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Ciaunica A, Ayache J, Haggard P, Nakul E, Bonnet E, Auvray M. Explicit and implicit sense of agency in depersonalisation experiences. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15396. [PMID: 38965315 PMCID: PMC11224402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The sense of agency, the feeling of controlling one's bodily actions and the world is altered in Depersonalisation (DP), a condition that makes people feel detached from one's self and body. To investigate the link between depersonalisation and both implicit and explicit sense of agency, an online study was conducted using the influential Intentional Binding paradigm in a sample of non-clinical DP participants. The results did not reveal significant differences between individuals with low and high occurrences of DP experiences on the implicit and explicit sense of agency. However, participants with high occurrences of DP experiences showed a more time-sensitive explicit sense of agency and greater temporal distortions for short intervals in the absence of self-initiated motion. These results suggest that there is a discrepancy between implicit and explicit sense of agency in people with high levels of depersonalisation. Altogether, these findings call for further investigations of the key role of time perception on altered sense of self and agency in both non-clinical and clinical populations, to disentangle the mechanisms associated with the explicit and implicit sense of agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciaunica
- Centre for Philosophy of Science, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Julia Ayache
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University Montpellier IMT Mines Alès, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Estelle Nakul
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience (LNC), FR3C, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bonnet
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Malika Auvray
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, ISIR, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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Meimandi M, Taghizadeh G, Kheirollahi G, Haj Ghani J, HojabriFard F, von Rosen P, Azad A. A Delphi Panel of People With Parkinson's Disease Regarding Responsibility: Toward a Preliminary Taxonomy. Am J Occup Ther 2024; 78:7803205130. [PMID: 38634671 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2024.050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A sense of agency is associated with complex occupation-related responsibilities. A taxonomy can guide clinicians in enhancing responsibility in patients with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). OBJECTIVE To (1) discover levels of responsibility in occupations for PwPD and (2) propose a taxonomy for occupations. DESIGN A two-round Delphi study with PwPD and a one-round Delphi study with international experts. SETTING Electronic survey. PARTICIPANTS PwPD (N = 75) and international experts (N = 8). OUTCOMES AND MEASURES PwPD expressed their levels of an inherent sense of responsibility for each occupation (1 = very low responsibility, 5 = very high responsibility). International experts rated their level of agreement (5 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree) with each dimension of the taxonomy. A consensus was determined to have been reached if the interquartile range was ≤1 and 70% agreement in two adjacent categories was achieved. RESULTS Thirty-three occupation categories were deemed as having very high to moderate responsibility for PwPD. Consequences of actions and the presence of others made up the two-dimensional responsibility taxonomy. Occupations have more challenging responsibility characteristics when they are performed with free choice, a level of high physical effort, alone, and with moral consequences. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study yielded the first consensus among PwPD regarding responsibility in occupations as well as a classification system for charting the complexity of responsibility in occupations. The occupation list we have created can be beneficial to health care professionals when providing interventions or conducting outcome assessments. Plain-Language Summary: When planning interventions for patients with Parkinson's disease, it can be helpful for clinicians to be aware of patients' perspectives regarding their sense of responsibility to perform occupations. The use of a systematic sequence of challenging occupations with responsibility attributes ranging from less complex to more complex can help enhance patient occupational participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Meimandi
- Mahsa Meimandi, PhD, is Clinician, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Ghorban Taghizadeh, PhD, is Associate Professor, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnoush Kheirollahi
- Golnoush Kheirollahi, BSc, is Clinician, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Haj Ghani
- Jafar Haj Ghani, is MSc student, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh HojabriFard
- Fatemeh HojabriFard, BSc, is Clinician, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip von Rosen
- Philip von Rosen, PhD, is Associate Professor, Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Akram Azad
- Akram Azad, PhD, is Associate Professor, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
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Muth FV, Ebert S, Kunde W. You do you: susceptibility of temporal binding to self-relevance. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1007-1022. [PMID: 38170225 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The self-prioritization effect suggests that self-relevant information has a processing advantage over information that is not directly associated with the self. In consequence, reaction times are faster and accuracy rates higher when reacting to self-associated stimuli rather than to other-related stimuli (Sui et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 38:1105-1117, 2012). This spurs the assumption that self-associated action-effects should also be perceived earlier than other-related outcomes. One way to measure this is temporal binding. Previous research indeed showed that the perceived temporal interval between actions and self-associated outcomes was reduced compared to friend- and other-associated outcomes. However, the employed method (interval estimations) and several experimental design choices make it impossible to discern whether the perceived shortening of the interval between a keypress and a self-relevant outcome is due to a perceptual shift of the action or of the action-effect or both. Thus, we conducted four experiments to assess whether temporal binding can indeed be modulated by self-relevance and if so where this perceptual bias is located. The results did not support stronger temporal binding for self- vs other-related action-effects. We discuss these results against the backdrop of the attentional basis of self-prioritization and propose directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas V Muth
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Sophia Ebert
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Gutzeit J, Weller L, Muth F, Kürten J, Huestegge L. Eye did this! Sense of agency in eye movements. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104121. [PMID: 38199168 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the sense of agency (SoA) for saccades with implicit and explicit agency measures. In two eye tracking experiments, participants moved their eyes towards on-screen stimuli that subsequently changed color. Participants then either reproduced the temporal interval between saccade and color-change (Experiment 1) or reported the time points of these events with an auditory Libet clock (Experiment 2) to measure temporal binding effects as implicit indices of SoA. Participants were either made to believe to exert control over the color change or not (agency manipulation). Explicit ratings indicated that the manipulation of causal beliefs and hence agency was successful. However, temporal binding was only evident for caused effects, and only when a sufficiently sensitive procedure was used (auditory Libet clock). This suggests a feebler connection between temporal binding and SoA than previously proposed. The results also provide evidence for a relatively fast acquisition of sense of agency for previously never experienced types of action-effect associations. This indicates that the underlying processes of action control may be rooted in more intricate and adaptable cognitive models than previously thought. Oculomotor SoA as addressed in the present study presumably represents an important cognitive foundation of gaze-based social interaction (social sense of agency) or gaze-based human-machine interaction scenarios. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, sense of agency for eye movements in the non-social domain is investigated in detail, using both explicit and implicit measures. Therefore, it offers novel and specific insights into comprehending sense of agency concerning effects induced by eye movements, as well as broader insights into agency pertaining to entirely newly acquired types of action-effect associations. Oculomotor sense of agency presumably represents an important cognitive foundation of gaze-based social interaction (social agency) or gaze-based human-machine interaction scenarios. Due to peculiarities of the oculomotor domain such as the varying degree of volitional control, eye movements could provide new information regarding more general theories of sense of agency in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gutzeit
