1
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Bunani S, Abbt-Braun G, Horn H. Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using a Customized Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis Process. Molecules 2024; 29:1754. [PMID: 38675574 PMCID: PMC11052098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lack of safe water availability and access to clean water cause a higher risk of infectious diseases and other diseases as well. Heavy metals (HMs) are inorganic pollutants that cause severe threats to humans, animals, and the environment. Therefore, an effective HM removal technology is urgently needed. In the present study, a customized bipolar membrane electrodialysis process was used to remove HMs from aqueous solutions. The impacts of the feed ionic strength, applied electrical potential, and the type and concentration of HMs (Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Ni2+) on the process performance were investigated. The results showed that feed solution pH changes occurred in four stages: it first decreased linearly before stabilizing in the acidic pH range, followed by an increase and stabilization in the basic range of the pH scale. HM speciation in the basic pH range revealed the presence of anionic HM species. The presence of HMs on anion exchange membranes confirmed the contribution of these membranes for HM removal in the base channels of the process. While no clear trend was seen in the ionic strength solution, the maximum HM removal was observed when 1.5 g/L NaCl was used. The initial HM concentration showed a linear increase in HMs removal of up to 30 mg/L. A similar trend was seen with an increase in the applied electrical potential of up to 15 V. In general, the amount of HMs removed increased in the following order: Cd2+ ˃ Ni2+ ˃ Co2+ ˃ Cu2+ ˃ Cr3+. Under some operational conditions, however, the removed amount of Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ was similar. The mass balance and SEM-EDX results revealed that the removed HMs were sorbed onto the membranes. In conclusion, this process efficiently separates HMs from aqueous solutions. It showed the features of diluate pH adjustment, reduction in the overall stack electrical resistance, and contribution of anion exchange membranes in multivalent cation removal. The mechanisms involved in HMs removal were diffusion and migration from the bulk solution, followed by their sorption on both cation and anion exchange membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bunani
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (G.A.-B.); (H.H.)
- CRSNE—Research Center in Natural Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burundi, Bujumbura P.O. Box 2700, Burundi
| | - Gudrun Abbt-Braun
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (G.A.-B.); (H.H.)
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (G.A.-B.); (H.H.)
- DVGW—Research Center at the Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Deschênes Gagnon R, Langevin MÈ, Lutin F, Bazinet L. Identification of Fouling Occurring during Coupled Electrodialysis and Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis Treatment for Tofu Whey Protein Recovery. Membranes (Basel) 2024; 14:88. [PMID: 38668116 PMCID: PMC11052131 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Tofu whey, a by-product of tofu production, is rich in nutrients such as proteins, minerals, fats, sugars and polyphenols. In a previous work, protein recovery from tofu whey was studied by using a coupled environmental process of ED + EDBM to valorize this by-product. This process allowed protein recovery by reducing the ionic strength of tofu whey during the ED process and acidifying the proteins to their isoelectric point during EDBM. However, membrane fouling was not investigated. The current study focuses on the fouling of membranes at each step of this ED and EDBM process. Despite a reduction in the membrane conductivities and some changes in the mineral composition of the membranes, no scaling was evident after three runs of the process with the same membranes. However, it appeared that the main fouling was due to the presence of isoflavones, the main polyphenols in tofu whey. Indeed, a higher concentration was observed on the AEMs, giving them a yellow coloration, while small amounts were found in the CEMs, and there were no traces on the BPMs. The glycosylated forms of isoflavones were present in higher concentrations than the aglycone forms, probably due to their high amounts of hydroxyl groups, which can interact with the membrane matrices. In addition, the higher concentration of isoflavones on the AEMs seems to be due to a combination of electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking, whereas only π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds were possible with the CEMs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the potential fouling of BPMs by polyphenols, report the fouling of IEMs by isoflavones and propose potential interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Deschênes Gagnon
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Food Science Department, Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ÉlectroMembranaires (LTAPEM/Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Marie-Ève Langevin
- Eurodia Industrie S.A.S—Zac Saint Martin, Impasse Saint Martin, 84120 Pertuis, France; (M.-È.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Florence Lutin
- Eurodia Industrie S.A.S—Zac Saint Martin, Impasse Saint Martin, 84120 Pertuis, France; (M.-È.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Laurent Bazinet
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Food Science Department, Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ÉlectroMembranaires (LTAPEM/Laboratory of Food Processing and ElectroMembrane Processes), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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3
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Li G, Huang L, Wei C, Shen H, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Su J, Song Y, Guo W, Cao X, Tang BZ, Robert M, Ye R. Backbone Engineering of Polymeric Catalysts for High-Performance CO 2 Reduction in Bipolar Membrane Zero-Gap Electrolyzer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400414. [PMID: 38348904 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes (BPMs) have emerged as a promising solution for mitigating CO2 losses, salt precipitation and high maintenance costs associated with the commonly used anion-exchange membrane electrode assembly for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the industrial implementation of BPM-based zero-gap electrolyzer is hampered by the poor CO2RR performance, largely attributed to the local acidic environment. Here, we report a backbone engineering strategy to improve the CO2RR performance of molecular catalysts in BPM-based zero-gap electrolyzers by covalently grafting cobalt tetraaminophthalocyanine onto a positively charged polyfluorene backbone (PF-CoTAPc). PF-CoTAPc shows a high acid tolerance in BPM electrode assembly (BPMEA), achieving a high FE of 82.6 % for CO at 100 mA/cm2 and a high CO2 utilization efficiency of 87.8 %. Notably, the CO2RR selectivity, carbon utilization efficiency and long-term stability of PF-CoTAPc in BPMEA outperform reported BPM systems. We attribute the enhancement to the stable cationic shield in the double layer and suppression of proton migration, ultimately inhibiting the undesired hydrogen evolution and improving the CO2RR selectivity. Techno-economic analysis shows the least energy consumption (957 kJ/mol) for the PF-CoTAPc catalyst in BPMEA. Our findings provide a viable strategy for designing efficient CO2RR catalysts in acidic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Libei Huang
