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Barai P, Chen J. Beyond protein synthesis: non-translational functions of threonyl-tRNA synthetases. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:661-670. [PMID: 38477373 PMCID: PMC11088916 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) play an indispensable role in the translation of mRNAs into proteins. It has become amply clear that AARSs also have non-canonical or non-translational, yet essential, functions in a myriad of cellular and developmental processes. In this mini-review we discuss the current understanding of the roles of threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) beyond protein synthesis and the underlying mechanisms. The two proteins in eukaryotes - cytoplasmic TARS1 and mitochondrial TARS2 - exert their non-canonical functions in the regulation of gene expression, cell signaling, angiogenesis, inflammatory responses, and tumorigenesis. The TARS proteins utilize a range of biochemical mechanisms, including assembly of a translation initiation complex, unexpected protein-protein interactions that lead to activation or inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways, and cytokine-like signaling through cell surface receptors in inflammation and angiogenesis. It is likely that new functions and novel mechanisms will continue to emerge for these multi-talented proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallob Barai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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2
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Shin E, Kwon Y, Jung E, Kim YJ, Kim C, Hong S, Kim J. TM4SF19 controls GABP-dependent YAP transcription in head and neck cancer under oxidative stress conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314346121. [PMID: 38315837 PMCID: PMC10873613 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314346121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco and alcohol are risk factors for human papillomavirus-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV- HNSCC), which arises from the mucosal epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract. Notably, despite the mutagenic potential of smoking, HPV- HNSCC exhibits a low mutational load directly attributed to smoking, which implies an undefined role of smoking in HPV- HNSCC. Elevated YAP (Yes-associated protein) mRNA is prevalent in HPV- HNSCC, irrespective of the YAP gene amplification status, and the mechanism behind this upregulation remains elusive. Here, we report that oxidative stress, induced by major risk factors for HPV- HNSCC such as tobacco and alcohol, promotes YAP transcription via TM4SF19 (transmembrane 4 L six family member 19). TM4SF19 modulates YAP transcription by interacting with the GABP (Guanine and adenine-binding protein) transcription factor complex. Mechanistically, oxidative stress induces TM4SF19 dimerization and topology inversion in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, which in turn protects the GABPβ1 subunit from proteasomal degradation. Conversely, depletion of TM4SF19 impairs the survival, proliferation, and migration of HPV- HNSCC cells, highlighting the potential therapeutic relevance of targeting TM4SF19. Our findings reveal the roles of the key risk factors of HPV- HNSCC in tumor development via oxidative stress, offering implications for upcoming therapeutic approaches in HPV- HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbie Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Kwon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Eunji Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Yong Joon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul03722, South Korea
| | - Changgon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Semyeong Hong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon34141, Korea
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3
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Fathima S, Al Hakeem WG, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. Beyond protein synthesis: the emerging role of arginine in poultry nutrition and host-microbe interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1326809. [PMID: 38235383 PMCID: PMC10791986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1326809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine is a functional amino acid essential for various physiological processes in poultry. The dietary essentiality of arginine in poultry stems from the absence of the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I. The specific requirement for arginine in poultry varies based on several factors, such as age, dietary factors, and physiological status. Additionally, arginine absorption and utilization are also influenced by the presence of antagonists. However, dietary interventions can mitigate the effect of these factors affecting arginine utilization. In poultry, arginine is utilized by four enzymes, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase arginase, arginine decarboxylase and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). The intermediates and products of arginine metabolism by these enzymes mediate the different physiological functions of arginine in poultry. The most studied function of arginine in humans, as well as poultry, is its role in immune response. Arginine exerts immunomodulatory functions primarily through the metabolites nitric oxide (NO), ornithine, citrulline, and polyamines, which take part in inflammation or the resolution of inflammation. These properties of arginine and arginine metabolites potentiate its use as a nutraceutical to prevent the incidence of enteric diseases in poultry. Furthermore, arginine is utilized by the poultry gut microbiota, the metabolites of which might have important implications for gut microbial composition, immune regulation, metabolism, and overall host health. This comprehensive review provides insights into the multifaceted roles of arginine and arginine metabolites in poultry nutrition and wellbeing, with particular emphasis on the potential of arginine in immune regulation and microbial homeostasis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Kim JE, Park S, Kwak C, Lee Y, Song D, Jung JW, Lee H, Shin E, Pinanga Y, Pyo K, Lee EH, Kim W, Kim S, Jun C, Yun J, Choi S, Rhee H, Liu K, Lee JW. Glucose-mediated mitochondrial reprogramming by cholesterol export at TM4SF5-enriched mitochondria-lysosome contact sites. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:47-75. [PMID: 38133457 PMCID: PMC10794009 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) translocates subcellularly and functions metabolically, although it is unclear how intracellular TM4SF5 translocation is linked to metabolic contexts. It is thus of interests to understand how the traffic dynamics of TM4SF5 to subcellular endosomal membranes are correlated to regulatory roles of metabolisms. METHODS Here, we explored the metabolic significance of TM4SF5 localization at mitochondria-lysosome contact sites (MLCSs), using in vitro cells and in vivo animal systems, via approaches by immunofluorescence, proximity labelling based proteomics analysis, organelle reconstitution etc. RESULTS: Upon extracellular glucose repletion following depletion, TM4SF5 became enriched at MLCSs via an interaction between mitochondrial FK506-binding protein 8 (FKBP8) and lysosomal TM4SF5. Proximity labeling showed molecular clustering of phospho-dynamic-related protein I (DRP1) and certain mitophagy receptors at TM4SF5-enriched MLCSs, leading to mitochondrial fission and autophagy. TM4SF5 bound NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) and free cholesterol, and mediated export of lysosomal cholesterol to mitochondria, leading to impaired oxidative phosphorylation but intact tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and β-oxidation. In mouse models, hepatocyte Tm4sf5 promoted mitophagy and cholesterol transport to mitochondria, both with positive relations to liver malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that TM4SF5-enriched MLCSs regulate glucose catabolism by facilitating cholesterol export for mitochondrial reprogramming, presumably while hepatocellular carcinogenesis, recapitulating aspects for hepatocellular carcinoma metabolism with mitochondrial reprogramming to support biomolecule synthesis in addition to glycolytic energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eon Kim
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - So‐Young Park
- BK21 FOUR Community‐Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Chulhwan Kwak
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‐Ang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Gangneung‐siGangwon‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ae Shin
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yangie Pinanga
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐hee Pyo
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun Hae Lee
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Chang‐Duck Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)GwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Medicine, Dong‐A UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- Global AI Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Woo Rhee
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kwang‐Hyeon Liu
- BK21 FOUR Community‐Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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5
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Guo L, DaoLema, Liu B, Dai L, Wang X, Wang X, Cao J, Zhang W. Identification of milk-related genes and regulatory networks in Bactrian camel either supplemented or under grazing. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:342. [PMID: 37776405 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Using gene co-expression networks to understand dynamic characterizations in lactating animals becomes a common method. However, there are rarely reporters focusing on milk traits in Bactrian camel by high-throughput sequencing. We used RNA-seq to generate the camel transcriptome from the blood of 16 lactating Alxa Bactrian camel in different feeding groups. In total, we obtained 1185 milk-related genes correlated with milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, and milk lactose across the WGCNA analysis. Moreover, 364 milk-related genes were differentially expressed between supplementation and grazing feeding groups. The differential expression-camel milk-related genes CMRGs (DE-CMRGs) in supplement direct an intensive gene co-expression network to improve milk performance in lactating camels. This study provides a non-invasive method to identify the camel milk-related genes in camel blood for four primary milk traits and valuable theoretical basis and research ideas for the study of the milk performance regulation mechanism of camelid animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - DaoLema
