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Martin-Salgado M, Ochoa-Echeverría A, Mérida I. Diacylglycerol kinases: A look into the future of immunotherapy. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:100999. [PMID: 37949728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer still represents the second leading cause of death right after cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer provoked around 10 million deaths in 2020, with lung and colon tumors accounting for the deadliest forms of cancer. As tumor cells become resistant to traditional therapeutic approaches, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for tumor control. T lymphocytes are key players in immune responses against tumors. Immunosurveillance allows identification, targeting and later killing of cancerous cells. Nevertheless, tumors evolve through different strategies to evade the immune response and spread in a process called metastasis. The ineffectiveness of traditional strategies to control tumor growth and expansion has led to novel approaches considering modulation of T cell activation and effector functions. Program death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed promising results in the early 90s and nowadays are still being exploited together with other drugs for several cancer types. Other negative regulators of T cell activation are diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA). In T cells, DGKα and DGKζ limit the PLCγ/Ras/ERK axis thus attenuating DAG mediated signaling and T cell effector functions. Upregulation of either of both isoforms results in impaired Ras activation and anergy induction, whereas germline knockdown mice showed enhanced antitumor properties and more effective immune responses against pathogens. Here we review the mechanisms used by DGKs to ameliorate T cell activation and how inhibition could be used to reinvigorate T cell functions in cancer context. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved upon T cell activation will help to improve current therapies with DAG promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Salgado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Ane Ochoa-Echeverría
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology. National Centre for Biotechnology. Spanish Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Spain.
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2
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Aoki S. Elucidating the Mechanisms Underlying Interindividual Differences in the Onset of Adverse Drug Reactions. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1079-1086. [PMID: 38825461 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug toxicities (IDTs) pose a significant challenge; they are marked by life-threatening adverse reactions that emerge aftermarket release and are influenced by intricate genetic and environmental variations. Recent genome-wide association studies have highlighted a strong correlation between specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms and IDT onset. This review provides an overview of current research on HLA-mediated drug toxicities. In the last six years, HLA-transgenic (Tg) mice have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of these underlying mechanisms, uncovering systemic immune reactions that replicate human drug-induced immune stimulation. Additionally, the potential role of immune tolerance in shaping individual differences in adverse effects highlights its relevance to the interplay between HLA polymorphisms and IDTs. Although HLA-Tg mice offer valuable insights into systemic immune reactions, further exploration is essential to decipher the intricate interactions that lead to organ-specific adverse effects, especially in organs such as the skin or liver. Navigating the intricate interplay of HLA, which may potentially trigger intracellular immune responses, this review emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that integrates findings from both animal models and molecular/cellular investigations. The overarching goal is to enhance our comprehensive understanding of HLA-mediated IDTs and identify factors shaping individual variations in drug reactions. This review aims to facilitate the development of strategies to prevent severe adverse effects, address existing knowledge gaps, and provide guidance for future research initiatives in the field of HLA-mediated IDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Aoki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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3
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Xu X, Yi C, Feng T, Ge Y, Liu M, Wu C, Yu H, Chen X, Gopinath SCB, Zhang W, Zhao L, Zou J. Regulating tumor microenvironments by a lymph node-targeting adjuvant via tumor-specific CTL-derived IFNγ. Clin Immunol 2023:109685. [PMID: 37406980 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Inducing tumor-specific T cell responses and regulating suppressive tumor microenvironments have been a challenge for effective tumor therapy. CpG (ODN), the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, has been widely used as adjuvants of cancer vaccines to induce T cell responses. We developed a novel adjuvant to improve the targeting of lymph nodes. CpG were modified with lipid and glycopolymers by the combination of photo-induced RAFT polymerization and click chemistry, and the novel adjuvant was termed as lipid-glycoadjuvant@AuNPs (LCpG). OVA protein was used as model antigen and melanoma model was established to test the immunotherapy effect of the adjuvant. In tumor model, the antitumor effect and mechanism of LCpG on the response of CTLs were examined by flow cytometry and cell cytotoxicity assay. The effects of LCpG on macrophage polarization and Tregs differentiation in tumor microenvironment were also studied by cell depletion assay and cytokine neutralization assay. We also tested the therapeutic effect of the combination of the adjuvant and anti-PD-1 treatment. LCpG could be rapidly transported to and retained longer in the lymphoid nodes than unmodified CpG. In melanoma model, LCpG controlled both primary tumor and its metastasis, and established long-term memory. In spleen and tumor draining lymphoid nodes, LCpG activated tumor-specific Tc1 responses, with increased CD8+ T-cell proliferation, antigen-specific Tc1 cytokine production and specific-tumor killing capacity. In tumor microenvironments, antigen-specific Tc1 induced by the LCpG promoted CTL infiltration, skewed tumor associated macrophages to M1 phenotype, regulated Treg and induced proinflammatory cytokines production in a CTL-derived IFN-γ-dependent manner. In vivo cell depletion and adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that antitumor activity of LCpG included vaccine was mainly dependent on CTL-derived IFN-γ. The anti-tumor efficacy of LCpG was dramatically enhanced when combined with anti-PD1 immunotherapy. LCpG was a promising adjuvant for vaccine formulation which could augment tumor-specific Tc1 activity, and regulate tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyun Feng
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youzhen Ge
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cenhao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia; Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia; Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Jasinski-Bergner S, Wickenhauser C, Seliger B. Cancer Immunology: Immune Escape of Tumors-Expression and Regulation of HLA Class I Molecules and Its Role in Immunotherapies. Adv Anat Pathol 2023; 30:148-159. [PMID: 36517481 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The addition of "avoiding immune destruction" to the hallmarks of cancer demonstrated the importance of cancer immunology and in particular the role of immune surveillance and escape from malignancies. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to immune impairment and immune responses are diverse. Loss or reduced expression of the HLA class I molecules are major characteristics of human cancers resulting in an impaired recognition of tumor cells by CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This is of clinical relevance and associated with worse patients outcome and limited efficacy of T-cell-based immunotherapies. Here, we summarize the role of HLA class I antigens in cancers by focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for HLA class I defects, which are caused by either structural alterations or deregulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. In addition, the influence of HLA class I abnormalities to adaptive and acquired immunotherapy resistances will be described. The in-depth knowledge of the different strategies of malignancies leading to HLA class I defects can be applied to design more effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute of Medical Immunology
- Institute for Translational Immunology, Medical School "Theodor Fontane", Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale)
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology
- Department of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Development & Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, GermanyLeipzig, Germany
- Institute for Translational Immunology, Medical School "Theodor Fontane", Brandenburg, Germany
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5
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Mohammadi B, Saghafi M, Abdulsattar Faraj T, Kamal Kheder R, Sajid Abdulabbas H, Esmaeili SA. The role of tolerogenic dendritic cells in systematic lupus erythematosus progression and remission. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109601. [PMID: 36571919 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease reflecting an imbalance between effector and regulatory immune responses. Dendritic cells (DC) are a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammatory DCs (inflDC) can initiate and trigger lymphocyte responses in SLE with over-expression of surface molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokine, including Interferon (IFN) α, Interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-1β, and IL-6, resulting in the overreaction of T helper cells (Th), and B cells immune responses. On the opposite side, tolerogenic DCs (tolDC) express inhibitory interacting surface molecules and repressive mediators, such as IL-10, Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), which can maintain self-tolerance in SLE by induction of regulatory T cells (Treg), T cells deletion and anergy. Hence, tolDCs can be a therapeutic candidate for patients with SLE to suppress their systematic inflammation. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies showed the efficacy of tolDCs therapy in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on the effect of inflDCs in promoting inflammation and the role of tolDC in the suppression of immune cells' overreaction in SLE. Furthermore, we reviewed the finding of clinical trials and experimental studies related to autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Mohammadi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Saghafi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tola Abdulsattar Faraj
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ramiar Kamal Kheder
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania 46012, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Continuous Education Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala 56001, Iraq
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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6
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Lindsay RS, Melssen MM, Stasiak K, Annis JL, Woods AN, Rodriguez AB, Brown MG, Engelhard VH. NK cells reduce anergic T cell development in early-stage tumors by promoting myeloid cell maturation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1058894. [PMID: 36531040 PMCID: PMC9755581 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1058894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies of NK cells in tumors have primarily focused on their direct actions towards tumor cells. We evaluated the impact of NK cells on expression of homing receptor ligands on tumor vasculature, intratumoral T cell number and function, and T cell activation in tumor draining lymph node. Methods Using an implantable mouse model of melanoma, T cell responses and homing receptor ligand expression on the vasculature were evaluated with and without NK cells present during the early stages of the tumor response by flow cytometry. Results NK cells in early-stage tumors are one source of IFNγ that augments homing receptor ligand expression. More significantly, NK cell depletion resulted in increased numbers of intratumoral T cells with an anergic phenotype. Anergic T cell development in tumor draining lymph node was associated with increased T-cell receptor signaling but decreased proliferation and effector cell activity, and an incomplete maturation phenotype of antigen presenting cells. These effects of NK depletion were similar to those of blocking CD40L stimulation. Discussion We conclude that an important function of NK cells is to drive proper APC maturation via CD40L during responses to early-stage tumors, reducing development of anergic T cells. The reduced development of anergic T cells resulting in improved tumor control and T cell responses when NK cells were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S. Lindsay
