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Patel SK, Pan W, Shin YU, Kamcev J, Elimelech M. Electrosorption Integrated with Bipolar Membrane Water Dissociation: A Coupled Approach to Chemical-free Boron Removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4578-4590. [PMID: 36893399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron removal from aqueous solutions has long persisted as a technological challenge, accounting for a disproportionately large fraction of the chemical and energy usage in seawater desalination and other industrial processes like lithium recovery. Here, we introduce a novel electrosorption-based boron removal technology with the capability to overcome the limitations of current state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, we incorporate a bipolar membrane (BPM) between a pair of porous carbon electrodes, demonstrating a synergized BPM-electrosorption process for the first time. The ion transport and charge transfer mechanisms of the BPM-electrosorption system are thoroughly investigated, confirming that water dissociation in the BPM is highly coupled with electrosorption of anions at the anode. We then demonstrate effective boron removal by the BPM-electrosorption system and verify that the mechanism for boron removal is electrosorption, as opposed to adsorption on the carbon electrodes or in the BPM. The effect of applied voltage on the boron removal performance is then evaluated, revealing that applied potentials above ∼1.0 V result in a decline in process efficiency due to the increased prevalence of detrimental Faradaic reactions at the anode. The BPM-electrosorption system is then directly compared with flow-through electrosorption, highlighting key advantages of the process with regard to boron sorption capacity and energy consumption. Overall, the BPM-electrosorption shows promising boron removal capability, with a sorption capacity >4.5 μmol g-C-1 and a corresponding specific energy consumption of <2.5 kWh g-B-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohum K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Weiyi Pan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Yong-Uk Shin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Jovan Kamcev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
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2
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Beke M, Velempini T, Pillay K. Synthesis and application of NiO-ZrO2@g-C3N4 Nanocomposite for High-performance Hybrid Capacitive Deionisation. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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3
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El-Deen AG, El-kholly HK, Ali MEM, Ibrahim HS, Zahran M, Helal M, Choi JH. Polystyrene sulfonate coated activated graphene aerogel for boosting desalination performance using capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Jiang Y, Jin L, Wei D, Alhassan SI, Wang H, Chai L. Energy Consumption in Capacitive Deionization for Desalination: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10599. [PMID: 36078322 PMCID: PMC9517846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging eco-friendly desalination technology with mild operation conditions. However, the energy consumption of CDI has not yet been comprehensively summarized, which is closely related to the economic cost. Hence, this study aims to review the energy consumption performances and mechanisms in the literature of CDI, and to reveal a future direction for optimizing the consumed energy. The energy consumption of CDI could be influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Ion-exchange membrane incorporation, flow-by configuration, constant current charging mode, lower electric field intensity and flowrate, electrode material with a semi-selective surface or high wettability, and redox electrolyte are the preferred elements for low energy consumption. In addition, the consumed energy in CDI could be reduced to be even lower by energy regeneration. By combining the favorable factors, the optimization of energy consumption (down to 0.0089 Wh·gNaCl-1) could be achieved. As redox flow desalination has the benefits of a high energy efficiency and long lifespan (~20,000 cycles), together with the incorporation of energy recovery (over 80%), a robust future tendency of energy-efficient CDI desalination is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dun Wei
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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Sofos F, Karakasidis TE, Sarris IE. Effects of channel size, wall wettability, and electric field strength on ion removal from water in nanochannels. Sci Rep 2022; 12:641. [PMID: 35022494 PMCID: PMC8755770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to estimate the effect of nanopore size, wall wettability, and the external field strength on successful ion removal from water solutions. It is demonstrated that the presence of ions, along with the additive effect of an external electric field, constitute a multivariate environment that affect fluidic interactions and facilitate, or block, ion drift to the walls. The potential energy is calculated across every channel case investigated, indicating possible ion localization, while electric field lines are presented, to reveal ion routing throughout the channel. The electric field strength is the dominant ion separation factor, while wall wettability strength, which characterizes if the walls are hydrophobic or hydrophilic has not been found to affect ion movement significantly at the scale studied here. Moreover, the diffusion coefficient values along the three dimensions are reported. Diffusion coefficients have shown a decreasing tendency as the external electric field increases, and do not seem to be affected by the degree of wall wettability at the scale investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Sofos
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Thessaly, 35100, Lamia, Greece.
