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Jeon YG, Kim SW, Kim JB. Decoding temporal thermogenesis: coregulator selectivity and transcriptional control in brown and beige adipocytes. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2391511. [PMID: 39155481 PMCID: PMC11340756 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2391511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) play pivotal roles in maintaining body temperature and energy metabolism. In mice, BAT quickly stimulates thermogenesis by activating brown adipocytes upon cold exposure. In the presence of chronic cold stimuli, beige adipocytes are recruited in inguinal WAT to support heat generation. Accumulated evidence has shown that thermogenic execution of brown and beige adipocytes is regulated in a fat depot-specific manner. Recently, we have demonstrated that ubiquitin ligase ring finger protein 20 (RNF20) regulates brown and beige adipocyte thermogenesis through fat-depot-specific modulation. In BAT, RNF20 regulates transcription factor GA-binding protein alpha (GABPα), whereas in inguinal WAT, RNF20 potentiates transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) through the degradation of nuclear corepressor 1 (NCoR1). This study proposes the molecular mechanisms by which co-regulator(s) selectively and temporally control transcription factors to coordinate adipose thermogenesis in a fat-depot-specific manner. In this Commentary, we provide molecular features of brown and beige adipocyte thermogenesis and discuss the underlying mechanisms of distinct thermogenic processes in two fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Geun Jeon
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Won Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Li Y, Zhang J, Chen S, Ke Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Growth differentiation factor 15: Emerging role in liver diseases. Cytokine 2024; 182:156727. [PMID: 39111112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cell stress-response cytokine within the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. It is known to exert diverse effects on many metabolic pathways through its receptor GFRAL, which is expressed in the hindbrain, and transduces signals through the downstream receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. Since the liver is the core organ of metabolism, summarizing the functions of GDF15 is highly important. In this review, we assessed the relevant literature regarding the main metabolic, inflammatory, fibrogenic, tumorigenic and other effects of GDF15 on different liver diseases, including Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), alcohol and drug-induced liver injury, as well as autoimmune and viral hepatitis, with a particular focus on the pathogenesis of MASLD progression from hepatic steatosis to MASH, liver fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Finally, we discuss the prospects of the clinical application potential of GDF15 along with its research and development progress. With better knowledge of GDF15, increasing in-depth research will lead to a new era in the field of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shurong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yini Ke
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Hao X, Zhang Z, Kong J, Ma R, Mao C, Peng X, Ru K, Liu L, Zhao C, Mo X, Cai M, Yu X, Lin Q. Hypothesis paper: GDF15 demonstrated promising potential in Cancer diagnosis and correlated with cardiac biomarkers. CARDIO-ONCOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 10:56. [PMID: 39232830 PMCID: PMC11373216 DOI: 10.1186/s40959-024-00263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular toxicity represents a significant adverse consequence of cancer therapies, yet there remains a paucity of effective biomarkers for its timely monitoring and diagnosis. To give a first evidence able to elucidate the role of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) in the context of cancer diagnosis and its specific association with cardiac indicators in cancer patients, thereby testing its potential in predicting the risk of CTRCD (cancer therapy related cardiac dysfunction). METHODS Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including GDF15, was performed by utilizing data from the public repositories of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Cardiomyopathy is the most common heart disease and its main clinical manifestations, such as heart failure and arrhythmia, are similar to those of CTRCD. Examination of GDF15 expression was conducted in various normal and cancerous tissues or sera, using available database and serum samples. The study further explored the correlation between GDF15 expression and the combined detection of cardiac troponin-T (c-TnT) and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), assessing the combined diagnostic utility of these markers in predicting risk of CTRCD through longitudinal electrocardiograms (ECG). RESULTS GDF15 emerged as a significant DEG in both cancer and cardiomyopathy disease models, demonstrating good diagnostic efficacy across multiple cancer types compared to healthy controls. GDF15 levels in cancer patients correlated with the established cardiac biomarkers c-TnT and NT-proBNP. Moreover, higher GDF15 levels correlated with an increased risk of ECG changes in the cancer cohort. CONCLUSION GDF15 demonstrated promising diagnostic potential in cancer identification; higher GDF15, combined with elevated cardiac markers, may play a role in the monitoring and prediction of CTRCD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Rufei Ma
- Electrocardiogram Room, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
| | - Cuiping Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Xun Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Kun Ru
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Lisheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Chuanxi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Xinkai Mo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China
| | - Meijuan Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiangguo Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China.
| | - Qinghai Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250117, PR China.