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Marit M. Melssen
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Katarzyna Stasiak
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Annis
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Amber N. Woods
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Anthony B. Rodriguez
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Michael G. Brown
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Victor H. Engelhard
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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7
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Yang Y, Lin Y, Xu R, Zhang Z, Zeng W, Xu Q, Deng F. Micro/Nanostructured Topography on Titanium Orchestrates Dendritic Cell Adhesion and Activation via β2 Integrin-FAK Signals. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5117-5136. [PMID: 36345509 PMCID: PMC9636866 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s381222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose In clinical application of dental implants, the functional state of dendritic cells (DCs) has been suggested to have a close relationship with the implant survival rate or speed of osseointegration. Although microscale surfaces have a stable osteogenesis property, they also incline to trigger unfavorable DCs activation and threaten the osseointegration process. Nanoscale structures have an advantage in regulating cell immune response through orchestrating cell adhesion, indicating the potential of hierarchical micro/nanostructured surface in regulation of DCs’ activation without sacrificing the advantage of microscale topography. Materials and Methods Two micro/nanostructures were fabricated based on microscale rough surfaces through anodization or alkali treatment, the sand-blasted and acid-etched (SA) surface served as control. The surface characteristics, in vitro and in vivo DC immune reactions and β2 integrin-FAK signal expression were systematically investigated. The DC responses to different surface topographies after FAK inhibition were also tested. Results Both micro/nano-modified surfaces exhibited unique composite structures, with higher hydrophilicity and lower roughness compared to the SA surface. The DCs showed relatively immature functional states with round morphologies and significantly downregulated β2 integrin-FAK levels on micro/nanostructures. Implant surfaces with micro/nano-topographies also triggered lower levels of DC inflammatory responses than SA surfaces in vivo. The inhibited FAK activation effectively reduced the differences in topography-caused DC activation and narrowed the differences in DC activation among the three groups. Conclusion Compared to the SA surface with solely micro-scale topography, titanium surfaces with hybrid micro/nano-topographies reduced DC inflammatory response by influencing their adhesion states. This regulatory effect was accompanied by the modulation of β2 integrin-FAK signal expression. The β2 integrin-FAK-mediated adhesion plays a critical role in topography-induced DC activation, which represents a potential target for material–cell interaction regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujing Lin
- Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruogu Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengchuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Zeng
- Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Qiong Xu; Feilong Deng, Department of Oral Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 56, Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510055, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 20 83862537, Fax +86 20 83822807, Email ;
| | - Feilong Deng
- Department of Oral Implantology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Prybutok AN, Yu JS, Leonard JN, Bagheri N. Mapping CAR T-Cell Design Space Using Agent-Based Models. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:849363. [PMID: 35903149 PMCID: PMC9315201 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.849363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows promise for treating liquid cancers and increasingly for solid tumors as well. While potential design strategies exist to address translational challenges, including the lack of unique tumor antigens and the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, testing all possible design choices in vitro and in vivo is prohibitively expensive, time consuming, and laborious. To address this gap, we extended the modeling framework ARCADE (Agent-based Representation of Cells And Dynamic Environments) to include CAR T-cell agents (CAR T-cell ARCADE, or CARCADE). We conducted in silico experiments to investigate how clinically relevant design choices and inherent tumor features—CAR T-cell dose, CD4+:CD8+ CAR T-cell ratio, CAR-antigen affinity, cancer and healthy cell antigen expression—individually and collectively impact treatment outcomes. Our analysis revealed that tuning CAR affinity modulates IL-2 production by balancing CAR T-cell proliferation and effector function. It also identified a novel multi-feature tuned treatment strategy for balancing selectivity and efficacy and provided insights into how spatial effects can impact relative treatment performance in different contexts. CARCADE facilitates deeper biological understanding of treatment design and could ultimately enable identification of promising treatment strategies to accelerate solid tumor CAR T-cell design-build-test cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N. Prybutok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Jessica S. Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua N. Leonard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Neda Bagheri, ; Joshua N. Leonard,
| | - Neda Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Neda Bagheri, ; Joshua N. Leonard,
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9
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Karasarides M, Cogdill AP, Robbins PB, Bowden M, Burton EM, Butterfield LH, Cesano A, Hammer C, Haymaker CL, Horak CE, McGee HM, Monette A, Rudqvist NP, Spencer CN, Sweis RF, Vincent BG, Wennerberg E, Yuan J, Zappasodi R, Lucey VMH, Wells DK, LaVallee T. Hallmarks of Resistance to Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:372-383. [PMID: 35362046 PMCID: PMC9381103 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), although revolutionary in improving long-term survival outcomes, are mostly effective in patients with immune-responsive tumors. Most patients with cancer either do not respond to ICIs at all or experience disease progression after an initial period of response. Treatment resistance to ICIs remains a major challenge and defines the biggest unmet medical need in oncology worldwide. In a collaborative workshop, thought leaders from academic, biopharma, and nonprofit sectors convened to outline a resistance framework to support and guide future immune-resistance research. Here, we explore the initial part of our effort by collating seminal discoveries through the lens of known biological processes. We highlight eight biological processes and refer to them as immune resistance nodes. We examine the seminal discoveries that define each immune resistance node and pose critical questions, which, if answered, would greatly expand our notion of immune resistance. Ultimately, the expansion and application of this work calls for the integration of multiomic high-dimensional analyses from patient-level data to produce a map of resistance phenotypes that can be utilized to guide effective drug development and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karasarides
- Worldwide Medical Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey.,Corresponding Authors: Maria Karasarides, Worldwide Medical Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boston, MA 021273401. E-mail: ; and Theresa LaVallee, 1 Letterman Drive, Suite D3500, San Francisco, CA 94129. Phone: 628-899-7593; E-mail:
| | - Alexandria P. Cogdill
- Immunai, New York, New York.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Michaela Bowden
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth M. Burton
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Christian Hammer
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.,Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Cara L. Haymaker
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christine E. Horak
- Global Drug Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Heather M. McGee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckmann Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Christine N. Spencer
- Department of Informatics, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California.,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Randy F. Sweis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin G. Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Jianda Yuan
- Translational Oncology, Early Oncology Development Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Daniel K. Wells
- Immunai, New York, New York.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Theresa LaVallee
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California.,Corresponding Authors: Maria Karasarides, Worldwide Medical Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boston, MA 021273401. E-mail: ; and Theresa LaVallee, 1 Letterman Drive, Suite D3500, San Francisco, CA 94129. Phone: 628-899-7593; E-mail:
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10
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Philip M, Schietinger A. CD8 + T cell differentiation and dysfunction in cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:209-223. [PMID: 34253904 PMCID: PMC9792152 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells specific for cancer cells are detected within tumours. However, despite their presence, tumours progress. The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapy demonstrates the potential of CD8+ T cells to mediate antitumour responses; however, most patients with cancer fail to achieve long-term responses to immunotherapy. Here we review CD8+ T cell differentiation to dysfunctional states during tumorigenesis. We highlight similarities and differences between T cell dysfunction and other hyporesponsive T cell states and discuss the spatio-temporal factors contributing to T cell state heterogeneity in tumours. An important challenge is predicting which patients will respond to immunotherapeutic interventions and understanding which T cell subsets mediate the clinical response. We explore our current understanding of what determines T cell responsiveness and resistance to immunotherapy and point out the outstanding research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Philip
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,;
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,;
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11
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The PD1 inhibitory pathway and mature dendritic cells contribute to abacavir hypersensitivity in human leukocyte antigen transgenic PD1 knockout mice. Toxicology 2021; 463:152971. [PMID: 34606953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on recent genome-wide association studies, abacavir-induced hypersensitivity is highly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*57:01 allele. However, the underlying mechanism of this occurrence is unclear. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we developed HLA-B*57:01 transgenic mice and found that application of abacavir could cause CD8 T cell activation with elevation in PD1 expression; however, severe skin hypersensitivity was not observed. To eliminate the immunosuppressive effect of PD1, HLA-B*57:01 transgenic/PD1 knockout (01Tg/PD1) mice were generated by mating HLA-B*57:01 transgenic mice and PD1 knockout mice. Thereafter, 01Tg/PD1 mice were treated with abacavir. Similar to the above results, severe skin hypersensitivity was not observed. Therefore, we treated 01Tg/PD1 mice with an anti-CD4 antibody to deplete CD4 T cells, followed by abacavir topically and orally. Severe abacavir-induced skin hypersensitivity was observed in 01Tg/PD1 mice after depletion of CD4 T cells, in addition to significant CD8 T cell activation and dendritic cell maturation. Taken together, we succeeded in reproducing severe skin hypersensitivity in a mouse model. And we found that through the combined depletion of PD1 and CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells could be activated and could proceed to clonal proliferation, which is promoted by mature dendritic cells, thereby eventually inducing severe skin hypersensitivity.
