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Lutskovich D, Meleshko A, Katsin M. State of the art and perspectives of chimeric antigen receptor T cells cell therapy for neuroblastoma. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00718-7. [PMID: 38852096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a solid, neuroendocrine pediatric solid tumor with divergent clinical behavior. Patients with high-risk diseases have poor prognoses despite complex multimodal therapy, which requires the search for new therapeutic approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) have led to dramatic improvements in the survival of cancer patients, most notably those with hematologic malignancies. Early-phase clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapy for NB have proven safe and feasible, but limited clinical efficacy. At the same time, multiple experimental and preclinical studies have shown that the most common in clinical trials single 2nd or 3rd generation CAR structure is not sufficient for a complete response in solid tumors. Here, we review the recent advances and future perspectives associated with engineered receptors, including several antigens binding, armored CAR-T of 4th and 5th generation and CAR-T cell combination strategies with other immunotherapy. We also summarize the results and shortcomings of ongoing clinical trials of CAR-T therapy for NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Lutskovich
- Belarusian Research Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Alexander Meleshko
- Belarusian Research Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mikalai Katsin
- Vitebsk Regional Clinical Cancer Centre, Vitebsk, Belarus
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2
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Chen J, Chen C, Ma S, Li J, Li M, Huang Q. An immunomodulatory role of Fc receptor γ chain independent of FcγR ligation by IgG in acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105638. [PMID: 37923297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant microglial activation is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Fc receptor common γ-chain (FcRγ), one of the two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing adaptor proteins, is abundantly expressed in microglia. It couples with different receptors, such as receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. In this study, we observed increased FcRγ expression along with increased IgG-binding during acute neuroinflammation triggered by MPTP intoxication, where adaptive immune responses should not be involved. Notably, FcRγ was expressed not only in the cell membrane but also in the cytoplasm in the activated microglia. FcRγ deficiency exacerbated microglial activation, pro-inflammatory factor upregulation, nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits, implicating a beneficial role of FcRγ in this model. Blockade of Fcγ receptor ligation by IgG in mice by Endoglycosidase S treatment, a bacterial endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase cleaving specifically the Asn297-linked glycan of IgG, or by using the mice deficient in mature B cells (muMT) with IgG production defects, did not show similar phenotypes to those observed in FcRγ-deficient mice, indicating that the beneficial effect mediated by FcRγ did not depend on FcγR ligation by IgG. Further, FcRγ knockout aggravated the expression and activation of STAT1 in microglia, suggesting FcRγ modulated neuroinflammation by dampening STAT1 signaling. Collectively, these results revealed that FcRγ-associated receptors could function as negative regulators of neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Congmin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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3
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Fernández-Aguilar LM, Vico-Barranco I, Arbulo-Echevarria MM, Aguado E. A Story of Kinases and Adaptors: The Role of Lck, ZAP-70 and LAT in Switch Panel Governing T-Cell Development and Activation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1163. [PMID: 37759563 PMCID: PMC10525366 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Specific antigen recognition is one of the immune system's features that allows it to mount intense yet controlled responses to an infinity of potential threats. T cells play a relevant role in the host defense and the clearance of pathogens by means of the specific recognition of peptide antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and, to do so, they are equipped with a clonally distributed antigen receptor called the T-cell receptor (TCR). Upon the specific engagement of the TCR, multiple intracellular signals are triggered, which lead to the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes into effector cells. In addition, this signaling cascade also operates during T-cell development, allowing for the generation of cells that can be helpful in the defense against threats, as well as preventing the generation of autoreactive cells. Early TCR signals include phosphorylation events in which the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP70 are involved. The sequential activation of these kinases leads to the phosphorylation of the transmembrane adaptor LAT, which constitutes a signaling hub for the generation of a signalosome, finally resulting in T-cell activation. These early signals play a relevant role in triggering the development, activation, proliferation and apoptosis of T cells, and the negative regulation of these signals is key to avoid aberrant processes that could generate inappropriate cellular responses and disease. In this review, we will examine and discuss the roles of the tyrosine kinases Lck and ZAP70 and the membrane adaptor LAT in these cellular processes.
