1
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Ko CH, Wastian P, Schanzenbach D, Müller-Buschbaum P, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM. Dynamic Behavior of Poly( N-isopropylmethacrylamide) in Neat Water and in Water/Methanol Mixtures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:15150-15160. [PMID: 38980191 PMCID: PMC11270994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the collective dynamics of thermoresponsive polymer poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) in aqueous solution and in water/methanol mixtures in the one-phase region. In neat water, the polymer concentration c is varied in a wide range around the overlap concentration c*, that is estimated at 23 g L-1. Using dynamic light scattering (DLS), two decays ("modes") are consistently observed in the intensity autocorrelation functions for c = 2-150 g L-1 with relaxation rates which are proportional to the square of the momentum transfer. Below c*, these are attributed to the diffusion of single chains and to clusters from PNIPMAM that are formed due to hydrophobic interactions. Above c*, they are assigned to the diffusion of the chain segments between overlap points and to long-range concentration fluctuations. From the temperature-dependent behavior of the overall scattering intensities and the dynamic correlation lengths of the fast mode, the critical temperatures and the scaling exponents are determined. The latter are significantly lower than the static values predicted by mean-field theory, which may be related to the presence of the large-scale inhomogeneities. The effect of the cosolvent methanol on the dynamics is investigated for polymer solutions having c = 30 g L-1 and methanol volume fractions in the solvent mixtures of up to 60 vol %. The phase diagram was established by differential scanning calorimetry. The slow mode detected by DLS becomes significantly weaker as methanol is added, i.e., the solutions become more homogeneous. Beyond the minimum of the coexistence line, which is located at 40-50 vol % of methanol, the dynamics is qualitatively different from the one at lower methanol contents. Thus, going from the water-rich to the methanol-rich side of the miscibility gap, the change of interaction of the PNIPMAM chains with the two solvents has a severe effect on the collective dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Ko
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics
Group, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Patrick Wastian
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics
Group, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Schanzenbach
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Chair for Functional
Materials, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics
Group, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Wang S, Jiao C, Gerlach G, Körner J. Porosity Engineering of Dried Smart Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Gas Sensing. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2715-2727. [PMID: 38047737 PMCID: PMC11094736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A recent study unveiled the potential of acrylamide-based stimulus-responsive hydrogels for volatile organic compound detection in gaseous environments. However, for gas sensing, a large surface area, that is, a highly porous material, offering many adsorption sites is crucial. The large humidity variation in the gaseous environment constitutes a significant challenge for preserving an initially porous structure, as the pores tend to be unstable and irreversibly collapse. Therefore, the present investigation focuses on enhancing the porosity of smart PNiPAAm hydrogels under the conditions of a gaseous environment and the preservation of the structural integrity for long-term use. We have studied the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a porogen and the application of different drying methods and posttreatment. The investigations lead to the conclusion that only the combination of PEG addition, freeze-drying, and subsequent conditioning in high relative humidity enables a long-term stable formation of a porous surface and inner structure of the material. The significantly enhanced swelling response in a gaseous environment and in the test gas acetone is confirmed by gravimetric experiments of bulk samples and continuous measurements of thin films on piezoresistive pressure sensor chips. These measurements are furthermore complemented by an in-depth analysis of the morphology and microstructure. While the study was conducted for PNiPAAm, the insights and developed processes are general in nature and can be applied for porosity engineering of other smart hydrogel materials for VOC detection in gaseous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Wang
- Institute
of Solid-State Electronics, Dresden University
of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chen Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Gerlach
- Institute
of Solid-State Electronics, Dresden University
of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Körner
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Nagasaka M, Kumaki F, Yao Y, Adachi JI, Mochizuki K. Mechanism of poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) cononsolvency in aqueous methanol solutions explored via oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13634-13638. [PMID: 38685819 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The cononsolvency mechanism of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), dissolving in pure methanol (MeOH) and water (H2O) but being insoluble in MeOH-H2O mixtures, was investigated by O K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The cononsolvency emerges from the aggregation of PNIPAM with MeOH clusters, leading to the collapse of the hydrophobic hydration of PNIPAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Nagasaka
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
- Molecular Science Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Kumaki
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yifeng Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ichi Adachi
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Materials Structure Science Program, Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kenji Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, P. R. China
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4
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Steinbeck L, Wolff HJM, Middeldorf M, Linkhorst J, Wessling M. Porous Anisometric PNIPAM Microgels: Tailored Porous Structure and Thermal Response. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2300680. [PMID: 38461409 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The porous structure of microgels significantly influences their properties and, thus, their suitability for various applications, in particular as building blocks for tissue scaffolds. Porosity is one of the crucial features for microgel-cell interactions and significantly increases the cells' accumulation and proliferation. Consequently, tailoring the porosity of microgels in an effortless way is important but still challenging, especially for nonspherical microgels. This work presents a straightforward procedure to fabricate complex-shaped poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels with tuned porous structures using the so-called cononsolvency effect during microgel polymerization. Therefore, the classical solvent in the reaction solution is exchanged from water to water-methanol mixtures in a stop-flow lithography process. For cylindrical microgels with a higher methanol content during fabrication, a greater degree of collapsing is observed, and their aspect ratio increases. Furthermore, the collapsing and swelling velocities change with the methanol content, indicating a modified porous structure, which is confirmed by electron microscopy micrographs. Furthermore, swelling patterns of the microgel variants occur during cooling, revealing their thermal response as a highly heterogeneous process. These results show a novel procedure to fabricate PNIPAM microgels of any elongated 2D shape with tailored porous structure and thermoresponsiveness by introducing the cononsolvency effect during stop-flow lithography polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Steinbeck
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna J M Wolff
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Middeldorf