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12
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Tsabar M, Lovitch SB, Jambhekar A, Lahav G. Connecting Timescales in Biology: Can Early Dynamical Measurements Predict Long-Term Outcomes? Trends Cancer 2021; 7:301-308. [PMID: 33451930 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of long-term outcomes from short-term measurements remains a fundamental challenge. Quantitative assessment of signaling dynamics, and the resulting transcriptomic and proteomic responses, has yielded fundamental insights into cellular outcomes. However, the utility of these measurements is limited by their short timescale (hours to days), while the consequences of these events frequently unfold over longer timescales. Here, we discuss the predictive power of static and dynamic measurements, drawing examples from fields that have harnessed the predictive capabilities of such measurements. We then explore potential approaches to close this timescale gap using complementary measurements and computational approaches, focusing on the example of dynamic measurements of signaling factors and their impacts on cellular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tsabar
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Scott B Lovitch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashwini Jambhekar
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galit Lahav
- Department of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Liu X, Hoft DF, Peng G. Senescent T cells within suppressive tumor microenvironments: emerging target for tumor immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1073-1083. [PMID: 32118585 DOI: 10.1172/jci133679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional state of the preexisting T cells in the tumor microenvironment is a key determinant for effective antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Increasing evidence suggests that immunosenescence is an important state of T cell dysfunction that is distinct from exhaustion, a key strategy used by malignant tumors to evade immune surveillance and sustain the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, we discuss the phenotypic and functional characteristics of senescent T cells and their role in human cancers. We also explore the possible mechanisms and signaling pathways responsible for induction of T cell senescence by malignant tumors, and then discuss potential strategies to prevent and/or reverse senescence in tumor-specific T cells. A better understanding of these critical issues should provide novel strategies to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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14
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Bullock TNJ. Fundamentals of Cancer Immunology and Their Application to Cancer Vaccines. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:120-131. [PMID: 32770735 PMCID: PMC7877844 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the immune system to influence tumor progression has been a long-standing notion that first generated clinical traction over a 100 years ago when Dr. William Coley injected disaggregated bacterial components into sarcomas and noted that the ensuing inflammation commonly associated with tumor regression.1 Since then, our understanding of the individual components and the overall interaction of the immune system has expanded exponentially. This has led to the development of a robust understanding of how components of innate and adaptive immunity recognize and respond to tumors and leveraging this information for the development of tumor immunotherapies. However, clinical failures have also deepened our knowledge of how tumors might adapt/be selected to avoid or inhibit immune responses, which, in turn, has led to the further iteration of immunotherapies. In this tutorial, the established elements of tumor immunity are explained, and areas where our knowledge base is too thin is highlighted. The principles of tumor immunity that guide the development of cancer vaccines are further illustrated, and potential considerations of how to integrate cancer vaccines with conventional therapies and other immunotherapies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N J Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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15
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Takahashi N, Surolia I, Thomas A. Targeting DNA Repair to Drive Immune Responses: It's Time to Reconsider the Strategy for Clinical Translation. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2452-2456. [PMID: 32066627 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PARP inhibition induces robust local and systemic antitumor immune responses and curative responses when combined with immune checkpoint blockade in many preclinical studies. However, the combination has not markedly improved antitumor effect compared with individual agents in clinical trials to date. We propose that the data from these trials indicate a lack of synergistic interaction of PARP inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade, with implications for reexamining our current strategies for clinical translation. As current mouse models do not recapitulate the genomic heterogeneity or tumor microenvironment of human cancers, better models are urgently needed. Tumor-extrinsic factors modulate immune checkpoint blockade response and they may be better assessed in early-phase clinical trials with frequent tissue and blood sampling. Further work is also needed to uncover the dose and schedule dependency of DNA repair modulation on the immune system. In homologous recombination repair-deficient tumors, randomized trials should be prioritized to address whether the benefit is superior to that of PARP inhibitor monotherapy. In tumors that are not homologous recombination repair deficient, research biopsies should be integrated to early-phase clinical trials to discover biomarkers that can predict clinical benefit. These considerations are relevant to the variety of adjunctive therapeutics being combined with immune checkpoint blockade to improve probability, duration, and potency of antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ira Surolia
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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16
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Suppression of the Peripheral Immune System Limits the Central Immune Response Following Cuprizone-Feeding: Relevance to Modelling Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111314. [PMID: 31653054 PMCID: PMC6912385 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ) preferentially affects oligodendrocytes (OLG), resulting in demyelination. To investigate whether central oligodendrocytosis and gliosis triggered an adaptive immune response, the impact of combining a standard (0.2%) or low (0.1%) dose of ingested CPZ with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), using pertussis toxin (PT), was assessed in mice. 0.2% CPZ(±PT) for 5 weeks produced oligodendrocytosis, demyelination and gliosis plus marked splenic atrophy (37%) and reduced levels of CD4 (44%) and CD8 (61%). Conversely, 0.1% CPZ(±PT) produced a similar oligodendrocytosis, demyelination and gliosis but a smaller reduction in splenic CD4 (11%) and CD8 (14%) levels and no splenic atrophy. Long-term feeding of 0.1% CPZ(±PT) for 12 weeks produced similar reductions in CD4 (27%) and CD8 (43%), as well as splenic atrophy (33%), as seen with 0.2% CPZ(±PT) for 5 weeks. Collectively, these results suggest that 0.1% CPZ for 5 weeks may be a more promising model to study the ‘inside-out’ theory of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, neither CD4 nor CD8 were detected in the brain in CPZ±PT groups, indicating that CPZ-mediated suppression of peripheral immune organs is a major impediment to studying the ‘inside-out’ role of the adaptive immune system in this model over long time periods. Notably, CPZ(±PT)-feeding induced changes in the brain proteome related to the suppression of immune function, cellular metabolism, synaptic function and cellular structure/organization, indicating that demyelinating conditions, such as MS, can be initiated in the absence of adaptive immune system involvement.