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Yakoubi S. Synergistic integration of deep learning with protein docking in cardiovascular disease treatment strategies. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:666-696. [PMID: 38748776 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/31/2024]
Abstract
This research delves into the exploration of the potential of tocopherol-based nanoemulsion as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through an in-depth molecular docking analysis. The study focuses on elucidating the molecular interactions between tocopherol and seven key proteins (1O8a, 4YAY, 4DLI, 1HW9, 2YCW, 1BO9 and 1CX2) that play pivotal roles in CVD development. Through rigorous in silico docking investigations, assessment was conducted on the binding affinities, inhibitory potentials and interaction patterns of tocopherol with these target proteins. The findings revealed significant interactions, particularly with 4YAY, displaying a robust binding energy of -6.39 kcal/mol and a promising Ki value of 20.84 μM. Notable interactions were also observed with 1HW9, 4DLI, 2YCW and 1CX2, further indicating tocopherol's potential therapeutic relevance. In contrast, no interaction was observed with 1BO9. Furthermore, an examination of the common residues of 4YAY bound to tocopherol was carried out, highlighting key intermolecular hydrophobic bonds that contribute to the interaction's stability. Tocopherol complies with pharmacokinetics (Lipinski's and Veber's) rules for oral bioavailability and proves safety non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. Thus, deep learning-based protein language models ESM1-b and ProtT5 were leveraged for input encodings to predict interaction sites between the 4YAY protein and tocopherol. Hence, highly accurate predictions of these critical protein-ligand interactions were achieved. This study not only advances the understanding of these interactions but also highlights deep learning's immense potential in molecular biology and drug discovery. It underscores tocopherol's promise as a cardiovascular disease management candidate, shedding light on its molecular interactions and compatibility with biomolecule-like characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Yakoubi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Labour A, Lac M, Frassin L, Lair B, Murphy E, Maslo C, Monbrun L, Calmy ML, Marquès M, Viguerie N, Tavernier G, Gourdy P, O'Gorman D, Montastier E, Laurens C, Montagner A, Moro C. GDF15 is dispensable for the insulin-sensitizing effects of chronic exercise. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114577. [PMID: 39096490 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has recently emerged as a weight loss and insulin-sensitizing factor. Growing evidence also supports a role for GDF15 as a physiological, exercise-induced stress signal. Here, we tested whether GDF15 is required for the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise in mice and humans. At baseline, both under a standard nutritional state and high-fat feeding, GDF15 knockout (KO) mice display normal glucose tolerance, systemic insulin sensitivity, maximal speed, and endurance running capacity when compared to wild-type littermates independent of sex. When submitted to a 4-week exercise training program, both lean and obese wild-type and GDF15 KO mice similarly improve their endurance running capacity, glucose tolerance, systemic insulin sensitivity, and peripheral glucose uptake. Insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise training were also unrelated to changes in plasma GDF15 in humans. In summary, we here show that GDF15 is dispensable for the insulin-sensitizing effects of chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Labour
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Lac
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucas Frassin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Lair
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Enda Murphy
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Maslo
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Monbrun
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Lou Calmy
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Marquès
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Viguerie
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Donal O'Gorman
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emilie Montastier
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Laurens
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM/Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France.
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London A, Richter MM, Sjøberg KA, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Považan M, Drici L, Schaufuss A, Madsen L, Øyen J, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, van Hall G, Siebner HR, Richter EA, Kiens B, Lundsgaard A, Bojsen-Møller KN. The impact of short-term eucaloric low- and high-carbohydrate diets on liver triacylglycerol content in males with overweight and obesity: a randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:283-293. [PMID: 38914224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic triacylglycerol (liver TG) content is associated with hepatic insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Liver TG content can be modulated within days under hypocaloric conditions. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that 4 d of eucaloric low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LC) intake would decrease liver TG content, whereas a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC) intake would increase liver TG content, and further that alterations in liver TG would be linked to dynamic changes in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. METHODS A randomized crossover trial in males with 4 d + 4 d of LC and HC, respectively, with ≥2 wk of washout. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to measure liver TG content, with metabolic testing before and after intake of an LC diet (11E% carbohydrate corresponding to 102 ± 12 {mean ± standard deviation [SD]) g/d, 70E% fat} and an HC diet (65E% carbohydrate corresponding to 537 ± 56 g/d, 16E% fat). Stable [6,6-2H2]-glucose and [1,1,2,3,3-D5]-glycerol tracer infusions combined with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and indirect calorimetry were used to measure rates of hepatic glucose production and lipolysis, whole-body insulin sensitivity and substrate oxidation. RESULTS Eleven normoglycemic males with overweight or obesity (BMI 31.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed both diets. The LC diet reduced liver TG content by 35.3% (95% confidence interval: -46.6, -24.1) from 4.9% [2.4-11.0] (median interquartile range) to 2.9% [1.4-6.9], whereas there was no change after the HC diet. After the LC diet, fasting whole-body fat oxidation and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration increased, whereas markers of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) diminished. Fasting plasma TG and insulin concentrations were lowered and the hepatic insulin sensitivity index increased after LC. Peripheral glucose disposal was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Reduced carbohydrate and increased fat intake for 4 d induced a marked reduction in liver TG content and increased hepatic insulin sensitivity. Increased rates of fat oxidation and ketogenesis combined with lower rates of DNL are suggested to be responsible for lowering liver TG. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04581421.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie London
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael M Richter
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Anker Sjøberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michal Považan
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lylia Drici
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amanda Schaufuss
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Clinical Metabolomics, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Lundsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Nyvold Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bruce K, Garrido AN, Zhang SY, Lam TKT. Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis by the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and the Area Postrema. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:559-568. [PMID: 39086274 PMCID: PMC11377841 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2024.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates feeding, weight and glucose homeostasis in rodents and humans, but the site-specific mechanisms remain unclear. The dorsal vagal complex in the brainstem that contains the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP) emerges as a regulatory center that impacts energy and glucose balance by monitoring hormonal and nutrient changes. However, the specific mechanistic metabolic roles of the NTS and AP remain elusive. This mini-review highlights methods to study their distinct roles and recent findings on their metabolic differences and similarities of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) action and glucose sensing in the NTS and AP. In summary, future research aims to characterize hormonal and glucose sensing mechanisms in the AP and/or NTS carries potential to unveil novel targets that lower weight and glucose levels in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Bruce
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ameth N Garrido
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Yao X, Liu Y, Sui Y, Zheng M, Zhu L, Li Q, Irwin MG, Yang L, Zhan Q, Xiao J. Dexmedetomidine facilitates autophagic flux to promote liver regeneration by suppressing GSK3β activity in mouse partial hepatectomy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117038. [PMID: 39002441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, is widely used for sedation and anesthesia in patients undergoing hepatectomy. However, the effect of DEX on autophagic flux and liver regeneration remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the role of DEX in hepatocyte autophagic flux and liver regeneration after PHx. METHODS In mice, DEX was intraperitoneally injected 5 min before and 6 h after PHx. In vitro, DEX was co-incubated with culture medium for 24 h. Autophagic flux was detected by LC3-II and SQSTM1 expression levels in primary mouse hepatocytes and the proportion of red puncta in AML-12 cells transfected with FUGW-PK-hLC3 plasmid. Liver regeneration was assessed by cyclinD1 expression, Edu incorporation, H&E staining, ki67 immunostaining and liver/body ratios. Bafilomycin A1, si-GSK3β and Flag-tagged GSK3β, α2-ADR antagonist, GSK3β inhibitor, AKT inhibitor were used to identify the role of GSK3β in DEX-mediated autophagic flux and hepatocyte proliferation. RESULTS Pre- and post-operative DEX treatment promoted liver regeneration after PHx, showing 12 h earlier than in DEX-untreated mice, accompanied by facilitated autophagic flux, which was completely abolished by bafilomycin A1 or α2-ADR antagonist. The suppression of GSK3β activity by SB216763 and si-GSK3β enhanced the effect of DEX on autophagic flux and liver regeneration, which was abolished by AKT inhibitor. CONCLUSION Pre- and post-operative administration of DEX facilitates autophagic flux, leading to enhanced liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through suppression of GSK3β activity in an α2-ADR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueya Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongheng Sui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Miao Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Quanfu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Liqun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qionghui Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Peri-operative Organ Support and Function Preservation, Shanghai, China.