- Bactrian Camel Institute of Alsha, Inner Mongolia, 16 Tuerhute Road, Bayanhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Inner Mongolia Bionew Technology Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Lingli Dai
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Bactrian Camel Institute of Alsha, Inner Mongolia, 16 Tuerhute Road, Bayanhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junwei Cao
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Wenguang Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Genomic Big Data for Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Guo X, Guo Y, Li J, Liu Q, Wu H. Arginine Expedites Erastin-Induced Ferroptosis through Fumarate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14595. [PMID: 37834044 PMCID: PMC10572513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly characterized form of programmed cell death. The fundamental biochemical feature of ferroptosis is the lethal accumulation of iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. It has gradually been recognized that ferroptosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Increasing evidence has shed light on ferroptosis regulation by amino acid metabolism. Herein, we report that arginine deprivation potently inhibits erastin-induced ferroptosis, but not RSL3-induced ferroptosis, in several types of mammalian cells. Arginine presence reduces the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level by sustaining the biosynthesis of fumarate, which functions as a reactive α,β-unsaturated electrophilic metabolite and covalently binds to GSH to generate succinicGSH. siRNA-mediated knockdown of argininosuccinate lyase, the critical urea cycle enzyme directly catalyzing the biosynthesis of fumarate, significantly decreases cellular fumarate and thus relieves erastin-induced ferroptosis in the presence of arginine. Furthermore, fumarate is decreased during erastin exposure, suggesting that a protective mechanism exists to decelerate GSH depletion in response to pro-ferroptotic insult. Collectively, this study reveals the ferroptosis regulation by the arginine metabolism and expands the biochemical functionalities of arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.G.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yubo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.G.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiahuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.G.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.G.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.G.); (Y.G.); (J.L.); (Q.L.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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7
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Pinanga YD, Lee HA, Shin EA, Lee H, Pyo KH, Kim JE, Lee EH, Kim W, Kim S, Kim HY, Lee JW. TM4SF5-mediated abnormal food-intake behavior and apelin expression facilitate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease features. iScience 2023; 26:107625. [PMID: 37670786 PMCID: PMC10475478 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) engages in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), although its mechanistic roles are unclear. Genetically engineered Tm4sf5 mice fed ad libitum normal chow or high-fat diet for either an entire day or a daytime-feeding (DF) pattern were analyzed for metabolic parameters. Compared to wild-type and Tm4sf5-/- knockout mice, hepatocyte-specific TM4SF5-overexpressing Alb-TGTm4sf5-Flag (TG) mice showed abnormal food-intake behavior during the mouse-inactive daytime, increased apelin expression, increased food intake, and higher levels of NASH features. DF or exogenous apelin injection of TG mice caused severe hepatic pathology. TM4SF5-mediated abnormal food intake was correlated with peroxisomal β-oxidation, mTOR activation, and autophagy inhibition, with triggering NASH phenotypes. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients' samples revealed a correlation between serum apelin and NAFLD activity score. Altogether, these observations suggest that hepatic TM4SF5 may cause abnormal food-intake behaviors to trigger steatohepatitic features via the regulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation, mTOR, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangie Dwi Pinanga
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ae Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-hee Pyo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hae Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Sung Y, Yu YC, Han JM. Nutrient sensors and their crosstalk. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1076-1089. [PMID: 37258576 PMCID: PMC10318010 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The macronutrients glucose, lipids, and amino acids are the major components that maintain life. The ability of cells to sense and respond to fluctuations in these nutrients is a crucial feature for survival. Nutrient-sensing pathways are thus developed to govern cellular energy and metabolic homeostasis and regulate diverse biological processes. Accordingly, perturbations in these sensing pathways are associated with a wide variety of pathologies, especially metabolic diseases. Molecular sensors are the core within these sensing pathways and have a certain degree of specificity and affinity to sense the intracellular fluctuation of each nutrient either by directly binding to that nutrient or indirectly binding to its surrogate molecules. Once the changes in nutrient levels are detected, sensors trigger signaling cascades to fine-tune cellular processes for energy and metabolic homeostasis, for example, by controlling uptake, de novo synthesis or catabolism of that nutrient. In this review, we summarize the major discoveries on nutrient-sensing pathways and explain how those sensors associated with each pathway respond to intracellular nutrient availability and how these mechanisms control metabolic processes. Later, we further discuss the crosstalk between these sensing pathways for each nutrient, which are intertwined to regulate overall intracellular nutrient/metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulseung Sung
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Ya Chun Yu
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Han
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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9
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Tsujimoto K, Takamatsu H, Kumanogoh A. The Ragulator complex: delving its multifunctional impact on metabolism and beyond. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:28. [PMID: 37173755 PMCID: PMC10175929 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of lysosomes has undergone a significant transformation in recent years, from the view that they are static organelles primarily responsible for the disposal and recycling of cellular waste to their recognition as highly dynamic structures. Current research posits that lysosomes function as a signaling hub that integrates both extracellular and intracellular stimuli, thereby regulating cellular homeostasis. The dysregulation of lysosomal function has been linked to a wide range of diseases. Of note, lysosomes contribute to the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a key regulator of cellular metabolism. The Ragulator complex, a protein complex anchored on the lysosomal membrane, was initially shown to tether the mTORC1 complex to lysosomes. Recent research has substantially expanded our understanding of the roles of the Ragulator complex in lysosomes, including roles in the regulation of metabolism, inflammation, cell death, cell migration, and the maintenance of homeostasis, via interactions with various proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the diverse functions of the Ragulator complex, highlighting important protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tsujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Starikova EA, Rubinstein AA, Mammedova JT, Isakov DV, Kudryavtsev IV. Regulated Arginine Metabolism in Immunopathogenesis of a Wide Range of Diseases: Is There a Way to Pass between Scylla and Charybdis? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3525-3551. [PMID: 37185755 PMCID: PMC10137093 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century has passed since arginine was discovered, but the metabolism of the amino acid never ceases to amaze researchers. Being a conditionally essential amino acid, arginine performs many important homeostatic functions in the body; it is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system and regeneration processes. In recent years, more and more facts have been accumulating that demonstrate a close relationship between arginine metabolic pathways and immune responses. This opens new opportunities for the development of original ways to treat diseases associated with suppressed or increased activity of the immune system. In this review, we analyze the literature describing the role of arginine metabolism in the immunopathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, and discuss arginine-dependent processes as a possible target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora A Starikova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L'va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem A Rubinstein
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jennet T Mammedova
- Laboratory of General Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Isakov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L'va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor V Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, FEFU Campus, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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11
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Minor structural changes, major functional impacts: posttranslational modifications and drug targets. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:693-703. [PMID: 36251238 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are essential mechanisms that provide chemical diversity to proteins. The additional functional and structural elements can be introduced to exceed the primary amino acid composition. PTMs impact key biological and physiological processes including cell signaling, metabolism, protein degradation and influences interactions with other macromolecules. However, characterization of the structural and functional signatures of modified proteins has been historically limited. Since defects in PTMs are linked to numerous disorders and diseases, PTMs and their modifying enzymes are considered as potential drug targets. This has fueled new initiatives to determine how PTMs affect protein structure and function. In this review, I summarize some of the major, well-studied protein PTMs and related drug targets. Since PTMs are widely used for therapeutic targets or disease markers, highlighting structural changes after PTM provides new frontiers in understanding the detailed mechanism and related drug developments.