- Division of Science, Engineering and Health Study, School of Professional Education and Executive Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU SPEED), Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chengpeng Wei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Su
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Marc Robert
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
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4
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Yue P, Fu Q, Li J, Zhang L, Ye D, Zhu X, Liao Q. Microenvironment Regulation Strategies Facilitating High-Efficiency CO 2 Electrolysis in a Zero-Gap Bipolar Membrane Electrolyzer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:53429-53435. [PMID: 37957114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In alkaline and neutral zero-gap CO2 electrolyzers, the carbon utilization efficiency of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO is less than 50% because of inherently homogeneous reactions. Utilization of the bipolar membrane (BPM) electrolyzer can effectively suppress (bi)carbonate formation and parasitic CO2 losses; however, an excessive concentration of H+ in the catalyst layer (CL) significantly hinders the activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction. Here, we report a microenvironment regulation strategy that controls the CL thickness and ionomer content to regulate local CO2 transport and the local pH within the CL. We report 80% faradaic efficiency of CO at a current density of 400 mA/cm2 without the use of a buffering layer, exceeding that of state-of-the-art catalysts with a buffering layer. A carbon utilization efficiency of 63.6% at 400 mA/cm2 is also obtained. This study demonstrates the significance of regulating the microenvironment of the CL in a BPM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Yue
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Dingding Ye
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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5
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Al-Dhubhani E, Tedesco M, de Vos WM, Saakes M. Combined Electrospinning-Electrospraying for High-Performance Bipolar Membranes with Incorporated MCM-41 as Water Dissociation Catalysts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:45745-45755. [PMID: 37729586 PMCID: PMC10561145 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning has been demonstrated as a very promising method to create bipolar membranes (BPMs), especially as it allows three-dimensional (3D) junctions of entangled anion exchange and cation exchange nanofibers. These newly developed BPMs are relevant to demanding applications, including acid and base production, fuel cells, flow batteries, ammonia removal, concentration of carbon dioxide, and hydrogen generation. However, these applications require the introduction of catalysts into the BPM to allow accelerated water dissociation, and this remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a versatile strategy to produce very efficient BPMs through a combined electrospinning-electrospraying approach. Moreover, this work applies the newly investigated water dissociation catalyst of nanostructured silica MCM-41. Several BPMs were produced by electrospraying MCM-41 nanoparticles into the layers directly adjacent to the main BPM 3D junction. BPMs with various loadings of MCM-41 nanoparticles and BPMs with different catalyst positions relative to the junction were investigated. The membranes were carefully characterized for their structure and performance. Interestingly, the water dissociation performance of BPMs showed a clear optimal MCM-41 loading where the performance outpaced that of a commercial BPM, recording a transmembrane voltage of approximately 1.11 V at 1000 A/m2. Such an excellent performance is very relevant to fuel cell and flow battery applications, but our results also shed light on the exact function of the catalyst in this mode of operation. Overall, we demonstrate clearly that introducing a novel BPM architecture through a novel hybrid electrospinning-electrospraying method allows the uptake of promising new catalysts (i.e., MCM-41) and the production of very relevant BPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Al-Dhubhani
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Membrane Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Tedesco
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M de Vos
- Membrane Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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6
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Belhaj I, Faria M, Šljukić B, Geraldes V, Santos DMF. Bipolar Membranes for Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells-A Review. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:730. [PMID: 37623791 PMCID: PMC10456332 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) operate directly on liquid fuel instead of hydrogen, as in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. DLFCs have the advantages of higher energy densities and fewer issues with the transportation and storage of their fuels compared with compressed hydrogen and are adapted to mobile applications. Among DLFCs, the direct borohydride-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell (DBPFC) is one of the most promising liquid fuel cell technologies. DBPFCs are fed sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the fuel and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. Introducing H2O2 as the oxidant brings further advantages to DBPFC regarding higher theoretical cell voltage (3.01 V) than typical direct borohydride fuel cells operating on oxygen (1.64 V). The present review examines different membrane types for use in borohydride fuel cells, particularly emphasizing the importance of using bipolar membranes (BPMs). The combination of a cation-exchange membrane (CEM) and anion-exchange membrane (AEM) in the structure of BPMs makes them ideal for DBPFCs. BPMs maintain the required pH gradient between the alkaline NaBH4 anolyte and the acidic H2O2 catholyte, efficiently preventing the crossover of the involved species. This review highlights the vast potential application of BPMs and the need for ongoing research and development in DBPFCs. This will allow for fully realizing the significance of BPMs and their potential application, as there is still not enough published research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diogo M. F. Santos
- Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Laboratory for Physics of Materials and Emerging Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (I.B.); (M.F.); (B.Š.); (V.G.)
