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Münchhalfen M, Görg R, Haberl M, Löber J, Willenbrink J, Schwarzt L, Höltermann C, Ickes C, Hammermann L, Kus J, Chapuy B, Ballabio A, Reichardt SD, Flügel A, Engels N, Wienands J. TFEB activation hallmarks antigenic experience of B lymphocytes and directs germinal center fate decisions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6971. [PMID: 39138218 PMCID: PMC11322606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) initiates humoral immunity. However, BCR signaling without appropriate co-stimulation commits B cells to death rather than to differentiation into immune effector cells. How BCR activation depletes potentially autoreactive B cells while simultaneously primes for receiving rescue and differentiation signals from cognate T lymphocytes remains unknown. Here, we use a mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach to identify cytosolic/nuclear shuttling elements and uncover transcription factor EB (TFEB) as a central BCR-controlled rheostat that drives activation-induced apoptosis, and concurrently promotes the reception of co-stimulatory rescue signals by supporting B cell migration and antigen presentation. CD40 co-stimulation prevents TFEB-driven cell death, while enhancing and prolonging TFEB's nuclear residency, which hallmarks antigenic experience also of memory B cells. In mice, TFEB shapes the transcriptional landscape of germinal center B cells. Within the germinal center, TFEB facilitates the dark zone entry of light-zone-residing centrocytes through regulation of chemokine receptors and, by balancing the expression of Bcl-2/BH3-only family members, integrates antigen-induced apoptosis with T cell-provided CD40 survival signals. Thus, TFEB reprograms antigen-primed germinal center B cells for cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Münchhalfen
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Görg
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Haberl
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Löber
- Department of Medical Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Willenbrink
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Schwarzt
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Höltermann
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Ickes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonard Hammermann
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Kus
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Chapuy
- Department of Medical Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Sybille D Reichardt
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Pekkarinen PT, Vaali K, Jarva H, Kekäläinen E, Hetemäki I, Junnikkala S, Helminen M, Vaarala O, Meri S, Arstila TP. Impaired intestinal tolerance in the absence of a functional complement system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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van Spriel AB, de Keijzer S, van der Schaaf A, Gartlan KH, Sofi M, Light A, Linssen PC, Boezeman JB, Zuidscherwoude M, Reinieren-Beeren I, Cambi A, Mackay F, Tarlinton DM, Figdor CG, Wright MD. The tetraspanin CD37 orchestrates the α(4)β(1) integrin-Akt signaling axis and supports long-lived plasma cell survival. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra82. [PMID: 23150881 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by the serine and threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B), a pathway that is common to all eukaryotic cells, is central to cell survival, proliferation, and gene induction. We sought to elucidate the mechanisms underlying regulation of the kinase activity of Akt in the immune system. We found that the four-transmembrane protein CD37 was essential for B cell survival and long-lived protective immunity. CD37-deficient (Cd37(-/-)) mice had reduced numbers of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-secreting plasma cells in lymphoid organs compared to those in wild-type mice, which we attributed to increased apoptosis of plasma cells in the germinal centers of the spleen, areas in which B cells proliferate and are selected. CD37 was required for the survival of IgG-secreting plasma cells in response to binding of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 to the α(4)β(1) integrin. Impaired α(4)β(1) integrin-dependent Akt signaling in Cd37(-/-) IgG-secreting plasma cells was the underlying cause responsible for impaired cell survival. CD37 was required for the mobility and clustering of α(4)β(1) integrins in the plasma membrane, thus regulating the membrane distribution of α(4)β(1) integrin necessary for activation of the Akt survival pathway in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
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4
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El Shikh MEM, Pitzalis C. Follicular dendritic cells in health and disease. Front Immunol 2012; 3:292. [PMID: 23049531 PMCID: PMC3448061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are unique immune cells that contribute to the regulation of humoral immune responses. These cells are located in the B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues where they trap and retain antigens (Ags) in the form of highly immunogenic immune complexes (ICs) consisting of Ag plus specific antibody (Ab) and/or complement proteins. FDCs multimerize Ags and present them polyvalently to B-cells in periodically arranged arrays that extensively crosslink the B-cell receptors for Ag (BCRs). FDC-FcγRIIB mediates IC periodicity, and FDC-Ag presentation combined with other soluble and membrane bound signals contributed by FDCs, like FDC-BAFF, -IL-6, and -C4bBP, are essential for the induction of the germinal center (GC) reaction, the maintenance of serological memory, and the remarkable ability of FDC-Ags to induce specific Ab responses in the absence of cognate T-cell help. On the other hand, FDCs play a negative role in several disease conditions including chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, prion diseases, and follicular lymphomas. Compared to other accessory immune cells, FDCs have received little attention, and their functions have not been fully elucidated. This review gives an overview of FDC structure, and recapitulates our current knowledge on the immunoregulatory functions of FDCs in health and disease. A better understanding of FDCs should permit better regulation of Ab responses to suit the therapeutic manipulation of regulated and dysregulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohey Eldin M El Shikh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
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5
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ADAM10 regulates transcription factor expression required for plasma cell function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42694. [PMID: 22880085 PMCID: PMC3411801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) is a key regulator of cellular processes by shedding extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins. We have previously demonstrated that deletion of B cell expressed ADAM10 results in changes in lymphoid tissue architecture and impaired germinal center (GC) formation. In this study, mice were generated in which ADAM10 is deleted in B cells following class switch recombination (ADAM10Δ/ΔIgG1-cre+/− mice). Despite normal GC formation, antibody responses were impaired in ADAM10Δ/ΔIgG1-cre+/− mice, implicating ADAM10 in post-GC and extrafollicular B cell terminal differentiation. Surprisingly, plasma cell (PC) numbers were normal in ADAM10Δ/ΔIgG1-cre+/− mice when compared to controls. However, PCs isolated from ADAM10Δ/ΔIgG1-cre+/− mice exhibited decreased expression of transcription factors important for PC function: Prdm1, Xbp1 and Irf4. Bcl6 is a GC transcriptional repressor that inhibits the PC transcriptional program and thus must be downregulated for PC differentiation to occur. Bcl6 expression was increased in PCs isolated from ADAM10Δ/ΔIgG1-cre+/− mice at both the mRNA and protein level. These results demonstrate that ADAM10 is required for proper transcription factor expression in PCs and thus, for normal PC function.