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Richter MM, Kemp IM, Heebøll S, Winther-Sørensen M, Kjeldsen SAS, Jensen NJ, Nybing JD, Linden FH, Høgh-Schmidt E, Boesen MP, Madsbad S, Schiødt FV, Nørgaard K, Schmidt S, Gluud LL, Haugaard SB, Holst JJ, Nielsen S, Rungby J, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Glucagon augments the secretion of FGF21 and GDF15 in MASLD by indirect mechanisms. Metabolism 2024; 156:155915. [PMID: 38631460 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucagon receptor agonism is currently explored for the treatment of obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The metabolic effects of glucagon receptor agonism may in part be mediated by increases in circulating levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) and Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15). The effect of glucagon agonism on FGF21 and GDF15 levels remains uncertain, especially in the context of elevated insulin levels commonly observed in metabolic diseases. METHODS We investigated the effect of a single bolus of glucagon and a continuous infusion of glucagon on plasma concentrations of FGF21 and GDF15 in conditions of endogenous low or high insulin levels. The studies included individuals with overweight with and without MASLD, healthy controls (CON) and individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The direct effect of glucagon on FGF21 and GDF15 was evaluated using our in-house developed isolated perfused mouse liver model. RESULTS FGF21 and GDF15 correlated with plasma levels of insulin, but not glucagon, and their secretion was highly increased in MASLD compared with CON and T1D. Furthermore, FGF21 levels in individuals with overweight with or without MASLD did not increase after glucagon stimulation when insulin levels were kept constant. FGF21 and GDF15 levels were unaffected by direct stimulation with glucagon in the isolated perfused mouse liver. CONCLUSION The glucagon-induced secretion of FGF21 and GDF15 is augmented in MASLD and may depend on insulin. Thus, glucagon receptor agonism may augment its metabolic benefits in patients with MASLD through enhanced secretion of FGF21 and GDF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Richter
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ida M Kemp
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicole J Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Janus D Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Frederik H Linden
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Erik Høgh-Schmidt
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Mikael P Boesen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Frank Vinholt Schiødt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Nørgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Signe Schmidt
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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Liu Q, Qin L, Liang Y, Xu M, Zhang J, Mo X, Tang X, Lu Y, Wang X, Cao J, Huang C, Rong J, Teng K, Zhao L, Wu S, Luo L, Guan Q, Zhang T, Jin W, Qin J, Cai J, Zhang Z. Correlations between growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) serum levels and gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33044. [PMID: 38988547 PMCID: PMC11234026 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To date, the relationship between Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) gene polymorphism and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been clarified. Our study aims to explore the association between serum GDF-15 levels and related gene polymorphism with the risk of T2DM in a Chinese rural Yao population. Methods This was a 1:1 case-control study with 179 T2DM patients and 179 age- and sex-matched control participants. Serum GDF-15 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymorphisms (rs1059519, rs1059369, rs1804826 and rs1054564) were genotyped by MassArray mass spectrometry. Results Serum GDF-15 (sGDF-15) levels were higher in patients with T2DM and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5 % compared to that in controls (p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) corresponding to sGDF-15 levels was 0.626. Serum GDF-15 was positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (rs = 0.150, p < 0.001) and HbA1c (rs = 0.160, p < 0.001). The frequency of GDF-15 gene rs1054564 GC + CC genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of T2DM compared to GG genotype (OR = 1.724, 95CI: 1.046-2.841, p = 0.033). Frequencies of rs1804826 T allele (β additive = 113.318, p = 0.026) and rs1054564 C allele (β additive = 247.282, p = 0.001, β dominant = 286.109, p = 0.001) was significantly correlated with higher sGDF-15. The rs1059519 C allele was negatively correlated with FPG (β recessive = -0.607, p = 0.047) and HbA1c (β recessive = -0.456, p = 0.020). Conclusion Serum GDF-15 levels were positively correlated with FPG and HbA1c. The GDF-15 rs1054564 GC + CC genotype was associated with a significantly higher T2DM risk. The rs1059519 C allele was negatively correlated with FPG and HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yujian Liang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoting Mo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yufu Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuexiu Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiejing Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuwu Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiahui Rong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kaisheng Teng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Linhai Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Songju Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qinyi Guan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - TianTian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenjia Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiansheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire Lifecycle Health and Care, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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11
