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Levy E, Fallet-Bianco C, Auclair N, Patey N, Marcil V, Sané AT, Spahis S. Unraveling Chylomicron Retention Disease Enhances Insight into SAR1B GTPase Functions and Mechanisms of Actions, While Shedding Light of Intracellular Chylomicron Trafficking. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1548. [PMID: 39062121 PMCID: PMC11274388 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, significant efforts have been focused on unraveling congenital intestinal disorders that disrupt the absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. The primary goal has been to gain deeper insights into intra-enterocyte sites, molecular steps, and crucial proteins/regulatory pathways involved, while simultaneously identifying novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools. This research not only delves into specific and rare malabsorptive conditions, such as chylomicron retention disease (CRD), but also contributes to our understanding of normal physiology through the utilization of cutting-edge cellular and animal models alongside advanced research methodologies. This review elucidates how modern techniques have facilitated the decoding of CRD gene defects, the identification of dysfunctional cellular processes, disease regulatory mechanisms, and the essential role of coat protein complex II-coated vesicles and cargo receptors in chylomicron trafficking and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites. Moreover, experimental approaches have shed light on the multifaceted functions of SAR1B GTPase, wherein loss-of-function mutations not only predispose individuals to CRD but also exacerbate oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress, potentially contributing to clinical complications associated with CRD. In addition to dissecting the primary disease pathology, genetically modified animal models have emerged as invaluable assets in exploring various ancillary aspects, including responses to environmental challenges such as dietary alterations, gender-specific disparities in disease onset and progression, and embryonic lethality or developmental abnormalities. In summary, this comprehensive review provides an in-depth and contemporary analysis of CRD, offering a meticulous examination of the CRD current landscape by synthesizing the latest research findings and advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Levy
- Azrieli Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine and Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catherine Fallet-Bianco
- Azrieli Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine and Pathology & Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nickolas Auclair
- Azrieli Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Natalie Patey
- Azrieli Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine and Pathology & Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Azrieli Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine and Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Schohraya Spahis
- Azrieli Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine and Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
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2
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Wu Y, Zheng W, Xu G, Zhu L, Li Z, Chen J, Wang L, Chen S. C9orf72 controls hepatic lipid metabolism by regulating SREBP1 transport. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01312-7. [PMID: 38816580 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors (SREBPs) play a crucial role in lipid homeostasis. They are processed and transported to the nucleus via COPII, where they induce the expression of lipogenic genes. COPII maintains the homeostasis of organelles and plays an essential role in the protein secretion pathways in eukaryotes. The formation of COPII begins at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES), and is regulated by SEC16A, which provides a platform for the assembly of COPII. However, there have been few studies on the changes in SEC16A protein levels. The repetitive expansion of the hexanucleotide sequence GGGGCC within the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene is a prevalent factor in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we found that the absence of C9orf72 leads to a decrease in SEC16A protein levels, resulting in reduced localization of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SEC12 at the ERES. Consequently, the small GTP binding protein SAR1 is unable to bind the endoplasmic reticulum normally, impairing the assembly of COPII. Ultimately, the disruption of SREBPs transport decreases de novo lipogenesis. These results suggest that C9orf72 acts as a novel role in regulating lipid homeostasis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wu
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenzhong Zheng
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shi Chen
- Brain Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbiology in Genomic Modification & Editing and Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
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3
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Anglès F, Gupta V, Wang C, Balch WE. COPII cage assembly factor Sec13 integrates information flow regulating endomembrane function in response to human variation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10160. [PMID: 38698045 PMCID: PMC11065896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
How information flow is coordinated for managing transit of 1/3 of the genome through endomembrane pathways by the coat complex II (COPII) system in response to human variation remains an enigma. By examining the interactome of the COPII cage-assembly component Sec13, we show that it is simultaneously associated with multiple protein complexes that facilitate different features of a continuous program of chromatin organization, transcription, translation, trafficking, and degradation steps that are differentially sensitive to Sec13 levels. For the trafficking step, and unlike other COPII components, reduction of Sec13 expression decreased the ubiquitination and degradation of wild-type (WT) and F508del variant cargo protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) leading to a striking increase in fold stability suggesting that the events differentiating export from degradation are critically dependent on COPII cage assembly at the ER Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) associated recycling and degradation step linked to COPI exchange. Given Sec13's multiple roles in protein complex assemblies that change in response to its expression, we suggest that Sec13 serves as an unanticipated master regulator coordinating information flow from the genome to the proteome to facilitate spatial covariant features initiating and maintaining design and function of membrane architecture in response to human variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Anglès