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Papadakis CM, Niebuur BJ, Schulte A. Thermoresponsive Polymers under Pressure with a Focus on Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1-20. [PMID: 38149782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Pressure is a key variable in the phase behavior of responsive polymers, both for applications and from a fundamental point of view. In this feature article, we review recent developments, particularly applications of neutron techniques such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS), across the temperature-pressure phase diagram. These are complemented by kinetic SANS experiments following pressure jumps. In the prototype system poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), QENS revealed the pressure-dependent characteristics of hydration water around the lower critical solution temperature transition. The size, water content, and inner structure of the mesoglobules formed in the two-phase region depend strongly on pressure, as shown by SANS. Beside these changes at the phase transition, the mesoglobule formation at low pressure is determined by kinetic factors, namely the formation of a polymer-rich, rigid shell, which hampers further growth by coalescence. At high pressure, in contrast, the growth proceeds by diffusion-limited coalescence without any kinetic hindrance. The disintegration of the mesoglobules evolves either via chain release from their surface or via swelling, depending on the osmotic pressure of the water. Moreover, we report on the profound influence of pressure on the cononsolvency effect. In the temperature-pressure frame, the one-phase region is hugely expanded upon the addition of the cosolvent methanol. SANS experiments unveil the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter between the segments and the solvent mixture. QENS experiments demonstrate an increase in polymer associated water with pressure, whereas methanol is released. Correspondingly, the solvent phase becomes enriched in methanol, providing a mechanism for the breakdown of cononsolvency at a high pressure. Finally, we outline future opportunities for high-pressure studies of thermoresponsive polymers, with a focus on neutron methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Papadakis
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bart-Jan Niebuur
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alfons Schulte
- Department of Physics and College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
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6
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Ampe A, Bandini E, Broeckhoven K, Lynen F. On-column modification for the creation of temperature-responsive stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341961. [PMID: 37977785 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) offers an alternative for retention and selectivity optimisation in HPLC. This approach thereby exploits temperature gradients on stimuli-responsive stationary phases and forfeits the necessity for solvent gradients, allowing analyses to be performed using aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, it can be employed as a green alternative to reversed-phase separations. However, current production to obtain temperature-responsive columns inherently require dedicated column packing processes with polymer-modified particles. To facilitate the development of temperature-responsive phases, a flow-through modification procedure was developed allowing on-column modification of aminopropyl silica columns. Three columns were manufactured using this novel flow-through approach, which achieved identical column efficiencies compared to existing TRLC column. Demonstrating the possibility of bypassing the dedicated packing processes without losing efficiency. Additionally, it was observed that flow-through produced columns yielded higher retention at elevated temperatures despite their reduced carbon load. Further investigation of the carbon load revealed the presence of stationary phase gradients, whose influence was studied via novel developed retention experiments, which revealed a negligible change reduction in retention upon a change of polymer modification from 19.8% to 14.5%. However, further decrease from 14.5% to 12.3% resulted in a larger change. Interestingly, a further enhancement in apparent plate numbers was observed when operating the column under a reversed flow, yielding an increasing stationary phase gradient. This on-column modification procedure demonstrates the potential for modification of existing (commercial) packed columns to achieve temperature-responsive phases without loss of efficiency or retention. Thus, not only facilitating accessibility to temperature-responsive phases, but also aiding with development of further generations of temperature-responsive phases by removing the need for packing optimisation. Additionally, a novel experiment was set up to easily investigate the effect of inhomogeneous stationary phases retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Ampe
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Grau-Carbonell A, Hagemans F, Bransen M, Elbers NA, van Dijk-Moes RJA, Sadighikia S, Welling TAJ, van Blaaderen A, van Huis MA. In situ single particle characterization of the themoresponsive and co-nonsolvent behavior of PNIPAM microgels and silica@PNIPAM core-shell colloids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 635:552-561. [PMID: 36608391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels and PNIPAM colloidal shells attract continuous strong interest due to their thermoresponsive behavior, as their size and properties can be tuned by temperature. The direct single particle observation and characterization of pure, unlabeled PNIPAM microgels in their native aqueous environment relies on imaging techniques that operate either at interfaces or in cryogenic conditions, thus limiting the observation of their dynamic nature. Liquid Cell (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy (LC-(S) TEM) imaging allows the characterization of materials and dynamic processes such as nanoparticle growth, etching, and diffusion, at nanometric resolution in liquids. Here we show that via a facile post-synthetic in situ polymer labelling step with high-contrast marker core-shell Au@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) it is possible to determine the full volume of PNIPAM microgels in water. The labelling allowed for the successful characterization of the thermoresponsive behavior of PNIPAM microgels and core shell silica@PNIPAM hybrid microgels, as well as the co-nonsolvency of PNIPAM in aqueous alcoholic solutions. The interplay between electron beam irradiation and PNIPAM systems in water resulted in irreversible shrinkage due to beam induced water radiolysis products, which in turn also affected the thermoresponsive behavior of PNIPAM. The addition of 2-propanol as radical scavenger improved PNIPAM stability in water under electron beam irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Grau-Carbonell
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands.
| | - Fabian Hagemans
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Bransen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Nina A Elbers
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Relinde J A van Dijk-Moes
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Sina Sadighikia
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Tom A J Welling
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands.
| | - Marijn A van Huis
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, the Netherlands.
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8
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Yong H, Sommer JU. Cononsolvency Effect: When the Hydrogen Bonding between a Polymer and a Cosolvent Matters. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaisong Yong
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, 610500Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application, Southwest Petroleum University, 610500Chengdu, China
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Institute Theory of Polymers, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-01069Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01069Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307Dresden, Germany
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9
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Komarova GA, Kozhunova EY, Potemkin II. Behavior of PNIPAM Microgels in Different Organic Solvents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238549. [PMID: 36500646 PMCID: PMC9737493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we studied, in detail, the behavior of common PNIPAM microgels, obtained through surfactant-free precipitation polymerization, in a number of organic solvents. We showed that many of the selected solvents serve as good solvents for the PNIPAM microgels and that the size and architecture of the microgels depend on the solvent chosen. Expanding the range of solvents used for PNIPAM microgel incubation greatly enhances the possible routes for microparticle functionalization and modification, as well as the encapsulation of water-insoluble species. In this demonstration, we successfully encapsulated water-insoluble Sudan III dye in PNIPAM microgels and prepared the aqueous dispersions of such composite-colored microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina A. Komarova
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Kozhunova
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Yu.K.); (I.I.P.)
| | - Igor I. Potemkin
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Yu.K.); (I.I.P.)
