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Schendel DJ. Evolution by innovation as a driving force to improve TCR-T therapies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1216829. [PMID: 37810959 PMCID: PMC10552759 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1216829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies continually evolve through science-based innovation. Specialized innovations for TCR-T therapies are described here that are embedded in an End-to-End Platform for TCR-T Therapy Development which aims to provide solutions for key unmet patient needs by addressing challenges of TCR-T therapy, including selection of target antigens and suitable T cell receptors, generation of TCR-T therapies that provide long term, durable efficacy and safety and development of efficient and scalable production of patient-specific (personalized) TCR-T therapy for solid tumors. Multiple, combinable, innovative technologies are used in a systematic and sequential manner in the development of TCR-T therapies. One group of technologies encompasses product enhancements that enable TCR-T therapies to be safer, more specific and more effective. The second group of technologies addresses development optimization that supports discovery and development processes for TCR-T therapies to be performed more quickly, with higher quality and greater efficiency. Each module incorporates innovations layered onto basic technologies common to the field of immunology. An active approach of "evolution by innovation" supports the overall goal to develop best-in-class TCR-T therapies for treatment of patients with solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores J. Schendel
- Medigene Immunotherapies GmbH, Planegg, Germany
- Medigene AG, Planegg, Germany
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2
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Peng SY, Liu XH, Chen QW, Yu YJ, Liu MD, Zhang XZ. Harnessing in situ glutathione for effective ROS generation and tumor suppression via nanohybrid-mediated catabolism dynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 281:121358. [PMID: 34979416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of glutathione (GSH) in cancer cells has long been regarded as the primary obstacle for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved anti-tumor therapies. To solve this issue, a ferric ion and selenite-codoped calcium phosphate (Fe/Se-CaP) nanohybrid here is fabricated to catabolize endogenous GSH, instead of directly deleting it, to trigger a ROS storm for tumor suppression. The selenite component in Fe/Se-CaP can catabolize GSH to superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via cascade catalytic reactions, elevating oxidative stress while destroying antioxidant system. The doped Fe can further catalyze the soaring hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) originated from O2•- to •OH via Fenton reactions. Collectively, Fe/Se-CaP mediated self-augmented catabolism dynamic therapy finally induces apoptosis of cancer cells owing to the significant rise of ROS and, combined with CaP adjuvant, evokes adaptive immune responses to suppress tumor progression, providing an innovative train of thought for ROS-involved anti-tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Qi-Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yun-Jian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Miao-Deng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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3
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Mahnke YD, Devevre E, Baumgaertner P, Matter M, Rufer N, Romero P, Speiser DE. Human melanoma-specific CD8(+) T-cells from metastases are capable of antigen-specific degranulation and cytolysis directly ex vivo. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:467-530. [PMID: 22754765 PMCID: PMC3382891 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively low frequencies of tumor Ag-specific T-cells in PBMC and metastases from cancer patients have long precluded the analysis of their direct ex vivo cytolytic capacity. Using a new composite technique that works well with low cell numbers, we aimed at determining the functional competence of melanoma-specific CD8+ T-cells. A multiparameter flow cytometry based technique was applied to assess the cytolytic function, degranulation and IFNγ production by tumor Ag-specific CD8+ T-cells from PBMC and tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes (TILN) of melanoma patients. We found strong cytotoxicity by T-cells not only when they were isolated from PBMC but also from TILN. Cytotoxicity was observed against peptide-pulsed target cells and melanoma cells presenting the naturally processed endogenous antigen. However, unlike their PBMC-derived counterparts, T-cells from TILN produced only minimal amounts of IFNγ, while exhibiting similar levels of degranulation, revealing a critical functional dichotomy in metastatic lesions. Our finding of partial functional impairment fits well with the current knowledge that T-cells from cancer metastases are so-called exhausted, a state of T-cell hyporesponsiveness also found in chronic viral infections. The identification of responsible mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment is important for improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda D Mahnke
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Lee JH, Yoo SS, Hong MJ, Choi JE, Kim S, Kang HG, Do SK, Kim JH, Baek SA, Lee WK, Do Yoo J, Choi SH, Lee YH, Seo H, Lee J, Lee SY, Cha SI, Kim CH, Park JY. Impact of immune checkpoint gene CD155 Ala67Thr and CD226 Gly307Ser polymorphisms on small cell lung cancer clinical outcome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1794. [PMID: 33469055 PMCID: PMC7815735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the impact of genetic variants of immune checkpoint genes on the treatment outcome in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In the present study, 261 platinum doublet-treated SCLC patients were enrolled. A total of 96 polymorphisms in 33 immune checkpoint-related genes were selected, and their association with chemotherapy response and survival outcomes were analyzed. Among the polymorphisms studied, CD155 rs1058402G > A (Ala67Thr, A67T) and CD226 rs763361C > T (Gly307Ser, G307S) were significantly associated with SCLC treatment outcome. The rs1058402G > A had a worse chemotherapy response and overall survival (under a dominant model, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.27–0.99, P = 0.05; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.12–2.14, P = 0.01, respectively). The rs763361C > T had better chemotherapy response and overall survival (under a dominant model, aOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.10–3.75, P = 0.02; aHR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.51–0.94, P = 0.02, respectively). When the rs1058402GA/AA and rs763361CC genotypes were combined, the chemotherapy response and overall survival were significantly decreased as the number of bad genotypes increased (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.33–0.81, Ptrend = 0.004; aHR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.19–1.84, Ptrend = 4 × 10−4, respectively). The 3-D structural model showed that CD155 A67T created a new hydrogen bond and structural change on CD155. These changes resulted in extending the distance and losing the hydrogen bonds between CD155 and CD226, thus weakening CD155/CD226 binding activity. In conclusion, CD155 rs1058402G > A and CD226 rs763361C > T may be useful for predicting the clinical outcomes of SCLC patients after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hyuck Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi Jeong Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Eun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Gyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Kyung Do
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Tumor Heterogeneity and Network (THEN) Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ah Baek
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kee Lee
- Collaboration Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Do Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ick Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea. .,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea. .,Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea. .,Tumor Heterogeneity and Network (THEN) Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Apavaloaei A, Hardy MP, Thibault P, Perreault C. The Origin and Immune Recognition of Tumor-Specific Antigens. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2607. [PMID: 32932620 PMCID: PMC7565792 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dominant paradigm holds that spontaneous and therapeutically induced anti-tumor responses are mediated mainly by CD8 T cells and directed against tumor-specific antigens (TSAs). The presence of specific TSAs on cancer cells can only be proven by mass spectrometry analyses. Bioinformatic predictions and reverse immunology studies cannot provide this type of conclusive evidence. Most TSAs are coded by unmutated non-canonical transcripts that arise from cancer-specific epigenetic and splicing aberrations. When searching for TSAs, it is therefore important to perform mass spectrometry analyses that interrogate not only the canonical reading frame of annotated exome but all reading frames of the entire translatome. The majority of aberrantly expressed TSAs (aeTSAs) derive from unstable short-lived proteins that are good substrates for direct major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I presentation but poor substrates for cross-presentation. This is an important caveat, because cancer cells are poor antigen-presenting cells, and the immune system, therefore, depends on cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) to detect the presence of TSAs. We, therefore, postulate that, in the untreated host, most aeTSAs are undetected by the immune system. We present evidence suggesting that vaccines inducing direct aeTSA presentation by DCs may represent an attractive strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (A.A.); (M.-P.H.)
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (A.A.); (M.-P.H.)