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Grants
- PY20_01297 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain
- PID2020-113943RB-I00 Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain
- PR2022-037 University of Cádiz
- PAIDI2020/DOC_01433 Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Fernández-Aguilar
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Vico-Barranco
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Mikel M. Arbulo-Echevarria
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Aguado
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain; (L.M.F.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (M.M.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology), University of Cadiz, 11002 Cadiz, Spain
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4
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Wcisel DJ, Dornburg A, McConnell SC, Hernandez KM, Andrade J, de Jong JLO, Litman GW, Yoder JA. A highly diverse set of novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (NILT) genes in zebrafish indicates a wide range of functions with complex relationships to mammalian receptors. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:53-69. [PMID: 35869336 PMCID: PMC9845131 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts (NILTs) have been identified from salmon, trout, and carp. NILTs typically encode activating or inhibitory transmembrane receptors with extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. Although predicted to provide immune recognition in ray-finned fish, we currently lack a definitive framework of NILT diversity, thereby limiting our predictions for their evolutionary origin and function. In order to better understand the diversity of NILTs and their possible roles in immune function, we identified five NILT loci in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome, defined 86 NILT Ig domains within a 3-Mbp region of zebrafish (Danio rerio) chromosome 1, and described 41 NILT Ig domains as part of an alternative haplotype for this same genomic region. We then identified transcripts encoded by 43 different NILT genes which reflect an unprecedented diversity of Ig domain sequences and combinations for a family of non-recombining receptors within a single species. Zebrafish NILTs include a sole putative activating receptor but extensive inhibitory and secreted forms as well as membrane-bound forms with no known signaling motifs. These results reveal a higher level of genetic complexity, interindividual variation, and sequence diversity for NILTs than previously described, suggesting that this gene family likely plays multiple roles in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Wcisel
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, 28223, NC, USA
| | - Sean C McConnell
- Section of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle M Hernandez
- Center for Translational Data Science and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Current Affiliation: Kite Pharma, Santa Monica, 90404, CA, USA
| | - Jill L O de Jong
- Section of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary W Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, 33701, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA.
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5
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A family of unusual immunoglobulin superfamily genes in an invertebrate histocompatibility complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207374119. [PMID: 36161920 PMCID: PMC9546547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207374119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most colonial marine invertebrates are capable of allorecognition, the ability to distinguish between themselves and conspecifics. One long-standing question is whether invertebrate allorecognition genes are homologous to vertebrate histocompatibility genes. In the cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, allorecognition is controlled by at least two genes, Allorecognition 1 (Alr1) and Allorecognition 2 (Alr2), which encode highly polymorphic cell-surface proteins that serve as markers of self. Here, we show that Alr1 and Alr2 are part of a family of 41 Alr genes, all of which reside in a single genomic interval called the Allorecognition Complex (ARC). Using sensitive homology searches and highly accurate structural predictions, we demonstrate that the Alr proteins are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) with V-set and I-set Ig domains unlike any previously identified in animals. Specifically, their primary amino acid sequences lack many of the motifs considered diagnostic for V-set and I-set domains, yet they adopt secondary and tertiary structures nearly identical to canonical Ig domains. Thus, the V-set domain, which played a central role in the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, was present in the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians. Unexpectedly, several Alr proteins also have immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in their cytoplasmic tails, suggesting they could participate in pathways homologous to those that regulate immunity in humans and flies. This work expands our definition of the IgSF with the addition of a family of unusual members, several of which play a role in invertebrate histocompatibility.