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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4
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Thierer JH, Foresti O, Yadav PK, Wilson MH, Moll TOC, Shen MC, Busch-Nentwich EM, Morash M, Mohlke KL, Rawls JF, Malhotra V, Hussain MM, Farber SA. Pla2g12b drives expansion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2095. [PMID: 38453914 PMCID: PMC10920679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates transport hydrophobic triglycerides through the circulatory system by packaging them within amphipathic particles called Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins. Yet, it remains largely unknown how triglycerides are loaded onto these particles. Mutations in Phospholipase A2 group 12B (PLA2G12B) are known to disrupt lipoprotein homeostasis, but its mechanistic role in this process remains unclear. Here we report that PLA2G12B channels lipids within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum into nascent lipoproteins. This activity promotes efficient lipid secretion while preventing excess accumulation of intracellular lipids. We characterize the functional domains, subcellular localization, and interacting partners of PLA2G12B, demonstrating that PLA2G12B is calcium-dependent and tightly associated with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. We also detect profound resistance to atherosclerosis in PLA2G12B mutant mice, suggesting an evolutionary tradeoff between triglyceride transport and cardiovascular disease risk. Here we identify PLA2G12B as a key driver of triglyceride incorporation into vertebrate lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Thierer
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland Department of biology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ombretta Foresti
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08003, ES, Spain
| | - Pradeep Kumar Yadav
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Meredith H Wilson
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland Department of biology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Tabea O C Moll
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland Department of biology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Meng-Chieh Shen
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | | | - Margaret Morash
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Vivek Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08003, ES, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Steven A Farber
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland Department of biology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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5
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Wang X, Huang R, Wang Y, Zhou W, Hu Y, Yao Y, Cheng K, Li X, Xu B, Zhang J, Xu Y, Zeng F, Zhu Y, Chen XW. Manganese regulation of COPII condensation controls circulating lipid homeostasis. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1650-1663. [PMID: 37884645 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of circulating lipids is instrumental in health and disease. Bulk lipids, carried by specialized lipoproteins, are secreted into the circulation, initially via the coat protein complex II (COPII). How the universal COPII machinery accommodates the abundant yet unconventional lipoproteins remains unclear, let alone its therapeutic translation. Here we report that COPII uses manganese-tuning, self-constrained condensation to selectively drive lipoprotein delivery and set lipid homeostasis in vivo. Serendipitously, adenovirus hijacks the condensation-based transport mechanism, thus enabling the identification of cytosolic manganese as an unexpected control signal. Manganese directly binds the inner COPII coat and enhances its condensation, thereby shifting the assembly-versus-dynamics balance of the transport machinery. Manganese can be mobilized from mitochondria stores to signal COPII, and selectively controls lipoprotein secretion with a distinctive, bell-shaped function. Consequently, dietary titration of manganese enables tailored lipid management that counters pathological dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis, implicating a condensation-targeting strategy with broad therapeutic potential for cardio-metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Runze Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yating Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bolin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Dazhou Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaowen Xu
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Dazhou Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fanxin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Dazhou Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuangang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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6
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Dai W, Castleberry M, Zheng Z. Tale of two systems: the intertwining duality of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2679-2696. [PMID: 37579878 PMCID: PMC10599797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is an enzymatic process that breaks down fibrin clots, while dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. Both fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism are critical mechanisms that regulate a myriad of functions in the body, and the imbalance of these mechanisms is linked to the development of pathologic conditions, such as thrombotic complications in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Accumulated evidence indicates the close relationship between the 2 seemingly distinct and complicated systems-fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism. Observational studies in humans found that dyslipidemia, characterized by increased blood apoB-lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein, is associated with lower fibrinolytic potential. Genetic variants of some fibrinolytic regulators are associated with blood lipid levels, supporting a causal relationship between these regulators and lipoprotein metabolism. Mechanistic studies have elucidated many pathways that link the fibrinolytic system and lipoprotein metabolism. Moreover, profibrinolytic therapies improve lipid panels toward an overall cardiometabolic healthier phenotype, while some lipid-lowering treatments increase fibrinolytic potential. The complex relationship between lipoprotein and fibrinolysis warrants further research to improve our understanding of the bidirectional regulation between the mediators of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA.