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6
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Roy J, Hettiarachchi SU, Kaake M, Mukkamala R, Low PS. Design and validation of fibroblast activation protein alpha targeted imaging and therapeutic agents. Theranostics 2020; 10:5778-5789. [PMID: 32483418 PMCID: PMC7254991 DOI: 10.7150/thno.41409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) comprise a major cell type in the tumor microenvironment where they support tumor growth and survival by producing extracellular matrix, secreting immunosuppressive cytokines, releasing growth factors, and facilitating metastases. Because tumors with elevated CAFs are characterized by poorer prognosis, considerable effort is focused on developing methods to quantitate, suppress and/or eliminate CAFs. We exploit the elevated expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) on CAFs to target imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to these fibroblasts in solid tumors. Methods: FAP-targeted optical imaging, radioimaging, and chemotherapeutic agents were synthesized by conjugating FAP ligand (FL) to either a fluorescent dye, technetium-99m, or tubulysin B hydrazide. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to determine the specificity and selectivity of each conjugate for FAP in vitro and in vivo. Results: FAP-targeted imaging and therapeutic conjugates showed high binding specificity and affinity in the low nanomolar range. Injection of FAP-targeted 99mTc into tumor-bearing mice enabled facile detection of tumor xenografts with little off-target uptake. Optical imaging of malignant lesions was also readily achieved following intravenous injection of FAP-targeted near-infrared fluorescent dye. Finally, systemic administration of a tubulysin B conjugate of FL promoted complete eradication of solid tumors with no evidence of gross toxicity to the animals. Conclusion: In view of the near absence of FAP on healthy cells, we conclude that targeting of FAP on cancer-associated fibroblasts can enable highly specific imaging and therapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Targets for improving tumor response to radiotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Wang J, Li D, Cang H, Guo B. Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: Role of tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4709-4721. [PMID: 31222971 PMCID: PMC6712467 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is a complex system that contains multiple cells and cytokines. Among the multiple immune cells, macrophage is particularly abundant and plays an important role throughout the tumor progression process, namely, tumor‐associated macrophage (TAM) in this special tumor microenvironment. Many kinds of cytokines from TAMs and other immune cells in tumor niche are involved in the linkage of inflammation, immunity and tumorigenesis. Inflammatory responses induced by TAMs are crucial to tumor development of different stages. This review highlights the critical role of TAMs in the linkage of inflammation, immunity, and cancer. It outlines the molecules of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors mainly from TAMs in tumor microenvironment and their functions in tumor development during the major issues of angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and immune suppression. Additionally, the signaling pathways involved in tumor progression and the crosstalk between them are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Huaixing Cang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Hemming ML, Lawlor MA, Andersen JL, Hagan T, Chipashvili O, Scott TG, Raut CP, Sicinska E, Armstrong SA, Demetri GD, Bradner JE, Ganz PA, Tomlinson G, Olopade OI, Couch FJ, Wang X, Lindor NM, Pankratz VS, Radice P, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Zaffaroni D, Barile M, Viel A, Allavena A, Dall'Olio V, Peterlongo P, Szabo CI, Zikan M, Claes K, Poppe B, Foretova L, Mai PL, Greene MH, Rennert G, Lejbkowicz F, Glendon G, Ozcelik H, Andrulis IL, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Sunde L, Cruger D, Birk Jensen U, Caligo M, Friedman E, Kaufman B, Laitman Y, Milgrom R, Dubrovsky M, Cohen S, Borg A, Jernström H, Lindblom A, Rantala J, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Melin B, Nathanson K, Domchek S, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Osorio A, Lasa A, Durán M, Tejada MI, Godino J, Benitez J, Hamann U, Kriege M, Hoogerbrugge N, van der Luijt RB, van Asperen CJ, Devilee P, Meijers-Heijboer EJ, Blok MJ, Aalfs CM, Hogervorst F, Rookus M, Cook M, Oliver C, Frost D, Conroy D, Evans DG, Lalloo F, Pichert G, Davidson R, Cole T, Cook J, Paterson J, Hodgson S, Morrison PJ, Porteous ME, Walker L, Kennedy MJ, Dorkins H, Peock S, Godwin AK, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, de Pauw A, Mazoyer S, Bonadona V, Lasset C, Dreyfus H, Leroux D, Hardouin A, Berthet P, Faivre L, Loustalot C, Noguchi T, Sobol H, Rouleau E, Nogues C, Frénay M, Vénat-Bouvet L, Hopper JL, Daly MB, Terry MB, John EM, Buys SS, Yassin Y, Miron A, Goldgar D, Singer CF, Dressler AC, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Pfeiler G, Hansen TVO, Jønson L, Agnarsson BA, Kirchhoff T, Offit K, Devlin V, Dutra-Clarke A, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez GC, Wakeley K, Boggess JF, Basil J, Schwartz PE, Blank SV, Toland AE, Montagna M, Casella C, Imyanitov E, Tihomirova L, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Ramus SJ, Sucheston L, Karlan BY, Gross J, Schmutzler R, Wappenschmidt B, Engel C, Meindl A, Lochmann M, Arnold N, Heidemann S, Varon-Mateeva R, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Kast K, Schönbuchner I, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Aittomäki K, Nevanlinna H, Simard J, Spurdle AB, Holland H, Chen X, Platte R, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF. Enhancer Domains in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Regulate KIT Expression and Are Targetable by BET Bromodomain Inhibition. Cancer Res 2019. [PMID: 18483246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by activating mutations in the related receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and PDGFRA. GIST relies on expression of these unamplified receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes through a large enhancer domain, resulting in high expression levels of the oncogene required for tumor growth. Although kinase inhibition is an effective therapy for many patients with GIST, disease progression from kinase-resistant mutations is common and no other effective classes of systemic therapy exist. In this study, we identify regulatory regions of the KIT enhancer essential for KIT gene expression and GIST cell viability. Given the dependence of GIST upon enhancer-driven expression of RTKs, we hypothesized that the enhancer domains could be therapeutically targeted by a BET bromodomain inhibitor (BBI). Treatment of GIST cells with BBIs led to cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cell death, with unique sensitivity in GIST cells arising from attenuation of the KIT enhancer domain and reduced KIT gene expression. BBI treatment in KIT-dependent GIST cells produced genome-wide changes in the H3K27ac enhancer landscape and gene expression program, which was also seen with direct KIT inhibition using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Combination treatment with BBI and TKI led to superior cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo, with BBI preventing tumor growth in TKI-resistant xenografts. Resistance to select BBI in GIST was attributable to drug efflux pumps. These results define a therapeutic vulnerability and clinical strategy for targeting oncogenic kinase dependency in GIST. SIGNIFICANCE: Expression and activity of mutant KIT is essential for driving the majority of GIST neoplasms, which can be therapeutically targeted using BET bromodomain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Hemming
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Lawlor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Andersen
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy Hagan
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Otari Chipashvili
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas G Scott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chandrajit P Raut
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George D Demetri
- Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Multicolour In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging Using a NanoLuc-Based BRET Reporter in Combination with Firefly Luciferase. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:2514796. [PMID: 30627058 PMCID: PMC6305057 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2514796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to track the biodistribution and fate of multiple cell populations administered to rodents has the potential to facilitate the understanding of biological processes in a range of fields including regenerative medicine, oncology, and host/pathogen interactions. Bioluminescence imaging is an important tool for achieving this goal, but current protocols rely on systems that have poor sensitivity or require spectral decomposition. Here, we show that a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer reporter (BRET) based on NanoLuc and LSSmOrange in combination with firefly luciferase enables the unambiguous discrimination of two cell populations in vivo with high sensitivity. We insert each of these reporter genes into cells using lentiviral vectors and demonstrate the ability to monitor the cells' biodistribution under a wide range of administration conditions, including the venous or arterial route, and in different tissues including the brain, liver, kidneys, and tumours. Our protocol allows for the imaging of two cell populations in the same imaging session, facilitating the overlay of the signals and the identification of anatomical positions where they colocalise. Finally, we provide a method for postmortem confirmation of the presence of each cell population in excised organs.