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7
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Baumgartner L, Kahn A, Hoogland M, Bleeker J, Jager WF, Vermaas DA. Direct Imaging of Local pH Reveals Bubble-Induced Mixing in a CO 2 Electrolyzer. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:10430-10440. [PMID: 37476421 PMCID: PMC10354799 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction poses a promising pathway to produce hydrocarbon chemicals and fuels without relying on fossil fuels. Gas diffusion electrodes allow high selectivity for desired carbon products at high current density by ensuring a sufficient CO2 mass transfer rate to the catalyst layer. In addition to CO2 mass transfer, the product selectivity also strongly depends on the local pH at the catalyst surface. In this work, we directly visualize for the first time the two-dimensional (2D) pH profile in the catholyte channel of a gas-fed CO2 electrolyzer equipped with a bipolar membrane. The pH profile is imaged with operando fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) using a pH-sensitive quinolinium-based dye. We demonstrate that bubble-induced mixing plays an important role in the Faradaic efficiency. Our concentration measurements show that the pH at the catalyst remains lower at -100 mA cm-2 than at -10 mA cm-2, implying that bubble-induced advection outweighs the additional OH- flux at these current densities. We also prove that the pH buffering effect of CO2 from the gas feed and dissolved CO2 in the catholyte prevents the gas diffusion electrode from becoming strongly alkaline. Our findings suggest that gas-fed CO2 electrolyzers with a bipolar membrane and a flowing catholyte are promising designs for scale-up and high-current-density operation because they are able to avoid extreme pH values in the catalyst layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz
M. Baumgartner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Aron Kahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime Hoogland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorrit Bleeker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wolter F. Jager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Pärnamäe R, Tedesco M, Wu MC, Hou CH, Hamelers HVM, Patel SK, Elimelech M, Biesheuvel PM, Porada S. Origin of Limiting and Overlimiting Currents in Bipolar Membranes. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37341475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes (BPMs), a special class of ion exchange membranes with the unique ability to electrochemically induce either water dissociation or recombination, are of growing interest for environmental applications including eliminating chemical dosage for pH adjustment, resource recovery, valorization of brines, and carbon capture. However, ion transport within BPMs, and particularly at its junction, has remained poorly understood. This work aims to theoretically and experimentally investigate ion transport in BPMs under both reverse and forward bias operation modes, taking into account the production or recombination of H+ and OH-, as well as the transport of salt ions (e.g., Na+, Cl-) inside the membrane. We adopt a model based on the Nernst-Planck theory, that requires only three input parameters─membrane thickness, its charge density, and pK of proton adsorption─to predict the concentration profiles of four ions (H+, OH-, Na+, and Cl-) inside the membrane and the resulting current-voltage curve. The model can predict most of the experimental results measured with a commercial BPM, including the observation of limiting and overlimiting currents, which emerge due to particular concentration profiles that develop inside the BPM. This work provides new insights into the physical phenomena in BPMs and helps identify optimal operating conditions for future environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragne Pärnamäe
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Tedesco
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Min-Chen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University No.1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Hou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University No.1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hubertus V M Hamelers
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sohum K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - P M Biesheuvel
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Slawomir Porada
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymeric and Carbon Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
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9
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Al-Dhubhani E, Post JW, Duisembiyev M, Tedesco M, Saakes M. Understanding the Impact of the Three-Dimensional Junction Thickness of Electrospun Bipolar Membranes on Electrochemical Performance. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2023; 5:2533-2541. [PMID: 37090423 PMCID: PMC10112390 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of electrospun bipolar membranes (BPMs) with an interfacial three-dimensional (3D) junction of entangled nano-/microfibers has been recently proposed as a promising fabrication strategy to develop high-performance BPMs. In these BPMs, the morphology and physical properties of the 3D junction are of utmost importance to maximize the membrane performance. However, a full understanding of the impact of the junction thickness on the membrane performance is still lacking. In this study, we have developed bipolar membranes with the same composition, only varying the 3D junction thicknesses, by regulating the electrospinning time used to deposit the nano-/microfibers at the junction. In total, four BPMs with 3D junction thicknesses of ∼4, 8, 17, and 35 μm were produced to examine the influence of the junction thickness on the membrane performance. Current-voltage curves for water dissociation of BPMs exhibited lower voltages for BPMs with thicker 3D junctions, as a result of a three-dimensional increase in the interfacial contact area between cation- and anion-exchange fibers and thus a larger water dissociation reaction area. Indeed, increasing the BPM thickness from 4 to 35 μm lowered the BPM water dissociation overpotential by 32%, with a current efficiency toward HCl/NaOH generation higher than 90%. Finally, comparing BPM performance during the water association operation revealed a substantial reduction in the voltage from levels of its supplied open circuit voltage (OCV), owing to excessive hydroxide ion (OH-) and proton (H+) leakage through the relevant layers. Overall, this work provides insights into the role of the junction thickness on electrospun BPM performance as a crucial step toward the development of membranes with optimal entangled junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Al-Dhubhani
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Membrane
Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. Post
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Marat Duisembiyev
- L.N.
Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpayev str. 2, 010008 Astana, Repulic
of Kazakhstan
| | - Michele Tedesco
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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10
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Patel SK, Pan W, Shin YU, Kamcev J, Elimelech M. Electrosorption Integrated with Bipolar Membrane Water Dissociation: A Coupled Approach to Chemical-free Boron Removal. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:4578-4590. [PMID: 36893399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron removal from aqueous solutions has long persisted as a technological challenge, accounting for a disproportionately large fraction of the chemical and energy usage in seawater desalination and other industrial processes like lithium recovery. Here, we introduce a novel electrosorption-based boron removal technology with the capability to overcome the limitations of current state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, we incorporate a bipolar membrane (BPM) between a pair of porous carbon electrodes, demonstrating a synergized BPM-electrosorption process for the first time. The ion transport and charge transfer mechanisms of the BPM-electrosorption system are thoroughly investigated, confirming that water dissociation in the BPM is highly coupled with electrosorption of anions at the anode. We then demonstrate effective boron removal by the BPM-electrosorption system and verify that the mechanism for boron removal is electrosorption, as opposed to adsorption on the carbon electrodes or in the BPM. The effect of applied voltage on the boron removal performance is then evaluated, revealing that applied potentials above ∼1.0 V result in a decline in process efficiency due to the increased prevalence of detrimental Faradaic reactions at the anode. The BPM-electrosorption system is then directly compared with flow-through electrosorption, highlighting key advantages of the process with regard to boron sorption capacity and energy consumption. Overall, the BPM-electrosorption shows promising boron removal capability, with a sorption capacity >4.5 μmol g-C-1 and a corresponding specific energy consumption of <2.5 kWh g-B-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohum K Patel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Weiyi Pan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Yong-Uk Shin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
| | - Jovan Kamcev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
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11
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Bhowmick S, Qureshi M. Vanadium Oxide Nanosheet-Infused Functionalized Polysulfone Bipolar Membrane for an Efficient Water Dissociation Reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:5466-5477. [PMID: 36688585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A high-performing bipolar membrane (BPM) was fabricated using functionalized polysulfones as the ion-exchange layers (IELs) and two-dimensional (2D) V2O5-nanosheets blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the water dissociation catalyst (WDC) at the interfacial layer. The composite BPM showed a low resistance of 0.79 Ω cm2, confirming the good contact between the IEL and WDC, much needed for the ionic conductivity. It also demonstrated high water dissociation performance with a water dissociation voltage of 1.11 V corresponding to a current density of 1.02 mA/cm2 in the presence of a 1 M NaCl electrolytic solution. The functionalization of the polysulfone with -SO3- and R4N+ groups successfully resulted in the increase of hydrophilicity of the polymer, thereby increasing the water uptake capacity of the membranes. The blending of 2D V2O5 nanosheets with PVA proved to be an effective WDC, as confirmed by the increased conductivity and efficiency of the water dissociation (WD) reaction. The 2D V2O5-ns have great potential toward water adsorption onto its surface, thereby interacting with the water molecules, weakening the bonding force of water, and dissociating it into H+ and OH-. The transportation of coions across the membranes and generation of protons and hydroxyl ions at the interfacial layer are correlated with the change in the pH of the catholyte and anolyte as a function of current density during the WD reaction. The high performance of the composite BPM (BPM_VO-ns) was demonstrated at a higher current density of 100 mA/cm2 with a WD resistance of 0.027 Ω cm2. The durability was tested by subjecting it to 45 h of run at lower (1.02 mA/cm2) and higher (100 mA/cm2) current densities which display a negligible change in the interlayer voltage. Thus, the fabricated composite BPMs pave the way to be utilized for efficient and durable WD reactions under neutral electrolytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam781039, India
| | - Mohammad Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam781039, India
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12
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Melnikov S. Ion Transport and Process of Water Dissociation in Electromembrane System with Bipolar Membrane: Modelling of Symmetrical Case. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 13:47. [PMID: 36676854 PMCID: PMC9860903 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A model is proposed that describes the transfer of ions and the process of water dissociation in a system with a bipolar membrane and adjacent diffusion layers. The model considers the transfer of four types of ions: the cation and anion of salt and the products of water dissociation-hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. To describe the process of water dissociation, a model for accelerating the dissociation reaction with the participation of ionogenic groups of the membrane is adopted. The boundary value problem is solved numerically using COMSOL® Multiphysics 5.5 software. An analysis of the results of a numerical experiment shows that, at least in a symmetric electromembrane system, there is a kinetic limitation of the water dissociation process, apparently associated with the occurrence of water recombination reaction at the of the bipolar region. An interpretation of the entropy factor (β) is given as a characteristic length, which shows the possibility of an ion that appeared because of the water dissociation reaction to be removed from the reaction zone without participating in recombination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Melnikov
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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13
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Onishi N, Minagawa M, Tanioka A, Matsumoto H. Current-Voltage Characteristics and Solvent Dissociation of Bipolar Membranes in Organic Solvents. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1236. [PMID: 36557143 PMCID: PMC9781749 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the chronopotentiometric responses, pH changes, and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of bipolar membrane (BPM)/LiCl-organic solvent systems were measured and compared with those of the BPM/LiCl-water system. Monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, and amides were used as organic solvents. The chronopotentiograms and pH changes supported that the organic solvents can dissociate into cations and anions at the BPM interface. It is found that amides cannot dissociate easily at the BPM compared with alcohols. The I-V characteristics showed that both the viscosity and acid-base property of organic solvents substantially influences the dissociation behaviors in addition to the autoprotolysis constant and relative permittivity of the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Onishi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Mie Minagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanioka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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14
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Karpenko T, Kovalev N, Shramenko V, Sheldeshov N. Investigation of Transport Processes through Ion-Exchange Membranes Used in the Production of Amines from Their Salts Using Bipolar Electrodialysis. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1126. [PMID: 36363681 PMCID: PMC9696810 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the nature of amine solutions on the frequency spectrum of the electrochemical impedance of the bipolar membrane aMB-2m is investigated. Moreover, the effect of the circulation rate of solutions in the electrodialyzer chambers on the volt-ampere characteristics of the Ralex AMH and MA-40L anion-exchange membranes and the aMB-2m bipolar membrane has been investigated. The diffusion characteristics of various types of anion-exchange membranes in a system containing dimethylammonium sulfate ((DEA)2H2SO4), as well as the diffusion characteristics of the Ralex AMH membrane in systems with methylammonium sulfate, dimethylammonium sulfate, diethylammonium sulfate, and ethylenediammonium sulfate ((MA)2H2SO4, (DMA)2H2SO4, (DEA)2H2SO4, EDAH2SO4) have been studied. It is shown that diffusion permeability depends on the structure and composition of anion-exchange membranes, as well as on the nature of amines. The technical and economic characteristics of the electromembrane processes for the production of amines and sulfuric acid from amine salts are determined. It is shown that when using Ralex AMH anion-exchange membranes in an electrodialyzer together with bipolar aMB-2m membranes, higher concentrations of diethylamine and sulfuric acid are achieved, compared with the use of MA-40L anion-exchange membranes.