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Weller
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Felicitas Muth
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Kürten
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Lynn Huestegge
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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Chen Y, Zou X, Wang Y, He H, Zhang X. The enhancement of temporal binding effect after negative social feedback. Cogn Emot 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38381089 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2314985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of social feedback on the experiences of our actions and the outcomes (e.g. temporal binding between an action and its outcome, reflecting individuals' causal beliefs modulated by their agency judgments). In Experiment 1a, participants freely decided (voluntary action) their action timing to cause an outcome, which was followed by social feedback. A larger temporal binding (TB) following negative vs. positive events was found. This effect appeared neither in the random context where the causal belief between the action and outcome was absent (Experiment 1b) nor in the involuntary action context where participants' action timing was instructed (Experiment 1c). Experiments 2a and 2b examined the effect when the action-outcome was occluded, including reversing the order of outcome and feedback in Experiment 2b. Experiments 3a and 3b investigated the effect with only social feedback or only action-outcome presented. Results revealed that the effect found in Experiment 1 was driven by social feedback and independent of the availability of the action-outcome and the position of social feedback. Our findings demonstrate a stronger temporal integration of the action and its outcome following negative social feedback, reflecting fluctuations in sense of agency when faced with social feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong He
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hayashida K, Nishi Y, Matsukawa T, Nagase Y, Morioka S. I am not the cause of this pain: An experimental study of the cognitive processes underlying causal attribution in the unpredictable situation whether negative outcomes. Conscious Cogn 2024; 117:103622. [PMID: 38101215 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pain causal attribution is the attribution of pain causes to self or others, which may depend on one's choice of actions. The study aimed to examine how the cognitive processes of pain causal attribution as one aspect of the sense of agency change in healthy individuals based on free or forced choice, using a temporal binding (TB) experimental task. METHODS Participants pressed keys (action) in a combined TB task, with one key having a high probability of delivering pain (with tone). In fact, only the bias between the free-choice and the forced choice conditions was manipulated. Participants estimated the time between their action and tone, with shorter intervals indicating internal attribution. RESULTS Interval estimation was significantly longer in the forced-choice condition than in the free-choice condition when a pain stimulus was delivered. CONCLUSIONS Explicit complaints of pain being caused by others may be represented in implicit cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hayashida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Wakayama Health Care Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Wakayama, Japan; Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nishi
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, Japan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (Health Sciences), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Taku Matsukawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Murata Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Nagase
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shinwakai Yachiyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Kio University, Nara, Japan; Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan
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Wang S, Li J, Zhao X, Zhou M, Zhang Y, Yu L, Yang Z, Yang J. Perceived stress mediates the association between perceived control and emotional distress: The moderating role of psychological resources and sex differences. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:240-248. [PMID: 37922598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have confirmed that perceived control is strongly negatively correlated with emotional distress. However, few studies have explored whether perceived stress plays a potential mediating role in this relationship and whether the association between perceived stress and emotional distress is moderated by psychological resources, such as self-esteem and social support. Furthermore, it is unclear whether there are sex differences in the moderating effects of psychological resources on emotional distress. A total of 951 healthy adults (51.84% females) from different regions of mainland China participated in the study and completed questionnaires in early December 2022, when prevention and control policies concerning COVID-19 in China underwent rapid change. Perceived control negatively correlated with emotional distress, and perceived stress mediated the association between perceived control and emotional distress. In addition, both internal (i.e., self-esteem) and external psychological resources (i.e., social support) moderated the association between perceived stress and emotional distress, and the positive correlation between perceived stress and emotional distress was higher in individuals with low social support (and self-esteem) than in those with high social support (and self-esteem). We found sex differences in the moderating roles of psychological resources. Specifically, self-esteem had a moderating effect on both men and women, whereas social support had a moderating effect only on women. These findings improve understanding of the relationship between perceived control and emotional distress and suggest that intervention programs should be designed to target men and women differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiwen Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Meijun Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lihan Yu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zijian Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key laboratory of cognition and personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Meimandi M, Azad A, Ghani JH, HojabriFard F, von Rosen P, Alizadeh NH, Taghizadeh G. A comparison of the effects of occupation-based interventions with and without responsibility feedback and conventional interventions on participation in people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:610. [PMID: 37749629 PMCID: PMC10521555 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with debilitating motor and non-motor symptoms which affect participation in meaningful occupations. Occupation-based interventions can improve participation in people with PD. Evidence for incorporating structured and intensive occupational therapy by considering the concept of responsibility is lacking for this population. This trial will compare the effects of occupation-based interventions with and without responsibility feedback and conventional interventions on participation in people with idiopathic PD. METHODS A total of 45 people with PD, between 35 and 85 years old and Hoehn and Yahr stages between I to III, will be recruited from movement disorder centers for this three-armed study. Participants will be randomized into three groups (occupation-based interventions with responsibility feedback, occupation-based interventions without responsibility feedback, and conventional interventions). All participants will receive intervention for 24 sessions during a period of 12 weeks (2 sessions per week). The primary outcome measure will be participation satisfaction. Participation frequency and restriction, self-perceived performance, performance satisfaction, motivation, volition, sense of agency, responsibility, physical activity, community integration, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL, upper extremity function, balance, fatigue, and quality of life will be measured as secondary outcome measures. All outcomes will be measured at baseline, session 9, session 17, post-intervention (week 13), and follow-up (week 25). DISCUSSION This home-based high-intensity, structured, client-centered, and occupation-based intervention will be conducted by utilizing the concept of responsibility. This proposed trial may result in enhanced participation that would benefit other motor and non-motor symptoms in people living with PD. Findings from this proposed study are expected to expand the knowledge of clinicians and help them in evidence-based decision-making processes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20140304016830N13. Registered on August 19, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Meimandi
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahnazari Street, Mirdamad Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Azad
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahnazari Street, Mirdamad Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Haj Ghani
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahnazari Street, Mirdamad Boulevard, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh HojabriFard
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip von Rosen
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Naeeme Haji Alizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahnazari Street, Mirdamad Boulevard, Tehran, Iran.