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Chiariello A, Conte G, Rossetti L, Trofarello L, Salvioli S, Conte M. Different roles of circulating and intramuscular GDF15 as markers of skeletal muscle health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1404047. [PMID: 38808117 PMCID: PMC11130406 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1404047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) is a mitokine expressed in response to various stresses whose circulating levels increase with age and are associated with numerous pathological conditions, including muscle wasting and sarcopenia. However, the use of circulating GDF15 (c-GDF15) as a biomarker of sarcopenia is still debated. Moreover, the role of GDF15 intracellular precursor, pro-GDF15, in human skeletal muscle (SM-GDF15) is not totally understood. In order to clarify these points, the association of both forms of GDF15 with parameters of muscle strength, body composition, metabolism and inflammation was investigated. Methods the levels of c-GDF15 and SM-GDF15 were evaluated in plasma and muscle biopsies, respectively, of healthy subjects (HS) and patients with lower limb mobility impairment (LLMI), either young (<40 years-old) or old (>70 years-old). Other parameters included in the analysis were Isometric Quadriceps Strength (IQS), BMI, lean and fat mass percentage, Vastus lateralis thickness, as well as circulating levels of Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, IGF-1, Insulin, IL6, IL15 and c-PLIN2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) and Receiving Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis were performed. Results c-GDF15 but not SM-GDF15 levels resulted associated with decreased IQS and IGF-1 levels in both HS and LLMI, while only in LLMI associated with increased levels of Resistin. Moreover, in LLMI both c-GDF15 and SM-GDF15 levels were associated with IL-6 levels, but interestingly SM-GDF15 is lower in LLMI with respect to HS. Furthermore, a discrimination of the four groups of subjects based on these parameters was possible with PCA and CDA. In particular HS, LLMI over 70 years or under 40 years of age were discriminated based on SM-GDF15, c-GDF15 and Insulin levels, respectively. Conclusion our data support the idea that c-GDF15 level could be used as a biomarker of decreased muscle mass and strength. Moreover, it is suggested that c-GDF15 has a different diagnostic significance with respect to SM-GDF15, which is likely linked to a healthy and active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chiariello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Rossetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre “Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Trofarello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Conte
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Pena-Leon V, Perez-Lois R, Villalon M, Folgueira C, Barja-Fernández S, Prida E, Baltar J, Santos F, Fernø J, García-Caballero T, Nogueiras R, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O, Seoane LM. Gastric GDF15 levels are regulated by age, sex, and nutritional status in rodents and humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1139-1154. [PMID: 37955834 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress response cytokine that has been proposed as a relevant metabolic hormone. Descriptive studies have shown that plasma GDF15 levels are regulated by short term changes in nutritional status, such as fasting, or in obesity. However, few data exist regarding how GDF15 levels are regulated in peripheral tissues. The aim of the present work was to study the variations on gastric levels of GDF15 and its precursor under different physiological conditions, such as short-term changes in nutritional status or overfeeding achieved by HFD. Moreover, we also address the sex- and age-dependent alterations in GDF15 physiology. METHODS The levels of gastric and plasma GDF15 and its precursor were measured in lean and obese mice, rats and humans by western blot, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and by an in vitro organ culture system. RESULTS Our results show a robust regulation of gastric GDF15 production by fasting in rodents. In obesity an increase in GDF15 secretion from the stomach is reflected with an increase in circulating levels of GDF15 in rats and humans. Moreover, gastric GDF15 levels increase with age in both rats and humans. Finally, gastric GDF15 levels display sexual dimorphism, which could explain the difference in circulating GFD15 levels between males and females, observed in both humans and rodents. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide clear evidence that gastric GDF15 is a critical contributor of circulating GDF15 levels and can explain some of the metabolic effects induced by GDF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pena-Leon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Perez-Lois
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Villalon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Folgueira
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Barja-Fernández
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Prida
- Translational Endocrinology Group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Baltar
- Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, CHUS7SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Rua R Baltar s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Santos
- Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, CHUS7SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Rua R Baltar s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201, Bergen, Norway
| | - T García-Caballero
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfologicas, Facultad de Medicina, USC, Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Quiñones
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - O Al-Massadi
- Translational Endocrinology Group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - L M Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Wang L, Lei Z, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Zhong M, Zhang G, Hu S. Olodaterol promotes thermogenesis in brown adipocytes via regulation of the β2-AR/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 703:149689. [PMID: 38382361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The escalating incidence of metabolic pathologies such as obesity and diabetes mellitus underscores the imperative for innovative therapeutics targeting lipid metabolism modulation. Within this context, augmenting thermogenic processes in adipose cells emerges as a viable therapeutic approach. Given the limitations of previous β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist treatments in human diseases, there is an increasing focus on therapies targeting the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). Olodaterol (OLO) is a potent β2-AR agonist that is a potential novel pharmacological candidate in this area. Our study explores the role and underlying mechanisms of OLO in enhancing brown adipose thermogenesis, providing robust evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. OLO demonstrated a dose-dependent enhancement of lipolysis, notably increasing the expression of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) and raising the rate of oxygen consumption in primary brown adipocytes. This suggests a significant increase in thermogenic potential and energy expenditure. The administration of OLO to murine models noticeably enhanced cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis. OLO elevated UCP1 expression in the brown adipose tissue of mice. Furthermore, it promoted brown adipocyte thermogenesis by activating the β2-AR/cAMP/PKA signaling cascades according to RNA sequencing, western blotting, and molecular docking analysis. This investigation underscores the therapeutic potential of OLO for metabolic ailments and sheds light on the intricate molecular dynamics of adipocyte thermogenesis, laying the groundwork for future targeted therapeutic interventions in human metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhaobin Lei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guanjie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China.