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10
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Mohammadyarloo Z, Sommer JU. Co-nonsolvency Transition in Polymer Solutions: A Simulation Study. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammadyarloo
- Leibniz-Institute fur Polymerforschung Dresden, Institute Theory of Polymers, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institute fur Polymerforschung Dresden, Institute Theory of Polymers, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307Dresden, Germany
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11
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Zhuo S, Halligan E, Tie BSH, Breheny C, Geever LM. Lower Critical Solution Temperature Tuning and Swelling Behaviours of NVCL-Based Hydrogels for Potential 4D Printing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153155. [PMID: 35956668 PMCID: PMC9370960 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase transitions of poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) hydrogels are currently under investigation as possible materials for biomedical applications thanks to their thermosensitive properties. This study aims to use the photopolymerisation process to simulate the 4D printing process. NVCL-based polymers with different thermal properties and swellability were prepared to explore the possibility of synthetic hydrogels being used for 4D printing. In this contribution, the thermal behaviours of novel photopolymerised NVCL-based hydrogels were analysed. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the physically crosslinked gels was detected using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and cloud point measurement. The chemical structure of the xerogels was characterised by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Pulsatile swelling studies indicated that the hydrogels had thermo-reversible properties. As a result, the effect of varying the macromolecular monomer concentration was apparent. The phase transition temperature is increased when different concentrations of hydrophilic monomers are incorporated. The transition temperature of the hydrogels may allow for excellent flexibility in tailoring transition for specific applications, while the swelling and deswelling behaviour of the gels is strongly temperature- and monomer feed ratio-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhuo
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland; (E.H.); (B.S.H.T.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.M.G.)
| | - Elaine Halligan
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland; (E.H.); (B.S.H.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Billy Shu Hieng Tie
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland; (E.H.); (B.S.H.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Colette Breheny
- Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland; (E.H.); (B.S.H.T.); (C.B.)
| | - Luke M. Geever
- Applied Polymer Technologies Gateway, Material Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.M.G.)
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12
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Hauck N, Beck T, Cojoc G, Schlüßler R, Ahmed S, Raguzin I, Mayer M, Schubert J, Müller P, Guck J, Thiele J. PNIPAAm microgels with defined network architecture as temperature sensors in optical stretchers. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:6179-6190. [PMID: 35979502 PMCID: PMC9342673 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretching individual living cells with light is a standard method to assess their mechanical properties. Yet, heat introduced by the laser light of optical stretchers may unwittingly change the mechanical properties of cells therein. To estimate the temperature induced by an optical trap, we introduce cell-sized, elastic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) microgels that relate temperature changes to hydrogel swelling. For their usage as a standardized calibration tool, we analyze the effect of free-radical chain-growth gelation (FCG) and polymer-analogous photogelation (PAG) on hydrogel network heterogeneity, micromechanics, and temperature response by Brillouin microscopy and optical diffraction tomography. Using a combination of tailor-made PNIPAAm macromers, PAG, and microfluidic processing, we obtain microgels with homogeneous network architecture. With that, we expand the capability of standardized microgels in calibrating and validating cell mechanics analysis, not only considering cell and microgel elasticity but also providing stimuli-responsiveness to consider dynamic changes that cells may undergo during characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hauck
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Timon Beck
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Gheorghe Cojoc
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Raimund Schlüßler
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Ivan Raguzin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden D-01307 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Staudtstraße 2 D-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics D-01069 Dresden Germany
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13
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Equilibrium Swelling of Thermo-Responsive Gels in Mixtures of Solvents. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermo-responsive (TR) gels of the LCST (lower critical solution temperature) type swell in water at temperatures below their volume phase transition temperature Tc and collapse above the critical temperature. When water is partially replaced with an organic liquid, these materials demonstrate three different types of equilibrium solvent uptake diagrams at temperatures below, above, in the close vicinity of Tc. A model is developed for equilibrium swelling of TR gels in binary mixtures of solvents. It takes into account three types of phase transitions in TR gels driven by (i) aggregation of hydrophobic side groups into clusters from which solvent molecules are expelled, (ii) replacement of water with cosolvent molecules in cage-like structures surrounding these groups, and (iii) replacement of water with cosolvent as the main element of hydration shells around backbone chains. The model involves a relatively small number of material constants that are found by matching observations on covalently cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) macroscopic gels and microgels. Good agreement is demonstrated between the experimental data and results of numerical analysis. Classification is provided of the phase transition points on equilibrium swelling diagrams.
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14
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Cononsolvency of the responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in water/methanol mixtures: a dynamic light scattering study of the effect of pressure on the collective dynamics. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The collective dynamics of 25 wt% poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) solutions in water or an 80:20 v/v water/methanol mixture are investigated in the one-phase region in dependence on pressure and temperature using dynamic light scattering. Throughout, two dynamic modes are observed, the fast one corresponding to the relaxation of the chain segments within the polymer blobs and the slow one to the relaxation of the blobs. A pressure scan in the one-phase region on an aqueous solution at 34.0 °C, i.e., slightly below the maximum of the coexistence line, reveals that the dynamic correlation length of the fast mode increases when the left and the right branch of the coexistence line are approached. Thus, the chains are rather swollen far away from the coexistence line, but contracted near the phase transition. Temperature scans of solutions in neat H2O or in H2O/CD3OD at 0.1, 130, and 200 MPa reveal that the dynamic correlation length of the fast mode shows critical behavior. However, the critical exponents are significantly larger than the value predicted by mean-field theory for the static correlation length, ν = 0.5, and the exponent is significantly larger for the solution in the H2O/CD3OD mixture than in neat H2O.