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11
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Cheng HW, Onder L, Cupovic J, Boesch M, Novkovic M, Pikor N, Tarantino I, Rodriguez R, Schneider T, Jochum W, Brutsche M, Ludewig B. CCL19-producing fibroblastic stromal cells restrain lung carcinoma growth by promoting local antitumor T-cell responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1257-1271.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Immune Profiling of Cancer Patients Treated with Immunotherapy: Advances and Challenges. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030076. [PMID: 30004433 PMCID: PMC6163220 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in immunotherapy and the availability of novel drugs to target the tumor microenvironment have dramatically changed the paradigm of cancer treatment. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of cancer patients are unresponsive or develop resistance to these treatments. With the aim to increase the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy, combinations of agents and standard therapies with complementary actions have been developed mostly on an empirical base, since their mechanisms of actions are not yet fully dissected. The characterization of immune responsiveness and its monitoring along with the treatment of cancer patients with immunotherapy can provide insights into the mechanisms of action of these therapeutic regimens and contribute to the optimization of patients’ stratification and of combination strategies and to the prediction of treatment-related toxicities. Thus far, none of the immunomonitoring strategies has been validated for routine clinical practice. Moreover, it is becoming clear that the genomic and molecular make-up of tumors and of the infiltrating immune system represent important determinants of the clinical responses to immunotherapy. This review provides an overview of different approaches for the immune profiling of cancer patients and discusses their advantages and limitations. Recent advances in genomic-based assays and in the identification of host genomic relationships with immune responses represent promising approaches to identify molecular determinants and biomarkers to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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13
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Parra ER, Villalobos P, Behrens C, Jiang M, Pataer A, Swisher SG, William WN, Zhang J, Lee J, Cascone T, Heymach JV, Forget MA, Haymaker C, Bernatchez C, Kalhor N, Weissferdt A, Moran C, Zhang J, Vaporciyan A, Gibbons DL, Sepesi B, Wistuba II. Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the immune microenvironment in non-small cell lung carcinomas as determined by multiplex immunofluorescence and image analysis approaches. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:48. [PMID: 29871672 PMCID: PMC5989476 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical efficacy observed with inhibitors of programed cell death 1/programed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) in cancer therapy has prompted studies to characterize the immune response in several tumor types, including lung cancer. However, the immunological profile of non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) is not yet fully characterized, and it may be therapeutically important. The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize and quantify PD-L1/PD-1 expression and tumor-associated immune cells (TAICs) in surgically resected NSCLCs from patients who received NCT or did not receive NCT (non-NCT). Methods We analyzed immune markers in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues resected from 112 patients with stage II/III NSCLC, including 61 non-NCT (adenocarcinoma [ADC] = 33; squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] = 28) and 51 NCT (ADC = 31; SCC = 20). We used multiplex immunofluorescence to identify and quantify immune markers grouped into two 6-antibody panels: panel 1 included AE1/AE3, PD-L1, CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD68; panel 2 included AE1/AE3, PD1, granzyme B, FOXP3, CD45RO, and CD57. Results PD-L1 expression was higher (> overall median) in NCT cases (median, 19.53%) than in non-NCT cases (median, 1.55%; P = 0.022). Overall, density of TAICs was higher in NCT-NSCLCs than in non-NCT-NSCLCs. Densities of CD3+ cells in the tumor epithelial compartment were higher in NCT-ADCs and NCT-SCCs than in non-NCT-ADCs and non-NCT-SCCs (P = 0.043). Compared with non-NCT-SCCs, NCT-SCCs showed significantly higher densities of CD3 + CD4+ (P = 0.019) and PD-1+ (P < 0.001) cells in the tumor epithelial compartment. Density of CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) was higher in NCT-NSCLCs than in non-NCT-NSCLCs and was significantly higher in NCT-SCCs than in non-NCT-SCCs. In NCT-NSCLCs, higher levels of epithelial T lymphocytes (CD3 + CD4+) and epithelial and stromal TAMs (CD68+) were associated with better outcome in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions NCT-NSCLCs exhibited higher levels of PD-L1 expression and T-cell subset regulation than non-NCT-NSCLCs, suggesting that NCT activates specific immune response mechanisms in lung cancer. These results suggest the need for clinical trials and translational studies of combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy prior to surgical resection of locally advanced NSCLC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0368-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Pamela Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Apar Pataer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Unit 1489, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St. Houston, Houston,, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen G Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Unit 1489, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St. Houston, Houston,, TX, 77030, USA
| | - William N William
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marie-Andrée Forget
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neda Kalhor
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annikka Weissferdt
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cesar Moran
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ara Vaporciyan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Unit 1489, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St. Houston, Houston,, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boris Sepesi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Unit 1489, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler St. Houston, Houston,, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2130 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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14
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Hu Z, Ma Y, Shang Z, Hu S, Liang K, Liang W, Xing X, Wang Y, Du X. Improving immunotherapy for colorectal cancer using dendritic cells combined with anti-programmed death-ligand in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5345-5351. [PMID: 29552177 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies recognizing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been used for the clinical treatment of diverse tumor types as a form of immune checkpoint inhibitor, with a favorable therapeutic effect. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that serve a pivotal role in the activation of T cells, particularly cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). DC vaccines loaded with tumor antigens, DC-CTLs and activated T cells have been revealed to be a safe and effective treatment approach against colorectal cancer within a clinical setting. In addition to tumor cells, PD-L1 is also highly expressed on DCs. As research examining the association between anti-PD-L1 and DCs is lacking, the present study compared the expression of PD-L1 on DCs in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients with colorectal cancer. Following the application of anti-PD-L1, the DC phenotypes, function of DC-mediated T cell induction and the cytotoxicity of CTLs were investigated by flow cytometry. The present study revealed that treatment with anti-PD-L1 may promote the maturation of DCs and enhance the functionality of the DC1 subtype. It may also increase the number of CTLs that are activated and produce CTL cells with more potent anti-tumor activity. Therefore, the creation of DC vaccines in conjunction with anti-PD-L1 may be an effective future treatment strategy for patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyang Shang
- Department of Tumor Prevention and Rehabilitation, PKU Care Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Shidong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Xing
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Patient Admission Management, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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15
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Wu Y, Yuan L, Lu Q, Xu H, He X. Distinctive profiles of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and association with intensity of infiltration in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3876-3882. [PMID: 29456737 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are heterogeneous and consist of characteristic compartments, including T helper (Th)1 and regulatory T (Treg) cells that exhibit distinctive biological functions. The present study investigated the profile of infiltrating immune cells from surgically removed tumor tissues from patients with colorectal cancer. The characteristic transcription factors of Th1 and Th2 cells, Treg cells, Th17 cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells were analyzed. The results demonstrated that a marked increased number of Treg cells presented in tumor infiltrates when compared with non-tumor adjacent tissues. An increased number of Th1 and Tfh cells existed in tumor infiltrates compared with non-tumorous adjacent tissues, while the infiltration of Th17 and Th2 cells was similar between tumor and non-tumor adjacent tissues. Furthermore, there were an increased number of Treg cells in tumors with low infiltration compared with those with high infiltration. The expression of CXC motif chemokine (CXC) receptor 3, CXC ligand (CXCL)L9 and CXCL10 was significantly increased on infiltrating T cells in tumors with high infiltration as compared with those with low infiltration. Macrophages exhibited a dominant M2 phenotype in tumor infiltrates of colorectal cancer, whereas a balanced M1 and M2 phenotype presented in macrophages from the peripheral blood. In vitro stimulation of macrophages isolated from tumor tissue of colorectal cancer with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and lipopolysaccharide did not drive to an inflammatory phenotype. The results provide insights into the pattern of immune cell infiltration in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. It may be beneficial that patients with colorectal cancer are screened for the defined profile along with the expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in order to achieve better efficacy in clinical applications of immune-based therapy, including anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Qicheng Lu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiz Rivera Vargas
- Centre de Recherche; INSERM U1231; Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Dijon France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Bourgogne Franche comté; Dijon France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Centre de Recherche; INSERM U1231; Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Dijon France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Bourgogne Franche comté; Dijon France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon France
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17
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Harrer DC, Simon B, Fujii SI, Shimizu K, Uslu U, Schuler G, Gerer KF, Hoyer S, Dörrie J, Schaft N. RNA-transfection of γ/δ T cells with a chimeric antigen receptor or an α/β T-cell receptor: a safer alternative to genetically engineered α/β T cells for the immunotherapy of melanoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:551. [PMID: 28818060 PMCID: PMC5561563 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive T-cell therapy relying on conventional T cells transduced with T-cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has caused substantial tumor regression in several clinical trials. However, genetically engineered T cells have been associated with serious side-effects due to off-target toxicities and massive cytokine release. To obviate these concerns, we established a protocol adaptable to GMP to expand and transiently transfect γ/δ T cells with mRNA. Methods PBMC from healthy donors were stimulated using zoledronic-acid or OKT3 to expand γ/δ T cells and bulk T cells, respectively. Additionally, CD8+ T cells and γ/δ T cells were MACS-isolated from PBMC and expanded with OKT3. Next, these four populations were electroporated with RNA encoding a gp100/HLA-A2-specific TCR or a CAR specific for MCSP. Thereafter, receptor expression, antigen-specific cytokine secretion, specific cytotoxicity, and killing of the endogenous γ/δ T cell-target Daudi were analyzed. Results Using zoledronic-acid in average 6 million of γ/δ T cells with a purity of 85% were generated from one million PBMC. MACS-isolation and OKT3-mediated expansion of γ/δ T cells yielded approximately ten times less cells. OKT3-expanded and CD8+ MACS-isolated conventional T cells behaved correspondingly similar. All employed T cells were efficiently transfected with the TCR or the CAR. Upon respective stimulation, γ/δ T cells produced IFNγ and TNF, but little IL-2 and the zoledronic-acid expanded T cells exceeded MACS-γ/δ T cells in antigen-specific cytokine secretion. While the cytokine production of γ/δ T cells was in general lower than that of conventional T cells, specific cytotoxicity against melanoma cell lines was similar. In contrast to OKT3-expanded and MACS-CD8+ T cells, mock-electroporated γ/δ T cells also lysed tumor cells reflecting the γ/δ T cell-intrinsic anti-tumor activity. After transfection, γ/δ T cells were still able to kill MHC-deficient Daudi cells. Conclusion We present a protocol adaptable to GMP for the expansion of γ/δ T cells and their subsequent RNA-transfection with tumor-specific TCRs or CARs. Given the transient receptor expression, the reduced cytokine release, and the equivalent cytotoxicity, these γ/δ T cells may represent a safer complementation to genetically engineered conventional T cells in the immunotherapy of melanoma (Exper Dermatol 26: 157, 2017, J Investig Dermatol 136: A173, 2016). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3539-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Harrer