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17
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Sena LSBD, Santos HBDP, Amaral MGD, Gordón-Núñez MA, Alves PM, Nonaka CFW. Immunoexpression of human leukocyte antigen-DR in actinic cheilitis and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e085. [PMID: 31483051 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) in actinic cheilitis (AC) and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (LLSCC), and to correlate the findings with clinical (tumor size/extent, regional lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage) and histopathological (grade of epithelial dysplasia and inflammatory infiltrate for AC and histopathological grade of malignancy for LLSCC) parameters. Twenty-four AC and 48 LLSCC cases (24 with regional nodal metastasis and 24 without regional nodal metastasis) were selected. The scores of immunopositive cells for HLA-DR in the epithelial component of the lesions were assessed and the results were analyzed statistically using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Epithelial expression of HLA-DR was observed in only five (20.8%) cases of AC (two low-grade and three high-grade lesions), with a very low median score of immunopositivity. By contrast, expression of HLA-DR was found in most LLSCC (97.9%), with a relatively high median score of positive cells. The score of HLA-DR-positive cells tended to be higher in tumors with regional lymph node metastasis, tumors in advanced clinical stages, and low-grade tumors, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In addition, there was a tendency towards higher expression of HLA-DR in highly/moderately keratinized tumors, and tumors with little/moderate nuclear pleomorphism (p > 0.05). The results suggest a potential role of HLA-DR in lip carcinogenesis, particularly in the development and progression of LLSCC. The expression of this protein can be related to the degree of cell differentiation in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pollianna Muniz Alves
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Department of Dentistry, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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18
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Suboptimal stimulation by weak agonist epitope variants does not drive dysfunction of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones. AIDS 2019; 33:1565-1574. [PMID: 31306165 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether weakly recognized epitope variants induce anergy in HIV-1-specific CD8 T lymphocyte (CTL) clones as a mechanism of dysfunction. DESIGN HIV-1-specific CTL clones were exposed to suboptimally recognized epitope variants, and screened for anergy and other T-cell dysfunction markers, and subsequent capability to kill target cells bearing index epitope. METHODS In addition to the optimally recognized index epitope, two suboptimally recognized epitope variants were selected based on titration curves for killing of peptide-labeled target cells by three HIV-1-specific CTL clones targeting the epitopes SLYNTVATL (Gag 77-85, A02-restricted), RPAEPVPLQL (Rev 66-75, B07-restricted), and KRWIIMGLNK (Gag 263-272, B27-restricted). Consequences of suboptimal stimulation were assessed by cytokine secretion, gene expression, and capacity to kill index epitope-labeled target cells upon rechallenge. RESULTS Suboptimal recognition of epitope variants reduced cytokine production by CTL similarly to reduction in killing of target cells. Gene expression profiles after suboptimal stimulation demonstrated no patterns consistent with T-cell dysfunction due to anergy, exhaustion, or apoptosis. Preexposure of CTL to epitope variants had no discernable impact on their subsequent capacity to kill index epitope-bearing target cells. CONCLUSION Our data explore the hypothesis that poorly recognized epitope variants not only facilitate HIV-1 evasion of CTL recognition, but also induce CTL dysfunction through suboptimal signaling causing anergy. However, the results do not suggest that suboptimal signaling induces anergy (or exhaustion or apoptosis), indicating that the major role of CTL epitope variation is likely viral escape.
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19
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Monaco S, Jahraus B, Samstag Y, Bading H. Conditions of limited calcium influx (CLCI) inhibits IL2 induction and favors expression of anergy-related genes in TCR/CD3 and CD28 costimulated primary human T cells. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:81-87. [PMID: 31344552 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is a key regulator of the T cell immune response. Depending on the spatial properties (nucleus versus cytoplasm) of the calcium signals generated after CD3xCD28 stimulation, primary human T cells either mount a productive immune response or develop tolerance. Nuclear calcium acts as a genomic decision maker: during T cell activation, it drives expression of genes associated with a productive immune response while in its absence, stimulated T cells acquire an anergy-like gene profile. Selective inhibition of nuclear calcium signaling in stimulated T cells blocks the productive immune response and directs the cells towards an anergy-like state. Here we show that the two transcriptional programs that include, respectively, the 'activation gene', interleukin 2 (IL2) and 'anergy-related genes', EGR2, EGR3, and CREM have different requirements for transmembrane calcium flux. By either lowering extracellular calcium concentrations with EGTA or using low concentrations of the ORAI blockers, BTP2 or RO2959, we reduced transmembrane calcium flux in human primary T cells stimulated with CD3xCD28. These 'conditions of limited calcium influx' (CLCI) blocked CD3xCD28-induced IL2 expression but only moderately affected induction of the anergy-related genes EGR2, EGR3, and CREM. We observed no difference in NFAT2 nuclear translocation after CD3xCD28 stimulation between normal conditions and CLCI. These results indicate that CLCI favors expression of anergy-related genes in activated human T cells. CLCI may be used to develop novel means for pro-tolerance immunosuppressive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monaco
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Beate Jahraus
- Department of Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Department of Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Molero-Abraham M, Sanchez-Trincado JL, Gomez-Perosanz M, Torres-Gomez A, Subiza JL, Lafuente EM, Reche PA. Human Oral Epithelial Cells Impair Bacteria-Mediated Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Render T Cells Unresponsive to Stimulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1434. [PMID: 31316504 PMCID: PMC6611079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a first line of defense against pathogenic organisms and yet tolerates food antigens and resident bacteria. Mucosal epithelial cells are emerging as important regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the contribution of oral epithelial cells (OECs) determining oral immunity is understudied. Here, we evaluated the ability of H413 and TR146 cells, two OEC lines derived from human oral squamous cell carcinomas, and primary OECs to modulate immune responses to a cocktail of Gram+ and Gram− bacteria known as MV130. OECs expressed CD40 constitutively and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) molecules when stimulated with IFNγ, but not CD80 or CD86. Dendritic cells (DCs) treated with bacteria in co-culture with OECs did not fully mature, as judged by the expression of MHC II, CD80 and CD86, and barely released IL-12 and TNFα, compared to control DCs. Furthermore, in the presence of OECs, DCs were unable to stimulate allogenic naive CD4 T cells to produce IFNγ and TNFα. Similarly, OECs in culture with total CD4 T cells or Th1 cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies abrogated CD25 and CD69 expression, T cell proliferation and the release of IFNγ and TNFα. The inhibition on T cell activation by OECs was cell-contact dependent, TGFβ independent and largely irreversible. Overall, this behavior of OECs is likely key to avoid immune system over-reaction against resident bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Sanchez-Trincado
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gomez-Perosanz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Torres-Gomez
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther M Lafuente
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Reche
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Regulation of autoimmune disease by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Cell Immunol 2019; 340:103916. [PMID: 31126634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Itch is a HECT type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is required to prevent the development of autoimmune disease in both mice and humans. Itch is expressed in most mammalian cell types, and, based on published data, it regulates many cellular pathways ranging from T cell differentiation to liver tumorigenesis. Since 1998, when Itch was first discovered, hundreds of publications have described mechanisms through which Itch controls various biologic activities in both immune and non-immune cells. Other studies have provided insight into how Itch catalytic activity is regulated. However, while autoimmunity is the primary clinical feature that occurs in both mice and humans lacking Itch, and Itch control of immune cell function has been well-studied, it remains unclear how Itch prevents the emergence of autoimmune disease. In this review, we explore recent discoveries that advance our understanding of how Itch regulates immune cell biology, and the extent to which these clarify how Itch prevents autoimmune disease. Additionally, we discuss how molecular regulators of Itch impact its ability to control these processes, as this may provide clues on how to therapeutically target Itch to treat patients with autoimmune disease.