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15
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Wang P, Geiger C, Kreuzer LP, Widmann T, Reitenbach J, Liang S, Cubitt R, Henschel C, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films in Water/Acetone Atmosphere: Modulation of Water Hydration and Co-nonsolvency-Triggered Film Contraction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6934-6948. [PMID: 35609178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The water swelling and subsequent solvent exchange including co-nonsolvency behavior of thin films of a doubly thermo-responsive diblock copolymer (DBC) are studied via spectral reflectance, time-of-flight neutron reflectometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The DBC consists of a thermo-responsive zwitterionic (poly(4-((3-methacrylamidopropyl) dimethylammonio) butane-1-sulfonate)) (PSBP) block, featuring an upper critical solution temperature transition in aqueous media but being insoluble in acetone, and a nonionic poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) block, featuring a lower critical solution temperature transition in water, while being soluble in acetone. Homogeneous DBC films of 50-100 nm thickness are first swollen in saturated water vapor (H2O or D2O), before they are subjected to a contraction process by exposure to mixed saturated water/acetone vapor (H2O or D2O/acetone-d6 = 9:1 v/v). The affinity of the DBC film toward H2O is stronger than for D2O, as inferred from the higher film thickness in the swollen state and the higher absorbed water content, thus revealing a pronounced isotope sensitivity. During the co-solvent-induced switching by mixed water/acetone vapor, a two-step film contraction is observed, which is attributed to the delayed expulsion of water molecules and uptake of acetone molecules. The swelling kinetics are compared for both mixed vapors (H2O/acetone-d6 and D2O/acetone-d6) and with those of the related homopolymer films. Moreover, the concomitant variations of the local environment around the hydrophilic groups located in the PSBP and PNIPMAM blocks are followed. The first contraction step turns out to be dominated by the behavior of the PSBP block, whereas the second one is dominated by the PNIPMAM block. The unusual swelling and contraction behavior of the latter block is attributed to its co-nonsolvency behavior. Furthermore, we observe cooperative hydration effects in the DBC films, that is, both polymer blocks influence each other's solvation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixi Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Lucas P Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Julija Reitenbach
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Suzhe Liang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut-Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Cristiane Henschel
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Street 24-25, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Street 24-25, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselberg Street 69, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenberg Street 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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16
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Sommer JU, Merlitz H, Schiessel H. Polymer-Assisted Condensation: A Mechanism for Hetero-Chromatin Formation and Epigenetic Memory. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Merlitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Helmut Schiessel
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Bharadwaj S, Niebuur BJ, Nothdurft K, Richtering W, van der Vegt NFA, Papadakis CM. Cononsolvency of thermoresponsive polymers: where we are now and where we are going. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2884-2909. [PMID: 35311857 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00146b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cononsolvency is an intriguing phenomenon where a polymer collapses in a mixture of good solvents. This cosolvent-induced modulation of the polymer solubility has been observed in solutions of several polymers and biomacromolecules, and finds application in areas such as hydrogel actuators, drug delivery, compound detection and catalysis. In the past decade, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms which drive cononsolvency with a predominant emphasis on its connection to the preferential adsorption of the cosolvent. Significant efforts have also been made to understand cononsolvency in complex systems such as micelles, block copolymers and thin films. In this review, we will discuss some of the recent developments from the experimental, simulation and theoretical fronts, and provide an outlook on the problems and challenges which are yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaminath Bharadwaj
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Computational Physical Chemistry Group, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Technical University of Munich, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Katja Nothdurft
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Walter Richtering
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany, European Union
| | - Nico F A van der Vegt
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Computational Physical Chemistry Group, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Technical University of Munich, Physics Department, Soft Matter Physics Group, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Cheng B, Zhao H, Yang J, Zhao J. Continuous evolution of the re-entrant phase separation in evaporating droplets of polymer solutions. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Duan S, Wu S, Hua M, Wu D, Yan Y, Zhu X, He X. Tendon-inspired anti-freezing tough gels. iScience 2021; 24:102989. [PMID: 34505006 PMCID: PMC8417335 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have gained tremendous attention due to their versatility in soft electronics, actuators, biomedical sensors, etc. Due to the high water content, hydrogels are usually soft, weak, and freeze below 0°C, which brings severe limitations to applications such as soft robotics and flexible electronics in harsh environments. Most existing anti-freezing gels suffer from poor mechanical properties and urgently need further improvements. Here, we took inspirations from tendon and coniferous trees and provided an effective method to strengthen polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel while making it freeze resistant. The salting-out effect was utilized to create a hierarchically structured polymer network, which induced superior mechanical properties (Young's modulus: 10.1 MPa, tensile strength: 13.5 MPa, and toughness: 127.9 MJ/m3). Meanwhile, the cononsolvency effect was employed to preserve the structure and suppress the freezing point to -60°C. Moreover, we have demonstrated the broad applicability of our material by fabricating PVA hydrogel-based hydraulic actuators and ionic conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Duan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mutian Hua
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ximin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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20
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Hydrogen Bonds in Blends of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Poly(N-ethylacrylamide) Homopolymers, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was reported that the physical crosslinking exhibited by some biopolymers could provide multiple benefits to biomedical applications. In particular, grafting thermoresponsive polymers onto biopolymers may enhance the degradability or offer other features, as thermothickening behavior. Thus, different interactions will affect the different hydrogen bonds and interactions from the physical crosslinking of carboxymethyl cellulose, the lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs), and the presence of the ions. This work focuses on the study of blends composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(N-ethylacrylamide), and carboxymethyl cellulose in water and water/methanol. The molecular features, thermoresponsive behavior, and gelation phenomena are deeply studied. The ratio defined by both homopolymers will alter the final properties and the gelation of the final structures, showing that the presence of the hydrophilic groups modifies the number and contributions of the diverse hydrogen bonds.