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15
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Wu X, Cai W, Fu Y, Liu Y, Ye X, Qian Q, Van der Bruggen B. Separation and Concentration of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis System. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1116. [PMID: 36363671 PMCID: PMC9695792 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Struvite crystallization is a successful technique for simultaneously recovering PO43- and NH4+ from wastewater. However, recovering PO43- and NH4+ from low-concentration solutions is challenging. In this study, PO43-, NH4+, and NO3- were separated and concentrated from wastewater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis, PO43- and NH4+ can then be recovered as struvite. The separation and concentration of PO43- and NH4+ are clearly impacted by current density, according to experimental findings. The extent of separation and migration rate increased with increasing current density. The chemical oxygen demand of the feedwater has no discernible impact on the separation and recovery of ions. The migration of PO43-, NH4+, and NO3- fits zero-order migration kinetics. The concentrated concentration of NH4+ and PO43- reached 805 mg/L and 339 mg/L, respectively, which demonstrates that BMED is capable of effectively concentrating and separating PO43- and NH4+. Therefore, BMED can be considered as a pretreatment method for recovering PO43- and NH4+ in the form of struvite from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Safety and Environment, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Wanling Cai
- School of Safety and Environment, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yuying Fu
- School of Safety and Environment, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yaoxing Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingrong Qian
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ProcESS—Process Engineering for Sustainable System, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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16
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Nosova E, Achoh A, Zabolotsky V, Melnikov S. Electrodialysis Desalination with Simultaneous pH Adjustment Using Bilayer and Bipolar Membranes, Modeling and Experiment. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1102. [PMID: 36363657 PMCID: PMC9697083 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A kinetic model of the bipolar electrodialysis process with a two-chamber unit cell formed by a bilayer (bipolar or asymmetric bipolar) and cation-exchange membrane is proposed. The model allows describing various processes: pH adjustment of strong electrolyte solutions, the conversion of a salt of a weak acid, pH adjustment of a mixture of strong and weak electrolytes. The model considers the non-ideal selectivity of the bilayer membrane, as well as the competitive transfer of cations (hydrogen and sodium ions) through the cation-exchange membrane. Analytical expressions are obtained that describe the kinetic dependences of pH and concentration of ionic components in the desalination (acidification) compartment for various cases. Comparison of experimental data with calculations results show a good qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative agreement between experimental and calculated data. The model can be used to predict the performance of small bipolar membrane electrodialysis modules designed for pH adjustment processes.
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17
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Zhao D, Xu J, Sun Y, Li M, Zhong G, Hu X, Sun J, Li X, Su H, Li M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zheng C, Sun X. Composition and Structure Progress of the Catalytic Interface Layer for Bipolar Membrane. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:2874. [PMID: 36014740 PMCID: PMC9416193 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes, a new type of composite ion exchange membrane, contain an anion exchange layer, a cation exchange layer and an interface layer. The interface layer or junction is the connection between the anion and cation exchange layers. Water is dissociated into protons and hydroxide ions at the junction, which provides solutions to many challenges in the chemical, environmental and energy fields. By combining bipolar membranes with electrodialysis technology, acids and bases could be produced with low cost and high efficiency. The interface layer or junction of bipolar membranes (BPMs) is the connection between the anion and cation exchange layers, which the membrane and interface layer modification are vital for improving the performance of BPMs. This paper reviews the effect of modification of a bipolar membrane interface layer on water dissociation efficiency and voltage across the membrane, which divides into three aspects: organic materials, inorganic materials and newly designed materials with multiple components. The structure of the interface layer is also introduced on the performance of bipolar membranes. In addition, the remainder of this review discusses the challenges and opportunities for the development of more efficient, sustainable and practical bipolar membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinyun Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Minjing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiefang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research and Design Institute, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Han Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chunming Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Powers D, Mondal AN, Yang Z, Wycisk R, Kreidler E, Pintauro PN. Freestanding Bipolar Membranes with an Electrospun Junction for High Current Density Water Splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:36092-36104. [PMID: 35904491 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding bipolar membranes (BPMs) with an extended-area water splitting junction were fabricated utilizing electrospinning. The junction layer was composed of a mixed fiber mat that was made by concurrently electrospinning sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and quaternized poly(phenylene oxide) (QPPO), with water splitting catalyst nanoparticles intermittently deposited between the fibers. The mat was sandwiched between solution cast SPEEK and QPPO films and hot-pressed to form a dense trilayer BPM with an extended-area junction of finite thickness, composed of QPPO nanofibers embedded in a SPEEK matrix with the catalyst nanoparticles interspaced between the two polymers. The composition, ion-exchange capacity, and catalyst type/loading in the junction were varied, and the water splitting characteristics of the membranes were assessed. The best BPMs fabricated in this work employed a graphene oxide catalyst and exhibited a low trans-membrane voltage drop of about 0.82 V at 1000 mA/cm2 in water splitting experiments with 0.5 M Na2SO4 and stable water splitting operation for 60 h at 800 mA/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Powers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Abhishek N Mondal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Zezhou Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ryszard Wycisk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Eric Kreidler