| | | | - Ze Zheng
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
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7
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Reyes-Soffer G, Liu J, Thomas T, Matveyenko A, Seid H, Ramakrishnan R, Holleran S, Zaghloul N, Sztalryd-Woodle C, Pollin T, Ginsberg HN. TM6SF2 Determines Both the Degree of Lipidation and the Number of VLDL Particles Secreted by the Liver. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.23.23291823. [PMID: 37425717 PMCID: PMC10327233 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.23.23291823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, exome-wide studies identified a glutamine176lysine (p.E167K) substitution in a protein of unknown function named transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2). The p.E167K variant was associated with increased hepatic fat content and reduced levels of plasma TG and LDL cholesterol. Over the next several years, additional studies defined the role of TM6SF2, which resides in the ER and the ER-Golgi interface, in the lipidation of nascent VLDL to generate mature, more TG-rich VLDL. Consistent results from cells and rodents indicated that the secretion of TG was reduced in the p.E167K variant or when hepatic TM6SF2 was deleted. However, data for secretion of APOB was inconsistent, either reduced or increased secretion was observed. A recent study of people homozygous for the variant demonstrated reduced in vivo secretion of large, TG-rich VLDL1 into plasma; both TG and APOB secretion were reduced. Here we present new results demonstrating increased secretion of VLDL APOB with no change in TG secretion in p.E167K homozygous individuals from the Lancaster Amish community compared to their wild-type siblings. Our in vivo kinetic tracer results are supported by in vitro experiments in HepG2 and McA cells with knock-down or Crispr-deletions of TM6SF2, respectively. We offer a model to potentially explain all of the prior data and our new results.
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8
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Gugliucci A. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism: Key Regulators of Their Flux. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4399. [PMID: 37445434 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The residual risk for arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease after optimal statin treatment may amount to 50% and is the consequence of both immunological and lipid disturbances. Regarding the lipid disturbances, the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their remnants has come to the forefront in the past decade. Triglycerides (TGs) stand as markers of the remnants of the catabolism of TRLs that tend to contain twice as much cholesterol as compared to LDL. The accumulation of circulating TRLs and their partially lipolyzed derivatives, known as "remnants", is caused mainly by ineffective triglyceride catabolism. These cholesterol-enriched remnant particles are hypothesized to contribute to atherogenesis. The aim of the present narrative review is to briefly summarize the main pathways of TRL metabolism, bringing to the forefront the newly discovered role of apolipoproteins, the key physiological function of lipoprotein lipase and its main regulators, the importance of the fluxes of these particles in the post-prandial period, their catabolic rates and the role of apo CIII and angiopoietin-like proteins in the partition of TRLs during the fast-fed cycle. Finally, we provide a succinct summary of the new and old therapeutic armamentarium and the outcomes of key current trials with a final outlook on the different methodological approaches to measuring TRL remnants, still in search of the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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9
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Ginsberg HN, Goldberg IJ. Broadening the Scope of Dyslipidemia Therapy by Targeting APOC3 (Apolipoprotein C3) and ANGPTL3 (Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:388-398. [PMID: 36579649 PMCID: PMC9975058 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The positive relationship between increased levels of circulating triglycerides and cardiovascular events has been observed for decades. Driven by genetic cohort studies, inhibitors of APOC3 (apolipoprotein C3) and ANGPTL (angiopoietin-like protein) 3 that reduce circulating triglycerides are poised to enter clinical practice. We will review the biology of how inhibition of these 2 proteins affects circulating lipoproteins as well as the current state of clinical development of monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, and silencing RNAs targeting APOC3 and ANGPTL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York (H.N.G.)
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (I.J.G.)
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10
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Shen Y, Gu HM, Zhai L, Wang B, Qin S, Zhang DW. The role of hepatic Surf4 in lipoprotein metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis in apoE -/- mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159196. [PMID: 35803528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulating LDL is derived from very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolism and cleared by LDL receptor (LDLR). We have previously demonstrated that cargo receptor Surfeit 4 (Surf4) mediates VLDL secretion. Inhibition of hepatic Surf4 impairs VLDL secretion, significantly reduces plasma LDL-C levels, and markedly mitigates the development of atherosclerosis in LDLR knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice. Here, we investigated the role of Surf4 in lipoprotein metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis in another commonly used mouse model of atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-/-) mice. Adeno-associated viral shRNA was used to silence Surf4 expression mainly in the liver of apoE-/- mice. In apoE-/- mice fed a regular chow diet, knockdown of Surf4 expression significantly reduced triglyceride secretion and plasma levels of non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides without causing hepatic lipid accumulation or liver damage. When Surf4 was knocked down in apoE-/- mice fed the Western-type diet, we observed a significant reduction in plasma levels of non-HDL cholesterol, but not triglycerides. Knockdown of Surf4 did not increase hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels or cause liver damage, but significantly diminished atherosclerosis lesions. Therefore, our findings indicate the potential of hepatic Surf4 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Shen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lei Zhai
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Binxiang Wang
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China.