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Gilbert MR, Wagner NJ, Jones SZ, Wisz AB, Roques JR, Krum KN, Lee SR, Nickeleit V, Hulbert C, Thomas JW, Gauld SB, Vilen BJ. Autoreactive preplasma cells break tolerance in the absence of regulation by dendritic cells and macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:711-20. [PMID: 22675201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to induce Ab responses to pathogens while maintaining the quiescence of autoreactive cells is an important aspect of immune tolerance. During activation of TLR4, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MFs) repress autoantibody production through their secretion of IL-6 and soluble CD40L (sCD40L). These soluble mediators selectively repress B cells chronically exposed to Ag, but not naive cells, suggesting a means to maintain tolerance during TLR4 stimulation, yet allow immunity. In this study, we identify TNF-α as a third repressive factor, which together with IL-6 and CD40L account for nearly all the repression conferred by DCs and MFs. Similar to IL-6 and sCD40L, TNF-α did not alter B cell proliferation or survival. Instead, it reduced the number of Ab-secreting cells. To address whether the soluble mediators secreted by DCs and MFs functioned in vivo, we generated mice lacking IL-6, CD40L, and TNF-α. Compared to wild-type mice, these mice showed prolonged anti-nuclear Ab responses following TLR4 stimulation. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of autoreactive B cells into chimeric IL-6(-/-) × CD40L(-/-) × TNF-α(-/-) mice showed that preplasma cells secreted autoantibodies independent of germinal center formation or extrafollicular foci. These data indicate that in the absence of genetic predisposition to autoimmunity, loss of endogenous IL-6, CD40L, and TNF-α promotes autoantibody secretion during TLR4 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileka R Gilbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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7
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Reynaud CA, Descatoire M, Dogan I, Huetz F, Weller S, Weill JC. IgM memory B cells: a mouse/human paradox. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1625-34. [PMID: 22481437 PMCID: PMC3337997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Humoral memory is maintained by two types of persistent cells, memory B cells and plasma cells, which have different phenotypes and functions. Long-lived plasma cells can survive for a lifespan within a complex niche in the bone marrow and provide continuous protective serum antibody levels. Memory B cells reside in secondary lymphoid organs, where they can be rapidly mobilized upon a new antigenic encounter. Surface IgG has long been taken as a surrogate marker for memory in the mouse. Recently, however, we have brought evidence for a long-lived IgM memory B cell population in the mouse, while we have also argued that, in humans, these same cells are not classical memory B cells but marginal zone (MZ) B cells which, as opposed to their mouse MZ counterpart, recirculate and carry a mutated B cell receptor. In this review, we will discuss these apparently paradoxical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U783 “Développement du système immunitaire”, Université Paris Descartes, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marc Descatoire
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U783 “Développement du système immunitaire”, Université Paris Descartes, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ismail Dogan
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U783 “Développement du système immunitaire”, Université Paris Descartes, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - François Huetz
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U783 “Développement du système immunitaire”, Université Paris Descartes, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, CNRS URA 1961, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sandra Weller
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U783 “Développement du système immunitaire”, Université Paris Descartes, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U783 “Développement du système immunitaire”, Université Paris Descartes, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
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8
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Gibson-Corley KN, Boggiatto PM, Bockenstedt MM, Petersen CA, Waldschmidt TJ, Jones DE. Promotion of a functional B cell germinal center response after Leishmania species co-infection is associated with lesion resolution. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2009-17. [PMID: 22429963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Co-infection of C3HeB/FeJ (C3H) mice with both Leishmania major and Leishmania amazonensis leads to a healed footpad lesion, whereas co-infection of C57BL/6 (B6) mice leads to non-healing lesions. This inability to heal corresponds to a deficiency in B cell stimulation of the macrophage-mediated killing of L. amazonensis in vitro and a less robust antibody response. The mechanism that leads to healing of these lesions is not completely known, although our studies implicate the B cell response as having an important effector function in killing L. amazonensis. To understand more completely this disparate clinical outcome to the same infection, we analyzed the draining lymph node germinal center B cell response between co-infected C3H and B6 mice. There were more germinal center B cells, more antibody isotype-switched germinal center B cells, more memory B cells, and more antigen-specific antibody-producing cells in co-infected C3H mice compared to B6 mice as early as 2 weeks postinfection. Interleukin (IL)-21 production and IL-21 receptor expression in both mouse strains, however, were similar at 2 weeks, suggesting that the difference in the anti-Leishmania response in these mouse strains may be due to differences in T follicular cell commitment or intrinsic B cell differences. These data support the idea that functional B cells are important for healing L. amazonensis in this infectious disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
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9
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression in the immune system. In a few short years, their mechanism of action has been described in various cell lineages within the immune system, targets have been defined and their unique contributions to immune cell function have been examined. Certain miRNAs serve in important negative feedback loops in the immune system, whereas others serve to amplify the response of the immune system by repressing inhibitors of the response. Here, we review some of the better understood mechanisms as well as some emerging concepts of miRNA function. Future work will likely involve defining the function of specific miRNAs in specific immune cell lineages and to utilize them in the design of therapeutic strategies for diseases involving the immune system.