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14
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Park H, Lee CH. The contribution of the nervous system in the cancer progression. BMB Rep 2024; 57:167-175. [PMID: 38523371 PMCID: PMC11058356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is driven by genetic mutations, environmental factors, and intricate interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME comprises of diverse cell types, such as cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and neuronal cells. These cells mutually influence each other through various factors, including cytokines, vascular perfusion, and matrix stiffness. In the initial or developmental stage of cancer, neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are associated with poor prognosis of various cancers by communicating with cancer cells, immune cells, and peripheral nerves within the TME. Over the past decade, research has been conducted to prevent cancer growth by controlling the activation of neurotrophic factors within tumors, exhibiting a novel attemt in cancer treatment with promising results. More recently, research focusing on controlling cancer growth through regulation of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, has gained significant attention. Sympathetic signaling predominantly promotes tumor progression, while the role of parasympathetic signaling varies among different cancer types. Neurotransmitters released from these signalings can directly or indirectly affect tumor cells or immune cells within the TME. Additionally, sensory nerve significantly promotes cancer progression. In the advanced stage of cancer, cancer-associated cachexia occurs, characterized by tissue wasting and reduced quality of life. This process involves the pathways via brainstem growth and differentiation factor 15-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha-like signaling and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons. Our review highlights the critical role of neurotrophic factors as well as central nervous system on the progression of cancer, offering promising avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(4): 167-175].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryeol Park
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster D-48149, Germany, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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15
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Zhao JY, Zhou LJ, Ma KL, Hao R, Li M. MHO or MUO? White adipose tissue remodeling. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13691. [PMID: 38186200 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we delve into the intricate relationship between white adipose tissue (WAT) remodeling and metabolic aspects in obesity, with a specific focus on individuals with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). WAT is a highly heterogeneous, plastic, and dynamically secreting endocrine and immune organ. WAT remodeling plays a crucial role in metabolic health, involving expansion mode, microenvironment, phenotype, and distribution. In individuals with MHO, WAT remodeling is beneficial, reducing ectopic fat deposition and insulin resistance (IR) through mechanisms like increased adipocyte hyperplasia, anti-inflammatory microenvironment, appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, appropriate vascularization, enhanced WAT browning, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SWAT) deposition. Conversely, for those with MUO, WAT remodeling leads to ectopic fat deposition and IR, causing metabolic dysregulation. This process involves adipocyte hypertrophy, disrupted vascularization, heightened pro-inflammatory microenvironment, enhanced brown adipose tissue (BAT) whitening, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VWAT) deposition. The review underscores the pivotal importance of intervening in WAT remodeling to hinder the transition from MHO to MUO. This insight is valuable for tailoring personalized and effective management strategies for patients with obesity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Juan Zhou
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Le Ma
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Perazza F, Leoni L, Colosimo S, Musio A, Bocedi G, D’Avino M, Agnelli G, Nicastri A, Rossetti C, Sacilotto F, Marchesini G, Petroni ML, Ravaioli F. Metformin and the Liver: Unlocking the Full Therapeutic Potential. Metabolites 2024; 14:186. [PMID: 38668314 PMCID: PMC11052067 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a highly effective medication for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have shown that it has significant therapeutic benefits in various organ systems, particularly the liver. Although the effects of metformin on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis are still being debated, it has positive effects on cirrhosis and anti-tumoral properties, which can help prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, it has been proven to improve insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, commonly associated with liver diseases. While more studies are needed to fully determine the safety and effectiveness of metformin use in liver diseases, the results are highly promising. Indeed, metformin has a terrific potential for extending its full therapeutic properties beyond its traditional use in managing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perazza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Laura Leoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Santo Colosimo
- Doctorate School of Nutrition Science, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Giulia Bocedi
- U.O. Diabetologia, Ospedale C. Magati, Scandiano, 42019 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Michela D’Avino
- S.C. Endocrinologia Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Giulio Agnelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Alba Nicastri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Chiara Rossetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Federica Sacilotto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Giulio Marchesini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Maria Letizia Petroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Federico Ravaioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (L.L.); (G.A.); (A.N.); (C.R.); (F.S.); (G.M.); (M.L.P.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Zhang SY, Danaei Z, Bruce K, Chiu JFM, Lam TKT. Acute Activation of GFRAL in the Area Postrema Contributes to Glucose Regulation Independent of Weight. Diabetes 2024; 73:426-433. [PMID: 38064571 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