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12
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Fatty acid metabolism in aggressive B-cell lymphoma is inhibited by tetraspanin CD37. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5371. [PMID: 36100608 PMCID: PMC9470561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fatty acid (FA) metabolism in cancer is well-established, yet the mechanisms underlying metabolic reprogramming remain elusive. Here, we identify tetraspanin CD37, a prognostic marker for aggressive B-cell lymphoma, as essential membrane-localized inhibitor of FA metabolism. Deletion of CD37 on lymphoma cells results in increased FA oxidation shown by functional assays and metabolomics. Furthermore, CD37-negative lymphomas selectively deplete palmitate from serum in mouse studies. Mechanistically, CD37 inhibits the FA transporter FATP1 through molecular interaction. Consequently, deletion of CD37 induces uptake and processing of exogenous palmitate into energy and essential building blocks for proliferation, and inhibition of FATP1 reverses this phenotype. Large lipid deposits and intracellular lipid droplets are observed in CD37-negative lymphoma tissues of patients. Moreover, inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 A significantly compromises viability and proliferation of CD37-deficient lymphomas. Collectively, our results identify CD37 as a direct gatekeeper of the FA metabolic switch in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Tetraspanin CD37 deficiency has been reported as a prognostic marker for aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Here, the authors show that CD37 interacts with the fatty acid transporter 1 to inhibit palmitate uptake and its deficiency leads to increased fatty acid metabolism which promotes tumorigenesis in B-cell lymphoma.
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13
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Jung JW, Kim JE, Kim E, Lee H, Lee H, Shin E, Lee JW. Liver-originated small extracellular vesicles with TM4SF5 target brown adipose tissue for homeostatic glucose clearance. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12262. [PMID: 36063136 PMCID: PMC9443943 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is involved in chronic liver disease, although its role in glucose homeostasis remains unknown. TM4SF5 deficiency caused age-dependent glucose (in)tolerance with no link to insulin sensitivity. Further, hepatic TM4SF5 binding to GLUT1 promoted glucose uptake and glycolysis. Excessive glucose repletion caused hepatocytes to secrete small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) loaded with TM4SF5 (hep-sEVTm4sf5 ), suggesting a role for sEVTm4sf5 in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Hep-sEVTm4sf5 were smaller than sEVControl and recruit proteins for efficient organ tropism. Liver-derived sEVs, via a liver-closed vein circuit (LCVC) using hepatic TM4SF5-overexpressing (Alb-Tm4sf5 TG) mice (liv-sEVTm4sf5 ), improved glucose tolerance in Tm4sf5-/- KO mice and targeted brown adipose tissues (BATs), possibly allowing the clearance of blood glucose as heat independent of UCP1. Taken together, hep-sEVTm4sf5 might clear high extracellular glucose levels more efficiently by targeting BAT compared with hep-sEVControl , suggesting an insulin-like role for sEV™4SF5 in affecting age-related metabolic status and thus body weight (BW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ae Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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14
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Liu F, Tian T, Zhang Z, Xie S, Yang J, Zhu L, Wang W, Shi C, Sang L, Guo K, Yang Z, Qu L, Liu X, Liu J, Yan Q, Ju HQ, Wang W, Piao HL, Shao J, Zhou T, Lin A. Long non-coding RNA SNHG6 couples cholesterol sensing with mTORC1 activation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1022-1040. [PMID: 35995997 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol contributes to the structural basis of biological membranes and functions as a signaling molecule, whose dysregulation has been associated with various human diseases. Here, we report that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG6 increases progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by modulating cholesterol-induced mTORC1 activation. Mechanistically, cholesterol binds ER-anchored FAF2 protein to promote the formation of a SNHG6-FAF2-mTOR complex. As a putative cholesterol effector, SNHG6 enhances cholesterol-dependent mTORC1 lysosomal recruitment and activation via enhancing FAF2-mTOR interaction at ER-lysosome contacts, thereby coordinating mTORC1 kinase cascade activation with cellular cholesterol biosynthesis in a self-amplified cycle to accelerate cholesterol-driven NAFLD-HCC development. Notably, loss of SNHG6 inhibits mTORC1 signaling and impairs growth of patient-derived xenograft liver cancer tumors, identifyifng SNHG6 as a potential target for liver cancer treatment. Together, our findings illustrate the crucial role of organelle-associated lncRNA in organelle communication, nutrient sensing, and kinase cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiecheng Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Chengyu Shi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingjie Sang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiqiang Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuozhen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Qu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining, China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huai-Qiang Ju
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hai-Long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jianzhong Shao
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Aifu Lin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China.
- Breast Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.
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15
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Kim JE, Kim E, Lee JW. TM4SF5-Mediated Regulation of Hepatocyte Transporters during Metabolic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158387. [PMID: 35955521 PMCID: PMC9369364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is found in up to 30% of the world’s population and can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has a poor 5-year relative survival rate of less than 40%. Clinical therapeutic strategies are not very successful. The co-occurrence of metabolic disorders and inflammatory environments during the development of steatohepatitis thus needs to be more specifically diagnosed and treated to prevent fatal HCC development. To improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, the identification of molecules and/or pathways responsible for the initiation and progression of chronic liver disease has been explored in many studies, but further study is still required. Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) has been observed to play roles in the regulation of metabolic functions and activities in hepatocytes using in vitro cell and in vivo animal models without or with TM4SF5 expression in addition to clinical liver tissue samples. TM4SF5 is present on the membranes of different organelles or vesicles and cooperates with transporters for fatty acids, amino acids, and monocarbohydrates, thus regulating nutrient uptake into hepatocytes and metabolism and leading to phenotypes of chronic liver diseases. In addition, TM4SF5 can remodel the immune environment by interacting with immune cells during TM4SF5-mediated chronic liver diseases. Because TM4SF5 may act as an NAFLD biomarker, this review summarizes crosstalk between TM4SF5 and nutrient transporters in hepatocytes, which is related to chronic liver diseases.
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16
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Yue S, Li G, He S, Li T. The central role of mTORC1 in amino acid sensing. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2964-2974. [PMID: 35749594 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth that controls cell homeostasis in response to nutrients, growth factors, and other environmental cues. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of lysosomes as a hub for nutrient sensing, especially amino acid sensing by mTORC1. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the amino acid-mTORC1 signaling axis and the role of mTORC1 in cancer.