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10
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Activation-induced cytidine deaminase and aberrant germinal center selection in the development of humoral autoimmunities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:462-71. [PMID: 21281778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity, which is the branch of the immune system governed by B cells, protects the body from extracellular pathogens through the secretion of immunoglobulins. Given the unpredictability of exogenous antigens, B cells must be accommodating to numerous genetic alterations to mold immunoglobulin specificity to recognize offending pathogens. Abnormalities in this process leave the host susceptible to permanent pathological modifications and in particular humoral autoimmunities in which secreted immunoglobulins mistake host proteins as pathogenic targets. Underlying the development of self-reactive immunoglobulins is activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a mutagenic enzyme responsible for modifying the specificity of B cells by producing point mutations at the immunoglobulin gene locus. Ideally, these mutations result in an increased affinity for exogenous antigens. However, in pathological scenarios, these mutations produce or enhance a B cell's ability to target the host. AID-induced mutations occur in the germinal center microenvironment of peripheral lymphoid tissue, where pathogenic B-cell clones must evade overwhelming selection pressures to be released systemically. Recent research has revealed numerous genes and pathways responsible for eliminating self-reactive clones within the germinal center. On the basis of these studies, this review aims to clarify the link between AID and the generation of pathogenic immunoglobulins. Furthermore, it describes the selective pressures that pathogenic B cells must bypass within the germinal center to secrete immunoglobulins that ultimately result in disease.
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A combination of the TLR4 agonist CIA05 and alum promotes the immune responses to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1195-204. [PMID: 21492746 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. The currently licensed human anthrax vaccines contain protective antigen (PA) as a major protective component and alum as an adjuvant. In this study, we investigated whether CIA05, a TLR4 agonist, is able to promote the immune response to an anthrax vaccine adjuvanted with alum. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally three times at 2-week intervals with a recombinant B. anthracis PA alone or in combination with CIA05 in the absence or presence of alum, and immune responses were determined 2 or 3 weeks after the third immunization. The results showed that the combination of CIA05 and alum significantly increased both serum anti-PA IgG antibody and toxin-neutralizing antibody titers, and the adjuvant effects were greater when lower antigen doses were used for immunization. Both CIA05 and alum stimulated PA-specific splenocyte secretion of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-6. A combination of the two yielded synergistic effects on IL-4 secretion, but CIA05 tended to repress IL-5 and IL-6 secretions induced by alum. Co-administration of CIA05 and alum also increased GL7 expression in B220(+)CD24(+) splenic cells, indicating the ability to activate B cells. These data suggest that CIA05, combined with alum, could be used to achieve higher immune responses to PA, leading to the development of an effective anthrax vaccine.
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Grewal JS, Pilgrim MJ, Grewal S, Kasman L, Werner P, Bruorton ME, London SD, London L. Salivary glands act as mucosal inductive sites via the formation of ectopic germinal centers after site-restricted MCMV infection. FASEB J 2011; 25:1680-96. [PMID: 21307334 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-174656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that salivary gland inoculation stimulates formation of ectopic germinal centers (GCs), transforming the gland into a mucosal inductive site. Intraglandular infection of mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV; control: UV-inactivated MCMV) induces salivary gland ectopic follicles comprising cognate interactions between CD4(+) and B220(+) lymphocytes, IgM(+) and isotype-switched IgG(+) and IgA(+) B cells, antigen presenting cells, and follicular dendritic cells. B cells coexpressed the GC markers GCT (57%) and GL7 (52%), and bound the lectin peanut agglutinin. Lymphoid follicles were characterized by a 2- to 3-fold increase in mRNA for CXCL13 (lymphoid neogenesis), syndecan-1 (plasma cells), Blimp-1 (plasma cell development/differentiation), and a 2- to 6-fold increase for activation-induced cytidine deaminase, PAX5, and the nonexcised rearranged DNA of an IgA class-switch event, supporting somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination within the salivary follicles. Intraglandular inoculation also provided protection against a systemic MCMV challenge, as evidenced by decreased viral titers (10(5) plaque-forming units to undetectable), and restoration of normal salivary flow rates from a 6-fold decrease. Therefore, these features suggest that the salivary gland participates in oral mucosal immunity via generation of ectopic GCs, which function as ectopic mucosal inductive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvir S Grewal
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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13
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Ross AC, Chen Q, Ma Y. Vitamin A and retinoic acid in the regulation of B-cell development and antibody production. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 86:103-26. [PMID: 21419269 PMCID: PMC3789244 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386960-9.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by vitamin A through its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA) is critical for the normal development and functions of the hematopoietic and immune systems. B cells, as both factories for antibody production and part of the immune regulatory system, are critical to a successful vaccination response. RA is a factor in the development and competence of mature B cells, in B cell proliferation, and in the regulation of transcription factors associated with B cell differentiation, class switch recombination, and the generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Emerging evidence suggests that RA can function alone and in combination with other immune system stimuli to augment the formation of germinal centers, leading to increased primary and secondary antibody responses. Taken together, RA could be a useful component in vaccine strategies and/or for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pekkarinen PT, Vaali K, Junnikkala S, Rossi LH, Tuovinen H, Meri S, Vaarala O, Arstila TP. A functional complement system is required for normal T helper cell differentiation. Immunobiology 2010; 216:737-43. [PMID: 21074891 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Complement is a fundamental