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22
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Chao YH, Chen DY, Lan JL, Tang KT, Lin CC. Tolerogenic β2-glycoprotein I DNA vaccine and FK506 as an adjuvant attenuates experimental obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198821. [PMID: 29894515 PMCID: PMC5997307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have recently emerged as a therapeutic agent for treating autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI)-targeting antiphospholipid antibodies (APAs) and vascular thrombosis or obstetrical complications. To examine the therapeutic potential of a β2-GPI DNA vaccine, we administered a vaccine mixed with FK506 as an adjuvant to a mouse model of obstetric APS. First, the pCMV3-β2-GPI DNA vaccine, which encodes the full-length human β2-GPI gene, was constructed. Then, we administered the β2-GPI DNA vaccine in 0.1 ml of saline, mixed with or without 100 μg of FK506, intramuscularly to the mice on days 28, 35 and 42. Blood titers of the anti-β2-GPI antibody, platelet counts, activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs), and the percentage of fetal loss were measured. We also stimulated murine splenic T cells ex vivo with β2-GPI and determined the T helper cell proportion and cytokine secretion. The administration of the β2-GPI DNA vaccine mixed with FK506 reduced the blood IgG anti-β2-GPI antibody titers and suppressed APS manifestations in mice. The combination also suppressed interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A secretion but increased the Treg cell proportion and IL-10 secretion in murine splenic T cells following ex vivo stimulation with β2-GPI. Our results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of a β2-GPI DNA vaccine and FK506 as an adjuvant in a murine model of obstetric APS. Possible mechanisms include the inhibition of Th1 and Th17 responses and the up-regulation of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Joung-Liang Lan
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tung Tang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (K-TT); (C-CL)
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (K-TT); (C-CL)
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23
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Elucidating feed-forward apoptosis signatures in breast cancer datasets: Higher FOS expression associated with a better outcome. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2757-2763. [PMID: 30013671 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Overstimulation of pro-proliferative pathways and high level expression of pro-proliferative transcription factors (TFs) can lead to apoptosis. This is likely due to TF binding sites for pro-proliferative TFs common to pro-proliferative and pro-apoptosis-effector genes. Certain clinical datasets have indicated that molecular markers associated with higher proliferation rates lead to improved outcomes for patients with cancer. These observations have been extensively assessed on a general basis, however there has been little work dissecting feed-forward apoptosis signaling pathways that may represent specific distinctions between a pro-proliferative mechanism and a pro-apoptotic mechanism in samples from patients with cancer. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets and bioinformatic approaches, the present study reports that higher FOS expression levels, along with higher FOS target apoptosis-effector gene expression, is associated with an increased survival, while higher POU2F1 expression is associated with a reduced survival (average difference of 25.9 months survival). In summary, in the datasets examined FOS represents an apoptosis-driver and high POU2F1 represents a driver mechanism for cancer development.
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24
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Laudanski K, Zawadka M, Polosak J, Modi J, DiMeglio M, Gutsche J, Szeto WY, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M. Acquired immunological imbalance after surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass due to epigenetic over-activation of PU.1/M-CSF. J Transl Med 2018; 16:143. [PMID: 29801457 PMCID: PMC5970449 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that severe insult to the immune system may trigger prolonged macrophage characteristics associated with excessive release of monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). However, it is unclear how persistent is the macrophage-like characteristics in circulating monocytes (MO). In this study, 20 patients who underwent non-emergent cardiopulmonary bypass had their monocytes characterized before surgery and 3 months after surgery. Methods We assessed the macrophage characteristics of MO using cytokine production, surface marker expression, an ability to stimulate T cells, and methylation of the promoter region of the gene encoding PU.1, a critical component to M-CSF production. MO function as well as activation and differentiation potential were longitudinally assessed. Results At 3 months after cardiopulmonary bypass, monocytes exhibited increased expression of MRP8, transforming growth factor-β/latency-associated peptide, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 while phagocytic properties were increased. Concomitantly, we observed a decreased expression of CD86, a decreased ability to form regulatory dendritic cells, and a diminished ability to stimulate T cells. These characteristics were accompanied by a persistent increase in the secretion of M-CSF, over-activation of PU.1, and decreased methylation of the PU.1 promoter region. Serum levels of C-reactive protein and anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibody titers were also elevated in some patients at 3 months after surgery. Conclusions We concluded that at 3 months after cardiopulmonary bypass, monocytes continued to express a new macrophage-like milieu that was associated with the persistent activation of the PU.1/M-CSF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - Mateusz Zawadka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - Jacek Polosak
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Jaymin Modi
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Matthew DiMeglio
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Jacob Gutsche
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - Wilson Y Szeto
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
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Yavorski JM, Blanck G. MHC class II associated stomach cancer mutations correlate with lack of subsequent tumor development. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:1119-1121. [PMID: 29285385 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor cell expression of major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) has been controversial, with evidence indicating that tumor cell expression of MHCII may lead to an anti-tumor immune response and to tumor cell apoptosis and that MHCII has pro-tumorigenic functions. The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) indicates numerous deleterious mutations for the highly specific, MHCII transcriptional activation proteins, RFX5, RFXAP, RFXANK and CIITA. Also, mutations in the non-polymorphic, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRA gene, which encodes the heavy chain for the most prominent human MHCII molecule, HLA-DR, are common. For many, if not most TCGA cancer datasets, the MHCII specific mutations do not associate with clinical outcomes. However, stomach carcinoma represents an exception, where the data indicate that MHCII-specific mutations are associated with a more favorable outcome. These data raise the question of whether stomach cancer mutations represent effective haploinsufficiency or whether mutations that are associated with a favorable outcome occur with other stomach cancer molecular features that limit the function of the two alleles that represent these MHCII-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Yavorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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26
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Predominant contribution of DGKζ over DGKα in the control of PKC/PDK‐1‐regulated functions in T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:549-563. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Mérida I, Torres-Ayuso P, Ávila-Flores A, Arranz-Nicolás J, Andrada E, Tello-Lafoz M, Liébana R, Arcos R. Diacylglycerol kinases in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 63:22-31. [PMID: 27697466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGK) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the transformation of diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. In T lymphocytes, DGKα and ζ limit the activation of the PLCγ/Ras/ERK axis, providing a critical checkpoint to inhibit T cell responses. Upregulation of these isoforms limits Ras activation, leading to hypo-responsive, anergic states similar to those caused by tumors. Recent studies have identified DGKα upregulation in tumor lymphocyte infiltrates, and cells from DGKα and ζ deficient mice show enhanced antitumor activity, suggesting that limitation of DAG based signals by DGK is used by tumors to evade immune attack. DGKα expression is low or even absent in other healthy cells like melanocytes, hepatocytes or neurons. Expression of this isoform, nevertheless is upregulated in melanoma, hepatocarcinoma and glioblastoma where DGKα contributes to the acquisition of tumor metastatic traits. A model thus emerges where tumor milieu fosters DGKα expression in tumors as well as in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with opposite consequences. Here we review the mechanisms and targets that facilitate tumor "addiction" to DGKα, and discuss its relevance in the more advanced forms of cancer for tumor immune evasion. A better knowledge of this function offers a new perspective in the search of novel approaches to prevent inhibition of immune attack in cancer. Part of the failure in clinical progress may be attributed to the complexity of the tumor/T lymphocyte interaction. As they develop, tumors use a number of mechanisms to drive endogenous, tumor reactive T cells to a general state of hyporesponsiveness or anergy. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that tumors use to trigger T cell anergic states will greatly help in the advance of immunotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Nicolás
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Andrada
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Tello-Lafoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Liébana
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Arcos
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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Hillyer L, Dao B, Niemiec P, Lee S, Doidge M, Bemben I, Neyestani T, Woodward B. Elevated Bioactivity of the Tolerogenic Cytokines, Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-β, in the Blood of Acutely Malnourished Weanling Mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:1439-47. [PMID: 16946413 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of acute deficits of protein and energy on the blood levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), physiologically the main anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines. In four 14-day experiments, male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 days old, consumed a complete purified diet either ad libitum or in restricted daily quantities, or had free access to an isocaloric purified low-protein diet. A zero-time control group (19 days old) was included. In the first two experiments, serum IL-10 levels were assessed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bioassay. The mean serum IL-10 bioactivities were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in both malnourished groups (low-protein and restricted intake: 15.8 and 12.2 ng/ml, respectively) than in the zero-time and age-matched control groups (6.3 and 7.3 ng/ml, respectively), whereas serum IL-10 immunoactivity was high only in the restricted intake group (e.g., second experiment: 17.0 pg/ml vs. 5.4, 3.7, and 3.1 pg/ml in the zero-time control, age-matched control and low-protein group, respectively). The third and fourth experiments centered on plasma TGF-β immunoactivity (sandwich ELISA) and bioactivity, respectively. The ELISA revealed a high mean plasma TGF-β1 level (P < 0.05) in the low-protein group only, but TGF-β bioactivity (β1 isoform, although 15% β2 in the restricted intake group) was high in both malnourished groups (8.7 and 9.3 ng/ml in the low-protein and restricted groups, respectively) relative to the age-matched control group (0.5 ng/ml). Thus, metabolically distinct weanling systems mimicking marasmus and incipient kwashiorkor both exhibit a blood cytokine profile that points to a tolerogenic microenvironment within immune response compartments. A model emerges in which malnutrition-associated immune competence, at least in advanced weight loss, centers on cytokine-mediated peripheral tolerance that reduces the risk of catabolically induced autoimmune disease, but this is at the cost of attenuated responsiveness to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Hillyer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1G 2W1
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29