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17
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Zhang L, Guo Q, Duan Y, Wang W, Yang Y, Yin Y, Gong S, Han M, Li F, Yin Y. Potential nutritional healthy-aging strategy: enhanced protein metabolism by balancing branched-chain amino acids in a finishing pig model. Food Funct 2022; 13:6217-6232. [PMID: 35583212 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have key physiological roles in the regulation of protein synthesis, metabolism, food intake and aging. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of balanced BCAAs on healthy aging by increasing skeletal muscle mass and muscle fiber composition in a finishing pig model. A balanced BCAA ratio (Leu : Ile : Val = 2 : 2 : 1) significantly activated the mTOR pathway and upregulated the expression of amino acid transporters, such as ASCT2, SNAT2, LAT1, PAT1, and SLC38A9, simultaneously modulating mitochondrial function and muscle fiber composition, thereby inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, regulating amino acid metabolism, and ultimately increasing skeletal muscle mass. Overall, our results suggest that a BCAA ratio around 2 : 2 : 1 may be a promising candidate for healthy aging in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yunju Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Saiming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
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18
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Wang G, Chen L, Qin S, Zhang T, Yao J, Yi Y, Deng L. Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1: From a Nutrient Sensor to a Key Regulator of Metabolism and Health. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1882-1900. [PMID: 35561748 PMCID: PMC9526850 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a multi-protein complex widely found in eukaryotes. It serves as a central signaling node to coordinate cell growth and metabolism by sensing diverse extracellular and intracellular inputs, including amino acid-, growth factor-, glucose-, and nucleotide-related signals. It is well documented that mTORC1 is recruited to the lysosomal surface, where it is activated and, accordingly, modulates downstream effectors involved in regulating protein, lipid, and glucose metabolism. mTORC1 is thus the central node for coordinating the storage and mobilization of nutrients and energy across various tissues. However, emerging evidence indicated that the overactivation of mTORC1 induced by nutritional disorders leads to the occurrence of a variety of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. That the mTORC1 pathway plays a crucial role in regulating the occurrence of metabolic diseases renders it a prime target for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying how mTORC1 integrates metabolic inputs as well as the role of mTORC1 in the regulation of nutritional and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Laboratory Safety and Services, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
| | - Senlin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanglei Yi
- Address correspondence to YLY (e-mail: )
| | - Lu Deng
- Address correspondence to LD (e-mail: )
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19
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Paulusma CC, Lamers W, Broer S, van de Graaf SFJ. Amino acid metabolism, transport and signalling in the liver revisited. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115074. [PMID: 35568239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The liver controls the systemic exposure of amino acids entering via the gastro-intestinal tract. For most amino acids except branched chain amino acids, hepatic uptake is very efficient. This implies that the liver orchestrates amino acid metabolism and also controls systemic amino acid exposure. Although many amino acid transporters have been identified, cloned and investigated with respect to substrate specificity, transport mechanism, and zonal distribution, which of these players are involved in hepatocellular amino acid transport remains unclear. Here, we aim to provide a review of current insight into the molecular machinery of hepatic amino acid transport. Furthermore, we place this information in a comprehensive overview of amino acid transport, signalling and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen C Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Broer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Lee H, Kim E, Shin EA, Shon JC, Sun H, Kim JE, Jung JW, Lee H, Pinanga Y, Song DG, Liu KH, Lee JW. Crosstalk between TM4SF5 and GLUT8 regulates fructose metabolism in hepatic steatosis. Mol Metab 2022; 58:101451. [PMID: 35123128 PMCID: PMC8866669 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is likely involved in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, although its roles and cross-talks with glucose/fructose transporters in phenotypes derived from high-carbohydrate diets remain unexplored. Here, we investigated the modulation of hepatic fructose metabolism by TM4SF5. Methods Wild-type or Tm4sf5−/− knockout mice were evaluated via different diets, including normal chow, high-sucrose diet, or high-fat diet without or with fructose in drinking water (30% w/v). Using liver tissues and blood samples from the mice or hepatocytes, the roles of TM4SF5 in fructose-mediated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and steatosis via a crosstalk with glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8) were assessed. Results Tm4sf5 suppression or knockout in both in vitro and in vivo models reduced fructose uptake, DNL, and steatosis. Extracellular fructose treatment of hepatocytes resulted in an inverse relationship between fructose–uptake activity and TM4SF5-mediated translocalization of GLUT8 through dynamic binding at the cell surface. Following fructose treatment, TM4SF5 binding to GLUT8 transiently decreased with translocation to the plasma membrane (PM), where GLUT8 separated and became active for fructose uptake and DNL. Conclusions Overall, hepatic TM4SF5 modulated GLUT8 localization and activity through transient binding, leading to steatosis-related fructose uptake and lipogenesis. Thus, TM4SF5 and/or GLUT8 may be promising treatment targets against liver steatosis resulting from excessive fructose consumption. The impact of TM4SF5 in fructose metabolism for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not documented. Hepatic TM4SF5 could be associated with fructose-mediated nonalcoholic fatty liver. TM4SF5 regulated intracellular localization and fructose uptake activity of GLUT8. TM4SF5 inhibitors may attenuate phenotypes of NAFLD by excessive fructose intake.
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21
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Sun H, Kim E, Ryu J, Lee H, Shin EA, Lee M, Lee H, Lee JH, Yoon JH, Song DG, Kim S, Lee JW. TM4SF5-mediated liver malignancy involves NK cell exhaustion-like phenotypes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:49. [PMID: 34921636 PMCID: PMC8739317 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant extracellular matrix and immune cell alterations within the tumor microenvironment promote the pathological progression of liver carcinogenesis. Although transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is involved in liver fibrosis and cancer, its mechanism avoiding immune surveillance during carcinogenesis remains unknown. We investigated how TM4SF5-mediated signaling caused immune evasion using in vitro primary cells and in vivo liver tissues from genetic or chemically induced mouse models. TM4SF5-transgenic and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer mouse models exhibited fibrotic and cancerous livers, respectively, with enhanced TM4SF5, pY705STAT3, collagen I, and laminin γ2 levels. These TM4SF5-mediated effects were abolished by TM4SF5 inhibitor, 4'-(p-toluenesulfonylamido)-4-hydroxychalcone (TSAHC). TM4SF5-dependent tumorigenesis involved natural killer (NK) cell exhaustion-like phenotypes including the reduction of NK cell number or function, which were blocked with TSAHC treatment. TM4SF5 expression in cancer cells downregulated stimulatory ligands and receptors for NK cell cytotoxicity, including SLAMF6, SLAMF7, MICA/B, and others. TM4SF5 suppression or inhibition reduced STAT3 signaling activity and recovered the receptor levels and NK cell surveillance, leading to reduced fibrotic and cancerous phenotypes, and longer survival. Altogether, these findings suggest that TM4SF5-mediated STAT3 activity for extracellular matrix modulation is involved in the progression of liver disease to HCC and that TM4SF5 appears to suppress NK cells during liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseung Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ae Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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22
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TM4SF5-dependent crosstalk between hepatocytes and macrophages to reprogram the inflammatory environment. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110018. [PMID: 34788612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic injury to hepatocytes results in inflammation, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The tetraspanin TM4SF5 is implicated in fibrosis and cancer. We investigate the role of TM4SF5 in communication between hepatocytes and macrophages (MΦs) and its possible influence on the inflammatory microenvironment that may lead to NAFLD. TM4SF5 induction in differentiated MΦs promotes glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glucose sensitivity, leading to M1-type MΦ activation. Activated M1-type MΦs secrete pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6), which induces the secretion of CCL20 and CXCL10 from TM4SF5-positive hepatocytes. Although TM4SF5-dependent secretion of these chemokines enhances glycolysis in M0 MΦs, further chronic exposure reprograms MΦs for an increase in the proportion of M2-type MΦs in the population, which may support diet- and chemical-induced NAFLD progression. We suggest that TM4SF5 expression in MΦs and hepatocytes is critically involved in modulating the inflammatory environment during NAFLD progression.