| | - Theodoros E Karakasidis
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Thessaly, 35100, Lamia, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Sarris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244, Athens, Greece
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Enhanced capacitive deionization of defect-containing MoS2/graphene composites through introducing appropriate MoS2 defect. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu Z, Shang X, Li H, Liu Y. A Brief Review on High-Performance Capacitive Deionization Enabled by Intercalation Electrodes. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000054. [PMID: 33437523 PMCID: PMC7788593 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the advantages of cost-effectiveness, environmental-friendliness and high desalination capacity, capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as an advanced desalination technique. Recently, the ions intercalation materials inspired by sodium ion batteries have been widely implemented in CDI due to their exceptional salt removal capacity. They are able to extract sodium ions from the brine through intercalation or redox reactions, instead of electrostatic forces associated with the carbonaceous electrode. As a result, the ions intercalation materials have caught the attention of the CDI research community. In this article, the recent progress in various sodium ion intercalation materials as highly-efficient CDI electrodes is summarized and reviewed. Further, an outlook on the future development of ion intercalation electrodes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic MaterialsNingxia UniversityYinchuanNingxia750021P. R. China
| | - Xu Shang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic MaterialsNingxia UniversityYinchuanNingxia750021P. R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic MaterialsNingxia UniversityYinchuanNingxia750021P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringQingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandong266042P. R. China
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Weng J, Wang S, Wang G, Zhang P, Lu B, Jiang J, Li C. One‐Step Activation of Anode Materials from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries as High‐Performance Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaze Weng
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering Research Center for Eco-Environment Engineering Dongguan University of Technology No. 1 Daxue Road Dongguan 523106 P. R. China
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering Research Center for Eco-Environment Engineering Dongguan University of Technology No. 1 Daxue Road Dongguan 523106 P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering Research Center for Eco-Environment Engineering Dongguan University of Technology No. 1 Daxue Road Dongguan 523106 P. R. China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Bing Lu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering Research Center for Eco-Environment Engineering Dongguan University of Technology No. 1 Daxue Road Dongguan 523106 P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Asset and Laboratory Management Office Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523106 P. R. China
| | - Changping Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering Research Center for Eco-Environment Engineering Dongguan University of Technology No. 1 Daxue Road Dongguan 523106 P. R. China
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Elsaid K, Kamil M, Sayed ET, Abdelkareem MA, Wilberforce T, Olabi A. Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141528. [PMID: 32818886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited availability of freshwater supplies, desalination has become an increasingly reliable process for water supply worldwide, with proved technical and economic feasibility and advantages. Recently, desalination capacity significantly increased from approximately 35 million m3 daily (MCM/day) in 2005 to about 95 MCM/day in 2018. Seawater desalination accounts for about 61% of global desalination capacity, while brackish water desalination accounts for 30%. Membrane desalination, mainly using reverse osmosis (RO), accounts for ¾ of global desalination capacity, with the rest mostly used for thermal desalination using multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), and multi-effect distillation (MED). Despite the undeniable role of desalination for securing water supply in areas where natural freshwater supplies are scarce, desalination impacts the natural environment at different aspects. Environmental impacts (EIs) of the desalination process are different and vary significantly according to the nature of the utilized feedwater, the desalination technology in use, and the management of waste brine generated. In this work, the EIs of each desalination technology were thoroughly investigated, with careful consideration given to different feedwater qualities, and various brine management techniques. Although the different aspects of desalination EIs have been extensively studied in the literature, the literature lacks comprehensive reviews and summaries of all the associated EIs. This article compiles the different EIs associated with the whole desalination process in one-hub, applying an intake-to-outfall approach. The leading desalination technologies of RO, MSF, and MED were analyzed, along with different feedwaters. This article provides a mapping of the different technologies involving feedwater and brine management techniques and a detailed description of their impact on the environment. Finally, recommendations and conclusions were given to minimize the negative impacts of desalination on both the local and global environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elsaid
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
| | - Mohammed Kamil
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Enas Taha Sayed
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Tabbi Wilberforce