- Honda R&D Americas, LLC, Raymond, Ohio 43067, United States
| | - Peter N Pintauro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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19
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez O, de Mot B, Bulut M, Pant D, Breugelmans T. Engineering Aspects for the Design of a Bicarbonate Zero-Gap Flow Electrolyzer for the Conversion of CO 2 to Formate. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:30760-30771. [PMID: 35764406 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CO2 electrolyzers require gaseous CO2 or saturated CO2 solutions to achieve high energy efficiency (EE) in flow reactors. However, CO2 capture and delivery to electrolyzers are in most cases responsible for the inefficiency of the technology. Recently, bicarbonate zero-gap flow electrolyzers have proven to convert CO2 directly from bicarbonate solutions, thus mimicking a CO2 capture medium, obtaining high Faradaic efficiency (FE) and partial current density (CD) toward carbon products. However, since bicarbonate electrolyzers use a bipolar membrane (BPM) as a separator, the cell voltage (VCell) is high, and the system becomes less efficient compared to analogous CO2 electrolyzers. Due to the role of the bicarbonate both as a carbon donor and proton donor (in contrast to gas-fed CO2 electrolyzers), optimization by using know-how from conventional gas-fed CO2 electrolyzers is not valid. In this study, we have investigated how different engineering aspects, widely studied for upscaling gas-fed CO2 electrolyzers, influence the performance of bicarbonate zero-gap flow electrolyzers when converting CO2 to formate. The temperature, flow rate, and concentration of the electrolyte are evaluated in terms of FE, productivity, VCell, and EE in a broad range of current densities (10-400 mA cm-2). A CD of 50 mA cm-2, room temperature, high flow rate (5 mL cm-2) of the electrolyte, and high carbon load (KHCO3 3 M) are proposed as potentially optimal parameters to benchmark a design to achieve the highest EE (27% is obtained this way), one of the most important criteria when upscaling and evaluating carbon capture and conversion technologies. On the other hand, at high CD (>300 mA cm-2), low flow rate (0.5 mL cm-2) has the highest interest for downstream processing (>40 g L-1 formate is obtained this way) at the cost of a low EE (<10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Research Group Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Bert de Mot
- Research Group Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Metin Bulut
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Tom Breugelmans
- Research Group Applied Electrochemistry and Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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20
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Han J. Exploring the Interface of Porous Cathode/ Bipolar Membrane for Mitigation of Inorganic Precipitates in Direct Seawater Electrolysis. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200372. [PMID: 35332704 PMCID: PMC9324844 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct seawater electrolysis utilizes natural seawater as the electrolyte. Hydroxide ions generated from the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode induce the precipitation of inorganic compounds, which block the active sites of the catalysts, leading to high cell voltage. To mitigate inorganic scaling, herein, an optimized interface between a porous electrode and a bipolar membrane (BPM, as a separator) was suggested in zero-gap seawater electrolyzers. Despite the formation of inorganic deposits at the front side (facing bulk seawater) of the porous cathode due to the water reduction reaction, the back side facing the cation exchange layer of the BPM remained free from thick inorganic deposits. This was ascribed to the locally acidic environment generated by proton flux from water dissociation at the BPM, enabling stable hydrogen production via the proton reduction at low overpotential. This asymmetric hydrogen evolution reaction at the porous cathode led to a considerably lower cell voltage and higher stability than that achieved with the mesh electrode. Moreover, precipitation at the front side of the porous cathode was further mitigated through acidification of the seawater by introducing an open area of the BPM that was not in contact with the porous cathode, allowing free protons that were not involved in the electron transfer reaction to diffuse out into the bulk seawater. These findings may provide critical guidance for the investigation of interfacial phenomena for the complete mitigation of inorganic scaling in the direct electrolytic splitting of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Hyung Han
- Jeju Global Research CentreKorea Institute of Energy Research200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eupJeju63357Republic of Korea
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21
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Chen Y, Li W, Yao Y, Gogoi P, Deng X, Xie Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Li YC. Enabling Acidic Oxygen Reduction Reaction in a Zinc-Air Battery with Bipolar Membrane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:12257-12263. [PMID: 35234453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc-air batteries are a promising alternative to lithium ion batteries due to their large energy density, safety, and low production cost. However, the stability of the zinc-air battery is often low due to the formation of dendrite which causes short circuiting and the CO2 adsorption from the air which causes carbonate formation on the air electrode. In this work, we demonstrate a zinc-air battery design with acidic oxygen reduction reaction for the first time via the incorporation of a bipolar membrane. The bipolar membrane creates a locally acidic environment in the air cathode which could lead to a higher oxygen reduction reaction activity and a better 4-electron selectivity toward water instead of the 2-electron pathway toward peroxide. Locally acidic air cathode is also effective at improving the cell's durability by preventing carbonate formation. Gas chromatography confirms that CO2 adsorption is 7 times lower in the bipolar membrane compared to a conventional battery separator. A stable cycling of 300+ hours is achieved at 5 mA/cm2. Dendrite formation is also mitigated due to the mechanical strength of the membrane. The insights from this work could be leveraged to develop a better zinc-air battery design for long-term energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Wangzu Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Pratahdeep Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Xuebiao Deng
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuguang C Li