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bianca Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ugur Uslu
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin F Gerer
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hoyer
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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18
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Kammertoens T, Friese C, Arina A, Idel C, Briesemeister D, Rothe M, Ivanov A, Szymborska A, Patone G, Kunz S, Sommermeyer D, Engels B, Leisegang M, Textor A, Fehling HJ, Fruttiger M, Lohoff M, Herrmann A, Yu H, Weichselbaum R, Uckert W, Hübner N, Gerhardt H, Beule D, Schreiber H, Blankenstein T. Tumour ischaemia by interferon-γ resembles physiological blood vessel regression. Nature 2017; 545:98-102. [PMID: 28445461 PMCID: PMC5567674 DOI: 10.1038/nature22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of the effector molecules produced by T cells to tumour rejection is unclear, but interferon-γ (IFNγ) is critical in most of the analysed models. Although IFNγ can impede tumour growth by acting directly on cancer cells, it must also act on the tumour stroma for effective rejection of large, established tumours. However, which stroma cells respond to IFNγ and by which mechanism IFNγ contributes to tumour rejection through stromal targeting have remained unknown. Here we use a model of IFNγ induction and an IFNγ-GFP fusion protein in large, vascularized tumours growing in mice that express the IFNγ receptor exclusively in defined cell types. Responsiveness to IFNγ by myeloid cells and other haematopoietic cells, including T cells or fibroblasts, was not sufficient for IFNγ-induced tumour regression, whereas responsiveness of endothelial cells to IFNγ was necessary and sufficient. Intravital microscopy revealed IFNγ-induced regression of the tumour vasculature, resulting in arrest of blood flow and subsequent collapse of tumours, similar to non-haemorrhagic necrosis in ischaemia and unlike haemorrhagic necrosis induced by tumour necrosis factor. The early events of IFNγ-induced tumour ischaemia resemble non-apoptotic blood vessel regression during development, wound healing or IFNγ-mediated, pregnancy-induced remodelling of uterine arteries. A better mechanistic understanding of how solid tumours are rejected may aid the design of more effective protocols for adoptive T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kammertoens
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Friese
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Arina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian Idel
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Dana Briesemeister
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rothe
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Szymborska
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giannino Patone
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Severine Kunz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Boris Engels
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Leisegang
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Textor
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Fruttiger
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Beckman Research Institute at the Comprehensive Cancer Center City of Hope, Los Angeles, California 91010-3000, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Beckman Research Institute at the Comprehensive Cancer Center City of Hope, Los Angeles, California 91010-3000, USA
| | - Ralph Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Liu Z, Hao X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Carey CD, Falo LD, Storkus WJ, You Z. Intratumoral delivery of tumor antigen-loaded DC and tumor-primed CD4 + T cells combined with agonist α-GITR mAb promotes durable CD8 + T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1315487. [PMID: 28680744 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1315487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive tumor microenvironment (TME) coordinately supports tumor cell expansion and metastasis, while it antagonizes the survival and (poly-)functionality of antitumor T effector cells. There remains a clear need to develop novel therapeutic strategies that can transform the TME into a pro-inflammatory niche that recruits and sustains protective immune cell populations. While intravenous treatment with tumor-primed CD4+ T cells combined with intraperitoneal delivery of agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (α-GITR) mAb results in objective antitumor responses in murine early stage disease models, this approach is ineffective against more advanced tumors. Further subcutaneous co-administration of a vaccine consisting of tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DC) failed to improve the antitumor efficacy of this approach. Remarkably, these same three therapeutic agents elicited significant antitumor benefits when the antitumor CD4+ T cells and tumor antigen-loaded DC were co-injected directly into tumors along with intratumoral or intraperitoneal delivery of α-GITR mAb. This latter protocol induced the production of an array of antitumor cytokines and chemokines within the TME, supporting increased tumor-infiltration by antitumor CD8+ T cells capable of mediating tumor regression and extended overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xingxing Hao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cara D Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang You
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Zhang H, He G, Kong Y, Chen Y, Wang B, Sun X, Jia B, Xie X, Wang X, Chen D, Wei L, Zhang M, Zeng H, Chen H. Tumour-activated liver stromal cells regulate myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulation in the liver. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:96-108. [PMID: 28019655 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating mechanisms underlying hepatic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation remain to be described. Here, we provide evidence for the involvement of tumour-activated liver stromal cells in the process of hepatic MDSCs migration and accumulation. Our data showed an elevated frequency of MDSCs in the liver of tumour-bearing mice. Moreover, tumour-activated liver stromal cells promote MDSC migration into the liver site. Further investigation indicated higher levels of cytokine and chemokine expression in liver stromal cells after exposure to the tumour-conditioned supernatant. Notably, the expression levels of proinflammatory factors, mainly including macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), increased after treatment with tumour-conditioned supernatant, and blockade of MCP-1 or SDF-1 decreased the proportion of tumour infiltrated MDSCs in mice co-transplanted with liver stromal cells and tumour cells, but not in mice with only tumour cells injection. These findings demonstrate that tumour-activated liver stromal cells produce higher levels of chemokines and cytokines, which may contribute to MDSC accumulation into the liver site in patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - G He
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Y Kong
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - B Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - X Sun
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - B Jia
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - X Xie
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - X Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - D Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - L Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - M Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - H Zeng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - H Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, Beijing, China
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21
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Ashrafi S, Shapouri R, Mahdavi M. Immunological consequences of immunization with tumor lysate vaccine and propranolol as an adjuvant: A study on cytokine profiles in breast tumor microenvironment. Immunol Lett 2017; 181:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Schiessel DL, Yamazaki RK, Kryczyk M, Coelho de Castro I, Yamaguchi AA, Pequito DCT, Brito GAP, Borghetti G, Aikawa J, Nunes EA, Naliwaiko K, Fernandes LC. Does Oil Rich in Alpha-Linolenic Fatty Acid Cause the Same Immune Modulation as Fish Oil in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats? Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1369-1380. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1224364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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23
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Müller I, Altherr D, Eyrich M, Flesch B, Friedmann KS, Ketter R, Oertel J, Schwarz EC, Technau A, Urbschat S, Eichler H. Tumor antigen-specific T cells for immune monitoring of dendritic cell-treated glioblastoma patients. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1146-61. [PMID: 27424145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS CD8(+) T cells are part of the adaptive immune system and, as such, are responsible for the elimination of tumor cells. Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that activate CD8(+) T cells. Effector CD8(+) T cells in turn mediate the active immunotherapeutic response of DC vaccination against the aggressive glioblastoma (GBM). The lack of tumor response assays complicates the assessment of treatment success in GBM patients. METHODS A novel assay to identify specific cytotoxicity of activated T cells by APC was evaluated. Tumor antigen-pulsed DCs from HLA-A*02-positive GBM patients were cultivated to stimulate autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) over a 12-day culture period. To directly correlate antigen specificity and cytotoxic capacity, intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ fluorescence flow cytometry-based measurements were combined with anti-GBM tumor peptide dextramer staining. IFN-γ response was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and selected GBM genes were compared with healthy human brain cDNA by single specific primer PCR characterization. RESULTS Using CTL of GBM patients stimulated with GBM lysate-pulsed DCs increased IFN-γ messenger RNA levels, and intracellular IFN-γ protein expression was positively correlated with specificity against GBM antigens. Moreover, the GBM peptide-specific CD8(+) T-cell response correlated with specific GBM gene expression. Following DC vaccination, GBM patients showed 10-fold higher tumor-specific signals compared with unvaccinated GBM patients. DISCUSSION These data indicate that GBM tumor peptide-dextramer staining of CTL in combination with intracellular IFN-γ staining may be a useful tool to acquire information on whether a specific tumor antigen has the potential to induce an immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Müller
- Institute of Clinical Hemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Dominik Altherr
- Institute of Clinical Hemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Stem Cell Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Flesch
- Immungenetic/HLA, German Red Cross Blood Service, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Kim S Friedmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Ketter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Oertel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva C Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Antje Technau
- Stem Cell Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffi Urbschat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eichler
- Institute of Clinical Hemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Proteomic-Based Approaches for the Study of Cytokines in Lung Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:2138627. [PMID: 27445423 PMCID: PMC4944034 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2138627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic techniques are currently used to understand the biology of different human diseases, including studies of the cell signaling pathways implicated in cancer progression, which is important in knowing the roles of different proteins in tumor development. Due to its poor prognosis, proteomic approaches are focused on the identification of new biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment of lung cancer. Cytokines are proteins involved in inflammatory processes and have been proposed as lung cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets because it has been reported that some cytokines play important roles in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. In this review, we aim to summarize the different proteomic techniques used to discover new lung cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Several cytokines have been identified as important players in lung cancer using these techniques. We underline the most important cytokines that are useful as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also summarize some of the therapeutic strategies targeted for these cytokines in lung cancer.