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21
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Seifert J, Günzing D, Webers S, Dulle M, Kruteva M, Landers J, Wende H, Schmidt AM. Strain- and field-induced anisotropy in hybrid elastomers with elongated filler nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7565-7584. [PMID: 34341807 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of anisotropy to functional materials is a key step towards future smart materials. In this work, we evaluate the influence of preorientation and sample architecture on the strain-induced anisotropy in hybrid elastomers containing covalently attached elongated magnetic filler particles. Accordingly, silica coated spindle-type hematite nanoparticles are incorporated into poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based elastomers, and two types of composite architectures are compared: on the one hand a conventional architecture of filled, covalently crosslinked elastomers, and on the other hybrid elastomers that are crosslinked exclusively by covalent attachment of the polymer chains to the particle surface. By the application of external strain and with magnetic fields, the orientational order of the elongated nanoparticles can be manipulated, and we investigate the interplay between strain, magnetic order, and orientational order of the particles by combining 2D small angle X-ray scattering experiments under strain and fields with Mössbauer spectroscopy under similar conditions, and supplementary angular-dependent magnetization experiments. The converging information is used to quantify the order in these interesting materials, while establishing a direct link between the magnetic properties and the spatial orientation of the embedded magnetic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Seifert
- Chemistry Department, Universität zu Köln, 50939 Köln, Germany.
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22
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Kreuzer LP, Geiger C, Widmann T, Wang P, Cubitt R, Hildebrand V, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Solvation Behavior of Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films in Mixed Water/Methanol Vapors. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peixi Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Viet Hildebrand
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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23
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Zhu PW. Effects of cosolvent partitioning on conformational transitions and tethered chain flexibility in spherical polymer brushes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6817-6832. [PMID: 34223603 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00523e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, based on the framework of preferential adsorption concept and analytical self-consistent field (SCF) theory, a model is proposed to investigate the reentrant transition experimentally observed from the thermoresponsive spherical brush in a series of aqueous alcohol solutions. The interaction between monomers is incorporated into the model. Conformational transitions of the spherical brush are quantitatively correlated to the physical parameters, including the number of adsorbed cosolvents which facilitates the solvent quality, the number of cosolvent bridges which drives the brush collapse, as well as their partition coefficients between the brush and the bulk solution. An analytical formula for the number of Kuhn segments per tethered chain is obtained based on the analytical SCF theory, which elucidates the flexibility of tethered chains in the intricate system of multicomponents involving the conformational transitions. Under the experimental conditions associated with the cosolvent-brush interaction, the variation of the monomer chemical potential with the monomer concentration indicates that the monomer distribution of the spherical brush remains continuous. The analysis based on the SFC theory also reveals that the distribution of adsorbed cosolvents is a positive parabola while the distribution of cosolvent bridges appears to be an exponential decay function, implying that the intervening space between tethered chains, rather than the number of adsorbed cosolvents, plays a crucial role in forming the cosolvent bridge. We demonstrate that the model formulated for the reentrant transition under weaker cosolvent-brush interactions provides guidelines for the one under stronger nanoparticle-brush interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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24
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Okay O. Re-Entrant Conformation Transition in Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:gels7030098. [PMID: 34287329 PMCID: PMC8293105 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are attractive materials not only for their tremendous applications but also for theoretical studies as they provide macroscopic monitoring of the conformation change of polymer chains. The pioneering theoretical work of Dusek predicting the discontinuous volume phase transition in gels followed by the experimental observation of Tanaka opened up a new area, called smart hydrogels, in the gel science. Many ionic hydrogels exhibit a discontinuous volume phase transition due to the change of the polymer-solvent interaction parameter χ depending on the external stimuli such as temperature, pH, composition of the solvent, etc. The observation of a discontinuous volume phase transition in nonionic hydrogels or organogels is still a challenging task as it requires a polymer-solvent system with a strong polymer concentration dependent χ parameter. Such an observation may open up the use of organogels as smart and hydrophobic soft materials. The re-entrant phenomenon first observed by Tanaka is another characteristic of stimuli responsive hydrogels in which they are frustrated between the swollen and collapsed states in a given solvent mixture. Thus, the hydrogel first collapses and then reswells if an environmental parameter is continuously increased. The re-entrant phenomenon of hydrogels in water-cosolvent mixtures is due to the competitive hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions leading to flow-in and flow-out of the cosolvent molecules through the hydrogel moving boundary as the composition of the solvent mixture is varied. The experimental results reviewed here show that a re-entrant conformation transition in hydrogels requires a hydrophobically modified hydrophilic network, and a moderate hydrogen-bonding cosolvent having competitive attractions with water and polymer. The re-entrant phenomenon may widen the applications of the hydrogels in mechanochemical transducers, switches, memories, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Okay
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Ko CH, Henschel C, Meledam GP, Schroer MA, Guo R, Gaetani L, Müller-Buschbaum P, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM. Co-Nonsolvency Effect in Solutions of Poly(methyl methacrylate)- b-poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Diblock Copolymers in Water/Methanol Mixtures. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Ko
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cristiane Henschel
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Geethu P. Meledam
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin A. Schroer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renjun Guo
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Luka Gaetani
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik Weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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26