part of the innate immune system, and also modulates B cell responses. Its effects on T cells, however, are less well studied. Here we have studied antigen-specific T cell responses in C3-knockout (C3-KO) C57BL/6 mice. The animals were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant, which favors T helper 1 (Th1)-type responses. Splenic lymphocytes from C3-KO mice proliferated less in response to OVA stimulation than splenocytes from control wild type (WT) mice. The response in the C3-KO mice was also qualitatively different. The expression of Th1 lineage determining transcription factor T-bet was decreased in OVA-stimulated splenocytes, and the induction of Th1-associated IgG subclasses impaired. In WT mice T cell proliferation in response to OVA was positively correlated with antigen-specific IgG2a and IgG3 levels. In C3-KO mice the proliferative response correlated with antigen-specific IgE levels, consistent with Th2 deviation. The expression of Th1-inducing cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ was also decreased in the collecting lymph nodes in the C3-KO mice after immunization. Our results show that the complement system and its component C3 participate in the regulation of T cell responses, and that complement function is required for normal T helper cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirkka T Pekkarinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Qi CF, Li Z, Raffeld M, Wang H, Kovalchuk AL, Morse HC. Differential expression of IRF8 in subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells and effects of IRF8 deficiency on splenic B cell and macrophage compartments. Immunol Res 2010; 45:62-74. [PMID: 18663414 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IRF8, a transcription factor restricted primarily to hematopoietic cells, is known to influence the differentiation and function of dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, granulocytes and B cells. In human tonsil, IRF8 is expressed at high levels by intrafollicular macrophages and DC, but at much lower levels by tingible body macrophages in germinal centers (GCs) and little, if at all, by follicular DC. Spleens of IRF8-deficient mice had reduced numbers of white pulp follicles and GCs that were irregular in shape. The frequency of follicular B cells was significantly reduced while the population of marginal zone (MZ) B cells was increased. In addition, MZ macrophages were reduced in number and abnormally distributed, while metallophilic macrophages were normal. These findings demonstrate differential requirements for IRF8 among distinct subsets of B cells, DC, and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, Twinbrook I, Room 1528, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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16
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Pone EJ, Zan H, Zhang J, Al-Qahtani A, Xu Z, Casali P. Toll-like receptors and B-cell receptors synergize to induce immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination: relevance to microbial antibody responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2010; 30:1-29. [PMID: 20370617 PMCID: PMC3038989 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v30.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve B cells, including immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination, is critical for the immune response and depends on the extensive integration of signals from the B-cell receptor (BCR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytokine receptors. TLRs and BCR synergize to induce class-switch DNA recombination in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses to microbial pathogens. BCR triggering together with simultaneous endosomal TLR engagement leads to enhanced B-cell differentiation and antibody responses. Te requirement of both BCR and TLR engagement would ensure appropriate antigen-specific activation in an infection. Co-stimulation of TLRs and BCR likely plays a significant role in anti-microbial antibody responses to contain pathogen loads until the T cell-dependent antibody responses peak. Furthermore, the temporal sequence of different signals is also critical for optimal B cell responses, as exemplified by the activation of B cells by initial TLR engagement, leading to the up-regulation of co-stimulatory CD80 and MCH-II receptors, which result in more efficient interactions with T cells, thereby enhancing the germinal center reaction and antibody affinity maturation. Overall, BCR and TLR stimulation and the integration with signals from the pathogen or immune cells and their products determine the ensuing B-cell antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egest J. Pone
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Qahtani
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
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17
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Nair N, Moss WJ, Scott S, Mugala N, Ndhlovu ZM, Lilo K, Ryon JJ, Monze M, Quinn TC, Cousens S, Cutts F, Griffin DE. HIV-1 infection in Zambian children impairs the development and avidity maturation of measles virus-specific immunoglobulin G after vaccination and infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:1031-8. [PMID: 19702505 PMCID: PMC2938771 DOI: 10.1086/605648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endemic transmission of measles continues in many countries that have a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden. The effects that HIV infection has on immune responses to measles and to measles vaccine can impact measles elimination efforts. Assays to measure antibody include the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), which measures immunoglobulin G (IgG) to all measles virus (MV) proteins, and the plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assay, which measures antibody to the hemagglutinin and correlates with protection. Antibody avidity may affect neutralizing capacity. METHODS HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Zambian children were studied after measles vaccination (n=44) or MV infection (n=57). Laboratory or wild-type MV strains were used to infect Vero or Vero/signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule (SLAM) cells in PRN assays. IgG to MV was measured by EIA, and avidity was determined by ammonium thiocyanate dissociation. RESULTS HIV infection impaired EIA IgG responses after vaccination and measles but not PRN responses measured using laboratory-adapted MV. Avidity was lower among HIV-infected children 3 months after vaccination and 1 and 3 months after measles. Neutralization of wild-type MV infection of Vero/SLAM cells correlated with IgG avidity. CONCLUSION Lower antibody quality and quantity in HIV-infected children after measles vaccination raise challenges for assuring the long-term protection of these children. Antibody quality in children receiving antiretroviral therapy requires assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Nair
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | - William J. Moss
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | - Susana Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nanthalile Mugala