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Hon N. Attention and expectation likely underlie temporal binding measured using the Libet Clock. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2084-2093. [PMID: 36214087 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221132762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
An interesting finding that has emerged in studies of the sense of agency is that of a perceived compression of the temporal interval between actions and the outcomes they produce. This is generally referred to as temporal binding. Although temporal binding has been studied using various paradigms, possibly the most popular of these is the Libet Clock task. The Libet task is also interesting because it suggests that temporal binding can be decomposed into two components, one purportedly relating to actions and the other relating to outcomes. These are termed action binding and outcome binding, respectively. In this article, I focus specifically on temporal binding revealed using the Libet Clock task and propose the idea that attention underpins the action binding effect, while outcome binding, on the other hand, is driven by the effects of expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hon
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Meimandi M, Azad A, von Rosen P, Taghizadeh G. Consensus on Feedback Statements That Create Responsibility Among People With Parkinson's Disease: A Delphi Study. Am J Occup Ther 2023; 77:7704205160. [PMID: 37585597 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Sense of agency is associated with a sense of responsibility, which is essential to performing goal-directed occupations. OBJECTIVE To reach consensus on a set of extrinsic feedback statements that have the potential to create a sense of responsibility among patients with neurological disorders in the course of performing daily or social occupations. DESIGN Anonymous Delphi study with two rounds with international experts and one round with Irani patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). SETTING Electronic survey. PARTICIPANTS One hundred experts and 73 patients with idiopathic PD. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Experts and patients anonymously rated (5 = strongly agree/very effective, 4 = agree/effective, 3 = neither agree nor disagree/uncertain, 2 = disagree/ineffective, 1 = strongly disagree/very ineffective) their level of agreement with each survey statement and the effectiveness of each statement in creating a sense of responsibility in the course of performing daily or social occupations. Consensus was set as an interquartile range of ≤1 and ≥70% agreement in two adjacent categories of a Likert scale. RESULTS In the experts' first round, consensus was reached on the level of agreement and effectiveness of 18 statements. In the second round, final consensus was achieved on all statements. In the one patient round, patients reached consensus on all statements. Finally, 34 statements were rated as 4 or 5 in terms of agreement and effectiveness, based on the opinions of experts and patients. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study has produced a collection of feedback statements that might be useful in occupation-based interventions. What This Article Adds: Extrinsic responsibility feedback delivered while administering occupation-based interventions may increase volition, motivation, and engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Meimandi
- Mahsa Meimandi, MSc, is PhD Candidate, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Azad
- Akram Azad, PhD, is Associate Professor, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip von Rosen
- Philip von Rosen, PhD, is Associate Professor, Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Ghorban Taghizadeh, PhD, is Associate Professor, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; or
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Meimandi M, Taghizadeh G, von Rosen P, Azad A. Occupations to Enhance Responsibility Among Patients With Parkinson's Disease: An International Delphi Study. Am J Occup Ther 2023; 77:7704205080. [PMID: 37585598 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The ability to perform voluntary actions is disrupted in Parkinson's disease (PD). Voluntary activities play a critical role in generating sense of agency, which underpins the concept of responsibility for people's daily occupations and their outcomes. According to this concept, the dearth of research regarding the concept of responsibility in rehabilitation hampers practitioners in delivering evidence-based care. OBJECTIVE To generate a list of occupations that enhance an inherent sense of responsibility among people with PD that is based on consensus among experts. DESIGN An anonymous and iterative Delphi study with two rounds. SETTING Electronic survey. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixteen experts participated in the first round of the study, and 95 participated in the second round. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Panelists rated the level of inherent responsibility in each occupation and the importance of types of patient-related information on a 5-point Likert scale. Consensus was defined as reaching an interquartile range of >1. RESULTS In the first round, consensus was reached on 19 occupations and all 38 types of patient-related information. Also, an additional 15 occupations and 16 types of patient-related information were added to the lists. Consensus was reached for all occupations and patient-related information presented in the second round. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our results indicate that 61 occupations were deemed to enhance a moderate to a very high inherent sense of responsibility among people with PD. In addition, a wide range of patient-related information is considered very important or important while these occupation-focused interventions are delivered. What This Article Adds: Subjective knowledge of one's actions and their consequences lies behind people's daily occupations. Considering this knowledge when administering occupation-focused interventions can be beneficial for individuals with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Meimandi
- Mahsa Meimandi, MSc, is PhD Candidate, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Ghorban Taghizadeh, PhD, is Associate Professor, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip von Rosen
- Philip von Rosen, PhD, is Associate Professor, Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Akram Azad
- Akram Azad, PhD, is Associate Professor, Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
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Soffer-Dudek N. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and dissociative experiences: Suggested underlying mechanisms and implications for science and practice. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1132800. [PMID: 37051604 PMCID: PMC10084853 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1132800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A strong and specific link between obsessive-compulsive disorder or symptoms (OCD/S) and a tendency for dissociative experiences (e.g., depersonalization-derealization, absorption and imaginative involvement) cannot be explained by trauma and is poorly understood. The present theoretical formulation proposes five different models conceptualizing the relationship. According to Model 1, dissociative experiences result from OCD/S through inward-focused attention and repetition. According to Model 2, dissociative absorption causally brings about both OCD/S and associated cognitive risk factors, such as thought-action fusion, partly through impoverished sense of agency. The remaining models highlight common underlying causal mechanisms: temporo-parietal abnormalities impairing embodiment and sensory integration (Model 3); sleep alterations causing sleepiness and dreamlike thought or mixed sleep-wake states (Model 4); and a hyperactive, intrusive imagery system with a tendency for pictorial thinking (Model 5). The latter model relates to Maladaptive Daydreaming, a suggested dissociative syndrome with strong ties to the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. These five models point to potential directions for future research, as these theoretical accounts may aid the two fields in interacting with each other, to the benefit of both. Finally, several dissociation-informed paths for further developing clinical intervention in OCD are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Soffer-Dudek
- The Consciousness and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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13
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Spaccasassi C, Cenka K, Petkovic S, Avenanti A. Sense of agency predicts severity of moral judgments. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1070742. [PMID: 36817371 PMCID: PMC9932714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sense of Agency (SoA) refers to the awareness of being the agent of our own actions. A key feature of SoA relies on the perceived temporal compression between our own actions and their sensory consequences, a phenomenon known as "Intentional Binding." Prior studies have linked SoA to the sense of responsibility for our own actions. However, it is unclear whether SoA predicts the way we judge the actions of others - including judgments of morally wrong actions like harming others. To address this issue, we ran an on-line pilot experiment where participants underwent two different tasks designed to tap into SoA and moral cognition. SoA was measured using the Intentional Binding task which allowed us to obtain both implicit (Intentional Binding) and explicit (Agency Rating) measures of SoA. Moral cognition was assessed by asking the same participants to evaluate videoclips where an agent could deliberately or inadvertently cause suffering to a victim (Intentional vs. Accidental Harm) compared with Neutral scenarios. Results showed a significant relation between both implicit and explicit measures of SoA and moral evaluation of the Accidental Harm scenarios, with stronger SoA predicting stricter moral judgments. These findings suggest that our capacity to feel in control of our actions predicts the way we judge others' actions, with stronger feelings of responsibility over our own actions predicting the severity of our moral evaluations of other actions. This was particularly true in ambiguous scenarios characterized by an incongruency between an apparently innocent intention and a negative action outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spaccasassi
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy,*Correspondence: Chiara Spaccasassi, ;
| | - Kamela Cenka
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Stella Petkovic
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy,"Sapienza" University of Rome and CLN2S@SAPIENZA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy,Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurosciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Católica Del Maule, Talca, Chile
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14