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25
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Zheng H, Zou W, Shen J, Xu L, Wang S, Fu YX, Fan W. Opposite Effects of Coinjection and Distant Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Breast Tumor Cell Growth. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1216-28. [PMID: 27352928 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) usually promote tumor growth and metastasis. By using a breast tumor 4T1 cell-based animal model, this study determined that coinjection and distant injection of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs with tumor cells could exert different effects on tumor growth. Whereas the coinjection of MSCs with 4T1 cells promoted tumor growth, surprisingly, the injection of MSCs at a site distant from the 4T1 cell inoculation site suppressed tumor growth. We further observed that, in the distant injection model, MSCs decreased the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in tumor tissues by enhancing proinflammatory factors such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3, and TLR-4, promoting host antitumor immunity and inhibiting tumor growth. Unlike previous reports, this is the first study reporting that MSCs may exert opposite roles on tumor growth in the same animal model by modulating the host immune system, which may shed light on the potential application of MSCs as vehicles for tumor therapy and other clinical applications. SIGNIFICANCE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely investigated for their potential roles in tissue engineering, autoimmune diseases, and tumor therapeutics. This study explored the impact of coinjection and distant injection of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs on mouse 4T1 breast cancer cells. The results showed that the coinjection of MSCs and 4T1 cells promoted tumor growth. MSCs might act as the tumor stromal precursors and cause immunosuppression to protect tumor cells from immunosurveillance, which subsequently facilitated tumor metastasis. Interestingly, the distant injection of MSCs and 4T1 cells suppressed tumor growth. Together, the results of this study revealed the dual functions of MSCs in immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Zheng
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Zou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Shen
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, IBP-UTSW Joint Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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26
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Cao Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Jin F. L-Arginine supplementation inhibits the growth of breast cancer by enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by suppression of MDSCs in vivo. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:343. [PMID: 27246354 PMCID: PMC4888479 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L-Arg is involved in many biological activities, including the activation of T cells. In breast cancer patients, L-Arg is depleted by nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and arginase 1 (ARG-1) produced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Our aim was to test whether L-Arg supplementation could enhance antitumor immune response and improve survivorship in a rodent model of mammary tumor. Methods Tumor volumes in control and L-Arg treated 4 T1 tumor bearing (TB) BALB/c mice were measured and survival rates were recorded. The percentages of MDSCs, dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells were examined by flow cytometry. Additionally, levels of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by the Griess reaction. IFN-γ, T-bet, Granzyme B, ARG-1 and iNOS mRNA levels were examined by real-time RT-PCR. Results L-Arg treatment inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of 4 T1 TB mice. The frequency of MDSCs was significantly suppressed in L-Arg treated TB mice. In contrast, the numbers and function of macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells were significantly enhanced. The IFN-γ, TNF-α, NO levels in splenocytes supernatant, as well as iNOS, IFN-γ, Granzyme B mRNA levels in splenocytes and tumor blocks were significantly increased. The ARG-1 mRNA level in tumor blocks, the frequency of Tregs, and IL-10 level were not affected. Conclusion L-Arg supplementation significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of 4 T1 TB mice, which was associated with the reduction of MDSCs, and enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yonghui Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Medical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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27
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Ren YX, Wang SJ, Fan JH, Sun SJ, Li X, Padhiar AA, Zhang JN. CD147 stimulates hepatoma cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells by interaction with Cyclophilin A. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:289-297. [PMID: 27133068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in tumor immune surveillance. CD147 is a member of immunoglobulin superfamily present on the surface of many tumor cells and mediates malignant cell behaviors. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is an intracellular protein promoting inflammation when released from cells. CypA is a natural ligand for CD147. In this study, CD147 specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) were transfected into murine hepatocellular carcinoma Hepa1-6 cells to assess the effects of CD147 on hepatoma cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells. We found extracellular CypA stimulated cell proliferation through CD147 by activating ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Downregulation of CD147 expression on Hepa1-6 cells significantly suppressed tumor progression in vivo, and decreased cell viability when co-cultured with T cells in vitro. Importantly, knockdown of CD147 on Hepa1-6 cells resulted in significantly increased T cells chemotaxis induced by CypA both in vivo and in vitro. These findings provide novel mechanisms how tumor cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells. We provide a potential therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting CD147 or CD147-CypA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Ren
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China; Department of Parasitology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu-Jing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian-Hui Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Shi-Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Arshad Ahmed Padhiar
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia-Ning Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
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28
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Salama AKS, Postow MA, Salama JK. Irradiation and immunotherapy: From concept to the clinic. Cancer 2016; 122:1659-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April K. S. Salama
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine; Duke University; Durham North Carolina
| | - Michael A. Postow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New York
| | - Joseph K. Salama
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Duke University; Durham North Carolina
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29
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Leisegang M, Kammertoens T, Uckert W, Blankenstein T. Targeting human melanoma neoantigens by T cell receptor gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:854-8. [PMID: 26808500 DOI: 10.1172/jci83465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In successful cancer immunotherapy, T cell responses appear to be directed toward neoantigens created by somatic mutations; however, direct evidence that neoantigen-specific T cells cause regression of established cancer is lacking. Here, we generated T cells expressing a mutation-specific transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) to target different immunogenic mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) that naturally occur in human melanoma. Two mutant CDK4 isoforms (R24C, R24L) similarly stimulated T cell responses in vitro and were analyzed as therapeutic targets for TCR gene therapy. In a syngeneic HLA-A2-transgenic mouse model of large established tumors, we found that both mutations differed dramatically as targets for TCR-modified T cells in vivo. While T cells expanded efficiently and produced IFN-γ in response to R24L, R24C failed to induce an effective antitumor response. Such differences in neoantigen quality might explain why cancer immunotherapy induces tumor regression in some individuals, while others do not respond, despite similar mutational load. We confirmed the validity of the in vivo model by showing that the melan-A-specific (MART-1-specific) TCR DMF5 induces rejection of tumors expressing analog, but not native, MART-1 epitopes. The described model allows identification of those neoantigens in human cancer that serve as suitable T cell targets and may help to predict clinical efficacy.
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Yoshimoto S, Morita H, Matsubara R, Mitsuyasu T, Imai Y, Kajioka S, Yoneda M, Ito Y, Hirofuji T, Nakamura S, Hirata M. Surface vacuolar ATPase in ameloblastoma contributes to tumor invasion of the jaw bone. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1258-70. [PMID: 26794206 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is the most common benign odontogenic tumor in Japan. It is believed that it expands in the jaw bone through peritumoral activation of osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) released from the ameloblastoma, as in bone metastases of cancer cells. However, the clinical features of ameloblastoma, including its growth rate and patterns of invasion, are quite different from those of bone metastasis of cancer cells, suggesting that different underlying mechanisms are involved. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the possible mechanisms underlying the invasive expansion of ameloblastoma in the jaw bone. Expression levels of RANKL assessed by western blotting were markedly lower in ameloblastoma (AM-1) cells than in highly metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3) cells. Experiments coculturing mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) with AM-1 demonstrated low osteoclastogenic activity, as assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cell formation, probably because of low release of RANKL, whereas cocultures of RAW264.7 with HSC-3 cells exhibited very high osteoclastogenic activity. Thus, RANKL release from AM-1 appeared to be too low to generate osteoclasts. However, AM-1 cultured directly on calcium phosphate-coated plates formed resorption pits, and this was inhibited by application of bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and H+/Cl- exchange transporter 7 (CLC-7) were detected on the surface of AM-1 cells by plasma membrane biotinylation and immunofluorescence analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples of ameloblastoma also showed plasma membrane-localized V-ATPase and CLC-7 in the epithelium of plexiform, follicular and basal cell types. The demineralization activity of AM-1 was only 1.7% of osteoclasts demineralization activity, and the growth rate was 20% of human normal skin keratinocytes and HSC-3 cells. These results suggest that the slow expansion of several typical types of ameloblastomas in jaw bone is attributable to its slow growth and low demineralization ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Morita
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsubara
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mitsuyasu
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Imai
- Special Patient Oral Care Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kajioka
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoneda
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yushi Ito
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takao Hirofuji
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
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Jackutė J, Žemaitis M, Pranys D, Šitkauskienė B, Miliauskas S, Bajoriūnas V, Sakalauskas R. Distribution of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in tumor islets and stroma from patients with non-small cell lung cancer in association with COPD and smoking. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2015; 51:263-71. [PMID: 26674143 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The immune system plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the infiltration patterns of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in NSCLC and to analyze their relation to COPD, smoking status and other clinicopathologic variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lung tissue specimens from 50 patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC (stages I-III) and 10 control group subjects were analyzed immunohistochemically. RESULTS NSCLC patients had a greater number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells infiltrating the lung tissue than the control group (P=0.001) with predominant infiltration in the tumor stroma. We found a significant association between the number of total and tumor stroma-infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and smoking status (P<0.05). There were more CD8(+) T cells in the tumor stroma and fewer in the tumor islets in NSCLC patients with COPD as compared to NSCLC patients without COPD (P<0.05). However, there was no such association between CD4(+) T cells and COPD status. A high level of CD8(+) T cell infiltration in the tumor stroma was independently associated with the coexistence of COPD in multivariate analysis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS According to our data, COPD but not smoking seems to be associated with higher infiltration of CD8(+) T cells in the tumor stroma of patients with NSCLC. It allows us to hypothesize that NSCLC patients with coexisting COPD may have a more favorable outcome due to anticancer properties of stromal CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgita Jackutė