- Health Services and Systems Program, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Zaza M. Ndhlovu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | - Kareem Lilo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | - Judith J. Ryon
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | - Mwaka Monze
- Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simon Cousens
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Cutts
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
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Toll-like receptor 3 ligand and retinoic acid enhance germinal center formation and increase the tetanus toxoid vaccine response. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1476-84. [PMID: 19692622 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00282-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunizations with T-cell-dependent antigens induce the formation of germinal centers (GC), unique lymphoid microenvironments in which antigen-activated B cells undergo class switching, affinity maturation, and differentiation into memory B cells. Poly(I:C) (PIC), a double-stranded RNA, and retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A which induces cell differentiation, have been shown to augment both primary and memory anti-tetanus toxoid (anti-TT) IgG responses. However, their influence on the GC reaction is unknown. In the present study, 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were immunized with TT and cotreated with PIC, RA, or both. The splenic GC reaction was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining 10 days after TT priming. Each treatment enhanced the TT-induced GC formation (number of GC/follicle and GC area) about two- to threefold, which correlated with the titers of plasma anti-TT immunoglobulin G (IgG). Isotype switching to IgG1 was dramatically stimulated, with the greatest increase in IgG1-positive GC B cells induced by RA-PIC (P < 0.001). Moreover, PIC alone and RA-PIC robustly promoted the formation of the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network in the GC light zone. PIC and RA-PIC also increased IgG1-positive B cells in the periarterial lymphatic sheath regions, where most IgG1-positive cells were plasma cells (CD138/syndecan-1 positive), suggesting that plasma cell generation was also enhanced in non-GC regions. The stimulation of several processes, including antigen-induced GC formation, isotype switching, FDC network formation within GC, and plasma cell differentiation by RA and/or PIC, suggests that this nutritional-immunological combination could be an effective means of promoting a robust vaccine response.
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19
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Keller SA, von Allmen CE, Hinton HJ, Bauer M, Muntwiler S, Dietmeier K, Saudan P, Bachmann MF. Follicular and Marginal Zone B Cells Fail to Cross-Present MHC Class I-Restricted Epitopes Derived from Viral Particles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6261-6. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Goetz CA, Baldwin AS. NF-kappaB pathways in the immune system: control of the germinal center reaction. Immunol Res 2009; 41:233-47. [PMID: 18670738 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The NF-kappaB signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. This is clearly evident as mouse models deficient for numerous NF-kappaB subunits and upstream activators exhibit defects in the immune system ranging from impaired development of lymphocytes to defective adaptive immune responses. In this review, we focus on the role that NF-kappaB plays in the germinal center (GC) reaction. Specifically, we discuss the major NF-kappaB subunits and the IkappaB homolog, Bcl-3. Recent findings reveal that Bcl-6, an unrelated transcriptional repressor, is functionally similar to Bcl-3 as both factors may suppress p53 activity to allow for efficient GC formation to occur. We discuss potential mechanisms of action for Bcl-3 and Bcl-6 in this highly complex, but important process of B-cell affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Goetz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 405 West Dr., Room 213, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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21
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Payne D, Drinkwater S, Baretto R, Duddridge M, Browning MJ. Expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4, CXCR5 and CCR7 on B and T lymphocytes from patients with primary antibody deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:254-62. [PMID: 19250276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of chemokines and their receptors directs lymphocyte migration, and is involved in the distribution and organization of lymphocytes within lymphoid tissues. We reasoned that abnormal chemokine receptor expression might give rise to defects of lymphocyte migration into and within lymphoid tissues, and consequently be associated with defective antibody production in primary antibody deficiencies. In this study, we have investigated the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4, CXCR5 and CCR7 on lymphocyte subpopulations (naive and memory B cells; CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells) in a cohort of patients with primary antibody deficiency (n = 23), and compared these with a group of healthy controls (n = 19). We show that there were significant differences in both the proportions of lymphocytes expressing, and the levels of expression of, specific chemokine receptors on individual lymphocyte subpopulations between patients and controls. Furthermore, these changes appeared more pronounced in patients with more severe antibody deficiency. These data support the hypothesis that abnormal lymphocyte trafficking may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary antibody deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Payne
- Department of Immunology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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22
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The role of PI3K signalling in the B cell response to antigen. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 633:43-53. [PMID: 19209680 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79311-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K signalling pathway is crucial to normal B cell development and response to antigen. The p1108 catalytic subunit plays an important and non-redundant role within this pathway although other catalytic isoforms may also contribute. Although CD40, TLR and cytokines all activate PI3K the BCR seems especially dependent upon PI3K signalling. The downstream effects of PI3K may be mediated to a large extent by activation of PKB. In B cell development PI3K promotes development of MZ and Bl cells. In the response to antigen PI3K is crucial to BCR-mediated proliferation. PI3K activity has been shown to be inhibitory to CSR. The effects on immunoglobulin production and ASC differentiation are harder to disentangle from the developmental effects on cell populations and at present remain uncertain.