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Chen Y, He H, Zou X, Zhang X. The pursuit of the end: The effects of action-goal choices on temporal binding. Conscious Cogn 2023; 108:103457. [PMID: 36592496 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of action choice (whether one can choose their actions freely) on temporal binding (TB), the temporal contraction between a voluntary action and its effect, is controversial. The present study tried to distinguish action-goal choice (whether one could pursue the action-effect freely) from action choice. Experiments 1 and 2 focused on the effect of action-goal choice on TB while the congruency between actions and outcomes was manipulated (i.e., 50% in Experiment 1 and 80% in Experiment 2). Experiment 3 investigated the effect of action choice on TB when the outcome congruency was 80%. Results showed that free and instructed action-goals led to comparable magnitudes of TB while free actions led to a larger TB than instructed actions. Furthermore, the effect of outcome congruency on TB varied by action-goal choices (Experiment 2) but not action choices (Experiment 3). These results demonstrate the potential differences between action choice and action-goal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Chen
- Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong He
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xintong Zou
- Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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15
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Strube A, Horing B, Rose M, Büchel C. Agency affects pain inference through prior shift as opposed to likelihood precision modulation in a Bayesian pain model. Neuron 2023; 111:1136-1151.e7. [PMID: 36731468 PMCID: PMC10109109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Agency and expectations play a crucial role in pain perception and treatment. In the Bayesian pain model, somatosensation (likelihood) and expectations (prior) are weighted by their precision and integrated to form a pain percept (posterior). Combining pain treatment with stimulus-related expectations allows the mechanistic assessment of whether agency enters this model as a shift of the prior or a relaxation of the likelihood precision. In two experiments, heat pain was sham treated either externally or by the subject, while a predictive cue was utilized to create high or low treatment expectations. Both experiments revealed additive effects and greater pain relief under self-treatment and high treatment expectations. Formal model comparisons favored a prior shift rather than a modulation of likelihood precision. Electroencephalography revealed a theta-to-alpha effect, temporally associated with expectations, which was correlated with trial-by-trial pain ratings, further supporting a prior shift through which agency exerts its influence in the Bayesian pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Strube
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Horing
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rose
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Social, affective, and non-motoric bodily cues to the Sense of Agency: A systematic review of the experience of control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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Cornelio P, Haggard P, Hornbaek K, Georgiou O, Bergström J, Subramanian S, Obrist M. The sense of agency in emerging technologies for human–computer integration: A review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:949138. [PMID: 36172040 PMCID: PMC9511170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.949138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human–computer integration is an emerging area in which the boundary between humans and technology is blurred as users and computers work collaboratively and share agency to execute tasks. The sense of agency (SoA) is an experience that arises by a combination of a voluntary motor action and sensory evidence whether the corresponding body movements have somehow influenced the course of external events. The SoA is not only a key part of our experiences in daily life but also in our interaction with technology as it gives us the feeling of “I did that” as opposed to “the system did that,” thus supporting a feeling of being in control. This feeling becomes critical with human–computer integration, wherein emerging technology directly influences people’s body, their actions, and the resulting outcomes. In this review, we analyse and classify current integration technologies based on what we currently know about agency in the literature, and propose a distinction between body augmentation, action augmentation, and outcome augmentation. For each category, we describe agency considerations and markers of differentiation that illustrate a relationship between assistance level (low, high), agency delegation (human, technology), and integration type (fusion, symbiosis). We conclude with a reflection on the opportunities and challenges of integrating humans with computers, and finalise with an expanded definition of human–computer integration including agency aspects which we consider to be particularly relevant. The aim this review is to provide researchers and practitioners with guidelines to situate their work within the integration research agenda and consider the implications of any technologies on SoA, and thus overall user experience when designing future technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cornelio
- Ultraleap Ltd., Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patricia Cornelio,
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kasper Hornbaek
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Joanna Bergström
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sriram Subramanian
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Obrist
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Agency enhances temporal order memory in an interactive exploration game. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:2219-2228. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Jenkins M, Obhi SS. Mistakes strengthen the temporal binding effect in the context of goal-directed actions. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2191-2203. [PMID: 35796858 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Temporal binding is an illusion in which the temporal interval between two events appears compressed. In the context of intentional actions, this effect is observed as a compression of the perceived interval between these actions and their causal outcomes. This 'intentional binding effect' has been used to investigate the Sense of Agency, which is the experience of intentionally causing an outcome through volitional action. Intentional binding is reduced for negative outcomes such as error feedback, but the role of mistakes (e.g., errors of commission) for binding and agency has not been extensively studied. In our study, participants played a virtual game in which they attempted to 'splat' (hit) visual stimuli that looked like coloured bugs, using mouse clicks. On some trials, stimulus colours changed unpredictably immediately before actions were made, sometimes inducing mistakes. Actions were thus clearly identifiable as mistakes at the time of their onset before any outcome feedback had been provided. Participants reported shorter action-outcome intervals when stimuli changed, but only when this change caused a mistake according to the game's rules. This suggests that intentional binding is strengthened by errors of commission. We discuss how this effect may be accounted for by agency itself and via more general processes such as changes in arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jenkins
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Psychology Building (PC), Room 102, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Psychology Building (PC), Room 102, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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20
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Shimada S. Multisensory and Sensorimotor Integration in the Embodied Self: Relationship between Self-Body Recognition and the Mirror Neuron System. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22135059. [PMID: 35808553 PMCID: PMC9269734 DOI: 10.3390/s22135059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The embodied self is rooted in the self-body in the "here and now". The senses of self-ownership and self-agency have been proposed as the basis of the sense of embodied self, and many experimental studies have been conducted on this subject. This review summarizes the experimental research on the embodied self that has been conducted over the past 20 years, mainly from the perspective of multisensory integration and sensorimotor integration regarding the self-body. Furthermore, the phenomenon of back projection, in which changes in an external object (e.g., a rubber hand) with which one has a sense of ownership have an inverse influence on the sensation and movement of one's own body, is discussed. This postulates that the self-body illusion is not merely an illusion caused by multisensory and/or sensorimotor integration, but is the incorporation of an external object into the self-body representation in the brain. As an extension of this fact, we will also review research on the mirror neuron system, which is considered to be the neural basis of recognition of others, and discuss how the neural basis of self-body recognition and the mirror neuron system can be regarded as essentially the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Shimada
- School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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21
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Siebertz M, Jansen P. Diverging implicit measurement of sense of agency using interval estimation and Libet clock. Conscious Cogn 2022; 99:103287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Relationship between working stress and anxiety of medical workers in the COVID-19 situation: A moderated mediation model. J Affect Disord 2022; 297:314-320. [PMID: 34715184 PMCID: PMC8556767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a lot of working stress to medical workers and has a certain impact on their mental health. Working stress is closely related to the increase in anxiety, but few studies have explored whether their relationship will be affected by positive psychological factors in the special situation. METHODS 798 medical workers were investigated online after the outbreak of the COVID-19 (10 February to 1 March 2020) in China. The relevant questionnaires were used to evaluate working stress, anxiety, sense of control, and psychological capital. The moderated mediation model test was performed using the SPSS software and PROCESS macro program. RESULTS Working stress could directly affect anxiety, and indirectly affect anxiety through sense of control. In addition, psychological capital moderated the direct effect of working stress on anxiety, which is more effective at high level of psychological capital. Psychological capital also moderated the second half of the indirect effect of working stress on anxiety, at low level of psychological capital, sense of control was more effective in predicting anxiety. LIMITATIONS All the data in this study was collected through online questionnaire. The anxiety response measured in this study cannot be specific to the viral epidemic. CONCLUSIONS Under the COVID-19 epidemic situation, for medical workers, low sense of control and low level of psychological capital may be important risk factors of anxiety caused by working stress. Thus, strengthening the sense of control and psychological capital of medical workers would be helpful to reduce their anxiety and maintain their mental health.