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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11
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Borén J, Taskinen MR, Björnson E, Packard CJ. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in health and dyslipidaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:577-592. [PMID: 35318466 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to the causal role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their cholesterol-enriched remnants in atherogenesis. Genetic studies in particular have not only revealed a relationship between plasma triglyceride levels and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but have also identified key proteins responsible for the regulation of triglyceride transport. Kinetic studies in humans using stable isotope tracers have been especially useful in delineating the function of these proteins and revealing the hitherto unappreciated complexity of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Given that triglyceride is an essential energy source for mammals, triglyceride transport is regulated by numerous mechanisms that balance availability with the energy demands of the body. Ongoing investigations are focused on determining the consequences of dysregulation as a result of either dietary imprudence or genetic variation that increases the risk of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. The identification of molecular control mechanisms involved in triglyceride metabolism has laid the groundwork for a 'precision-medicine' approach to therapy. Novel pharmacological agents under development have specific molecular targets within a regulatory framework, and their deployment heralds a new era in lipid-lowering-mediated prevention of disease. In this Review, we outline what is known about the dysregulation of triglyceride transport in human hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Wang B, Shen Y, Zhai L, Xia X, Gu HM, Wang M, Zhao Y, Chang X, Alabi A, Xing S, Deng S, Liu B, Wang G, Qin S, Zhang DW. Atherosclerosis-associated hepatic secretion of VLDL but not PCSK9 is dependent on cargo receptor protein Surf4. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100091. [PMID: 34118252 PMCID: PMC8261665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma LDL is produced from catabolism of VLDL and cleared from circulation mainly via the hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promotes LDLR degradation, increasing plasma LDL-C levels. Circulating PCSK9 is mainly secreted by the liver, whereas VLDL is exclusively secreted by hepatocytes. However, the mechanism regulating their secretion is not completely understood. Surfeit 4 (Surf4) is a cargo receptor localized in the ER membrane. It recruits cargos into coat protein complex II vesicles to facilitate their secretion. Here, we investigated the role of Surf4 in VLDL and PCSK9 secretion. We generated Surf4 liver-specific knockout mice and found that knockout of Surf4 did not affect PCSK9 secretion, whereas it significantly reduced plasma levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipid-binding protein apolipoprotein B (apoB). In cultured human hepatocytes, Surf4 coimmunoprecipitated and colocalized with apolipoprotein B100, and Surf4 silencing reduced secretion of apolipoprotein B100. Furthermore, knockdown of Surf4 in LDLR knockout (Ldlr−/−) mice significantly reduced triglyceride secretion, plasma levels of apoB and non-HDL-C, and the development of atherosclerosis. However, Surf4 liver-specific knockout mice and Surf4 knockdown in Ldlr−/− mice displayed similar levels of liver lipids and plasma alanine aminotransferase activity as control mice, indicating that inhibition of Surf4 does not cause notable liver damage. Expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 was also reduced in the liver of these mice, suggesting a reduction in de novo lipogenesis. In summary, hepatic deficiency of Surf4 reduced VLDL secretion and the development of atherosclerosis but did not cause significant hepatic lipid accumulation or liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiang Wang
- Institute of Atherosclerosis and College of Basic Medical Sciences in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Yishi Shen
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lei Zhai
- Institute of Atherosclerosis and College of Basic Medical Sciences in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Xiaodan Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maggie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yongfang Zhao
- Institute of Atherosclerosis and College of Basic Medical Sciences in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Xiaole Chang
- Institute of Atherosclerosis and College of Basic Medical Sciences in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Adekunle Alabi
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sijie Xing
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shijun Deng
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Boyan Liu
- Institute of Atherosclerosis and College of Basic Medical Sciences in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Guiqing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Institute of Atherosclerosis and College of Basic Medical Sciences in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China.
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Newberry EP, Strout GW, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Davidson NO. Liver-specific deletion of Mttp versus Tm6sf2 reveals distinct defects in stepwise VLDL assembly. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100080. [PMID: 33915141 PMCID: PMC8170145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Newberry
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory W Strout
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, St. Louis, MO, USA; Departments of Cell Biology & Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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