three-dimensional (3D) tissue mechanics and a one-dimensional (1D) flow model that is derived from the momentum and mass conservation equations for the glottal airflow. The effects of glottal entrance and pressure loss in the glottis are incorporated in the flow model. We consider both idealized vocal fold geometries and subject-specific anatomical geometries segmented from the MRI images of rabbits. For the idealized vocal fold geometries, we compare the simulation results from the 1D/3D hybrid FSI model with those from the full 3D FSI simulation based on an immersed-boundary method. For the subject-specific geometries, we incorporate previously estimated tissue properties for individual samples and compare the results with those from the high-speed imaging experiment of in vivo phonation. In both setups, the comparison shows good agreement in the vibration frequency, amplitude, phase delay, and deformation pattern of the vocal fold, which suggests potential application of the present approach for future patient-specific modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-1592
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-1592
| | - Siyuan Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-1592
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Haoxiang Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-1592
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Sherman E, Lambert L, White B, Krane MH, Wei T. Cycle-to-cycle flow variations in a square duct with a symmetrically oscillating constriction. FLUID DYNAMICS RESEARCH 2020; 52:015505. [PMID: 34045778 PMCID: PMC8153694 DOI: 10.1088/1873-7005/ab52bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatially and temporally resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) measurements are presented of flow complexities in a nominally two-dimensional, symmetric, duct with an oscillating constriction. The motivation for this research lies in advancing the state-of-the-art in applying integral control volume analysis to modeling unsteady internal flows. The specific target is acoustic modeling of human phonation. The integral mass and momentum equations are directly coupled to the acoustic equations and provide quantitative insight into acoustic source strengths in addition to the dynamics of the fluid-structure interactions in the glottis. In this study, a square cross-section duct was constructed with symmetric, computer controlled, oscillating constrictions that incorporate both rocking as well as oscillatory open/close motions. Experiments were run in a free-surface water tunnel over a Strouhal number range, based on maximum jet speed and model length, of 0.012 - 0.048, for a fixed Reynolds number, based on maximum gap opening and maximum jet speed, of 8000. In this study, the constriction motions were continuous with one open-close cycle immediately following another. While the model and its motions were nominally two-dimensional and symmetric, flow asymmetries and oscillation frequency dependent cycle-to-cycle variations were observed. These are examined in the context of terms in the integral conservation equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sherman
- Dept. of Mechanical & Materials Eng'g.; University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Lori Lambert
- Dept. of Mechanical & Materials Eng'g.; University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Bethany White
- Dept. of Mechanical & Materials Eng'g.; University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Michael H Krane
- Applied Research Laboratory; Penn State University; State College, PA 16804
| | - Timothy Wei
- Dept. of Mechanical & Materials Eng'g.; University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Lincoln, NE 68588
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Griffith BE, Patankar NA. Immersed Methods for Fluid-Structure Interaction. ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS 2019; 52:421-448. [PMID: 33012877 PMCID: PMC7531444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluid-structure interaction is ubiquitous in nature and occurs at all biological scales. Immersed methods provide mathematical and computational frameworks for modeling fluid-structure systems. These methods, which typically use an Eulerian description of the fluid and a Lagrangian description of the structure, can treat thin immersed boundaries and volumetric bodies, and they can model structures that are flexible or rigid or that move with prescribed deformational kinematics. Immersed formulations do not require body-fitted discretizations and thereby avoid the frequent grid regeneration that can otherwise be required for models involving large deformations and displacements. This article reviews immersed methods for both elastic structures and structures with prescribed kinematics. It considers formulations using integral operators to connect the Eulerian and Lagrangian frames and methods that directly apply jump conditions along fluid-structure interfaces. Benchmark problems demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods, and selected applications at Reynolds numbers up to approximately 20,000 highlight their impact in biological and biomedical modeling and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyce E Griffith
- Departments of Mathematics, Applied Physical Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Neelesh A Patankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Zhang LT, Krane MH, Yu F. Modeling of slightly-compressible isentropic flows and its compressibility effects on fluid-structure interactions. COMPUTERS & FLUIDS 2019; 182:108-117. [PMID: 31327880 PMCID: PMC6640870 DOI: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an aeroacoustic fluid model for slightly-compressible isentropic flows is developed and evaluated for its compressibility effects in the context of fluid-structure interactions. This model considers computational feasibility and accuracy by adding compressibility terms directly on the incompressible form of Navier-Stokes equation. Rather than solving for the full compressible form, our slightly-compressible form significantly reduces the complications in establishing stabilization and implementation of its finite element procedure, and yet still captures the fluctuating acoustic waves expected in the compressible form. Using this approach, we demonstrate that generations and propagations of acoustic waves can be accurately captured, without the inclusion of a fully compressible representation of the fluid. Upon the successful verification of its accuracy against analytical and known solutions, we then evaluate the fluid compressibility effect on fluid-structure interactions. Our results show that comparing to an incompressible fluid, a deformable solid generates sound waves while it is driven by the flow and vibrates in the fluid. A periodic volume change in the fluid is also observed, which can be considered as a sound source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy T. Zhang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY 12180, USA
| | - Michael H. Krane
- Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feimi Yu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY 12180, USA
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