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Dhamecha D, Le D, Chakravarty T, Perera K, Dutta A, Menon JU. Fabrication of PNIPAm-based thermoresponsive hydrogel microwell arrays for tumor spheroid formation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 125:112100. [PMID: 33965110 PMCID: PMC8110948 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are being increasingly implemented in biomedical research as they provide important insights into complex cancer biology, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in the tumor microenvironment. However, most methods used today for 3D cell culture are limited by high cost, the need for specialized skills, low throughput and the use of unnatural culture environments. We report the development of a unique biomimetic hydrogel microwell array platform for the generation and stress-free isolation of cancer spheroids. The poly N-isopropylacrylamide-based hydrogel microwell array (PHMA) has thermoresponsive properties allowing for the attachment and growth of cell aggregates/ spheroids at 37 °C, and their easy isolation at room temperature (RT). The reversible phase transition of the microwell arrays at 35 °C was confirmed visually and by differential scanning calorimetry. Swelling/ shrinking studies and EVOS imaging established that the microwell arrays are hydrophilic and swollen at temperatures <35 °C, while they shrink and are hydrophobic at temperatures >35 °C. Spheroid development within the PHMA was optimized for seeding density, incubation time and cell viability. Spheroids of A549, HeLa and MG-63 cancer cell lines, and human lung fibroblast (HLF) cell line generated within the PHMAs had relatively spherical morphology with hypoxic cores. Finally, using MG-63 cell spheroids as representative models, a proof-of-concept drug response study using doxorubicin hydrochloride was conducted. Overall, we demonstrate that the PHMAs are an innovative alternative to currently used 3D cell culture techniques, for the high-throughput generation of cell spheroids for disease modeling and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Dhamecha
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Duong Le
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Tomali Chakravarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Kalindu Perera
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Arnob Dutta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jyothi U Menon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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27
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Dirksen M, Kinder TA, Brändel T, Hellweg T. Temperature Controlled Loading and Release of the Anti-Inflammatory Drug Cannabidiol by Smart Microgels. Molecules 2021; 26:3181. [PMID: 34073361 PMCID: PMC8199058 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CBD is a promising candidate for treatment of many diseases and plays a major role in the growing trend to produce high-end drugs from natural, renewable resources. In the present work, we demonstrate a way to incorporate the anti-inflammatory drug CBD into smart microgel particles. The copolymer microgels that we chose as carrier systems exhibit a volume phase transition temperature of 39 ∘C, which is just above normal body temperature and makes them ideal candidates for hyperthermia treatment. While a simple loading route of CBD was not successful due to the enormous hydrophobicity of CBD, an alternative route was developed by immersing the microgels in ethanol. Despite the expected loss of thermoresponsive behaviour of the microgel matrix due to the solvent exchange, a temperature-dependent release of CBD was detected by the material, creating an interesting question of interactions between CBD and the microgel particles in ethanol. Furthermore, the method developed for loading of the microgel particles with CBD in ethanol was further improved by a subsequent transfer of the loaded particles into water, which proves to be an even more promising approach due to the successful temperature-dependent release of the drug above the collapse temperature of the microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Dirksen
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.D.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Timo Brändel
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.D.); (T.B.)
- Daikin Chemical Europe GmbH, Am Wehrhahn 50, 40211 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (M.D.); (T.B.)
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28
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Niebuur BJ, Lohstroh W, Ko CH, Appavou MS, Schulte A, Papadakis CM. Pressure Dependence of Water Dynamics in Concentrated Aqueous Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Solutions with a Methanol Cosolvent. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lohstroh
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chia-Hsin Ko
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alfons Schulte
- Department of Physics and College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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29
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Geiger C, Reitenbach J, Kreuzer LP, Widmann T, Wang P, Cubitt R, Henschel C, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. PMMA- b-PNIPAM Thin Films Display Cononsolvency-Driven Response in Mixed Water/Methanol Vapors. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julija Reitenbach
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peixi Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cristiane Henschel
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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30
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Hua M, Wu D, Wu S, Ma Y, Alsaid Y, He X. 4D Printable Tough and Thermoresponsive Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12689-12697. [PMID: 33263991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with attractive stimuli-responsive volume changing abilities are seeing emerging applications as soft actuators and robots. However, many hydrogels are intrinsically soft and fragile for tolerating mechanical damage in real world applications and could not deliver high actuation force because of the mechanical weakness of the porous polymer network. Conventional tough hydrogels, fabricated by forming double networks, dual cross-linking, and compositing, could not satisfy both high toughness and high stimuli responsiveness. Herein, we present a material design of combining responsive and tough components in a single hydrogel network, which enables the synergistic realization of high toughness and actuation performance. We showcased this material design in an exemplary tough and thermally responsive hydrogel based on PVA/(PVA-MA)-g-PNIPAM, which achieved 100 times higher toughness (∼10 MJ/m3) and 20 times higher actuation stress (∼10 kPa) compared to conventional PNIPAM hydrogels, and a contraction ratio of up to 50% simultaneously. The effects of salt concentration, polymer ratio, and structural design on the mechanical and actuation properties have been systematically investigated. Utilizing 4D printing, actuators of various geometries were fabricated, as well as lattice-architected hydrogels with macro-voids, presenting 4 times faster actuation speed compared to bulk hydrogel, in addition to the high toughness, actuation force, and contraction ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutian Hua
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Yanfei Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yousif Alsaid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Ximin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
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31
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Yu Y, Brió Pérez M, Cao C, de Beer S. Switching (bio-) adhesion and friction in liquid by stimulus responsive polymer coatings. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Nothdurft K, Müller DH, Mürtz SD, Meyer AA, Guerzoni LPB, Jans A, Kühne AJC, De Laporte L, Brands T, Bardow A, Richtering W. Is the Microgel Collapse a Two-Step Process? Exploiting Cononsolvency to Probe the Collapse Dynamics of Poly- N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM). J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1503-1512. [PMID: 33503378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many applications of responsive microgels rely on the fast adaptation of the polymer network. However, the underlying dynamics of the de-/swelling process of the gels have not been fully understood. In the present work, we focus on the collapse kinetics of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM) microgels due to cononsolvency. Cononsolvency means that either of the pure solvents, e.g., pure water or pure methanol, act as a so-called good solvent, leading to a swollen state of the polymer network. However, in mixtures of water and methanol, the previously swollen network undergoes a drastic volume loss. To further elucidate the cononsolvency transition, pNIPAM microgels with diameters between 20 and 110 μm were synthesized by microfluidics. To follow the dynamics, pure water was suddenly exchanged with an unfavorable mixture of 20 mol% methanol (solvent-jump) within a microfluidic channel. The dynamic response of the microgels was investigated by optical and fluorescence microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. The experimental data provide unique and detailed insight into the size-dependent kinetics of the volume phase transition due to cononsolvency. The change in the microgel's diameter over time points to a two-step process of the microgel collapse with a biexponential behavior. Furthermore, the dependence between the two time constants from this biexponential behavior and the microgel's diameter in the collapsed state deviates from the square-power law proposed by Tanaka and Fillmore [ J. Chem. Phys. 1979, 70, 1214-1218]. The deviation is discussed considering the adhesion-induced deformation of the gels and the physical processes underlying the collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nothdurft