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23
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Chappell CP, Dauner J, Jacob* J. ONTOGENY OF THE SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE: ORIGINS AND CLONAL DIVERSITY. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 633:27-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79311-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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24
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Cantaert T, Kolln J, Timmer T, van der Pouw Kraan TC, Vandooren B, Thurlings RM, Cañete JD, Catrina AI, Out T, Verweij CL, Zhang Y, Tak PP, Baeten D. B lymphocyte autoimmunity in rheumatoid synovitis is independent of ectopic lymphoid neogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:785-94. [PMID: 18566445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte autoimmunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. The local production of autoantibodies and the presence of ectopic lymphoid neogenesis in the rheumatoid synovium suggest that these dedicated microenvironments resembling canonical lymphoid follicles may regulate the initiation and maturation of B cell autoimmunity. In this study, we assessed experimentally the relevance of ectopic lymphoid neogenesis for B cell autoimmunity by a detailed structural, molecular, and serological analysis of seropositive and seronegative human synovitis. We demonstrate that synovial lymphoid neogenesis is a reversible process associated with inflammation which is neither restricted to nor preferentially associated with autoantibody positive rheumatic conditions. Despite the abundant expression of key chemokines and cytokines required for full differentiation toward germinal center reactions, synovial lymphoid neogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis only occasionally progresses toward fully differentiated follicles. In agreement with that observation, we could not detect Ag-driven clonal expansion and affinity maturation of B lymphocytes. Furthermore, ectopic lymphoid neogenesis is not directly associated with local production of anti-citrullinated protein Abs and rheumatoid factor in the rheumatoid joint. Therefore, we conclude that synovial lymphoid neogenesis is not a major determinant of these rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Cantaert
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Carter RH, Myers R. Germinal center structure and function: lessons from CD19. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:43-8. [PMID: 18243730 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center is a critical locus in the production of protective immunity, but its function is poorly understood. Studies of mutant forms of CD19 revealed differences in signaling in different compartments inside the germinal center, and structural findings indicate a selective role in the interaction with follicular dendritic cells in the GC. Loss of these signals leads to surprising changes in germinal center B cells that challenge previous models of GC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.
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26
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Quandt D, Hoff H, Rudolph M, Fillatreau S, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. A new role of CTLA-4 on B cells in thymus-dependent immune responses in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7316-24. [PMID: 18025174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The expression of CTLA-4 (CD152) on the cell surface of B cells and its consequences for the humoral immune response in vivo are unknown. We investigated the expression of CTLA-4 mRNA and protein in B cells in T cell-independent or -dependent ways. B cells in the presence of Ag-stimulated Th2 cells expressed mRNA of CTLA-4 and up-regulated intracellular CTLA-4 protein. Using a liposome-enhanced staining technique, we show for the first time, that surface CTLA-4 protein is expressed by 11-15% of B cells in a T cell-dependent culture system. To dissect the role of CTLA-4 on B cells in vivo, we used bone marrow chimeric mice in which only B cells were CTLA-4 deficient. These mice showed that early B cell development and homeostasis is not influenced by CTLA-4 deficiency of B cells. Ag-specific responses after immunization of the chimeric mice revealed elevated levels of IgM Abs in mice deficient for B cell CTLA-4. We propose that CTLA-4 signals on B cells determine the early fate of B cells in thymus-dependent immune responses.
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27
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SWAP-70 deficiency causes high-affinity plasma cell generation despite impaired germinal center formation. Blood 2007; 111:2714-24. [PMID: 18094331 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are lymphoid tissue structures central to the generation of long-lived, high-affinity, antibody-forming B cells. However, induction, maintenance, and regulation of GCs are not sufficiently understood. The F-actin-binding, Rac-interacting protein SWAP-70 is strongly expressed in activated B cells like those in B follicles. Recent work suggests that SWAP-70 is involved in B-cell activation, migration, and homing. Therefore, we investigated the role of SWAP-70 in the T-dependent immune response, in GC formation, and in differentiation into plasma and memory B cells. Compared with wt, sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-, or NP-KLH-immunized SWAP-70(-/-) mice have strongly reduced numbers of GCs and GC-specific B cells. However, SWAP-70(-/-) NP-specific B cells accumulate outside of the B follicles, and SWAP-70(-/-) mice show more plasma cells in the red pulp and in the bone marrow, and increased NP-specific Ig and antibody-forming B cells. Yet the memory response is impaired. Thus, SWAP-70 deficiency uncouples GC formation from T-dependent antibody and long-lived plasma cell production and causes extrafollicular generation of high-affinity plasma cells, but does not adequately support the memory response.