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Kohli K, Janssen A, Förster R. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce tolerance predominantly by cargoing antigen to lymph nodes. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2659-2668. [PMID: 27592607 PMCID: PMC5129535 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been shown to induce tolerance to innocuous antigens. Their migratory properties allow them to take up antigens from the periphery and transport them to the draining lymph nodes or to the thymus. However, pDC‐T‐cell interaction in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs still remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that resting pDCs loaded with exogenous antigen could induce tolerance when transferred intralymphatically into a single lymph node of wild‐type C57BL/6 mice. However, this was a result of antigen transfer from pDCs to endogenous antigen presenting cells and subsequent abortive proliferation of cognate CD4+ T cells. pDCs could not directly induce the proliferation of CD4+ T cells, as observed in mice lacking MHC class II gene. Moreover, pDCs failed to make physical contacts with OT‐II cells as revealed by two‐photon imaging. Thus, the role of resting pDCs in tolerance induction seems to be independent of its direct interaction with cognate CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Kohli
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Monaco S, Jahraus B, Samstag Y, Bading H. Nuclear calcium is required for human T cell activation. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:231-243. [PMID: 27810914 PMCID: PMC5084645 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monaco et al. demonstrate that calcium signals in activated human T cells consist of a cytoplasmic and a nuclear component, which are both required for the immune response. Blockade of nuclear calcium signaling inhibits T cell activation and induces an anergy-like state. Calcium signals in stimulated T cells are generally considered single entities that merely trigger immune responses, whereas costimulatory events specify the type of reaction. Here we show that the “T cell calcium signal” is a composite signal harboring two distinct components that antagonistically control genomic programs underlying the immune response. Using human T cells from healthy individuals, we establish nuclear calcium as a key signal in human T cell adaptogenomics that drives T cell activation and is required for signaling to cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element–binding protein and the induction of CD25, CD69, interleukin-2, and γ-interferon. In the absence of nuclear calcium signaling, cytosolic calcium activating nuclear factor of activated T cells translocation directed the genomic response toward enhanced expression of genes that negatively modulate T cell activation and are associated with a hyporesponsive state. Thus, nuclear calcium controls the T cell fate decision between a proliferative immune response and tolerance. Modulators of nuclear calcium–driven transcription may be used to develop a new type of pro-tolerance immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monaco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Jahraus
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Richards AL, Kapp LM, Wang X, Howie HL, Hudson KE. Regulatory T Cells Are Dispensable for Tolerance to RBC Antigens. Front Immunol 2016; 7:348. [PMID: 27698653 PMCID: PMC5027202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) occurs when pathogenic autoantibodies against red blood cell (RBC) antigens are generated. While the basic disease pathology of AIHA is well studied, the underlying mechanism(s) behind the failure in tolerance to RBC autoantigens are poorly understood. Thus, to investigate the tolerance mechanisms required for the establishment and maintenance of tolerance to RBC antigens, we developed a novel murine model. With this model, we evaluated the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tolerance to RBC-specific antigens. Herein, we show that neither sustained depletion of Tregs nor immunization with RBC-specific proteins in conjunction with Treg depletion led to RBC-specific autoantibody generation. Thus, these studies demonstrate that Tregs are not required to prevent autoantibodies to RBCs and suggest that other tolerance mechanisms are likely involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda M Kapp
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA
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32
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Moraes-Vieira PM, Castoldi A, Aryal P, Wellenstein K, Peroni OD, Kahn BB. Antigen Presentation and T-Cell Activation Are Critical for RBP4-Induced Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:1317-27. [PMID: 26936962 PMCID: PMC4839203 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation contributes to impaired insulin action, which is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. RBP4 is an adipocyte- and liver-derived protein with an important role in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and AT inflammation. RBP4 elevation causes AT inflammation by activating innate immunity, which elicits an adaptive immune response. RBP4-overexpressing mice (RBP4-Ox) are insulin resistant and glucose intolerant and have increased AT macrophages and T-helper 1 cells. We show that high-fat diet-fed RBP4(-/-) mice have reduced AT inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity versus wild type. We also elucidate the mechanism for RBP4-induced macrophage antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation. In RBP4-Ox, AT macrophages display enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, and p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of these pathways and of NF-κB reduces activation of macrophages and CD4 T cells. MyD88 is an adaptor protein involved in proinflammatory signaling. In macrophages from MyD88(-/-) mice, RBP4 fails to stimulate secretion of tumor necrosis factor, IL-12, and IL-6 and CD4 T-cell activation. In vivo blockade of antigen presentation by treating RBP4-Ox mice with CTLA4-Ig, which blocks costimulation of T cells, is sufficient to reduce AT inflammation and improve insulin resistance. Thus, MyD88 and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways are necessary for RBP4-induced macrophage antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation. Also, blocking antigen presentation with CTLA4-Ig improves RBP4-induced insulin resistance and macrophage-induced T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kerry Wellenstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Odile D Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Lutz MB. Induction of CD4(+) Regulatory and Polarized Effector/helper T Cells by Dendritic Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:13-25. [PMID: 26937228 PMCID: PMC4770096 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to play major roles during the induction of T cell immune responses as well as the maintenance of T cell tolerance. Naive CD4(+) T cells have been shown to respond with high plasticity to signals inducing their polarization into effector/helper or regulatory T cells. Data obtained from in vitro generated bone-marrow (BM)-derived DCs as well as genetic mouse models revealed an important but not exclusive role of DCs in shaping CD4(+) T cell responses. Besides the specialization of some conventional DC subsets for the induction of polarized immunity, also the maturation stage, activation of specialized transcription factors and the cytokine production of DCs have major impact on CD4(+) T cells. Since in vitro generated BM-DCs show a high diversity to shape CD4(+) T cells and their high similarity to monocyte-derived DCs in vivo, this review reports data mainly on BM-DCs in this process and only touches the roles of transcription factors or of DC subsets, which have been discussed elsewhere. Here, recent findings on 1) the conversion of naive into anergic and further into Foxp3(-) regulatory T cells (Treg) by immature DCs, 2) the role of RelB in steady state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) for conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3(+) Treg, 3) the DC maturation signature for polarized Th2 cell induction and 4) the DC source of IL-12 for Th1 induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Waugh KA, Leach SM, Slansky JE. Targeting Transcriptional Regulators of CD8+ T Cell Dysfunction to Boost Anti-Tumor Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:771-802. [PMID: 26393659 PMCID: PMC4586477 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription is a dynamic process influenced by the cellular environment: healthy, transformed, and otherwise. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiles reflect the collective impact of pathways modulating cell function under different conditions. In this review we focus on the transcriptional pathways that control tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cell (TIL) function. Simultaneous restraint of overlapping inhibitory pathways may confer TIL resistance to multiple mechanisms of suppression traditionally referred to as exhaustion, tolerance, or anergy. Although decades of work have laid a solid foundation of altered transcriptional networks underlying various subsets of hypofunctional or “dysfunctional” CD8+ T cells, an understanding of the relevance in TIL has just begun. With recent technological advances, it is now feasible to further elucidate and utilize these pathways in immunotherapy platforms that seek to increase TIL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Waugh
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Jill E Slansky
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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35
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Malietzis G, Lee GH, Jenkins JT, Bernardo D, Moorghen M, Knight SC, Al-Hassi HO. Prognostic Value of the Tumour-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:9-14. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2015.1036859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Beyersdorf N, Werner S, Wolf N, Hünig T, Kerkau T. In vitro polyclonal activation of conventional T cells with a CD28 superagonist protects mice from acute graft versus host disease. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1997-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Sandra Werner
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Nelli Wolf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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37
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Merida I, Andrada E, Gharbi SI, Avila-Flores A. Redundant and specialized roles for diacylglycerol kinases and in the control of T cell functions. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re6. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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38
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de Andrade Pereira B, Ackermann M, Chaudhary S, Vogel R, Vogt B, Dresch C, Fraefel C. Tolerance of activated pathogenic CD4+ T cells by transcriptional targeting of dendritic cells. Gene Ther 2015; 22:382-90. [PMID: 25739989 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that targeted expression of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to dendritic cells with self-inactivating-lentivirus vectors induces antigen-specific tolerance in naive antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In the present study, we demonstrate that this approach also induces tolerance of activated antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and completely protects mice from passive EAE induction. Tolerance induction did not correlate with the depletion of the preactivated antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. However, upon isolation and in vitro re-stimulation at day 6 after adoptive transfer the MOG-specific CD4+ T cells from the non-tolerized mice produced large amounts of inflammatory cytokines, whereas those from tolerized mice did not. This unresponsiveness correlated with the upregulation of regulatory molecules associated with anergy and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The in vivo depletion of Tregs resulted in EAE susceptibility of the tolerized animals, suggesting that these cells have indeed a role in tolerance induction/maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Chaudhary
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Vogel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Vogt
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Dresch
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated exposure to Schistosoma mansoni larvae is dependent upon interleukin-10. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1418-30. [PMID: 25624353 PMCID: PMC4363412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02831-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect that multiple percutaneous exposures to Schistosoma larvae has on the development of early CD4+ lymphocyte reactivity is unclear, yet it is important in the context of humans living in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. In a murine model of multiple infections, we show that exposure of mice to repeated doses (4×) of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, compared to a single dose (1×), results in CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness within the skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLN), manifested as reduced CD4+ cell proliferation and cytokine production. FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were present in similar numbers in the sdLN of 4× and 1× mice and thus are unlikely to have a role in effecting hyporesponsiveness. Moreover, anergy of the CD4+ cell population from 4× mice was slight, as proliferation was only partly circumvented through the in vitro addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the in vivo blockade of the regulatory molecule PD1 had a minimal effect on restoring responsiveness. In contrast, IL-10 was observed to be critical in mediating hyporesponsiveness, as CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice deficient for IL-10 were readily able to proliferate, unlike those from 4× wild-type cohorts. CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice exhibited higher levels of apoptosis and cell death, but in the absence of IL-10, there was significantly less cell death. Combined, our data show that IL-10 is a key factor in the development of CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated parasite exposure involving CD4+ cell apoptosis.