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23
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Scarpina F, Fossataro C, Sebastiano AR, Bruni F, Scacchi M, Mauro A, Garbarini F. Behavioural evidence of altered sensory attenuation in obesity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:2064-2072. [PMID: 34825612 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211065766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body ownership (i.e., the conscious belief of owning a body) and sense of agency (i.e., being the agent of one's own movements) are part of a pre-reflective experience of bodily self, which grounds on low-level complex sensory-motor processes. Although previous literature had already investigated body ownership in obesity, sense of agency was never explored. Here, we exploited the sensory attenuation effect (i.e., an implicit marker of the sense of agency; SA effect) to investigate whether the sense of agency was altered in a sample of 18 individuals affected by obesity as compared with 18 healthy-weight individuals. In our experiment, participants were asked to rate the perceived intensity of self-generated and other-generated tactile stimuli. Healthy-weight individuals showed a significantly greater SA effect than participants affected by obesity. Indeed, while healthy-weight participants perceived self-generated stimuli as significantly less intense as compared to externally generated ones, this difference between stimuli was not reported by affected participants. Our results relative to the SA effect pinpointed an altered sense of agency in obesity. We discussed this finding within the motor control framework with reference to obesity. We encouraged future research to further explore such effect and its role in shaping the clinical features of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,"Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Fossataro
- MANIBUS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Bruni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Medicina Generale, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Giuseppe, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,"Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Hypnotic predictors of agency: Responsiveness to specific suggestions in hypnosis is associated with involuntariness in fibromyalgia. Conscious Cogn 2021; 96:103221. [PMID: 34695719 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypnosis is associated with alterations in the sense of agency which can play a role in its utilization as a nonpharmacological option for pain management. The goal of the current study was to examine the relationships between responsiveness to suggestions in hypnosis and alterations of the sense of agency among patients with fibromyalgia. Ninety-eight participants with fibromyalgia underwent two hypnotizability assessments followed by the Sense of Agency Rating Scale. Clinical pain measures were also collected. Involuntariness was predicted by responsiveness to control, ideomotor, and dissociation suggestions. Effortlessness was predicted by responsiveness to control and ideomotor suggestions, and age. Hypnotizability was associated with main clinical pain outcomes, but agency alterations were not. Results suggest a shared mechanism between responsiveness to specific suggestions and the sense of agency in hypnosis. We discuss theoretical and clinical implications for pain management and the need for further research.
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26
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Kaiser J, Buciuman M, Gigl S, Gentsch A, Schütz-Bosbach S. The Interplay Between Affective Processing and Sense of Agency During Action Regulation: A Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:716220. [PMID: 34603140 PMCID: PMC8481378 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sense of agency is the feeling of being in control of one's actions and their perceivable effects. Most previous research identified cognitive or sensory determinants of agency experience. However, it has been proposed that sense of agency is also bound to the processing of affective information. For example, during goal-directed actions or instrumental learning we often rely on positive feedback (e.g., rewards) or negative feedback (e.g., error messages) to determine our level of control over the current task. Nevertheless, we still lack a scientific model which adequately explains the relation between affective processing and sense of agency. In this article, we review current empirical findings on how affective information modulates agency experience, and, conversely, how sense of agency changes the processing of affective action outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss in how far agency-related changes in affective processing might influence the ability to enact cognitive control and action regulation during goal-directed behavior. A preliminary model is presented for describing the interplay between sense of agency, affective processing, and action regulation. We propose that affective processing could play a role in mediating the influence between subjective sense of agency and the objective ability to regulate one's behavior. Thus, determining the interrelation between affective processing and sense of agency will help us to understand the potential mechanistic basis of agency experience, as well as its functional significance for goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kaiser
- LMU Munich, Department of Psychology, General and Experimental Psychology, Munich, Germany
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27
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Hoerl C, Lorimer S, McCormack T, Lagnado DA, Blakey E, Tecwyn EC, Buehner MJ. Temporal Binding, Causation, and Agency: Developing a New Theoretical Framework. Cogn Sci 2021; 44:e12843. [PMID: 32419274 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In temporal binding, the temporal interval between one event and another, occurring some time later, is subjectively compressed. We discuss two ways in which temporal binding has been conceptualized. In studies showing temporal binding between a voluntary action and its causal consequences, such binding is typically interpreted as providing a measure of an implicit or pre-reflective "sense of agency." However, temporal binding has also been observed in contexts not involving voluntary action, but only the passive observation of a cause-effect sequence. In those contexts, it has been interpreted as a top-down effect on perception reflecting a belief in causality. These two views need not be in conflict with one another, if one thinks of them as concerning two separate mechanisms through which temporal binding can occur. In this paper, we explore an alternative possibility: that there is a unitary way of explaining temporal binding both within and outside the context of voluntary action as a top-down effect on perception reflecting a belief in causality. Any such explanation needs to account for ways in which agency, and factors connected with agency, has been shown to affect the strength of temporal binding. We show that principles of causal inference and causal selection already familiar from the literature on causal learning have the potential to explain why the strength of people's causal beliefs can be affected by the extent to which they are themselves actively involved in bringing about events, thus in turn affecting binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Lorimer
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast
| | | | | | - Emma Blakey
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield
| | - Emma C Tecwyn
- School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University
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28
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Vinding MC, Lindeløv JK, Xiao Y, Chan RCK, Sørensen TA. Volition in prospective Memory: Evidence against differences between free and fixed target events. Conscious Cogn 2021; 94:103175. [PMID: 34343787 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Volition is the extent to which actions are generated as a result of internal states in contrast to responses to external conditions or dictated by external events. Delayed intentions about future action are stored in prospective memory until the intended action has to be formed at a later point in time. It is unknown how voluntary choice affects prospective memory. We compared the difference between freely chosen and fixed targets on the reaction times and task performance in the ongoing task and for the target stimuli in a prospective memory task. The task performance and the reaction time was modelled using a Bayesian hierarchical drift-diffusion model. The analysis showed no differences between self-chosen and fixed prospective memory cues on task responses. The result suggests that volition in choosing the cue to act upon or given a fixed cue does not make a difference for prospective memory task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel C Vinding
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Kristoffer Lindeløv
- CNRU, CFIN, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Yahui Xiao
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark & Beijing, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark & Beijing, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Alrik Sørensen
- CNRU, CFIN, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark & Beijing, China
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29
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Abstract
Voluntary actions and causally linked sensory stimuli are perceived to be shifted towards each other in time. This so-called temporal binding is commonly assessed in paradigms using the Libet Clock. In such experiments, participants have to estimate the timing of actions performed or ensuing sensory stimuli (usually tones) by means of a rotating clock hand presented on a screen. The aforementioned task setup is however ill-suited for many conceivable setups, especially when they involve visual effects. To address this shortcoming, the line of research presented here establishes an alternative measure for temporal binding by using a sequence of timed sounds. This method uses an auditory timer, a sequence of letters presented during task execution, which serve as anchors for temporal judgments. In four experiments, we manipulated four design factors of this auditory timer, namely interval length, interval filling, sequence predictability, and sequence length, to determine the most effective and economic method for measuring temporal binding with an auditory timer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas V Muth
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Wirth
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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30