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - David H Müller
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 8, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja D Mürtz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna A Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Luis P B Guerzoni
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Jans
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kühne
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1-2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brands
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 8, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - André Bardow
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstr. 8, 52062 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Tannenstr. 3, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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33
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Kreuzer LP, Lindenmeir C, Geiger C, Widmann T, Hildebrand V, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Poly(sulfobetaine) versus Poly( N-isopropylmethacrylamide): Co-Nonsolvency-Type Behavior of Thin Films in a Water/Methanol Atmosphere. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Lindenmeir
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viet Hildebrand
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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34
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Application of the liquid-liquid dispersed microextraction based on phase transition behavior of temperature sensitive polymer to rapidly detect 5 BPs in food packaging. Food Chem 2020; 347:128960. [PMID: 33461116 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, temperature sensitive polymer p(MAH-β-CD-co-NIPAM) was used as extraction in DLLME, because its phase transition behavior can be observed at room temperature due to Hofmeister and non-co-solvent effect. The whole pretreatment process is simple and fast, and the extraction process did not require dispersant to assist dispersion and centrifugation to collect the adsorbent. A new analytical method based on DLLME coupled with HPLC-UV was developed to detect five types of BPs in milk and take-out packaging. The limits of detection ranged from 0.44 to 1.60 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3). The relative recoveries of 5 BPs in food packaging were in the range of 91.08-108.04%.
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35
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36
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Grinberg VY, Burova TV, Grinberg NV, Moskalets AP, Dubovik AS, Plashchina IG, Khokhlov AR. Energetics and Mechanisms of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Transitions in Water–Methanol Solutions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerij Y. Grinberg
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street. 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Burova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Grinberg
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander P. Moskalets
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Dubovik
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street. 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina G. Plashchina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street. 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexei R. Khokhlov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
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37
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A cosolvent surfactant mechanism affects polymer collapse in miscible good solvents. Commun Chem 2020; 3:165. [PMID: 36703319 PMCID: PMC9814688 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The coil-globule transition of aqueous polymers is of profound significance in understanding the structure and function of responsive soft matter. In particular, the remarkable effect of amphiphilic cosolvents (e.g., alcohols) that leads to both swelling and collapse of stimuli-responsive polymers has been hotly debated in the literature, often with contradictory mechanisms proposed. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we herein demonstrate that alcohols reduce the free energy cost of creating a repulsive polymer-solvent interface via a surfactant-like mechanism which surprisingly drives polymer collapse at low alcohol concentrations. This hitherto neglected role of interfacial solvation thermodynamics is common to all coil-globule transitions, and rationalizes the experimentally observed effects of higher alcohols and polymer molecular weight on the coil-to-globule transition of thermoresponsive polymers. Polymer-(co)solvent attractive interactions reinforce or compensate this mechanism and it is this interplay which drives polymer swelling or collapse.
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38
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Mochizuki K. On-Off of Co-non-solvency for Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam) in Alcohol-Water Mixtures: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9951-9957. [PMID: 33086006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) exhibits co-non-solvency in aqueous solutions of 2-propanol but not in methanol. What distinguishes the impact of these two cosolvents on the polymer conformational stability? We report a molecular dynamics simulation study on PVCL 50-mer and monomers dissolved in methanol-water and 2-propanol-water mixtures. We show that the alcohol-concentration dependence of the effective attraction between a pair of PVCL monomers closely resembles the conformational changes in a single PVCL 50-mer as well as the experimentally observed behavior for PVCL chains. We also found that, at the co-non-solvency maximum, the monomer-monomer attraction works over a long-range beyond the solvent-separated distance. Then, we correlate the long-range attraction to the appearance of a dense alcohol concentration accumulated between the monomers. Furthermore, we distinctly demonstrate that the co-non-solvency of PVCL monomers can be switched on/off by artificially tuning the alcohol size while keeping the energetic parameters. Thus, we conclude that the magnitude of the excluded volume effect in alcohol accompanying the gain in translational entropy of the solvent is crucial to the occurrence of PVCL polymer co-non-solvency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310028, P. R. China
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39
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Raftopoulos KN, Kyriakos K, Nuber M, Niebuur BJ, Holderer O, Ohl M, Ivanova O, Pasini S, Papadakis CM. Co-nonsolvency in concentrated aqueous solutions of PNIPAM: effect of methanol on the collective and the chain dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8462-8472. [PMID: 32856669 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The polymer dynamics in concentrated solutions of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) in D2O/CD3OD mixtures is investigated in the one-phase region. Two polymer concentrations (9 and 25 wt%) and CD3OD contents in the solvent mixture of 0, 10 and 15 vol% are chosen. Temperature-resolved dynamic light scattering (DLS) reveals the collective dynamics. Two modes are observed, namely the fast relaxation of polymer segments within the blobs and the slow collective relaxation of the blobs. As the cloud point is approached, the correlation length related to the fast mode increases with CD3OD content. It features critical scaling behavior, which is consistent with mean-field behavior for the 9 wt% PNIPAM solution in pure D2O and with 3D Ising behavior for all other solutions. While the slow mode is not very strong in the 9 wt% PNIPAM solution in pure D2O, it is significantly more prominent as CD3OD is added and at all CD3OD contents in the 25 wt% solution, which may be attributed to enhanced interaction between the polymers. Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy (NSE) reveals a decay in the intermediate structure factor which indicates a diffusive process. For the polymer concentration of 9 wt%, the diffusion coefficients from NSE are similar to the ones from the fast relaxation observed in DLS. In contrast, they are significantly lower for the solutions having a polymer concentration of 25 wt%, which is attributed to the influence of the dominant large-scale dynamic heterogeneities. To summarize, addition of cosolvent leads to enhanced large-scale heterogeneities, which are reflected in the dynamic behavior at small length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Raftopoulos