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23
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Functional Amino Acids and Autophagy: Diverse Signal Transduction and Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111427. [PMID: 34768858 PMCID: PMC8592284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amino acids provide great potential for treating autophagy-related diseases by regulating autophagy. The purpose of the autophagy process is to remove unwanted cellular contents and to recycle nutrients, which is controlled by many factors. Disordered autophagy has been reported to be associated with various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and obesity. Autophagy cannot be directly controlled and dynamic amino acid levels are sufficient to regulate autophagy. To date, arginine, leucine, glutamine, and methionine are widely reported functional amino acids that regulate autophagy. As a signal relay station, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) turns various amino acid signals into autophagy signaling pathways for functional amino acids. Deficiency or supplementation of functional amino acids can immediately regulate autophagy and is associated with autophagy-related disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms currently involved in autophagy and amino acid sensing, diverse signal transduction among functional amino acids and autophagy, and the therapeutic appeal of amino acids to autophagy-related diseases. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of amino acid regulation of autophagy and the role of functional amino acids in clinical autophagy-related diseases and to further convert these mechanisms into feasible therapeutic applications.
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24
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Loissell-Baltazar YA, Dokudovskaya S. SEA and GATOR 10 Years Later. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102689. [PMID: 34685669 PMCID: PMC8534245 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SEA complex was described for the first time in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ten years ago, and its human homologue GATOR complex two years later. During the past decade, many advances on the SEA/GATOR biology in different organisms have been made that allowed its role as an essential upstream regulator of the mTORC1 pathway to be defined. In this review, we describe these advances in relation to the identification of multiple functions of the SEA/GATOR complex in nutrient response and beyond and highlight the consequence of GATOR mutations in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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25
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Choi C, Son Y, Kim J, Cho YK, Saha A, Kim M, Im H, Kim K, Han J, Lee JW, Seong JK, Lee YH. TM4SF5 Knockout Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity Partly by Regulating Autophagy in Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2021; 70:2000-2013. [PMID: 34187836 PMCID: PMC8576418 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) functions as a sensor for lysosomal arginine levels and activates the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). While the mTORC1 signaling pathway plays a key role in adipose tissue metabolism, the regulatory function of TM4SF5 in adipocytes remains unclear. In this study we aimed to establish a TM4SF5 knockout (KO) mouse model and investigated the effects of TM4SF5 KO on mTORC1 signaling-mediated autophagy and mitochondrial metabolism in adipose tissue. TM4SF5 expression was higher in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) than in brown adipose tissue and significantly upregulated by a high-fat diet (HFD). TM4SF5 KO reduced mTORC1 activation and enhanced autophagy and lipolysis in adipocytes. RNA sequencing analysis of TM4SF5 KO mouse iWAT showed that the expression of genes involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling pathways and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism was upregulated. Consequently, TM4SF5 KO reduced adiposity and increased energy expenditure and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. TM4SF5 KO prevented HFD-induced glucose intolerance and inflammation in adipose tissue. Collectively, the results of our study demonstrate that TM4SF5 regulates autophagy and lipid catabolism in adipose tissue and suggest that TM4SF5 could be therapeutically targeted for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheoljun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Son
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Keun Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhirup Saha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeong Im
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeong Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Plus Program for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Tetraspanin TM4SF5 in hepatocytes negatively modulates SLC27A transporters during acute fatty acid supply. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 710:109004. [PMID: 34364885 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is involved in nonalcoholic steatosis and further aggravation of liver disease. However, its mechanism for regulating FA accumulation is unknown. We investigated how TM4SF5 in hepatocytes affected FA accumulation during acute FA supply. TM4SF5-expressing hepatocytes and mouse livers accumulated less FAs, compared with those of TM4SF5 deficiency or inactivation. Binding of TM4SF5 to SLC27A2 increased gradually upon acute FA treatment, whereas TM4SF5 constitutively bound SLC27A5. Suppression of either SLC27A2 or SLC27A5 in hepatocytes expressing TM4SF5 differentially modulated initial and maximal FA uptake levels for a fast turnover of fatty acid. Altogether, TM4SF5 negatively modulates FA accumulation into hepatocytes via association with the transporters for an energy homeostasis, when FA are supplied acutely.
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27
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Song HE, Lee Y, Kim E, Cho CY, Jung O, Lee D, Lee EG, Nam SH, Kang M, Macalino SJY, Kim JE, Jung JW, Kwon SW, Choi S, Lee JW. N-terminus-independent activation of c-Src via binding to a tetraspan(in) TM4SF5 in hepatocellular carcinoma is abolished by the TM4SF5 C-terminal peptide application. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8092-8111. [PMID: 34335982 PMCID: PMC8315060 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Active c-Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase localizes to the plasma membrane via N-terminal lipid modification. Membranous c-Src causes cancer initiation and progression. Even though transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5), a tetraspan(in), can be involved in this mechanism, the molecular and structural influence of TM4SF5 on c-Src remains unknown. Methods: Here, we investigated molecular and structural details by which TM4SF5 regulated c-Src devoid of its N-terminus and how cell-penetrating peptides were able to interrupt c-Src activation via interference of c-Src-TM4SF5 interaction in hepatocellular carcinoma models. Results: The TM4SF5 C-terminus efficiently bound the c-Src SH1 kinase domain, efficiently to the inactively-closed form. The complex involved protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B able to dephosphorylate Tyr530. The c-Src SH1 domain alone, even in a closed form, bound TM4SF5 to cause c-Src Tyr419 and FAK Y861 phosphorylation. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation studies predicted the directly interfacing residues, which were further validated by mutational studies. Cell penetration of TM4SF5 C-terminal peptides blocked the interaction of TM4SF5 with c-Src and prevented c-Src-dependent tumor initiation and progression in vivo. Conclusions: Collectively, these data demonstrate that binding of the TM4SF5 C-terminus to the kinase domain of inactive c-Src leads to its activation. Because this binding can be abolished by cell-penetrating peptides containing the TM4SF5 C-terminus, targeting this direct interaction may be an effective strategy for developing therapeutics that block the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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28