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Churan J, Kaminiarz A, Schwenk JCB, Bremmer F. Action-dependent processing of self-motion in parietal cortex of macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2432-2443. [PMID: 34010579 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00049.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful interaction with the environment requires the dissociation of self-induced from externally induced sensory stimulation. Temporal proximity of action and effect is hereby often used as an indicator of whether an observed event should be interpreted as a result of own actions or not. We tested how the delay between an action (press of a touch bar) and an effect (onset of simulated self-motion) influences the processing of visually simulated self-motion in the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) of macaque monkeys. We found that a delay between the action and the start of the self-motion stimulus led to a rise of activity above the baseline activity before motion onset in a subpopulation of 21% of the investigated neurons. In the responses to the stimulus, we found a significantly lower sustained activity when the press of a touch bar and the motion onset were contiguous compared to the condition when the motion onset was delayed. We speculate that this weak inhibitory effect might be part of a mechanism that sharpens the tuning of VIP neurons during self-induced motion and thus has the potential to increase the precision of heading information that is required to adjust the orientation of self-motion in everyday navigational tasks.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neurons in macaque ventral intraparietal area (VIP) are responding to sensory stimulation related to self-motion, e.g. visual optic flow. Here, we found that self-motion induced activation depends on the sense of agency, i.e., it differed when optic flow was perceived as self- or externally induced. This demonstrates that area VIP is well suited for study of the interplay between active behavior and sensory processing during self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Churan
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andre Kaminiarz
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jakob C B Schwenk
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bremmer
- Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Marburg, Germany
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31
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Welniarz Q, Worbe Y, Gallea C. The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:644059. [PMID: 33935660 PMCID: PMC8082178 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.644059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than two decades, there has been converging evidence for an essential role of the cerebellum in non-motor functions. The cerebellum is not only important in learning and sensorimotor processes, some growing evidences show its implication in conditional learning and reward, which allows building our expectations about behavioral outcomes. More recent work has demonstrated that the cerebellum is also required for the sense of agency, a cognitive process that allows recognizing an action as our own, suggesting that the cerebellum might serve as an interface between sensorimotor function and cognition. A unifying model that would explain the role of the cerebellum across these processes has not been fully established. Nonetheless, an important heritage was given by the field of motor control: the forward model theory. This theory stipulates that movements are controlled based on the constant interactions between our organism and its environment through feedforward and feedback loops. Feedforward loops predict what is going to happen, while feedback loops confront the prediction with what happened so that we can react accordingly. From an anatomical point of view, the cerebellum is at an ideal location at the interface between the motor and sensory systems, as it is connected to cerebral, striatal, and spinal entities via parallel loops, so that it can link sensory and motor systems with cognitive processes. Recent findings showing that the cerebellum participates in building the sense of agency as a predictive and comparator system will be reviewed together with past work on motor control within the context of the forward model theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- INSERM U-1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- INSERM U-1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, ICM, Paris, France.,Department of Neurophysiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Gallea
- INSERM U-1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, ICM, Paris, France
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32
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Nataraj R, Sanford S. Control Modification of Grasp Force Covaries Agency and Performance on Rigid and Compliant Surfaces. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:574006. [PMID: 33520950 PMCID: PMC7838614 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.574006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how modifications in the display of a computer trace under user control of grasp forces can co-modulate agency (perception of control) and performance of grasp on rigid and compliant surfaces. We observed positive correlation (p < 0.01) between implicit agency, measured from time-interval estimation for intentional binding, and grasp performance, measured by force-tracking error, across varying control modes for each surface type. The implications of this work are design directives for cognition-centered device interfaces for rehabilitation of grasp after neurotraumas such as spinal cord and brain injuries while considering if grasp interaction is rigid or compliant. These device interfaces should increase user integration to virtual reality training and powered assistive devices such as exoskeletons and prostheses. The modifications in control modes for this study included changes in force magnitude, addition of mild noise, and a measure of automation. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed for each surface type across control modes with metrics for implicit agency, performance, and grasp control efficiency. Explicit agency, measured from user survey responses, did not exhibit significant variations in this study, suggesting implicit measures of agency are needed for identifying co-modulation with grasp performance. Grasp on the compliant surface resulted in greater dependence of performance on agency and increases in agency and performance with the addition of mild noise. Noise in conjunction with perceived freedom at a flexible surface may have amplified visual feedback responses. Introducing automation in control decreased agency and performance for both surfaces, suggesting the value in continuous user control of grasp. In conclusion, agency and performance of grasp can be co-modulated across varying modes of control, especially for compliant grasp actions. Future studies should consider reliable measures of implicit agency, including physiological recordings, to automatically adapt rehabilitation interfaces for better cognitive engagement and to accelerate functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Nataraj
- Movement Control Rehabilitation Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Sean Sanford
- Movement Control Rehabilitation Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
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33
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Aoyagi K, Wen W, An Q, Hamasaki S, Yamakawa H, Tamura Y, Yamashita A, Asama H. Modified sensory feedback enhances the sense of agency during continuous body movements in virtual reality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2553. [PMID: 33510374 PMCID: PMC7844046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of agency refers to the feeling of control over one's own actions, and through them, the external events. This study examined the effect of modified visual feedback on the sense of agency over one's body movements using virtual reality in healthy individuals whose motor control was disturbed. Participants moved a virtual object using their right hand to trace a trajectory (Experiment 1) or a leading target (Experiment 2). Their motor control was disturbed by a delay in visual feedback (Experiment 1) or a 1-kg weight attached to their wrist (Experiment 2). In the offset conditions, the virtual object was presented at the median point between the desired position and the participants' actual hand position. In both experiments, participants reported improved sense of agency in the offset condition compared to the aligned condition where the visual feedback reflected their actual body movements, despite their motion being less precise in the offset condition. The results show that sense of agency can be enhanced by modifying feedback to motor tasks according to the goal of the task, even when visual feedback is discrepant from the actual body movements. The present study sheds light on the possibility of artificially enhancing body agency to improve voluntary motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Aoyagi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Wen Wen
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Qi An
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hamasaki
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamakawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamura
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Robotics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hajime Asama
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
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34
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Abstract
Sense of Agency, the phenomenology associated with causing one's own actions and corresponding effects, is a cornerstone of human experience. Social Agency can be defined as the Sense of Agency experienced in any situation in which the effects of our actions are related to a conspecific. This can be implemented as the other's reactions being caused by our action, joint action modulating our Sense of Agency, or the other's mere social presence influencing our Sense of Agency. It is currently an open question how such Social Agency can be conceptualized and how it relates to its nonsocial variant. This is because, compared with nonsocial Sense of Agency, the concept of Social Agency has remained oversimplified and underresearched, with disparate empirical paradigms yielding divergent results. Reviewing the empirical evidence and the commonalities and differences between different instantiations of Social Agency, we propose that Social Agency can be conceptualized as a continuum, in which the degree of cooperation is the key dimension that determines our Sense of Agency, and how it relates to nonsocial Sense of Agency. Taking this perspective, we review how the different factors that typically influence Sense of Agency affect Social Agency, and in the process highlight outstanding empirical questions within the field. Finally, concepts from wider research areas are discussed in relation to the ecological validity of Social Agency paradigms, and we provide recommendations for future methodology.