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Marius Žemaitis
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Darius Pranys
- Department of Pathology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Brigita Šitkauskienė
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Skaidrius Miliauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytis Bajoriūnas
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Raimundas Sakalauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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A novel mixed integer programming for multi-biomarker panel identification by distinguishing malignant from benign colorectal tumors. Methods 2015; 83:3-17. [PMID: 25980368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-biomarker panels can capture the nonlinear synergy among biomarkers and they are important to aid in the early diagnosis and ultimately battle complex diseases. However, identification of these multi-biomarker panels from case and control data is challenging. For example, the exhaustive search method is computationally infeasible when the data dimension is high. Here, we propose a novel method, MILP_k, to identify serum-based multi-biomarker panel to distinguish colorectal cancers (CRC) from benign colorectal tumors. Specifically, the multi-biomarker panel detection problem is modeled by a mixed integer programming to maximize the classification accuracy. Then we measured the serum profiling data for 101 CRC patients and 95 benign patients. The 61 biomarkers were analyzed individually and further their combinations by our method. We discovered 4 biomarkers as the optimal small multi-biomarker panel, including known CRC biomarkers CEA and IL-10 as well as novel biomarkers IMA and NSE. This multi-biomarker panel obtains leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) accuracy to 0.7857 by nearest centroid classifier. An independent test of this panel by support vector machine (SVM) with threefold cross validation gets an AUC 0.8438. This greatly improves the predictive accuracy by 20% over the single best biomarker. Further extension of this 4-biomarker panel to a larger 13-biomarker panel improves the LOOCV to 0.8673 with independent AUC 0.8437. Comparison with the exhaustive search method shows that our method dramatically reduces the searching time by 1000-fold. Experiments on the early cancer stage samples reveal two panel of biomarkers and show promising accuracy. The proposed method allows us to select the subset of biomarkers with best accuracy to distinguish case and control samples given the number of selected biomarkers. Both receiver operating characteristic curve and precision-recall curve show our method's consistent performance gain in accuracy. Our method also shows its advantage in capturing synergy among selected biomarkers. The multi-biomarker panel far outperforms the simple combination of best single features. Close investigation of the multi-biomarker panel illustrates that our method possesses the ability to remove redundancy and reveals complementary biomarker combinations. In addition, our method is efficient and can select multi-biomarker panel with more than 5 biomarkers, for which the exhaustive methods fail. In conclusion, we propose a promising model to improve the clinical data interpretability and to serve as a useful tool for other complex disease studies. Our small multi-biomarker panel, CEA, IL-10, IMA, and NSE, may provide insights on the disease status of colorectal diseases. The implementation of our method in MATLAB is available via the website: http://doc.aporc.org/wiki/MILP_k.
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Lin HD, Fong CY, Biswas A, Choolani M, Bongso A. Human Wharton's jelly stem cells, its conditioned medium and cell-free lysate inhibit the growth of human lymphoma cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:573-86. [PMID: 24789672 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several groups have reported that primitive mesenchymal stem cells from the gelatinous matrix of the Wharton's jelly of the human umbilical cord (hWJSCs) possess tumoricidal properties and inhibit the growth of solid tumours such as human mammary carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma and osteosarcoma. This unique characteristic led to the hypothesis that hWJSCs serve as a natural defence against migrating cancer cells from mother to fetus thus explaining why tumorigenesis in the fetus is rare. However, it is not known whether non-solid malignant hematopoietic cells are also inhibited by hWJSCs and what the exact tumoricidal mechanisms are. We therefore evaluated the influence of hWJSCs and its extracts on Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Cell proliferation (BrdU and Ki67+), viability (MTT) and cell death (Annexin V-Propidium iodide and live/dead) assays showed significant inhibition of lymphoma cell growth after 48 h exposure to hWJSCs or its extracts compared to controls. Increased cell death was observed at sub-G1 and S and decreased proliferation at G2/M phases of the mitotic cycle. Superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide activity were significantly increased and glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased in treated lymphoma cells. Time lapse imaging and confocal z-stack images showed yellow fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) signals of lymphoma cell Y chromosomes within the cytoplasm of female red labelled hWJSCs. We hypothesize that the growth of lymphoma cells is inhibited by the molecules secreted by hWJSCs that use oxidative stress pathways to induce cell death followed by engulfment of the apoptotic remains of the lymphoma cells by the hWJSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Daniel Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, Singapore, 119228
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Textor A, Listopad JJ, Wührmann LL, Perez C, Kruschinski A, Chmielewski M, Abken H, Blankenstein T, Charo J. Efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in large tumors relies upon stromal targeting by IFNγ. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6796-805. [PMID: 25297631 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T therapy) has shown dramatic efficacy in patients with circulating lymphoma. However, eradication of solid tumors with CAR-T therapy has not been reported yet to be efficacious. In solid tumors, stroma destruction, due to MHC-restricted cross-presentation of tumor antigens to T cells, may be essential. However, CAR-Ts recognize antigens in an MHC-independent manner on cancer cells but not stroma cells. In this report, we show how CAR-Ts can be engineered to eradicate large established tumors with provision of a suitable CD28 costimulatory signal. In an HER2-dependent tumor model, tumor rejection by HER2-specific CAR-Ts was associated with sustained influx and proliferation of the adoptively transferred T cells. Interestingly, tumor rejection did not involve natural killer cells but was associated instead with a marked increase in the level of M1 macrophages and a requirement for IFNγ receptor expression on tumor stroma cells. Our results argue that CAR-T therapy is capable of eradicating solid tumors through a combination of antigen-independent stroma destruction and antigen-specific tumor cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Textor
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Cynthia Perez
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Markus Chmielewski
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Tumor Genetics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Tumor Genetics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. Institute of Immunology, Charite Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jehad Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Miller MR, Mandell JB, Beatty KM, Harvey SAK, Rizzo MJ, Previte DM, Thorne SH, McKenna KC. Splenectomy promotes indirect elimination of intraocular tumors by CD8+ T cells that is associated with IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent activation of intratumoral macrophages. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1175-85. [PMID: 25248763 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0093-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular immune privilege (IP) limits the immune surveillance of intraocular tumors as certain immunogenic tumor cell lines (P815, E.G7-OVA) that are rejected when transplanted in the skin grow progressively when placed in the anterior chamber of the eye. As splenectomy (SPLNX) is known to terminate ocular IP, we characterized the immune mechanisms responsible for rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice as a first step toward identifying how to restore tumoricidal activity within the eye. CD8(+) T cells, IFNγ, and FasL, but not perforin, or TNFα were required for the elimination of intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that culminated in destruction of the eye (ocular phthisis). IFNγ and FasL did not target tumor cells directly as the majority of SPLNX IFNγR1(-/-) mice and Fas-defective lpr mice failed to eliminate intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that expressed Fas and IFNγR1. Bone marrow chimeras revealed that IFNγR1 and Fas expression on immune cells was most critical for rejection, and SPLNX increased the frequency of activated macrophages (Mϕ) within intraocular tumors in an IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent manner, suggesting an immune cell target of IFNγ and Fas. As depletion of Mϕs limited CD8 T cell-mediated rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice, our data support a model in which IFNγ- and Fas/FasL-dependent activation of intratumoral Mϕs by CD8(+) T cells promotes severe intraocular inflammation that indirectly eliminates intraocular tumors by inducing phthisis, and suggests that immunosuppressive mechanisms that maintain ocular IP interfere with the interaction between CD8(+) T cells and Mϕs to limit the immunosurveillance of intraocular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine R Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan B Mandell
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly M Beatty
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen A K Harvey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Rizzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dana M Previte
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen H Thorne
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle C McKenna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Clinicopathological analysis of CD8-positive lymphocytes in the tumor parenchyma and stroma of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2284-2290. [PMID: 25289108 PMCID: PMC4186503 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes may be a manifestation of antitumor immunity. In the present study, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pericancerous non-tumor liver tissues samples were obtained from 86 surgical patients who had not received preoperative treatment. The cellular expression levels of CD4 and CD8 were immunohistochemically examined in the two tissue groups using tissue microarrays, to evaluate their clinicopathological relevance. Immunohistochemically, CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed in the tumor parenchyma and tumor stroma, and the intensity of CD4 and CD8 immunoreactivity was homogeneous in all HCC samples examined. Morphometrically, the average numbers of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells were significantly increased in the tumor stroma, compared with those in the tumor parenchyma (tumor stroma versus tumor parenchyma: 22±3.6 versus 7.4±0.9 in CD4, 32.8±4.2 versus 16±2.5 in CD8; both P<0.01). Furthermore, the average numbers of CD8-positive T cells in the tumor parenchyma and stroma were significantly increased, compared with the average numbers of CD4-positive cells (P<0.05). In addition, in the tumor parenchyma and stroma, the average numbers of CD8 T cells were significantly higher in patients with tumor diameters ≤5 cm compared with those in patients with tumor diameters >5 cm (diameter ≤5 cm versus diameter >5 cm: 18.1±3.3 versus 12.2±3.8 in tumor parenchyma, 36.5±4.8 versus 21.9±8.9 in tumor stroma; both P<0.05). In addition, CD8 expression was significantly enhanced in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, compared with paired tumor parenchymal tissues (P<0.01). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between CD4 and CD8 expression in the tumor parenchyma and stroma (both P<0.001). These observations suggest that tumor parenchyma- or stroma-infiltrating CD8 T cells may be involved in HCC tumor diameter control.