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Seibert M, Kurrle N, Schnütgen F, Serve H. Amino acid sensory complex proteins in mTORC1 and macroautophagy regulation. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:65-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Ma C, Hunt JB, Kovalenko A, Liang H, Selenica MLB, Orr MB, Zhang B, Gensel JC, Feola DJ, Gordon MN, Morgan D, Bickford PC, Lee DC. Myeloid Arginase 1 Insufficiency Exacerbates Amyloid-β Associated Neurodegenerative Pathways and Glial Signatures in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: A Targeted Transcriptome Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628156. [PMID: 34046031 PMCID: PMC8144303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain myeloid cells, include infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia, play an essential role in responding to and inducing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) implicate many AD casual and risk genes enriched in brain myeloid cells. Coordinated arginine metabolism through arginase 1 (Arg1) is critical for brain myeloid cells to perform biological functions, whereas dysregulated arginine metabolism disrupts them. Altered arginine metabolism is proposed as a new biomarker pathway for AD. We previously reported Arg1 deficiency in myeloid biased cells using lysozyme M (LysM) promoter-driven deletion worsened amyloidosis-related neuropathology and behavioral impairment. However, it remains unclear how Arg1 deficiency in these cells impacts the whole brain to promote amyloidosis. Herein, we aim to determine how Arg1 deficiency driven by LysM restriction during amyloidosis affects fundamental neurodegenerative pathways at the transcriptome level. By applying several bioinformatic tools and analyses, we found that amyloid-β (Aβ) stimulated transcriptomic signatures in autophagy-related pathways and myeloid cells' inflammatory response. At the same time, myeloid Arg1 deficiency during amyloidosis promoted gene signatures of lipid metabolism, myelination, and migration of myeloid cells. Focusing on Aβ associated glial transcriptomic signatures, we found myeloid Arg1 deficiency up-regulated glial gene transcripts that positively correlated with Aβ plaque burden. We also observed that Aβ preferentially activated disease-associated microglial signatures to increase phagocytic response, whereas myeloid Arg1 deficiency selectively promoted homeostatic microglial signature that is non-phagocytic. These transcriptomic findings suggest a critical role for proper Arg1 function during normal and pathological challenges associated with amyloidosis. Furthermore, understanding pathways that govern Arg1 metabolism may provide new therapeutic opportunities to rebalance immune function and improve microglia/macrophage fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jerry B. Hunt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Andrii Kovalenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Huimin Liang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Maj-Linda B. Selenica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael B. Orr
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David J. Feola
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marcia N. Gordon
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel C. Lee
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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30
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Szkalisity A, Piccinini F, Beleon A, Balassa T, Varga IG, Migh E, Molnar C, Paavolainen L, Timonen S, Banerjee I, Ikonen E, Yamauchi Y, Ando I, Peltonen J, Pietiäinen V, Honti V, Horvath P. Regression plane concept for analysing continuous cellular processes with machine learning. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2532. [PMID: 33953203 PMCID: PMC8100172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological processes are inherently continuous, and the chance of phenotypic discovery is significantly restricted by discretising them. Using multi-parametric active regression we introduce the Regression Plane (RP), a user-friendly discovery tool enabling class-free phenotypic supervised machine learning, to describe and explore biological data in a continuous manner. First, we compare traditional classification with regression in a simulated experimental setup. Second, we use our framework to identify genes involved in regulating triglyceride levels in human cells. Subsequently, we analyse a time-lapse dataset on mitosis to demonstrate that the proposed methodology is capable of modelling complex processes at infinite resolution. Finally, we show that hemocyte differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster has continuous characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Szkalisity
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filippo Piccinini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Attila Beleon
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamas Balassa
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Ede Migh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Molnar
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lassi Paavolainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, Helsinki Institute of Life Science-HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Timonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, Helsinki Institute of Life Science-HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yohei Yamauchi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Istvan Ando
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center (BRC), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jaakko Peltonen
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - Vilja Pietiäinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, Helsinki Institute of Life Science-HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viktor Honti
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center (BRC), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Horvath
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Szeged, Hungary.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, Helsinki Institute of Life Science-HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Single-Cell Technologies Ltd., Szeged, Hungary.
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31
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Li T, Wang X, Ju E, da Silva SR, Chen L, Zhang X, Wei S, Gao SJ. RNF167 activates mTORC1 and promotes tumorigenesis by targeting CASTOR1 for ubiquitination and degradation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1055. [PMID: 33594058 PMCID: PMC7887217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
mTORC1, a central controller of cell proliferation in response to growth factors and nutrients, is dysregulated in cancer. Whereas arginine activates mTORC1, it is overridden by high expression of cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 1 (CASTOR1). Because cancer cells often encounter low levels of nutrients, an alternative mechanism might exist to regulate CASTOR1 expression. Here we show K29-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of CASTOR1 by E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF167. Furthermore, AKT phosphorylates CASTOR1 at S14, significantly increasing its binding to RNF167, and hence its ubiquitination and degradation, while simultaneously decreasing its affinity to MIOS, leading to mTORC1 activation. Therefore, AKT activates mTORC1 through both TSC2- and CASTOR1-dependent pathways. Several cell types with high CASTOR1 expression are insensitive to arginine regulation. Significantly, AKT and RNF167-mediated CASTOR1 degradation activates mTORC1 independent of arginine and promotes breast cancer progression. These results illustrate a mTORC1 regulating mechanism and identify RNF167 as a therapeutic target for mTORC1-dysregulated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enguo Ju
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Luping Chen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shan Wei
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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32
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Kim HJ, Kim E, Lee H, Jung JW, Kim JE, Pack CG, Lee JW. SLAC2B-dependent microtubule acetylation regulates extracellular matrix-mediated intracellular TM4SF5 traffic to the plasma membranes. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21369. [PMID: 33554392 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002138rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) translocates intracellularly and promotes cell migration, but how subcellular TM4SF5 traffic is regulated to guide cellular migration is unknown. We investigated the influences of the extracellular environment and intracellular signaling on the TM4SF5 traffic with regard to migration directionality. Cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) but not poly-l-lysine enhanced the traffic velocity and straightness of the TM4SF5WT (but not palmitoylation-deficient mutant TM4SF5 Pal - ) toward the leading edges, depending on tubulin acetylation. Acetylated-microtubules in SLAC2B-positive cells reached mostly the juxtanuclear regions, but reached-out toward the leading edges upon SLAC2B suppression. TM4SF5 expression caused SLAC2B not to be localized at the leading edges. TM4SF5 colocalization with HDAC6 depended on paxillin expression. The trimeric complex consisting of TM4SF5, HDAC6, and SLAC2B might, thus, be enriched at the perinuclear cytosols toward the leading edges. More TM4SF5WT translocation to the leading edges was possible when acetylated-microtubules reached the frontal edges following HDAC6 inhibition by paxillin presumably at new cell-FN adhesions, leading to persistent cell migration. Collectively, this study revealed that cell-FN adhesion and microtubule acetylation could control intracellular traffic of TM4SF5 vesicles to the leading edges via coordinated actions of paxillin, SLAC2B, and HDAC6, leading to TM4SF5-dependent cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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33