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35
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Majchrowicz B, Wierzchoń M. Sensory attenuation of action outcomes of varying amplitude and valence. Conscious Cogn 2020; 87:103058. [PMID: 33278651 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli caused by self-initiated actions are perceived as less intense than those caused externally; this effect is called sensory attenuation (SA). In two experiments, we aimed to assess the impact of the amplitude of outcomes and its affective valence on SA and explicit ratings of sense of agency. This allowed us to test the predictions of the available SA frameworks and better understand the link between SA, affect, and agency. The results indicated that SA can be reversed, and such sensory amplification is driven by low-amplitude and positive-valence outcomes. We also show that intentional action influences the perceived valence of outcomes, and that modulations of explicit sense of agency are divergent from those of SA. Our study shows that valence influences the processing of the amplitude of intentional action outcomes and suggests that none of the currently available frameworks give full justice to SA's variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Majchrowicz
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Michał Wierzchoń
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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36
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Pailhès A, Kuhn G. The apparent action causation: Using a magician forcing technique to investigate our illusory sense of agency over the outcome of our choices. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:1784-1795. [PMID: 32478591 PMCID: PMC7583451 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820932916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We often fall victim of an illusory sense of control and agency over our thoughts and actions. Magicians are masters at exploiting these illusions, and forcing techniques provide a powerful way to study apparent action causation-the illusion that our action caused the outcome we get. In this article, we used the Criss-Cross force to study whether people can tell the difference between an action which had an impact on the outcome they get and one which has no impact. In the Criss-Cross force, participants are asked to cut to a card, and while they are genuinely free to cut the cards at any position, the cut does not affect the card they are given (i.e., they always get the top card). We investigate the psychological processes that underpin the success of this force. Experiment 1 (N = 60) showed that participants cannot tell the difference between a forced and a controlled outcome. Experiment 2 (N = 90) showed that contrary to common magicians' knowledge, misdirection does not play a role in the success of the force. Finally, Experiment 3 (N = 60) suggests that rather than misdirection, an attribute substitution error explains why people fail to understand that their action does not have an impact on the outcome they get. Debriefing also shows the importance of participants' expectations in the perception of the trick, as well as the role of prediction of the outcome in participants' sense of agency over the events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pailhès
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
| | - Gustav Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK
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37
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Majchrowicz B, Kulakova E, Di Costa S, Haggard P. Learning from informative losses boosts the sense of agency. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:2272-2289. [PMID: 32972317 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820958258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sense of agency, the feeling of having control over one's actions, is modulated by whether one's choices lead to desired or undesired outcomes. Learning similarly depends on outcome values from previous experience. In the current study, we evaluate a possible link between the sense of agency and learning, by investigating how intentional binding, an implicit measure of agency, changes during a probabilistic learning task. In two experiments, we show increased intentional binding in trials that follow losses, compared with trials that follow wins. Experiment 1 demonstrated that this post-error agency boost (PEAB) effect is rule-specific, as it did not occur if the trial following an error involved different action-outcome contingencies. Furthermore, PEAB was not modulated by the type of outcome presentation (monetary vs. affective). Experiment 2 showed that the PEAB effect can also occur when the current action involves a forced (as opposed to free) choice, but only when the previous, loss-provoking action was chosen freely. Thus, PEAB occurs when current actions are informed by outcomes of one's own previous action choices. Electroencephalography (EEG) data linked these effects to two event-related potential components, namely, the Feedback Related Negativity and the P300. Taken together, these results support the notion that PEAB reflects an adaptive property of human sense of agency, facilitating effective learning about the action-outcome structure of a specific task, to optimise future performance. By clarifying the conditions for enhancing the sense of agency through learning, this work adds to our understanding of human learning and agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Majchrowicz
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Eugenia Kulakova
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven Di Costa
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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38
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Musical expertise affects the sense of agency: Intentional binding in expert pianists. Conscious Cogn 2020; 84:102984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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39
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Yamamoto K. Cue integration as a common mechanism for action and outcome bindings. Cognition 2020; 205:104423. [PMID: 32838958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When a voluntary action is followed by a sensory outcome, their timings are perceived to shift toward each other compared to when they were generated independently. Recent studies have tried to explain this temporal binding effect based on the cue integration theory, in which the timing of action and outcome are estimated as a precision-weighted average of their individual estimates, although distinct results were obtained between the binding of action and outcome. This study demonstrates that cue integration underlies both action and outcome bindings, using visual changes as action outcomes. Participants viewed a moving clock presented on a screen to report the onset time of their action or the feature changes of visual objects that were relevant or irrelevant to the clock movement. The results revealed that the precision of outcome timing judgment was different based on the object that underwent a feature change. Moreover, consistent with the theory's prediction, the perceptual shifts of action and outcome timings were larger and smaller, respectively, when the precision of outcome timing judgments was higher. These results suggest that cue integration serves as a common mechanism in action and outcome bindings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
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40
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Lafleur A, Soulières I, Forgeot d'Arc B. Sense of agency: Sensorimotor signals and social context are differentially weighed at implicit and explicit levels. Conscious Cogn 2020; 84:103004. [PMID: 32818928 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sense of agency (SoA) describes the experience of being the author of an action. Cue integration approaches divide SoA into an implicit level, mostly relying on prospective sensorimotor signals, and an explicit level, resulting from an integration of sensorimotor and contextual cues based on their reliability. Integration mechanisms at each level and the contribution of implicit to explicit SoA remain underspecified. In a task of movements with visual outcomes, we tested the effect of social context (contextual cue) and sensory prediction congruency (retrospective sensorimotor cue) over implicit (intentional binding) and explicit (verbal judgments) SoA. Our results suggest that prospective sensorimotor cues determine implicit SoA. At the explicit level, retrospective sensorimotor cues and contextual cues are partly integrated in an additive way, but contextual cues can also act as a heuristic if sensorimotor cues are highly unreliable. We also found no significant association between implicit and explicit SoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Lafleur
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Soulières
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada.