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Abdin AA, Soliman NA, Saied EM. Effect of propranolol on IL-10, visfatin, Hsp70, iNOS, TLR2, and survivin in amelioration of tumor progression and survival in Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma-bearing mice. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:1114-21. [PMID: 25443743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Adrenergic signaling could contribute to initiation and progression of breast cancer. This research investigated some potential mechanisms of propranolol in amelioration of progression and survival in breast cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC) xenograft model was induced in 30 mice divided into 3 groups; where group I served as untreated SEC group. In groups II and III, propranolol treatment i.p. in low (5mg/kg) and high dose (10mg/kg) caused significant increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decrease in heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity with non significant change in visfatin in tumor tissues compared to untreated SEC. In untreated SEC, tumor volume (V) exhibited significant negative correlation with IL-10 levels and toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression with significant positive correlation with Hsp70 levels and iNOS activity. While propranolol in either doses caused reduction of tumor volume (V), and improved percentage tumor growth inhibition (% TGI) only its high dose exhibited significant impact on survival rate. Propranolol dose-dependent effect was evident for IL-10 and Hsp70, and even only the high dose significantly increased and decreased TLR2 and survivin, respectively. This comes in favor of recommending high dose of propranolol in cancer therapy. Nonetheless, use of low dose cannot be ignored when benefit to risk balance have to be considered. CONCLUSIONS Propranolol could provide palliative effects in progression and survival of breast cancer that are mainly mediated via direct immunomodulatory and apoptotic mechanisms and probably associated with indirect anti-angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Abdin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Nema A Soliman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman M Saied
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Tanta, Egypt
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Fong CY, Biswas A, Subramanian A, Srinivasan A, Choolani M, Bongso A. Human Keloid Cell Characterization and Inhibition of Growth with Human Wharton's Jelly Stem Cell Extracts. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:826-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Yee Fong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University Health System; National University of Singapore; Kent Ridge Singapore 119228 Singapore
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University Health System; National University of Singapore; Kent Ridge Singapore 119228 Singapore
| | - Arjunan Subramanian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University Health System; National University of Singapore; Kent Ridge Singapore 119228 Singapore
| | - Akshaya Srinivasan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University Health System; National University of Singapore; Kent Ridge Singapore 119228 Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University Health System; National University of Singapore; Kent Ridge Singapore 119228 Singapore
| | - Ariff Bongso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University Health System; National University of Singapore; Kent Ridge Singapore 119228 Singapore
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Elimination of progressive mammary cancer by repeated administrations of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1029-38. [PMID: 24572294 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous oncogenic processes that generate cancer require an on-going treatment approach to eliminate the transformed cells, and prevent their further development. Here, we studied the ability of T cells expressing a chimeric antibody-based receptor (CAR) to offer a therapeutic benefit for breast cancer induced by erbB-2. We tested CAR-modified T cells (T-bodies) specific to erbB-2 for their antitumor potential in a mouse model overexpressing a human erbB-2 transgene that develops mammary tumors. Comparing the antitumor reactivity of CAR-modified T cells under various therapeutic settings, either prophylactic, prior to tumor development, or therapeutically. We found that repeated administration of CAR-modified T cells is required to eliminate spontaneously developing mammary cancer. Systemic, as well as intratumoral administered CAR-modified T cells accumulated at tumor sites and eventually eliminated the malignant cells. Interestingly, within a few weeks after a single CAR T cells' administration, and rejection of primary lesion, tumors usually relapsed both in treated mammary gland and at remote sites; however, repeated injections of CAR-modified T cells were able to control the secondary tumors. Since spontaneous tumors can arise repeatedly, especially in the case of syndromes characterized by specific susceptibility to cancer, multiple administrations of CAR-modified T cells can serve to control relapsing disease.
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Lehmann FM, Maurberger A, Feicht S, Helm F, Ladinig C, Kieback E, Uckert W, Kammertöns T, Kremmer E, Mautner J, Gerbitz A, Bornkamm GW. Targeting high-grade B cell lymphoma with CD19-specific T cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1153-64. [PMID: 24500882 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy is an important additional treatment option for malignant diseases resistant to chemotherapy. Using a murine high-grade B cell lymphoma model, we have addressed the question whether the B cell differentiation antigen CD19 can act as rejection antigen. CD19(-/-) mice inoculated with CD19(+) B cell lymphoma cells showed higher survival rates than WT mice and were protected against additional tumor challenge. T cell depletion prior to tumor transfer completely abolished the protective response. By heterotypic vaccination of CD19(-/-) mice against murine CD19, survival after tumor challenge was significantly increased. To define protective epitopes within the CD19 molecule, T cells collected from mice that had survived the tumor transfer were analyzed for IFNγ secretion in response to CD19-derived peptides. The majority of mice exhibited a CD4(+) T cell response to CD19 peptide 27, which was the most dominant epitope after CD19 vaccination. A peptide 27-specific CD4(+) T cell line protected CD19(-/-) mice against challenge with CD19(+) lymphoma and also cured a significant proportion of WT mice from recurrent disease in a model of minimal residual disease after chemotherapy. In conclusion, our data highlight CD19-specific CD4(+) T cells for adoptive T cell therapy of B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Lehmann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
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Li X, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang H, Tong A, Zhao C, Shi H, Li Y, Wang Z, Wei Y. Immunotherapy of tumor with vaccine based on basic fibroblast growth factor-activated fibroblasts. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 140:271-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wu CY, Yang LH, Yang HY, Knoff J, Peng S, Lin YH, Wang C, Alvarez RD, Pai SI, Roden RBS, Hung CF, Wu TC. Enhanced cancer radiotherapy through immunosuppressive stromal cell destruction in tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:644-57. [PMID: 24300786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy kills cancer cells by causing DNA damage, and stimulates a systemic antitumor immune response by releasing tumor antigen and endogenous adjuvant within the tumor microenvironment. However, radiotherapy also induces the recruitment of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, which can interfere with the antitumor immune responses elicited by apoptotic tumor cells. We hypothesized that local delivery of vaccine following radiotherapy will lead to the priming of antigen-specific CTL immune responses and render immunosuppressive myeloid cells susceptible to killing by the activated CTLs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using several antigenic systems, we tested whether intratumoral injection of antigenic peptide/protein in irradiated tumors would be able to prime CTLs as well as load myeloid cells with antigen, rendering them susceptible to antigen-specific CTL killing. RESULTS We show that by combining radiotherapy and targeted antigenic peptide delivery to the tumor, the adjuvant effect generated by radiotherapy itself was sufficient to elicit the priming and expansion of antigen-specific CTLs, through the type I IFN-dependent pathway, leading to synergistic therapeutic antitumor effects compared with either treatment alone. In addition, using two different types of transgenic mice, we demonstrated that CTL-mediated killing of stromal cells in tumors by our approach is important for tumor control. Finally, we confirmed the efficacy of this approach in our preclinical model using two clinically tested therapeutic human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines. CONCLUSIONS These data serve as an important foundation for the future clinical translation of radiotherapy combined with a clinically tested therapeutic HPV vaccine for the control of HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Wu
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oncology, and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Chou J, Fitzgibbon MP, Mortales CLL, Towlerton AMH, Upton MP, Yeung RS, McIntosh MW, Warren EH. Phenotypic and transcriptional fidelity of patient-derived colon cancer xenografts in immune-deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79874. [PMID: 24278200 PMCID: PMC3835935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenografts of human colorectal cancer (CRC) in immune-deficient mice have great potential for accelerating the study of tumor biology and therapy. We evaluated xenografts established in NOD/scid/IL2Rγ-null mice from the primary or metastatic tumors of 27 patients with CRC to estimate their capacity for expanding tumor cells for in vitro studies and to assess how faithfully they recapitulated the transcriptional profile of their parental tumors. RNA-seq analysis of parental human CRC tumors and their derivative xenografts demonstrated that reproducible transcriptional changes characterize the human tumor to murine xenograft transition. In most but not all cases, the human stroma, vasculature, and hematopoietic elements were systematically replaced by murine analogues while the carcinoma component persisted. Once established as xenografts, human CRC cells that could be propagated by serial transplantation remained transcriptionally stable. Three histologically atypical xenografts, established from patients with peritoneal metastases, contained abundant human stromal elements and blood vessels in addition to human tumor cells. The transcriptomes of these mixed tumor/stromal xenografts did not closely resemble those of their parental tumors, and attempts to propagate such xenografts by serial transplantation were unsuccessful. Stable expression of numerous genes previously identified as high priority targets for immunotherapy was observed in most xenograft lineages. Aberrant expression in CRC cells of human genes that are normally only expressed in hematopoietic cells was also observed. Our results suggest that human CRC cells expanded in murine xenografts have great utility for studies of tumor immunobiology and targeted therapies such as immunotherapy but also identify potential limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Chou