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28
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Chattopadhyay G, Khan AQ, Sen G, Colino J, duBois W, Rubtsov A, Torres RM, Potter M, Snapper CM. Transgenic Expression of Bcl-xLor Bcl-2 by Murine B Cells Enhances the In Vivo Antipolysaccharide, but Not Antiprotein, Response to IntactStreptococcus pneumoniae. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7523-34. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Fujimura S, Matsui T, Kuwahara K, Maeda K, Sakaguchi N. Germinal center B-cell-associated DNA hypomethylation at transcriptional regions of the AID gene. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1712-9. [PMID: 17996946 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-dependent antigen induces differentiation of germinal center (GC) B-cell in peripheral lymphoid follicles. We studied whether GC B-cell differentiation is associated with DNA methylation status by examining regulatory regions of mouse AID transcription that are essential for B-cell maturation. AID-negative cell lines of pre-B cells, immature B cells, mature B cells, plasmacytomas or T cells showed various hypermethylation profiles in the 5'-promoter and intronic regions. In contrast, AID-positive GC-type B cells were hypomethylated in these regions. Stimulation of splenic B cells with lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-4 caused DNA hypomethylation in the 5'-promoter and intronic CpG sites proportional to the increase in AID transcription. Mature GL7+Fas+ GC B cells were hypomethylated at these CpG sites, especially near the Pax5-consensus site and an intronic site. However, Syndecan-1+ plasma cells showed DNA hypermethylation, as seen in plasmacytomas. Methylation status of the transcriptional regulatory region might contribute to stage-dependent activation of AID transcription during GC B-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fujimura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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30
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Roy V, Bonventi G, Cai Y, Macleod R, Wither JE. Immune mechanisms leading to abnormal B cell selection and activation in New Zealand Black mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2645-56. [PMID: 17668901 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal B cell activation is a hallmark of the immune dysregulation in New Zealand Black (NZB) mice. We have previously shown that the splenic B cell activation is associated with increased CD80 expression. Here we show that abnormal expansions of CD80-expressing GC, CD5(+), marginal zone (MZ) precursor and MZ B cells produce this increase. To investigate the role of BCR engagement in the generation and activation of these populations, a non-self-reactive Ig Tg was introduced onto the NZB background. NZB Ig-Tg mice lacked Tg CD5(+) and peanut agglutinin(+) B cells, confirming the role of endogenous Ag in their selection. Although the increased proportion of MZ B cells was retained in NZB Ig-Tg mice, CD80 expression on these cells was reduced as compared to non-Tg NZB mice, suggesting a role for BCR engagement with endogenous Ag in their activation. Examination of CD40L-knockout NZB mice showed no difference in the abnormal activation or selection of the B cell populations, with the exception of GC cells, as compared to wild-type NZB mice. Thus, polyclonal B cell activation in NZB mice does not require CD40 engagement, but results, in part, from dysregulated BCR-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Roy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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31
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Complement C3d conjugation to anthrax protective antigen promotes a rapid, sustained, and protective antibody response. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1044. [PMID: 17940608 PMCID: PMC2001179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax. Pathogenesis is primarily mediated through the exotoxins lethal factor and edema factor, which bind protective antigen (PA) to gain entry into the host cell. The current anthrax vaccine (AVA, Biothrax™) consists of aluminum-adsorbed cell-free filtrates of unencapsulated B. anthracis, wherein PA is thought to be the principle target of neutralization. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the natural adjuvant, C3d, versus alum in eliciting an anti-PA humoral response and found that C3d conjugation to PA and emulsion in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) imparted superior protection from anthrax challenge relative to PA in IFA or PA adsorbed to alum. Relative to alum-PA, immunization of mice with C3d-PA/IFA augmented both the onset and sustained production of PA-specific antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies to the receptor-binding portion (domain 4) of PA. C3d-PA/IFA was efficacious when administered either i.p. or s.c., and in adolescent mice lacking a fully mature B cell compartment. Induction of PA-specific antibodies by C3d-PA/IFA correlated with increased efficiency of germinal center formation and plasma cell generation. Importantly, C3d-PA immunization effectively protected mice from intranasal challenge with B. anthracis spores, and was approximately 10-fold more effective than alum-PA immunization or PA/IFA based on dose challenge. These data suggest that incorporation of C3d as an adjuvant may overcome shortcomings of the currently licensed aluminum-based vaccine, and may confer protection in the early days following acute anthrax exposure.