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40
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Maeda Y, Nishikawa H, Sugiyama D, Ha D, Hamaguchi M, Saito T, Nishioka M, Wing JB, Adeegbe D, Katayama I, Sakaguchi S. Detection of self-reactive CD8⁺ T cells with an anergic phenotype in healthy individuals. Science 2015; 346:1536-40. [PMID: 25525252 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunological tolerance to self requires naturally occurring regulatory T (Treg) cells. Yet how they stably control autoimmune T cells remains obscure. Here, we show that Treg cells can render self-reactive human CD8(+) T cells anergic (i.e., hypoproliferative and cytokine hypoproducing upon antigen restimulation) in vitro, likely by controlling the costimulatory function of antigen-presenting cells. Anergic T cells were naïve in phenotype, lower than activated T cells in T cell receptor affinity for cognate antigen, and expressed several coinhibitory molecules, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Using these criteria, we detected in healthy individuals anergic T cells reactive with a skin antigen targeted in the autoimmune disease vitiligo. Collectively, our results suggest that Treg cell-mediated induction of anergy in autoimmune T cells is important for maintaining self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Maeda
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Danbee Ha
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuro Saito
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishioka
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - James B Wing
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dennis Adeegbe
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC-WPI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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41
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Pletinckx K, Vaeth M, Schneider T, Beyersdorf N, Hünig T, Berberich-Siebelt F, Lutz MB. Immature dendritic cells convert anergic nonregulatory T cells into Foxp3- IL-10+ regulatory T cells by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:480-91. [PMID: 25382658 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anergic T cells can survive for long time periods passively in a hyporesponsive state without obvious active functions. Thus, the immunological reason for their maintenance is unclear. Here, we induced peptide-specific anergy in T cells from mice by coculturing these cells with immature murine dendritic cells (DCs). We found that these anergic, nonsuppressive IL-10(-) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(low) Egr2(+) T cells could be converted into suppressive IL-10(+) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(high) Egr2(+) cells resembling type-1 Treg cells (Tr1) when stimulated a second time by immature DCs in vitro. Addition of TGF-β during anergy induction favored Foxp3(+) Treg-cell induction, while TGF-β had little effect when added to the second stimulation. Expression of both CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules on anergic T cells was required to allow their conversion into Tr1-like cells. Suppressor activity was enabled via CD28-mediated CD25 upregulation, acting as an IL-2 sink, together with a CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of NFATc1/α activation to shut down IL-2-mediated proliferation. Together, these data provide evidence and mechanistical insights into how persistent anergic T cells may serve as a resting memory pool for Tr1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Pletinckx
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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42
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Abstract
One of the mechanisms that are in place to control the activation of mature T cells that bear self-reactive antigen receptors is anergy, a long-term state of hyporesponsiveness that is established in T cells in response to suboptimal stimulation. T cells receive signals that result not only from antigen recognition and costimulation but also from other sources, including cytokine receptors, inhibitory receptors or metabolic sensors. Integration of those signals will determine T cell fate. Under conditions that induce anergy, T cells activate a program of gene expression that leads to the production of proteins that block T cell receptor signaling and inhibit cytokine gene expression. In this review we will examine those signals that determine functional outcome following antigen encounter, review current knowledge of the factors that ensure signaling inhibition and epigenetic gene silencing in anergic cells and explore the mechanisms that lead to the reversal of anergy and the reacquisition of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valdor
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Bronx, NY. USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Bronx, NY. USA
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43
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Ramos-Hernández N, Ramon HE, Beal AM, Laroche A, Dekleva EA, Oliver PM. Ndfip1 enforces a requirement for CD28 costimulation by limiting IL-2 production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1536-46. [PMID: 23851689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the pathways that permit IL-2 production and the full activation of T cells upon Ag encounter are fairly well defined, the negative regulatory circuits that limit these pathways are poorly understood. In this study, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor Ndfip1 directs one such negative regulatory circuit. T cells lacking Ndfip1 produce IL-2, upregulate IL-2Rα, and proliferate, in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Furthermore, T cells in mice lacking both Ndfip1 and CD28 become activated, produce IL-4, and drive inflammation at barrier surfaces. Ndfip1 constrains T cell activation by limiting the duration of IL-2 mRNA expression after TCR stimulation. Ndfip1 and IL-2 have a similar expression pattern, and, following TCR stimulation, expression of both Ndfip1 and IL-2 requires the activity of NFAT and Erk. Taken together, these data support a negative regulatory circuit in which factors that induce IL-2 expression downstream of TCR engagement also induce the expression of Ndfip1 to limit the extent of IL-2 production and, thus, dampen T cell activation.
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44
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Abstract
Chronic infections with persistent pathogens such as helminths, mycobacteria, Plasmodium, and hepatitis viruses affect more than a third of the human population and are associated with increased susceptibility to other pathogens as well as reduced vaccine efficacy. Although these observations suggest an impact of chronic infections in modulating immunity to unrelated antigens, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Here, we summarize evidence of the most prevalent infections affecting immunity to unrelated pathogens and vaccines, and discuss potential mechanisms of how different bystander chronic infections might impact immune responses. We suggest that bystander chronic infections affect different stages of host responses and may impact transmission and recognition of other pathogens, innate immune responses, priming and differentiation of adaptive effector responses, as well as the development and maintenance of immunological memory. Further understanding of the immunological effects of coinfection should provide opportunities to enhance vaccine efficacy and control of infectious diseases.