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Fitzgibbon
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christie-Lynn L. Mortales
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. H. Towlerton
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa P. Upton
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology Service, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raymond S. Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martin W. McIntosh
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edus H. Warren
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Estrela-Lima A, Araújo MSS, Soares RP, Ribeiro LGR, Damasceno KA, Costa AT, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Cassali GD. Plasma biomarkers profile of female dogs with mammary carcinoma and its association with clinical and pathological features. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 14:88-100. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Estrela-Lima
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica, Escola de Medicina Veterinária; Universidade Federal da Bahia; Salvador BA Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LPC), Departamento de Patologia Geral; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - M. S. S. Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - R. P. Soares
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - L. G. R. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias; Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - K. A. Damasceno
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LPC), Departamento de Patologia Geral; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - A. T. Costa
- Departamento de Patologia e Clínica, Escola de Medicina Veterinária; Universidade Federal da Bahia; Salvador BA Brazil
| | - A. Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - O. A. Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - G. D. Cassali
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LPC), Departamento de Patologia Geral; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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Anders K, Blankenstein T. Molecular pathways: comparing the effects of drugs and T cells to effectively target oncogenes. Clin Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23197254 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutant cancer-driving oncogenes are the best therapeutic targets, both with drugs like small-molecule inhibitors (SMI) and adoptive T-cell therapy (ATT), the most effective form of immunotherapy. Cancer cell survival often depends on oncogenes, which implies that they are homogeneously expressed by all cancer cells and are difficult to select against. Mutant oncogene-directed therapy is relatively selective, as it targets preferentially the oncogene-expressing cancer cells. Both SMI and ATT can be highly effective in relevant preclinical models as well as selected clinical situations, and both share the risk of therapy resistance, facilitated by the frequent genetic instability of cancer cells. Recently, both therapies were compared in the same experimental model targeting the same oncogene. It showed that the oncogene-inactivating drug selected resistant clones, leading eventually to tumor relapse, whereas ATT eradicated large established tumors completely. The mode of tumor destruction likely explained the different outcome with only ATT destroying the tumor vasculature. Elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor regression and relapse will define optimal conditions for the clinic. We argue that the ideal conditions of ATT in the experimental cancer model can be translated to individuals with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Anders
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
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Podoplanin expressing cancer associated fibroblasts are associated with unfavourable prognosis in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:441-6. [PMID: 23161183 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the mucin-type sialoglycoprotein podoplanin in cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was recently shown to be associated with tumor progression, metastasis and poor prognosis in lung and breast cancer. Here we investigate the role of podoplanin expressing CAFs in esophagal adenocarcinoma (AC), its precursor lesions and metastases. Podoplanin expression was investigated immunohistochemically in 200 formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of invasive esophagal ACs, their corresponding metastases and 35 precursor lesions. Podoplanin expressing CAFs (CAF+) were observed in 22 % of patients with invasive AC, but not in precursor lesions. CAF+ correlated with tumor stage (p = 0.004), lymphovascular tumor invasion (p = 0.018) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0016). Patients with CAF+ had a significant shorter disease free and overall survival (p < 0.05, Cox regression). Podoplanin expressing CAFs were only rarely observed in lymph node and distant metastases, as well as in local recurrences of ACs. Podoplanin expression in AC tumor cells was seen in only four cases. In around 20 % of patients with esophagal AC, podoplanin expressing CAFs are evident, defining a high risk subgroup. In these patients, podoplanin expressing CAFs might represent new therapeutical targets.
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McKenna KC, Previte DM. Influence of CD8+ T regulatory cells on intraocular tumor development. Front Immunol 2012; 3:303. [PMID: 23060881 PMCID: PMC3460369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interior of the eye, or uvea, is a site of immune privilege where certain immune responses are attenuated or completely excluded to protect non-regenerating tissues essential for vision. One consequence of this immunoregulation is compromised immune mediated elimination of intraocular tumors. For example, certain murine tumor cell lines which are rejected by host immune responses when transplanted in the skin grow progressively when placed in the anterior chamber (a.c.) of the eye. Progressive ocular tumor growth occurs despite induction of tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses capable of eliminating a subsequent tumor challenge in the skin or opposite eye. Why these CD8+ T effectors fail to eliminate established ocular tumors is not known. It is well appreciated that growth of tumors in the a.c. induces the generation of immunosuppressive CD8+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. However, the contribution of CD8+ Treg in ocular tumor progression remains unclear. Several studies indicate that these CD8+ Treg target responding CD4+ T cells to inhibit their induction of macrophage-dependent delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to tumor antigens (Ags). However, induction of tumor-specific CD4+ T cell responses does not assure intraocular tumor elimination. This review is focused on how CD8+ Treg could influence the tumoricidal activity of ocular tumor-specific CD8+ T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C McKenna
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Immunology/Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Subramanian A, Shu-Uin G, Kae-Siang N, Gauthaman K, Biswas A, Choolani M, Bongso A, Chui-Yee F. Human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells do not transform to tumor-associated fibroblasts in the presence of breast and ovarian cancer cells unlike bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1886-95. [PMID: 22234854 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) were shown to transform into tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) when in the vicinity of breast cancer tumors and played an important role in tumor enhancement and metastasis. In early human development MSCs migrating from the yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) via the umbilical cord to the placenta and back to the fetal bone marrow were shown to get trapped in the gelatinous Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord. The common origin of the Wharton's jelly MSCs and the finally homed hBMMSCs prompted us to evaluate whether hWJSCs are also involved in TAF transformation. hWJSCs and hBMMSCs were grown in the presence of breast and ovarian cancer cell conditioned medium (MDA-TCM, TOV-TCM) for 30 days. No changes were observed in the hWJSCs but the hBMMSCs transformed from short to thin long fibroblasts, their proliferation rates increased and CD marker expression decreased. The transformed hBMMSCs showed positive staining for the tumor-associated markers FSP, VEGF, EGF, and Tn-C. Real-time PCR and multiplex luminex bead analysis showed upregulation of TAF-related genes (FSP, FAP, Tn-C, Tsp-1, EGF, bFGF, IL-6, α-SMA, VEGF, and TGF-β) for hBMMSCs with low expression for hWJSCs. The luciferase assay showed that hWJSCs previously exposed to MDA-TCM or TOV-TCM had no stimulatory growth effect on luciferase-tagged MDA or TOV cells unlike hBMMSCs. The results confirmed that hWJSCs do not transform to the TAF phenotype and may therefore not be associated with enhanced growth of solid tumors making them a safe MSC for cell based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjunan Subramanian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 119074, Singapore
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Influence of functional genetic polymorphism (−590C/T) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development: The paradoxal role of IL-4. Gene 2012; 504:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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How do cytokines trigger genomic instability? J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:536761. [PMID: 22754280 PMCID: PMC3382994 DOI: 10.1155/2012/536761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a double-edged sword presenting a dual effect on cancer development, from one hand promoting tumor initiation and progression and from the other hand protecting against cancer through immunosurveillance mechanisms. Cytokines are crucial components of inflammation, participating in the interaction between the cells of tumor microenvironment. A comprehensive study of the role of cytokines in the context of the inflammation-tumorigenesis interplay helps us to shed light in the pathogenesis of cancer. In this paper we focus on the role of cytokines in the development of genomic instability, an evolving hallmark of cancer.
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