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Ma C, Hunt JB, Selenica MLB, Sanneh A, Sandusky-Beltran LA, Watler M, Daas R, Kovalenko A, Liang H, Placides D, Cao C, Lin X, Orr MB, Zhang B, Gensel JC, Feola DJ, Gordon MN, Morgan D, Bickford PC, Lee DC. Arginase 1 Insufficiency Precipitates Amyloid- β Deposition and Hastens Behavioral Impairment in a Mouse Model of Amyloidosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:582998. [PMID: 33519806 PMCID: PMC7840571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) includes several hallmarks comprised of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau neuropathology, inflammation, and memory impairment. Brain metabolism becomes uncoupled due to aging and other AD risk factors, which ultimately lead to impaired protein clearance and aggregation. Increasing evidence indicates a role of arginine metabolism in AD, where arginases are key enzymes in neurons and glia capable of depleting arginine and producing ornithine and polyamines. However, currently, it remains unknown if the reduction of arginase 1 (Arg1) in myeloid cell impacts amyloidosis. Herein, we produced haploinsufficiency of Arg1 by the hemizygous deletion in myeloid cells using Arg1fl/fl and LysMcreTg/+ mice crossed with APP Tg2576 mice. Our data indicated that Arg1 haploinsufficiency promoted Aβ deposition, exacerbated some behavioral impairment, and decreased components of Ragulator-Rag complex involved in mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and autophagy. Additionally, Arg1 repression and arginine supplementation both impaired microglial phagocytosis in vitro. These data suggest that proper function of Arg1 and arginine metabolism in myeloid cells remains essential to restrict amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jerry B Hunt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Maj-Linda B Selenica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Awa Sanneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Leslie A Sandusky-Beltran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Mallory Watler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Rana Daas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Andrii Kovalenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Huimin Liang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Devon Placides
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Michael B Orr
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David J Feola
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marcia N Gordon
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Paula C Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel C Lee
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Medrano-González PA, Rivera-Ramírez O, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. Proteolytic Processing of CD44 and Its Implications in Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6667735. [PMID: 33505471 PMCID: PMC7811561 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6667735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in several healthy and tumor tissues. Modifications in its structure contribute differently to the activity of this molecule. One modification that has provoked interest is the consecutive cleavage of the CD44 extracellular ectodomain by enzymes that belong mainly to the family of metalloproteases. This process releases biologically active substrates, via alternative splice forms of CD44, that generate CD44v3 or v6 isoforms which participate in the transcriptional regulation of genes and proteins associated to signaling pathways involved in the development of cancer. These include the protooncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the epithelial growth factor receptor, the estrogen receptor, Wnt/βcatenin, or Hippo signaling pathways all of which are associated to cell proliferation, differentiation, or cancer progression. Whereas CD44 still remains as a very useful prognostic cell marker in different pathologies, the main topic is that the generation of CD44 intracellular fragments assists the regulation of transcriptional proteins involved in the cell cycle, cell metabolism, and most importantly, the regulation of some stem cell-associated markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Anhel Medrano-González
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edif. D, 1 piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico, Mexico
| | - Osmar Rivera-Ramírez
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Montaño
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Erika P. Rendón-Huerta
- Lab. Inmunobiología, Depto. Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
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35
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Ryu J, Kim E, Kang MK, Song DG, Shin EA, Lee H, Jung JW, Nam SH, Kim JE, Kim HJ, Son T, Kim S, Kim HY, Lee JW. Differential TM4SF5-mediated SIRT1 modulation and metabolic signaling in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression. J Pathol 2021; 253:55-67. [PMID: 32918742 DOI: 10.1002/path.5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a chronic condition involving steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis, and its progression remains unclear. Although the tetraspanin transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is involved in hepatic fibrosis and cancer, its role in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression is unknown. We investigated the contribution of TM4SF5 to liver pathology using transgenic and KO mice, diet- or drug-treated mice, in vitro primary cells, and in human tissue. TM4SF5-overexpressing mice exhibited nonalcoholic steatosis and NASH in an age-dependent manner. Initially, TM4SF5-positive hepatocytes and liver tissue exhibited lipid accumulation, decreased Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), increased sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBPs) and inactive STAT3 via suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1/3 upregulation. In older mice, TM4SF5 promoted inflammatory factor induction, SIRT1 expression and STAT3 activity, but did not change SOCS or SREBP levels, leading to active STAT3-mediated ECM production for NASH progression. A TM4SF5-associated increase in chemokines promoted SIRT1 expression and progression to NASH with fibrosis. Suppression of the chemokine CCL20 reduced immune cell infiltration and ECM production. Liver tissue from high-fat diet- or CCl4 -treated mice and human patients exhibited TM4SF5-dependent steatotic or steatohepatitic livers with links between TM4SF5-mediated SIRT1 modulation and SREBP or SOCS/STAT3 signaling axes. TM4SF5-mediated STAT3 activation in fibrotic NASH livers increased collagen I and laminin γ2. Both collagen I α1 and laminin γ2 suppression resulted in reduced SIRT1 and active STAT3, but no change in SREBP1 or SOCS, and abolished CCl4 -mediated mouse liver damage. TM4SF5-mediated signaling pathways that involve SIRT1, SREBPs and SOCS/STAT3 promoted progression to NASH. Therefore, TM4SF5 and its downstream effectors may be promising therapeutic targets to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ae Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hee Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwon Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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36
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Kim SH, Choi JH, Wang P, Go CD, Hesketh GG, Gingras AC, Jafarnejad SM, Sonenberg N. Mitochondrial Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase TARS2 Is Required for Threonine-Sensitive mTORC1 Activation. Mol Cell 2020; 81:398-407.e4. [PMID: 33340489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) controls cell growth and proliferation by sensing fluctuations in environmental cues such as nutrients, growth factors, and energy levels. The Rag GTPases (Rags) serve as a critical module that signals amino acid (AA) availability to modulate mTORC1 localization and activity. Recent studies have demonstrated how AAs regulate mTORC1 activity through Rags. Here, we uncover an unconventional pathway that activates mTORC1 in response to variations in threonine (Thr) levels via mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA synthetase TARS2. TARS2 interacts with inactive Rags, particularly GTP-RagC, leading to increased GTP loading of RagA. mTORC1 activity in cells lacking TARS2 is resistant to Thr repletion, showing that TARS2 is necessary for Thr-dependent mTORC1 activation. The requirement of TARS2, but not cytoplasmic threonyl-tRNA synthetase TARS, for this effect demonstrates an additional layer of complexity in the regulation of mTORC1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Kim
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jung-Hyun Choi
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Peng Wang
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Christopher D Go
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey G Hesketh
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Energy metabolism profile of the effects of amino acid treatment on hepatocytes: Phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate inhibit glycolysis of hepatocytes. Nutrition 2020; 82:111042. [PMID: 33246675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins, but also can be metabolized to energy substances or function as signaling molecules. The aim of this study was to profile whether amino acid treatment (essential amino acids and alanine) affects the energy metabolism (glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration) of cultured hepatocytes. METHODS AML12 hepatocytes were treated with 5 mM of each amino acid for 1 h and the energy metabolism was then measured by using an extracellular flux analyzer. RESULTS The results showed that phenylalanine and lysine decreased the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), an indirect indicator of glycolysis, whereas isoleucine and histidine increased the ECAR. Amino acids did not affect the oxygen consumption rate, an indirect indicator of mitochondrial respiration. The glycolysis stress test revealed that treatment of the hepatocytes with phenylalanine inhibited glycolysis when the concentration of the substrate for glycolysis was sufficient in cultured media. We also investigated the effect of metabolites derived from conversion of phenylalanine on glycolysis in hepatocytes and found that phenylpyruvate inhibited glycolysis, whereas tyrosine and phenylethylamine did not affect glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the present study complement basic knowledge of the effects of amino acid treatment on energy metabolism in cultured hepatocytes and indicate that phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate inhibit glycolysis.