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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22
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Blommaert M, Subramanian S, Yang K, Smith WA, Vermaas DA. High Indirect Energy Consumption in AEM-Based CO 2 Electrolyzers Demonstrates the Potential of Bipolar Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:557-563. [PMID: 34928594 PMCID: PMC8762646 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Typically, anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are used in CO2 electrolyzers, but those suffer from unwanted CO2 crossover, implying (indirect) energy consumption for generating an excess of CO2 feed and purification of the KOH anolyte. As an alternative, bipolar membranes (BPMs) have been suggested, which mitigate the reactant loss by dissociating water albeit requiring a higher cell voltage when operating at a near-neutral pH. Here, we assess the direct and indirect energy consumption required to produce CO in a membrane electrode assembly with BPMs or AEMs. More than 2/3 of the energy consumption for AEM-based cells concerns CO2 crossover and electrolyte refining. While the BPM-based cell had a high stability and almost no CO2 loss, the Faradaic efficiency to CO was low, making the energy requirement per mol of CO higher than for the AEM-based cell. Improving the cathode-BPM interface should be the future focus to make BPMs relevant to CO2 electrolyzers.
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23
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Sawada SI, Maekawa Y. Radiation-Induced Asymmetric Grafting of Different Monomers into Base Films to Prepare Novel Bipolar Membranes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072028. [PMID: 33918272 PMCID: PMC8038194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared novel bipolar membranes (BPMs) consisting of cation and anion exchange layers (CEL and AEL) using radiation-induced asymmetric graft polymerization (RIAGP). In this technique, graft polymers containing cation and anion exchange groups were introduced into a base film from each side. To create a clear CEL/AEL boundary, grafting reactions were performed from each surface side using two graft monomer solutions, which are immiscible in each other. Sodium p-styrenesulfonate (SSS) and acrylic acid (AA) in water were co-grafted from one side of the base ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene film, and chloromethyl styrene (CMS) in xylene was simultaneously grafted from the other side, and then the CMS units were quaternized to afford a BPM. The distinct SSS + AA- and CMS-grafted layers were formed owing to the immiscibility of hydrophilic SSS + AA and hydrophobic CMS monomer solutions. This is the first BPM with a clear CEL/AEL boundary prepared by RIAGP. However, in this BPM, the CEL was considerably thinner than the AEL, which may be a problem in practical applications. Then, by using different starting times of the first SSS+AA and second CMS grafting reactions, the CEL and AEL thicknesses was found to be controlled in RIAGP.
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24
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Petrov O, Iwaszczuk N, Kharebava T, Bejanidze I, Pohrebennyk V, Nakashidze N, Petrov A. Neutralization of Industrial Water by Electrodialysis. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:membranes11020101. [PMID: 33572584 PMCID: PMC7911343 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The process of non-reagent adjustment of the pH of a NaCl solution (0.5 g/L) of different acidity was investigated by the method of bipolar electrodialysis on a device operating according to the K-system (concentration). The experiments were carried out in the range pH = 2.0–12.0 with monopolar cation-exchange MK-40 (for alkaline solutions) or anion-exchange MA-40 (for acidic solutions) and bipolar MB-2 membranes. The regularities of the change in the pH of the solution on the current density, process productivity and energy consumption for the neutralization process have been investigated. Revealed: with different productivity of the apparatus (Q = 0.5–1.5 m3/h), in the range of pH 3.0–11.0, with an increase in the current density, a neutral pH value is achieved. It has been shown that at pH above 11.0 and below 3.0, even at high current densities (i > 20 A/m2), its value cannot be changed. This is due to the neutralization of the H+ or OH− ions generated by the bipolar membrane by water ions, which are formed as a result of the dissociation of water molecules at the border of the monopolar membrane and the solution under conditions when the value of current exceeds the limiting value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Petrov
- Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-886-818-122
| | - Natalia Iwaszczuk
- Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Tina Kharebava
- Department of Chemistry, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Batumi, GE 6010, Georgia; (T.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Irina Bejanidze
- Department of Chemistry, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Batumi, GE 6010, Georgia; (T.K.); (I.B.)
| | - Volodymyr Pohrebennyk
- Department of Ecological Safety and Nature Protection Activity, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Nunu Nakashidze
- Department of Agroecology and Forestry, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Batumi, GE 6010, Georgia;
| | - Anton Petrov
- Department of Information Systems, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, 350044 Krasnodar, Russia;
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25
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Pärnamäe R, Gurreri L, Post J, van Egmond WJ, Culcasi A, Saakes M, Cen J, Goosen E, Tamburini A, Vermaas DA, Tedesco M. The Acid-Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:E409. [PMID: 33321795 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The increasing share of renewables in electric grids nowadays causes a growing daily and seasonal mismatch between electricity generation and demand. In this regard, novel energy storage systems need to be developed, to allow large-scale storage of the excess electricity during low-demand time, and its distribution during peak demand time. Acid–base flow battery (ABFB) is a novel and environmentally friendly technology based on the reversible water dissociation by bipolar membranes, and it stores electricity in the form of chemical energy in acid and base solutions. The technology has already been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, and the experimental testing of the first 1 kW pilot plant is currently ongoing. This work aims to describe the current development and the perspectives of the ABFB technology. In particular, we discuss the main technical challenges related to the development of battery components (membranes, electrolyte solutions, and stack design), as well as simulated scenarios, to demonstrate the technology at the kW–MW scale. Finally, we present an economic analysis for a first 100 kW commercial unit and suggest future directions for further technology scale-up and commercial deployment.