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45
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Yan Zhang E, Kong KF, Altman A. The yin and yang of protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ): a novel drug target for selective immunosuppression. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 66:267-312. [PMID: 23433459 PMCID: PMC3903317 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ) is a protein kinase C (PKC) family member expressed predominantly in T lymphocytes, and extensive studies addressing its function have been conducted. PKCθ is the only T cell-expressed PKC that localizes selectively to the center of the immunological synapse (IS) following conventional T cell antigen stimulation, and this unique localization is essential for PKCθ-mediated downstream signaling. While playing a minor role in T cell development, early in vitro studies relying, among others, on the use of PKCθ-deficient (Prkcq(-/-)) T cells revealed that PKCθ is required for the activation and proliferation of mature T cells, reflecting its importance in activating the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor of activated T cells, as well as for the survival of activated T cells. Upon subsequent analysis of in vivo immune responses in Prkcq(-/-) mice, it became clear that PKCθ has a selective role in the immune system: it is required for experimental Th2- and Th17-mediated allergic and autoimmune diseases, respectively, and for alloimmune responses, but is dispensable for protective responses against pathogens and for graft-versus-leukemia responses. Surprisingly, PKCθ was recently found to be excluded from the IS of regulatory T cells and to negatively regulate their suppressive function. These attributes of PKCθ make it an attractive target for catalytic or allosteric inhibitors that are expected to selectively suppress harmful inflammatory and alloimmune responses without interfering with beneficial immunity to infections. Early progress in developing such drugs is being made, but additional studies on the role of PKCθ in the human immune system are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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46
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Demkow U, Winklewski P, Ciepiela O, Popko K, Lipińska A, Kucharska A, Michalska B, Wąsik M. Modulatory effect of insulin on T cell receptor mediated calcium signaling is blunted in long lasting type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:150-6. [PMID: 22580531 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin significantly influences Ca(2+) signals evoked by various stimulants. In type 1 recent onset diabetes mellitus the proliferative response of T cells is significantly decreased. The number of clinical trials exploring the role of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) as a therapeutic agent in recent onset diabetes mellitus type 1 is increasing last years. Therefore, a better understanding of the interplay between T cell receptor (TCR) dependent Ca(2+) increase, and insulin is of vital clinical significance. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of insulin on TCR evoked Ca(2+) responses in T lymphocytes obtained from healthy volunteers and patients suffering from long lasting diabetes mellitus type 1. Analysis was performed with use of the flow cytometer. We demonstrated that T cells ability to mobilize Ca(2+) was significantly reduced in long lasting diabetes mellitus type 1. Ca(2+) decrease achieved by the long term incubation with anti-CD3 mAb in T cells from healthy volunteers was restored by insulin. Strong interrelationship between baseline Ca(2+) level and plateau phase response to TCR stimulation was observed in the cytoplasm of cells pre-incubated with insulin from both healthy subjects and diabetic patients (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.94, p < 0.0001, respectively). We postulate the existence of the interplay between TCR mediated activation and insulin. The TCR-insulin interplay is blunted in long lasting diabetes mellitus type 1. These observations may have an important implication for future therapeutic options in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Marszałkowska 24, PL 00-576 Warszawa, Poland.
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47
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Lynch JN, Donermeyer DL, Weber KS, Kranz DM, Allen PM. Subtle changes in TCRα CDR1 profoundly increase the sensitivity of CD4 T cells. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:283-94. [PMID: 22982754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the peptide and MHC molecules have been extensively examined for how they alter T cell activation, but many fewer studies have examined the TCR. Structural studies of how TCR differences alter T cell specificity have focused on broad variation in the CDR3 loops. However, changes in the CDR1 and 2 loops can also alter TCR recognition of pMHC. In this study we focus on two mutations in the CDR1α loop of the TCR that increased the affinity of a TCR for agonist Hb(64-76)/I-E(k) by increasing the on-rate of the reaction. These same mutations also conferred broader recognition of altered peptide ligands. TCR transgenic mice expressing the CDR1α mutations had altered thymic selection, as most of the T cells were negatively selected compared to T cells expressing the wildtype TCR. The few T cells that escaped negative selection and were found in the periphery were rendered anergic, thereby avoiding autoimmunity. T cells with the CDR1α mutations were completely deleted in the presence of Hb(64-76) as an endogenous peptide. Interestingly, the wildtype T cells were not eliminated, identifying a threshold affinity for negative selection where a 3-fold increase in affinity is the difference between incomplete and complete deletion. Overall, these studies highlight how small changes in the TCR can increase the affinity of TCR:pMHC but with the consequences of skewing selection and producing an unresponsive T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Lynch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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48
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Khalaf H, Bengtsson T. Altered T-cell responses by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45192. [PMID: 22984628 PMCID: PMC3440346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies support an association between the chronic inflammatory diseases periodontitis and atherosclerosis with a crucial role for the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, the interplay between this pathogen and the adaptive immune system, including T-cells, is sparsely investigated. Here we used Jurkat T-cells to determine the effects of P. gingivalis on T-cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. We show that viable P. gingivalis targets IL-2 expression at the protein level. Initial cellular events, including ROS production and [Ca(2+)](i), were elevated in response to P. gingivalis, but AP-1 and NF-κB activity dropped below basal levels and T-cells were unable to sustain stable IL-2 accumulation. IL-2 was partially restored by Leupeptin, but not by Cathepsin B Inhibitor, indicating an involvement of Rgp proteinases in the suppression of IL-2 accumulation. This was further confirmed by purified Rgp that caused a dose-dependent decrease in IL-2 levels. These results provide new insights of how this periodontal pathogen evades the host adaptive immune system by inhibiting IL-2 accumulation and thus attenuating T-cell proliferation and cellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Khalaf
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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49
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Isakov N, Altman A. PKC-theta-mediated signal delivery from the TCR/CD28 surface receptors. Front Immunol 2012; 3:273. [PMID: 22936936 PMCID: PMC3425079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-theta (PKCθ) is a key enzyme in T lymphocytes, where it plays an important role in signal transduction downstream of the activated T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the CD28 costimulatory receptor. Interest in PKCθ as a potential drug target has increased following recent findings that PKCθ is essential for harmful inflammatory responses mediated by Th2 (allergies) and Th17 (autoimmunity) cells as well as for graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and allograft rejection, but is dispensable for beneficial responses such as antiviral immunity and graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) response. TCR/CD28 engagement triggers the translocation of the cytosolic PKCθ to the plasma membrane (PM), where it localizes at the center of the immunological synapse (IS), which forms at the contact site between an antigen-specific T cell and antigen-presenting cells (APC). However, the molecular basis for this unique localization, and whether it is required for its proper function have remained unresolved issues until recently. Our recent study resolved these questions by demonstrating that the unique V3 (hinge) domain of PKCθ and, more specifically, a proline-rich motif within this domain, is essential and sufficient for its localization at the IS, where it is anchored to the cytoplasmic tail of CD28 via an indirect mechanism involving Lck protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) as an intermediate. Importantly, the association of PKCθ with CD28 is essential not only for IS localization, but also for PKCθ-mediated activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the transcription factors NF-κB and NF-AT, which are essential for productive T cell activation. Hence, interference with formation of the PKCθ-Lck-CD28 complex provides a promising basis for the design of novel, clinically useful allosteric PKCθ inhibitors. An additional recent study demonstrated that TCR triggering activates the germinal center kinase (GSK)-like kinase (GLK) and induces its association with the SLP-76 adaptor at the IS, where GLK phosphorylates the activation loop of PKCθ, converting it into an active enzyme. This recent progress, coupled with the need to study the biology of PKCθ in human T cells, is likely to facilitate the development of PKCθ-based therapeutic modalities for T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, Israel
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50
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Bandyopadhyay S, Montagna C, Macian F. Silencing of the Il2 gene transcription is regulated by epigenetic changes in anergic T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2471-83. [PMID: 22684523 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anergy is induced in T cells as a consequence of a partial or suboptimal stimulation. Anergic T cells become unresponsive and fail to proliferate and produce cytokines. We had previously shown that in anergic CD4(+) T cells, Ikaros participates in the transcriptional repression of the Il2 gene by recruiting histone deacetylases that cause core histone deacetylation at the Il2 promoter. Here we show that deacetylation at the Il2 promoter is the initial step in a process that leads to the stable silencing of the Il2 gene transcription in anergic T cells. We have found that anergy-induced deacetylation of the Il2 promoter permits binding of the histone methyl-transferase Suv39H1, which trimethylates lysine-9 of histone H3 (Me3H3-K9). Furthermore, the establishment of the Me3H3-K9 mark allows the recruitment of the heterochromatin protein HP1, allowing the silenced Il2 loci to reposition close to heterochromatin-rich regions. Our results indicate that silencing of Il2 transcription in anergic T cells is attained through a series of epigenetic changes that involve the establishment of repressive marks and the subsequent nuclear repositioning of the Il2 loci, which become juxtaposed to transcriptionally silent regions. This mechanism may account for the stable nature of the inhibition of IL-2 production in anergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmay Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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