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Energy metabolism profile of the effects of amino acid treatment on skeletal muscle cells: Leucine inhibits glycolysis of myotubes. Nutrition 2020; 77:110794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fu F, Yang X, Zheng M, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang S. Role of Transmembrane 4 L Six Family 1 in the Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:202. [PMID: 33015133 PMCID: PMC7461813 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L six family 1 (TM4SF1) is a protein with four transmembrane domains that belongs to the transmembrane 4 L six family members (TM4SFs). Structurally, TM4SF1 consists of four transmembrane domains (TM1–4), N- and C-terminal intracellular domains, two extracellular domains, a smaller domain between TM1 and TM2, and a larger domain between TM3 and TM4. Within the cell, TM4SF1 is located at the cell surface where it transmits extracellular signals into the cytoplasm. TM4SF1 interacts with tetraspanins, integrin, receptor tyrosine kinases, and other proteins to form tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. This interaction affects the pro-migratory activity of the cells, and thus it plays important roles in the development and progression of cancer. TM4SF1 has been shown to be overexpressed in many malignant tumors, including gliomas; malignant melanomas; and liver, prostate, breast, pancreatic, bladder, colon, lung, gastric, ovarian, and thyroid cancers. TM4SF1 promotes the migration and invasion of cancer cells by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, self-renewal ability, tumor angiogenesis, invadopodia formation, and regulating the related signaling pathway. TM4SF1 is an independent prognostic indicator and biomarker in several cancers. It also promotes drug resistance, which is a major cause of therapeutic failure. These characteristics make TM4SF1 an attractive target for antibody-based immunotherapy. Here, we review the many functions of TM4SF1 in malignant tumors, with the aim to understand the interaction between its expression and the biological behaviors of cancer and to supply a basis for exploring new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Fu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Tianjin Rehabilitation Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zugui Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) controls cell growth and metabolism in response to various environmental inputs, especially amino acids. In fact, the activity of mTORC1 is highly sensitive to changes in amino acid levels. Over past decades, a variety of proteins have been identified as participating in the mTORC1 pathway regulated by amino acids. Classically, the Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which reside on the lysosome, transmit amino acid availability to the mTORC1 pathway and recruit mTORC1 to the lysosome upon amino acid sufficiency. Recently, several sensors of leucine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine for the amino acid-stimulated mTORC1 pathway have been coming to light. Characterization of these sensors is requisite for understanding how cells adjust amino acid sensing pathways to their different needs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in amino acid sensing mechanisms that regulate mTORC1 activity and highlight these identified sensors that accurately transmit specific amino acid signals to the mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang-Hua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.,Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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41
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Amino acid transporters as tetraspanin TM4SF5 binding partners. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:7-14. [PMID: 31956272 PMCID: PMC7000776 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 4 L6 family member 5 (TM4SF5) is a tetraspanin that has four transmembrane domains and can be N-glycosylated and palmitoylated. These posttranslational modifications of TM4SF5 enable homophilic or heterophilic binding to diverse membrane proteins and receptors, including growth factor receptors, integrins, and tetraspanins. As a member of the tetraspanin family, TM4SF5 promotes protein-protein complexes for the spatiotemporal regulation of the expression, stability, binding, and signaling activity of its binding partners. Chronic diseases such as liver diseases involve bidirectional communication between extracellular and intracellular spaces, resulting in immune-related metabolic effects during the development of pathological phenotypes. It has recently been shown that, during the development of fibrosis and cancer, TM4SF5 forms protein-protein complexes with amino acid transporters, which can lead to the regulation of cystine uptake from the extracellular space to the cytosol and arginine export from the lysosomal lumen to the cytosol. Furthermore, using proteomic analyses, we found that diverse amino acid transporters were precipitated with TM4SF5, although these binding partners need to be confirmed by other approaches and in functionally relevant studies. This review discusses the scope of the pathological relevance of TM4SF5 and its binding to certain amino acid transporters.
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42
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Olgac A, Yalcin I, Aki-Yalcin E. The 12 th AFMC International Medicinal Chemistry Symposium (AIMECS 2019) in Istanbul, Turkey. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:162-167. [PMID: 31724830 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AFMC-AIMECS meetings are internationally organized biannually by the Asian Federation for Medicinal Chemistry (AFMC) and are focused on recent studies in drug discovery and development both in academia and industry. Member organizations of the AFMC are the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea, the Korean Chemical Society, the Chemical Society Located in Taipei, the Indonesian Society of Medicinal Chemistry, the Medicinal Chemistry Section of the Israel Chemical Society, and the Computer-Aided Drug Design & Development Society in Turkey. Each time, the symposium is organized within these member countries. The AIMECS 2019 symposium was held in Turkey this year, as Prof. Dr. Esin Aki-Yalcin is the current president of the AFMC (2018-2020); the next AIMECS meeting will be organized in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. In this report, we discuss key topics at the 12th AFMC International Medicinal Chemistry Symposium - New Avenues for Design and Development of Translational Medicine (AIMECS 2019) held in Istanbul, September 8-11, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Olgac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Emniyet Mah. Tac Sk. No.3, 06330, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Evias Pharmaceutical R&D Ltd., Gazi Teknopark G1-101, 06830, Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yalcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Emniyet Mah. Degol Cd. No.4, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esin Aki-Yalcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Emniyet Mah. Degol Cd. No.4, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
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de la Cruz López KG, Toledo Guzmán ME, Sánchez EO, García Carrancá A. mTORC1 as a Regulator of Mitochondrial Functions and a Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1373. [PMID: 31921637 PMCID: PMC6923780 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous proliferation of tumor cells requires constant adaptations of energy metabolism to rapidly fuel cell growth and division. This energetic adaptation often comprises deregulated glucose uptake and lactate production in the presence of oxygen, a process known as the "Warburg effect." For many years it was thought that the Warburg effect was a result of mitochondrial damage, however, unlike this proposal tumor cell mitochondria maintain their functionality, and is essential for integrating a variety of signals and adapting the metabolic activity of the tumor cell. The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of numerous cellular processes implicated in proliferation, metabolism, and cell growth. mTORC1 controls cellular metabolism mainly by regulating the translation and transcription of metabolic genes, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1/2 (SREBP1/2), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α). Interestingly it has been shown that mTORC1 regulates mitochondrial metabolism, thus representing an important regulator in mitochondrial function. Here we present an overview on the role of mTORC1 in the regulation of mitochondrial functions in cancer, considering new evidences showing that mTORC1 regulates the translation of nucleus-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs that result in an increased ATP mitochondrial production. Moreover, we discuss the relationship between mTORC1 and glutaminolysis, as well as mitochondrial metabolites. In addition, mitochondrial fission processes regulated by mTORC1 and its impact on cancer are discussed. Finally, we also review the therapeutic efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors in cancer treatments, considering its use in combination with other drugs, with particular focus on cellular metabolism inhibitors, that could help improve their anti neoplastic effect and eliminate cancer cells in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Griselda de la Cruz López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Alejandro García Carrancá
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alejandro García Carrancá
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