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26
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Bui JC, Digdaya I, Xiang C, Bell AT, Weber AZ. Understanding Multi-Ion Transport Mechanisms in Bipolar Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:52509-52526. [PMID: 33169965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar membranes (BPMs) have the potential to become critical components in electrochemical devices for a variety of electrolysis and electrosynthesis applications. Because they can operate under large pH gradients, BPMs enable favorable environments for electrocatalysis at the individual electrodes. Critical to the implementation of BPMs in these devices is understanding the kinetics of water dissociation that occurs within the BPM as well as the co- and counter-ion crossover through the BPM, which both present significant obstacles to developing efficient and stable BPM-electrolyzers. In this study, a continuum model of multi-ion transport in a BPM is developed and fit to experimental data. Specifically, concentration profiles are determined for all ionic species, and the importance of a water-dissociation catalyst is demonstrated. The model describes internal concentration polarization and co- and counter-ion crossover in BPMs, determining the mode of transport for ions within the BPM and revealing the significance of salt-ion crossover when operated with pH gradients relevant to electrolysis and electrosynthesis. Finally, a sensitivity analysis reveals that the performance and lifetime of BPMs can be improved substantially by using of thinner dissociation catalysts, managing water transport, modulating the thickness of the individual layers in the BPM to control salt-ion crossover, and increasing the ion-exchange capacity of the ion-exchange layers in order to amplify the water-dissociation kinetics at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Bui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ibadillah Digdaya
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chengxiang Xiang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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27
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Yan H, Li W, Zhou Y, Irfan M, Wang Y, Jiang C, Xu T. In-Situ Combination of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis with Monovalent Selective Anion-Exchange Membrane for the Valorization of Mixed Salts into Relatively High-Purity Monoprotic and Diprotic Acids. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:E135. [PMID: 32604856 PMCID: PMC7345200 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The crystalized mixed salts from the zero liquid discharge process are a hazardous threat to the environment. In this study, we developed a novel electrodialysis (SBMED) method by assembling the monovalent selective anion-exchange membrane (MSAEM) into the bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) stack. By taking the advantages of water splitting in the bipolar membrane and high perm-selectivity of MSAEM for the Cl- ions against the SO42- ions, this combination allows the concurrent separation of Cl-/SO42- and conversion of mixed salts into relatively high-purity monoprotic and diprotic acids. The current density has a significant impact on the acid purity. Both the monoprotic and diprotic acid purities were higher than 80% at a low current density of 10 mA/cm2. The purities of the monoprotic acids decreased with an increase in the current density, indicating that the perm-selectivity of MSAEM decreases with increasing current density. An increase in the ratio of monovalent to divalent anions in the feed was beneficial to increase the purity of monoprotic acids. High-purity monoprotic acids in the range of 93.9-96.1% were obtained using this novel SBMED stack for treating simulated seawater. Therefore, it is feasible for SBMED to valorize the mixed salts into relatively high-purity monoprotic and diprotic acids in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
- Hefei ChemJoy Polymer Materials, Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Wei Li
- Hefei ChemJoy Polymer Materials, Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Yongming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Yaoming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Chenxiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (M.I.); (C.J.)
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28
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Abstract
This study describes the use of a benzimidazolium-based anion exchange membrane for creating bipolar membranes and the assessment of their suitability for solar-driven water splitting. Bipolar membranes were prepared by laminating anion exchange membrane with Nafion NR-211 membrane without modification of the interface. Under acidic and basic conditions, proton and hydroxide ion conductivities of 103 and 102 mS cm-1 were obtained for Nafion and benzimidazolium-based membranes, respectively. The fabricated bipolar membranes have an average thickness of 90 μm and show high transmittance, up to 75% of the visible light. The findings suggest that the two membranes create a sharp hydrophilic interface with a space charge region of only a few nanometers, thereby generating a large electric field at the interface that enhances water dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Chabi
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Andrew G Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michael S Freund
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
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29
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Abstract
Iontronics is an emerging technology based on sophisticated control of ions as signal carriers that bridges solid-state electronics and biological system. It is found in nature, e.g., information transduction and processing of brain in which neurons are dynamically polarized or depolarized by ion transport across cell membranes. It suggests the operating principle of aqueous circuits made of predesigned structures and functional materials that characteristically interact with ions of various charge, mobility, and affinity. Working in aqueous environments, iontronic devices offer profound implications for biocompatible or biodegradable logic circuits for sensing, ecofriendly monitoring, and brain-machine interfacing. Furthermore, iontronics based on multi-ionic carriers sheds light on futuristic biomimic information processing. In this review, we overview the historical achievements and the current state of iontronics with regard to theory, fabrication, integration, and applications, concluding with comments on where the technology may advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggu Chun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea;
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