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32
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Maglione PJ, Xu J, Chan J. B cells moderate inflammatory progression and enhance bacterial containment upon pulmonary challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7222-34. [PMID: 17513771 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Though much is known about the function of T lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, comparably little is understood regarding the corresponding role of B lymphocytes. Indicating B cells as components of lymphoid neogenesis during pulmonary tuberculosis, we have identified ectopic germinal centers (GCs) in the lungs of infected mice. B cells in these pulmonary lymphoid aggregates express peanut agglutinin and GL7, two markers of GC B cells, as well as CXCR5, and migrate in response to the lymphoid-associated chemokine CXCL13 ex vivo. CXCL13 is negatively regulated by the presence of B cells, as its production is elevated in lungs of B cell-deficient (B cell(-/-)) mice. Upon aerosol with 100 CFU of M. tuberculosis Erdman, B cell(-/-) mice have exacerbated immunopathology corresponding with elevated pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils. Infected B cell(-/-) mice show increased production of IL-10 in the lungs, whereas IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-10R remain unchanged from wild type. B cell(-/-) mice have enhanced susceptibility to infection when aerogenically challenged with 300 CFU of M. tuberculosis corresponding with elevated bacterial burden in the lungs but not in the spleen or liver. Adoptive transfer of B cells complements the phenotypes of B cell(-/-) mice, confirming a role for B cells in both modulation of the host response and optimal containment of the tubercle bacillus. As components of ectopic GCs, moderators of inflammatory progression, and enhancers of local immunity against bacterial challenge, B cells may have a greater role in the host defense against M. tuberculosis than previously thought.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL13
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/genetics
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/microbiology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/microbiology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Acosta-Rodríguez EV, Merino MC, Montes CL, Motrán CC, Gruppi A. Cytokines and chemokines shaping the B-cell compartment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:73-83. [PMID: 17336579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The whole life of a B-cell from a stem cell to a mature plasma cell is governed, among other factors, by cytokines and growth factors in their microenvironment. Remarkable progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of cytokines action on the B-cell compartment was achieved by analysis of gene-targeted mice. The generation of mice deficient for individual cytokines or their receptors has shed light on the in vivo function of cytokines in B-cell responses. This review focuses on the role of cytokines in the development, maturation and differentiation of different B-cell subsets into antibody-secreting cells or memory B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva V Acosta-Rodríguez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Salam MA, Katz J, Zhang P, Hajishengallis G, Michalek SM. Immunogenicity of Salmonella vector vaccines expressing SBR of Streptococcus mutans under the control of a T7-nirB (dual) promoter system. Vaccine 2006; 24:5003-15. [PMID: 16621196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine if a Salmonella vector expressing the cloned saliva-binding region (SBR) of Streptococcus mutans or SBR linked to the A2 and B subunits of cholera toxin (CTA2/B) under the control of both the T7 and nirB promoters (T7-nirB dual promoter) was more effective in inducing mucosal and systemic anti-SBR antibody responses than Salmonella clones expressing the same antigens but under the control of either the nirB or T7 promoter. Mice were immunized by the intranasal route on days 0, 18 and 320 with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain BRD 509 containing one of six plasmids encoding SBR or SBR-CTA2/B under the control of the T7-nirB, T7, or nirB promoter. Serum, saliva and vaginal wash samples were collected throughout the experiment and assessed for antibody activity by ELISA. Evidence is provided that Salmonella clones expressing SBR or SBR-CAT2/B under the control of either the T7 or T7-nirB promoter induced a high and persistent mucosal and systemic anti-SBR antibody response. All Salmonella clones induced good anti-SBR responses following the boost on day 320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdus Salam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, BBRB 258/5, 35294-2170, USA
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Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are actively tolerized to more abundant self-antigens by a series of checkpoints involving receptor editing, deletion, anergy and competition for growth factors. In contrast, B cells reactive against rare, sequestered or tissue specific self-antigens remain functionally naïve. During an immune response, the autoimmune danger from these cells is countered by a variety of mechanisms comprising control of self-antigen presentation, limitation of immunogenic and tolerogenic costimuli including T cell help, homeostatic control of growth and strict regulation of germinal centre reactions. In this overview we consider how knowledge of these checkpoints may be used to gain a better understanding of transplant tolerance and the generation of alloantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ferry
- Henry Wellcome Building of Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Na D, Kim D, Lee D. Mathematical modeling of humoral immune response suppression by passively administered antibodies in mice. J Theor Biol 2006; 241:830-51. [PMID: 16513138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although passively administered antibodies are known to suppress the humoral immune response, the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we developed a mathematical model to better understand the suppression phenomena in mice. Using this model, we tested the generally accepted but difficult to prove "epitope masking hypothesis." To simulate the hypothesis and clearly observe masking of epitopes, we modeled epitope-antibody and epitope-B-cell receptor interactions at the epitope level. To validate this model, we simulated the effect of the antibody affinity and quantity as well as the timing of administration on the suppression, and we compared the results with experimental observations reported in the literature. We then developed a simulation to determine whether the epitope-masking hypothesis alone can explain known immune suppression phenomena, especially the conflicting results on F(ab')2 fragment-induced suppression, which has been shown to be no suppression, or similar to or up to 1000-fold weaker than the suppression by intact antibody. We found that suppression was caused by a synergistic effect of both epitope masking and rapid antigen clearance. Although the latter hypothesis has lost support because FcgammaRI/III mutant mice show antibody-mediated suppression, our simulations predict that, even in FcgammaRI/III mutant mice, the immune response can be suppressed according to the antibody affinity. Our model also effectively reproduced the conflicting results obtained using F(ab')2 fragments. Thus, in contrast to the idea that the F(ab')2 results prove the FcgammaRIIb involvement in suppression, our mathematical model suggests that the epitope-masking hypothesis together with rapid antigen clearance explains the conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dokyun Na
- Department of BioSystems, KAIST, 373-1 Guseong-dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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