GDF15 regulates energy balance and glucose homeostasis in rodents by activating its receptor GFRAL, expressed in the area postrema of the brain. However, whether GDF15-GFRAL signaling in the area postrema regulates glucose tolerance independent of changes in food intake and weight and contributes to the glucose-lowering effect of metformin remain unknown. Herein, we report that direct, acute GDF15 infusion into the area postrema of rats fed a high-fat diet increased intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity to lower hepatic glucose production independent of changes in food intake, weight, and plasma insulin levels under conscious, unrestrained, and nonstressed conditions. In parallel, metformin infusion concurrently increased plasma GDF15 levels and glucose tolerance. Finally, a knockdown of GFRAL expression in the area postrema negated administration of GDF15, as well as metformin, to increase glucose tolerance independent of changes in food intake, weight, and plasma insulin levels. In summary, activation of GFRAL in the area postrema contributes to glucose regulation of GDF15 and metformin in vivo. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zahra Danaei
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyla Bruce
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer F M Chiu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Richter MM, Thomsen MN, Skytte MJ, Kjeldsen SAS, Samkani A, Frystyk J, Magkos F, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Krarup T, Haugaard SB, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Effect of a 6-Week Carbohydrate-Reduced High-Protein Diet on Levels of FGF21 and GDF15 in People With Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae008. [PMID: 38379856 PMCID: PMC10875725 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are increased in type 2 diabetes and are potential regulators of metabolism. The effect of changes in caloric intake and macronutrient composition on their circulating levels in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. Objective To explore the effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet with and without a clinically significant weight loss on circulating levels of FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods We measured circulating FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes who completed 2 previously published diet interventions. Study 1 randomized 28 subjects to an isocaloric diet in a 6 + 6-week crossover trial consisting of, in random order, a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) or a conventional diabetes (CD) diet. Study 2 randomized 72 subjects to a 6-week hypocaloric diet aiming at a ∼6% weight loss induced by either a CRHP or a CD diet. Fasting plasma FGF21 and GDF15 were measured before and after the interventions in a subset of samples (n = 24 in study 1, n = 66 in study 2). Results Plasma levels of FGF21 were reduced by 54% in the isocaloric study (P < .05) and 18% in the hypocaloric study (P < .05) in CRHP-treated individuals only. Circulating GDF15 levels increased by 18% (P < .05) following weight loss in combination with a CRHP diet but only in those treated with metformin. Conclusion The CRHP diet significantly reduced FGF21 in people with type 2 diabetes independent of weight loss, supporting the role of FGF21 as a "nutrient sensor." Combining metformin treatment with carbohydrate restriction and weight loss may provide additional metabolic improvements due to the rise in circulating GDF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Richter
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Mads N Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - Mads J Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Hvidovre, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
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19
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Reyes J, Zhao Y, Pandya K, Yap GS. Growth differentiation factor-15 is an IFN-γ regulated mediator of infection-induced weight loss and the hepatic FGF21 response. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:24-33. [PMID: 38013040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are often accompanied by weight loss caused by alterations in host behavior and metabolism, also known as sickness behaviors. Recent studies have revealed that sickness behaviors can either promote or impede survival during infections depending on factors such as the type of infectious pathogen. Nevertheless, we have an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of sickness behaviors. Furthermore, although the host immune responses to infections have long been known to contribute to the induction of sickness behaviors, recent studies have identified emerging cytokines that are also key regulators of host metabolism during infection and inflammation, such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). GDF-15 is a distant member of the TGF-β superfamily that causes weight loss by suppressing appetite and food consumption and causing emesis. These effects require activation of neurons that express the only known GDF-15 receptor, the GFRAL receptor. GDF-15 also functions in the periphery including the induction of ketogenesis and immunoregulation. Nevertheless, the functions and regulation of GDF-15 during live infections is not yet known. Murine infection with avirulent Toxoplasma gondii is an established model to understand infection-induced weight loss. Past studies have determined that acute T. gondii infection causes weight loss due to diminished food consumption and increased energy expenditure through unknown mechanisms. Additionally, our lab previously demonstrated that T. gondii causes upregulation in serum GDF-15 in an IFN-γ-dependent manner during the post-acute phase of the infection. In this study, we interrogated the in-vivo functions and immune regulation of GDF-15 during Toxoplasma gondii infection. First, we found that in wild-type mice, acute T. gondii infection caused a significant weight loss that is preceded by elevation of serum levels of IFN-γ and