- Institute of Engineering and Energy Technologies, University of the West of Scotland, UK
| | - A Olabi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Sofos F, Karakasidis T, Sarris IE. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ion Drift in Nanochannel Water Flow. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2373. [PMID: 33260616 PMCID: PMC7759997 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present paper employs Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal nanoscale ion separation from water/ion flows under an external electric field in Poiseuille-like nanochannels. Ions are drifted to the sidewalls due to the effect of wall-normal applied electric fields while flowing inside the channel. Fresh water is obtained from the channel centerline, while ions are rejected near the walls, similar to the Capacitive DeIonization (CDI) principles. Parameters affecting the separation process, i.e., simulation duration, percentage of the removal, volumetric flow rate, and the length of the nanochannel incorporated, are affected by the electric field magnitude, ion correlations, and channel height. For the range of channels investigated here, an ion removal percentage near 100% is achieved in most cases in less than 20 ns for an electric field magnitude of E = 2.0 V/Å. In the nutshell, the ion drift is found satisfactory in the proposed nanoscale method, and it is exploited in a practical, small-scale system. Theoretical investigation from this work can be projected for systems at larger scales to perform fundamental yet elusive studies on water/ion separation issues at the nanoscale and, one step further, for designing real devices as well. The advantages over existing methods refer to the ease of implementation, low cost, and energy consumption, without the need to confront membrane fouling problems and complex electrode material fabrication employed in CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Sofos
- Physics Department, University of Thessaly, 35100 Lamia, Greece;
| | | | - Ioannis E. Sarris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece;
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Exploring the Function of Ion-Exchange Membrane in Membrane Capacitive Deionization via a Fully Coupled Two-Dimensional Process Model. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the arid west, the freshwater supply of many communities is limited, leading to increased interest in tapping brackish water resources. Although reverse osmosis is the most common technology to upgrade saline waters, there is also interest in developing and improving alternative technologies. Here we focus on membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), which has attracted broad attention as a portable and energy-efficient desalination technology. In this study, a fully coupled two-dimensional MCDI process model capable of capturing transient ion transport and adsorption behaviors was developed to explore the function of the ion-exchange membrane (IEM) and detect MCDI influencing factors via sensitivity analysis. The IEM enhanced desalination by improving the counter-ions’ flux and increased adsorption in electrodes by encouraging retention of ions in electrode macropores. An optimized cycle time was proposed with maximal salt removal efficiency. The usage of the IEM, high applied voltage, and low flow rate were discovered to enhance this maximal salt removal efficiency. IEM properties including water uptake volume fraction, membrane thickness, and fixed charge density had a marginal impact on cycle time and salt removal efficiency within certain limits, while increasing cell length and electrode thickness and decreasing channel thickness and dispersivity significantly improved overall performance.
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12
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Su X. Electrochemical interfaces for chemical and biomolecular separations. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pothanamkandathil V, Fortunato J, Gorski CA. Electrochemical Desalination Using Intercalating Electrode Materials: A Comparison of Energy Demands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3653-3662. [PMID: 32048848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One approach for desalinating brackish water is to use electrode materials that electrochemically remove salt ions from water. Recent studies found that sodium-intercalating electrode materials (i.e., materials that reversibly insert Na+ ions into their structures) have higher specific salt storage capacities (mgsalt/gmaterial) than carbon-based electrode materials over smaller or similar voltage windows. These observations have led to the hypothesis that energy demands of electrochemical desalination systems can be decreased by replacing carbon-based electrodes with intercalating electrodes. To test this hypothesis and directly compare intercalation materials, we examined nine electrode materials thought to be capable of sodium intercalation in an electrochemical flow cell with respect to volumetric energy demands (W·h·L-1) and thermodynamic efficiencies as a function of productivity (i.e., the rate of water desalination, L·m-2·h-1). We also examined how the materials' charge-storage capacities changed over 50 cycles. Intercalation materials desalinated brackish water more efficiently than carbon-based electrodes when we assumed that no energy recovery occurred (i.e., no energy was recovered when the cell produced electrical power during cycling) and exhibited similar efficiencies when we assumed complete energy recovery. Nickel hexacyanoferrate exhibited the lowest energy demand among all of the materials and exhibited the highest stability over 50 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Pothanamkandathil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jenelle Fortunato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher A Gorski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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