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41
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Grünbaum T, Christensen MS. Measures of agency. Neurosci Conscious 2020; 2020:niaa019. [PMID: 32793394 PMCID: PMC7416314 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of agency is typically defined as the experience of controlling one’s own actions, and through them, changes in the external environment. It is often assumed that this experience is a single, unified construct that can be experimentally manipulated and measured in a variety of ways. In this article, we challenge this assumption. We argue that we should acknowledge four possible agency-related psychological constructs. Having a clear grasp of the possible constructs is important since experimental procedures are only able to target some but not all the possible constructs. The unacknowledged misalignment of the possible constructs of a sense of agency and the experimental procedures is a major theoretical and methodological obstacle to studying the sense of agency. Only if we recognize the nature of this obstacle will we be able to design the experimental paradigms that would enable us to study the responsible computational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Grünbaum
- Section for Philosophy, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, DK - 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Mark Schram Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Christensen Lab - Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK - 2200, Copenhagen N, 33.3.52, Denmark
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42
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Abstract
In our daily lives, we frequently execute actions that require several steps to bring about the outcome. However, investigations on how the sense of agency—the sense of controlling our actions and their outcomes—evolves in multi-step actions are still lacking. The purpose of the present research is to fill this gap. In the present study, the participants executed one-step, two-step, and three-step actions in which one, two, or three keys had to be pressed consecutively to generate a tone. We used sensory attenuation as an implicit measure of the sense of agency. Sensory attenuation means that self-produced sensory effects are perceived as less intense than externally generated effects. In the present experiment, sensory attenuation was measured in a psychophysical paradigm and increased in multi-step actions compared to the one-step action. We also asked the participants to explicitly rate the amount to which they felt that they had generated the tone. Ratings were highest in the one-step condition and dropped for multi-step actions, thus showing the opposite pattern of the sensory attenuation data. We assume that enhanced sensory attenuation in multi-step actions could be due to increased effort or more accurate sensorimotor predictions of action effects. The decrease in explicit ratings for multi-step actions might be attributed to reduced perception of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Garrido-Vásquez
- Department of Psychology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tanja Rock
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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43
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Endo S, Fröhner J, Musić S, Hirche S, Beckerle P. Effect of External Force on Agency in Physical Human-Machine Interaction. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:114. [PMID: 32457587 PMCID: PMC7227379 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the advent of intelligent robotic tools for physically assisting humans, user experience, and intuitiveness in particular have become important features for control designs. However, existing works predominantly focus on performance-related measures for evaluating control systems as the subjective experience of a user by large cannot be directly observed. In this study, we therefore focus on agency-related interactions between control and embodiment in the context of physical human-machine interaction. By applying an intentional binding paradigm in a virtual, machine-assisted reaching task, we evaluate how the sense of agency of able-bodied humans is modulated by assistive force characteristics of a physically coupled device. In addition to measuring how assistive force profiles influence the sense of agency with intentional binding, we analyzed the sense of agency using a questionnaire. Remarkably, our participants reported to experience stronger agency when being appropriately assisted, although they contributed less to the control task. This is substantiated by the overall consistency of intentional binding results and the self-reported sense of agency. Our results confirm the fundamental feasibility of the sense of agency to objectively evaluate the quality of human-in-the-loop control for assistive technologies. While the underlying mechanisms causing the perceptual bias observed in the intentional binding paradigm are still to be understood, we believe that this study distinctly contributes to demonstrating how the sense of agency characterizes intuitiveness of assistance in physical human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Chair of Information-Oriented Control, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Fröhner
- Chair of Information-Oriented Control, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selma Musić
- Chair of Information-Oriented Control, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Hirche
- Chair of Information-Oriented Control, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckerle
- Elastic Lightweight Robotics Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Robotics Research Institute, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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44
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Freedom to act enhances the sense of agency, while movement and goal-related prediction errors reduce it. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:987-1004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Heat pain modulation with virtual water during a virtual hand illusion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19137. [PMID: 31836829 PMCID: PMC6911006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersive virtual reality is a powerful method to modify the environment and thereby influence experience. The present study used a virtual hand illusion and context manipulation in immersive virtual reality to examine top-down modulation of pain. Participants received painful heat stimuli on their forearm and placed an embodied virtual hand (co-located with their real one) under a virtual water tap, which dispensed virtual water under different experimental conditions. We aimed to induce a temperature illusion by a red, blue or white light suggesting warm, cold or no virtual water. In addition, the sense of agency was manipulated by allowing participants to have high or low control over the virtual hand’s movements. Most participants experienced a thermal sensation in response to the virtual water and associated the blue and red light with cool/cold or warm/hot temperatures, respectively. Importantly, the blue light condition reduced and the red light condition increased pain intensity and unpleasantness, both compared to the control condition. The control manipulation influenced the sense of agency, but did not influence pain ratings. The large effects revealed in our study suggest that context effects within an embodied setting in an immersive virtual environment should be considered within VR based pain therapy.
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Schwarz KA, Weller L, Pfister R, Kunde W. Connecting action control and agency: Does action-effect binding affect temporal binding? Conscious Cogn 2019; 76:102833. [PMID: 31629097 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sense of agency, i.e., the notion that we, as agents, are in control of our own actions and can affect our environment by acting, is an integral part of human volition. Recent work has attempted to ground agency in basic mechanisms of human action control. Along these lines, action-effect binding has been shown to affect explicit judgments of agency. Here, we investigate if such action-effect bindings are also related to temporal binding which is often used as an implicit measure of agency. In two experiments, we found evidence for the establishment of short-term action-effect bindings as well as temporal binding effects. However, the two phenomena were not associated with each other. This finding suggests that the relation of action control and agency is not a simple one, and it adds to the evidence in favor of a dissociation between subjective agency and perceptual biases such as temporal binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Weller
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Schwarz K, Weller L, Klaffehn A, Pfister R. The effects of action choice on temporal binding, agency ratings, and their correlation. Conscious Cogn 2019; 75:102807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lustig C, Haider H. Response-effects trigger the development of explicit knowledge. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 194:87-100. [PMID: 30822693 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In implicit learning, task-redundant response-effects can enhance the development of explicit knowledge. Here, we investigated whether learning a fixed sequence of effects (stimuli occurring immediately after the participant's keypress, but are not mapped to the identity of the respective response) influence the development of explicit rather than implicit knowledge when these effects are afterwards mapped to the identity of the responses. We tested first, whether participants would learn a fixed sequence of effects in a serial reaction time task when these effects were not mapped to the identity of the responses. Next, we tested whether learning this effect sequence in advance would facilitate the development of explicit knowledge about a contingently mapped sequence of responses. The results showed that participants acquired implicit knowledge when confronted with only the effect sequence. Moreover, the further findings suggest that learning the effect sequence in advance led to the development of primarily explicit knowledge about a subsequently added response-location sequence. We interpret these results in light of the Unexpected-Event hypothesis: A sudden feeling of sense of agency is unexpected and triggers inference processes. PsycINFO classification codes: 2340, 2343.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Lustig
- University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Hilde Haider
- University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, Germany
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Gilboa‐Schechtman E, Keshet H, Peschard V, Azoulay R. Self and identity in social anxiety disorder. J Pers 2019; 88:106-121. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gilboa‐Schechtman
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Science Center Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Hadar Keshet
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Science Center Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Virginie Peschard
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Science Center Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Roy Azoulay
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Science Center Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
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Sense of agency is modulated by interactions between action choice, outcome valence, and predictability. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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