GDF-15. To determine whether IFN-γ regulates GDF-15, we neutralized IFN-γ on days 5 and 6 and measured GDF-15 on day 7 and found that serum but not tissue levels of GDF-15 decreased after IFN-γ neutralization. Additionally, exogenous IFN-γ was sufficient to elevate serum GDF-15 in the absence of infection. Next, we compared the outcomes of T. gondii infection between WT and Gdf15-/- mice. We observed that the weight trajectories were declining in WT mice while they were increasing in Gdf15-/-mice during the acute phase of the infection. This difference in trajectories extended throughout the chronic infection resulting to an overall weight loss relative to initial weights in WT mice but not Gdf15-/-mice. Then, we determined that GDF-15 is not essential for survival and immunoregulation during T. gondii infection. We also demonstrated that GDF-15 is required for the induction of FGF21, stress-induced cytokine with prominent roles in regulating host metabolism. Finally, we discovered a cytokine cascade IFN-γ-GDF-15-FGF21 that is likely involved in the regulation of host metabolism. Overall, our study provides evidence that IFN-γ contributes to the regulation of host metabolism during infection by inducing GDF-15 and FGF21. GDF-15 orchestrates changes in host metabolism that supports the host immune response in clearing the infection. These physiological alterations induce FGF21, which in turn, orchestrates the adaptive responses to the effects of GDF-15, which can be detrimental when protracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Krushang Pandya
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States; Program of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, United States
| | - George S Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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Wang D, Jabile MJT, Lu J, Townsend LK, Valvano CM, Gautam J, Batchuluun B, Tsakiridis EE, Lally JS, Steinberg GR. Fatty Acids Increase GDF15 and Reduce Food Intake Through a GFRAL Signaling Axis. Diabetes 2024; 73:51-56. [PMID: 37847913 PMCID: PMC10784653 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-defined biological feedback loops controlling glucose, the mechanisms by which the body responds to changes in fatty acid availability are less clearly defined. Growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) suppresses the consumption of diets high in fat but is paradoxically increased in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Given this interrelationship, we investigated whether diets high in fat could directly increase GDF15 independently of obesity. We found that fatty acids increase GDF15 levels dose dependently, with the greatest response observed with linolenic acid. GDF15 mRNA expression was modestly increased in the gastrointestinal tract; however, kidney GDF15 mRNA was ∼1,000-fold higher and was increased by more than threefold, with subsequent RNAscope analysis showing elevated expression within the cortex and outer medulla. Treatment of wild-type mice with linolenic acid reduced food intake and body mass; however, this effect disappeared in mice lacking the GDF15 receptor GFRAL. An equal caloric load of glucose did not suppress food intake or reduce body mass in either wild-type or GFRAL-knockout mice. These data indicate that fatty acids such as linolenic acid increase GDF15 and suppress food intake through a mechanism requiring GFRAL. These data suggest that a primary physiological function of GDF15 may be as a fatty acid sensor designed to protect cells from fatty acid overload. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS The mechanisms by which the body responds to changes in fatty acid availability are less clearly defined. We investigated whether diets high in fat could directly increase growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) independently of obesity. Fatty acids increase GDF15 and reduce food intake through a GFRAL signaling axis. GDF15 is a sensor of fatty acids that may have important implications for explaining increased satiety after consumption of diets high in fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Joy Therese Jabile
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celina M. Valvano
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaya Gautam
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia E. Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S.V. Lally
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Luo J, He Z, Li Q, Lv M, Cai Y, Ke W, Niu X, Zhang Z. Adipokines in atherosclerosis: unraveling complex roles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1235953. [PMID: 37645520 PMCID: PMC10461402 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1235953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are biologically active factors secreted by adipose tissue that act on local and distant tissues through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. However, adipokines are believed to be involved in an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Classical adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, and ceramide, while newly identified adipokines include visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin, omentin, and asprosin. New evidence suggests that adipokines can play an essential role in atherosclerosis progression and regression. Here, we summarize the complex roles of various adipokines in atherosclerosis lesions. Representative protective adipokines include adiponectin and neuregulin 4; deteriorating adipokines include leptin, resistin, thrombospondin-1, and C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 5; and adipokines with dual protective and deteriorating effects include C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 1 and C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3; and adipose tissue-derived bioactive materials include sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramide, and adipose tissue-derived exosomes. However, the role of a newly discovered adipokine, asprosin, in atherosclerosis remains unclear. This article reviews progress in the research on the effects of adipokines in atherosclerosis and how they may be regulated to halt its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengna Lv
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuli Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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