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Singh R, Singh KP, Singh R, Singh V, Kumar P, Varshney R, Yadav A, Mote A, Gangwar M, Prasath NB. Preliminary investigation reveals novel pathological consequences of bluetongue virus-1 infection in the endocrine glands of pregnant Indian sheep. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2269428. [PMID: 37850824 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2269428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a major peril to the sheep industry, infects a wide range of the cells in the infected animals including mononuclear, dendritic and epithelial cells. However, little is known about its tropism for the secretory epithelial cells of endocrine glands and the pathogenesis it induces. The aim of the study was to assess the BTV load, antigen distribution in the tissue of the pituitary, thyroid as well as adrenal glands and associated histopathological consequences. BTV antigens were localized using immunohistochemistry in the thyroid's epithelial cells, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells and the anterior pituitary epithelial cells. The real-time PCR portrayed the high viral load in adrenals at 7th days postinoculation (DPI) and in thyroid and pituitary glands at 15th DPI. Serum examination revealed variation in the T-3 and T-4 of infected animals in comparison to the control group. Caspase-3 immunolocalization revealed BTV-1 induces apoptosis in the affected cells of endocrine gland of infected animals. Further, this study signifies the tropism of BTV in the novel sites (endocrine glands) of the host that might be one of the reasons for the poor performance of infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Rajendra Singh
- SOA Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, I.Ag.Scs, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, India
| | - Akanksha Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Akash Mote
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mukesh Gangwar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - N Babu Prasath
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Malyukov M, Gelfgat E, Ruiz-Babot G, Schmid J, Lehmann S, Spinas G, Beuschlein F, Hantel C, Reisch N, Nawroth PP, Bornstein SR, Steenblock C, Ludwig B. Transplantation of porcine adrenal spheroids for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency. Xenotransplantation 2023; 30:e12819. [PMID: 37548062 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency is a life-threatening disorder, which requires lifelong hormone replacement therapy. Transplantation of xenogeneic adrenal cells is a potential alternative approach for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency. For a successful outcome of this replacement therapy, transplanted cells should provide adequate hormone secretion and respond to adrenal physiological stimuli. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of primary porcine adrenal spheroids capable of replacing the function of adrenal glands in vivo. Cells within the spheroids morphologically resembled adult adrenocortical cells and synthesized and secreted adrenal steroid hormones in a regulated manner. Moreover, the embedding of the spheroids in alginate led to the formation of cellular elongations of steroidogenic cells migrating centripetally towards the inner part of the slab, similar to zona Fasciculata cells in the intact organ. Finally, transplantation of adrenal spheroids in adrenalectomized SCID mice reversed the adrenal insufficiency phenotype, which significantly improved animals' survival. Overall, such adrenal models could be employed for disease modeling and drug testing, and represent the first step toward potential clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malyukov
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evgeny Gelfgat
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janine Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giatgen Spinas
- Medical Faculty, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical, University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Adrenarche is the maturational increase in adrenal androgen production that normally begins in early childhood. It results from changes in the secretory response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) that are best indexed by dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) rise. These changes are related to the development of the zona reticularis (ZR) and its unique gene/enzyme expression pattern of low 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 with high cytochrome b5A, sulfotransferase 2A1, and 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5. Recently 11-ketotestosterone was identified as an important bioactive adrenarchal androgen. Birth weight, body growth, obesity, and prolactin are related to ZR development. Adrenarchal androgens normally contribute to the onset of sexual pubic hair (pubarche) and sebaceous and apocrine gland development. Premature adrenarche causes ≥90% of premature pubarche (PP). Its cause is unknown. Affected children have a significantly increased growth rate with proportionate bone age advancement that typically does not compromise growth potential. Serum DHEAS and testosterone levels increase to levels normal for early female puberty. It is associated with mildly increased risks for obesity, insulin resistance, and possibly mood disorder and polycystic ovary syndrome. Between 5% and 10% of PP is due to virilizing disorders, which are usually characterized by more rapid advancement of pubarche and compromise of adult height potential than premature adrenarche. Most cases are due to nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Algorithms are presented for the differential diagnosis of PP. This review highlights recent advances in molecular genetic and developmental biologic understanding of ZR development and insights into adrenarche emanating from mass spectrometric steroid assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rosenfield
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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The Sexually Dimorphic Adrenal Cortex: Implications for Adrenal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094889. [PMID: 34063067 PMCID: PMC8124132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many adrenocortical diseases are more prevalent in women than in men, but the reasons underlying this sex bias are still unknown. Recent studies involving gonadectomy and sex hormone replacement experiments in mice have shed some light onto the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism in the adrenal cortex. Indeed, it has been shown that gonadal hormones influence many aspects of adrenal physiology, ranging from stem cell-dependent tissue turnover to steroidogenesis and X-zone dynamics. This article reviews current knowledge on adrenal cortex sexual dimorphism and the potential mechanisms underlying sex hormone influence of adrenal homeostasis. Both topics are expected to contribute to personalized and novel therapeutic approaches in the future.
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Kim JH, Choi MH. Embryonic Development and Adult Regeneration of the Adrenal Gland. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:765-773. [PMID: 33397037 PMCID: PMC7803617 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland plays a pivotal role in an organism's health span by controlling the endocrine system. Decades of research on the adrenal gland have provided multiscale insights into the development and maintenance of this essential organ. A particularly interesting finding is that founder stem/progenitor cells participate in adrenocortical development and enable the adult adrenal cortex to regenerate itself in response to hormonal stress and injury. Since major advances have been made in understanding the dynamics of the developmental process and the remarkable regenerative capacity of the adrenal gland, understanding the mechanisms underlying adrenal development, maintenance, and regeneration will be of interest to basic and clinical researchers. Here, we introduce the developmental processes of the adrenal gland and discuss current knowledge regarding stem/progenitor cells that regulate adrenal cortex remodeling and regeneration. This review will provide insights into the fascinating ongoing research on the development and regeneration of the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul,
Korea
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Abstract
In a number of adult tissues, Nestin-positive stem cells/progenitors have been identified and shown to be involved in maintenance and remodeling. Various studies have shown that under stressful conditions, quiescent Nestin-positive progenitor cells are activated. Thereby, they migrate to their target location and differentiate into mature cells. In the current paper, we discuss if Nestin-positive progenitors in the hippocampus and adrenal gland belong to unique cell populations that are responsive to stress. Furthermore, we speculate about the mechanism behind their activation and the clinical importance of this stress-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ilona Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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