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Konstantinos Kyriakos
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Matthias Nuber
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Olaf Holderer
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Ohl
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oxana Ivanova
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefano Pasini
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Technische Universität München, Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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40
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Liang W, García‐Peñas A, Sharma G, Kumar A, Stadler FJ. Competition between Physical Cross‐Linking and Phase Transition Temperature in Blends Based on Poly(
N
‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐
N
‐ethylacrylamide) Copolymers and Carboxymethyl Cellulose. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Liang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsNanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety EvaluationShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Alberto García‐Peñas
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsNanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety EvaluationShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
- Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química (IAAB)Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Leganés Madrid 28911 Spain
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsNanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety EvaluationShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Amit Kumar
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsNanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety EvaluationShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Florian J. Stadler
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsNanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety EvaluationShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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Niebuur BJ, Ko CH, Zhang X, Claude KL, Chiappisi L, Schulte A, Papadakis CM. Pressure Dependence of the Cononsolvency Effect in Aqueous Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Solutions: A SANS Study. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chia-Hsin Ko
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kora-Lee Claude
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfons Schulte
- Department of Physics and College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Lee CH, Bae YC. Thermodynamic framework for switching the lower critical solution temperature of thermo-sensitive particle gels in aqueous solvent. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Saltzman A, Houser H, Langrehr M, Ashbaugh HS. Nonpolar solute cononsolvency in ethanol/water mixtures – Connections to solvent structure. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Faal Maleki M, Jafari A, Mirhadi E, Askarizadeh A, Golichenari B, Hadizadeh F, Jalilzadeh Moghimi SM, Aryan R, Mashreghi M, Jaafari MR. Endogenous stimuli-responsive linkers in nanoliposomal systems for cancer drug targeting. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Walters JD, Gill SS, Mercuri JJ. Ethanol-mediated compaction and cross-linking enhance mechanical properties and degradation resistance while maintaining cytocompatibility of a nucleus pulposus scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2488-2499. [PMID: 30767383 PMCID: PMC6697250 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a complex, cell-mediated process originating in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and is associated with extracellular matrix catabolism leading to disc height loss and impaired spine kinematics. Previously, we developed an acellular bovine NP (ABNP) for NP replacement that emulated human NP matrix composition and supported cell seeding; however, its mechanical properties were lower than those reported for human NP. To address this, we investigated ethanol-mediated compaction and cross-linking to enhance the ABNP's dynamic mechanical properties and degradation resistance while maintaining its cytocompatibility. First, volumetric and mechanical effects of compaction only were confirmed by evaluating scaffolds after various immersion times in buffered 28% ethanol. It was found that compaction reached equilibrium at ~30% compaction after 45 min, and dynamic mechanical properties significantly increased 2-6× after 120 min of submersion. This was incorporated into a cross-linking treatment, through which scaffolds were subjected to 120 min precompaction in buffered 28% ethanol prior to carbodiimide cross-linking. Their dynamic mechanical properties were evaluated before and after accelerated degradation by ADAMTS-5 or MMP-13. Cytocompatibility was determined by seeding stem cells onto scaffolds and evaluating viability through metabolic activity and fluorescent staining. Compacted and cross-linked scaffolds showed significant increases in DMA properties without detrimentally altering their cytocompatibility, and these mechanical gains were maintained following enzymatic exposure. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2488-2499, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Walters
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Sanjitpal S. Gill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Group of the Carolinas-Pelham, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Greer, SC, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Mercuri
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Crosstalk between responsivities to various stimuli in multiresponsive polymers: change in polymer chain and external environment polarity as the key factor. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Functional Hydrogels and Their Application in Drug Delivery, Biosensors, and Tissue Engineering. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/3160732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel is a new class of functional polymer materials with a promising potential in the biomedical field. The purpose of this article is to review recent advancements in several types of biomedical hydrogels, including conductive hydrogels, injectable hydrogels, double network hydrogels, responsive hydrogels, nanocomposite hydrogels, and sliding hydrogels. In comparison with traditional hydrogels, these advanced hydrogels exhibit significant advantages in structure, mechanical properties, and applications. The article focuses on different methods used to prepare advanced biomedical hydrogels and their diversified applications as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, biosensors, contact lenses, and tissue replacement. These advances are rapidly overcoming current limitations of hydrogels, and we anticipate that further research will lead to the development of advanced hydrogels with ubiquitous roles in biomedicine and tissue replacement and regeneration.
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Yong H, Bittrich E, Uhlmann P, Fery A, Sommer JU. Co-Nonsolvency Transition of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Brushes in a Series of Binary Mixtures. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaisong Yong
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Bittrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Galuschko A, Sommer JU. Co-Nonsolvency Response of a Polymer Brush: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Galuschko
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Institute Theory of Polymers, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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