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6
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Jiang Y, Wen W, Yang F, Han D, Zhang W, Qin W. Prospect of Prostate Cancer Treatment: Armed CAR-T or Combination Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040967. [PMID: 35205714 PMCID: PMC8869943 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of prostate cancer is higher in male cancers. With a hidden initiation of disease and long duration, prostate cancer seriously affects men's physical and mental health. Prostate cancer is initially androgen-dependent, and endocrine therapy can achieve good results. However, after 18-24 months of endocrine therapy, most patients eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which becomes metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) that is difficult to treat. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is an emerging immune cell therapy that brings hope to cancer patients. CAR-T has shown considerable advantages in the treatment of hematologic tumors. However, there are still obstacles to CAR-T treatment of solid tumors because the physical barrier and the tumor microenvironment inhibit the function of CAR-T cells. In this article, we review the progress of CAR-T therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer and discuss the prospects and challenges of armed CAR-T and combined treatment strategies. At present, there are still many obstacles in the treatment of prostate cancer with CAR-T, but when these obstacles are solved, CAR-T cells can become a favorable weapon for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.J.); (F.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Weihong Wen
- Department of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Fa Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.J.); (F.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Donghui Han
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.J.); (F.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Wuhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, Air Force 986 Hospital, Xi’an 710054, China;
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.J.); (F.Y.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (W.Q.)
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7
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Yi YS, Kim HG, Kim JH, Yang WS, Kim E, Jeong D, Park JG, Aziz N, Kim S, Parameswaran N, Cho JY. Syk-MyD88 Axis Is a Critical Determinant of Inflammatory-Response in Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767366. [PMID: 35003083 PMCID: PMC8733199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation, a vital immune response to infection and injury, is mediated by macrophage activation. While spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) are reportedly involved in inflammatory responses in macrophages, their roles and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods Here, the role of the MyD88-Syk axis and the mechanism by which Syk and MyD88 cooperate during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses are explored using knockout conditions of these proteins and mutation strategy as well as flowcytometric and immunoblotting analyses. Results Syk rapidly activates the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is abolished in Syk−/− RAW264.7 cells. MyD88 activates Syk and Syk-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells but Syk-induced inflammatory responses are significantly inhibited in MyD88−/− RAW264.7 cells. MyD88 interacts with Syk through the tyrosine 58 residue (Y58) in the hemi-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of MyD88, leading to Syk activation and Syk-induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Src activates MyD88 by phosphorylation at Y58 via the Src kinase domain. In addition, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activation and Rac1-induced formation of filamentous actin (F actin) activate Src in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions These results suggest that the MyD88-Syk axis is a critical player in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses, and its function is promoted by an upstream Src kinase activated by Rac1-generated filamentous actin (F-actin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology and Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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8
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Dube N, Marzinek JK, Glen RC, Bond PJ. The structural basis for membrane assembly of immunoreceptor signalling complexes. J Mol Model 2019; 25:277. [PMID: 31456056 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoreceptors are TM complexes that consist of separate ligand-binding and signal-transducing modules. Mounting evidence suggests that interactions with the local environment may influence the architecture of these TM domains, which assemble via crucial sets of conserved ionisable residues, and also control the peripheral association of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) whose phosphorylation triggers cytoplasmic signalling cascades. We now report a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study of the archetypal T cell receptor (TCR) and its cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) signalling partners, along with the analogous DNAX-activation protein of 12 kDa (DAP12)/natural killer group 2C (NKG2C) complex. Based on > 15 μs of explicitly solvated, atomic-resolution sampling, we explore molecular aspects of immunoreceptor complex stability in different functionally relevant states. A novel alchemical approach is used to simulate the cytoplasmic CD3ε tail at different depths within lipid bilayer models, revealing that the conformation and cytoplasmic exposure of ITAMs are highly sensitive to local enrichment by different lipid species and to phosphorylation. Furthermore, simulations of the TCR and DAP12 TM domains in various states of oligomerisation suggest that, during the early stages of assembly, stable membrane insertion is facilitated by the interfacial lipid/solvent environment and/or partial ionisation of charged residues. Collectively, our results indicate that the architecture and mechanisms of signal transduction in immunoreceptor complexes are tightly regulated by interactions with the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Dube
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107, India
| | - Jan K Marzinek
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Str., #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Str., #07-01 Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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9
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de Tymowski C, Heming N, Correia MD, Abbad L, Chavarot N, Le Stang MB, Flament H, Bex J, Boedec E, Bounaix C, Soler-Torronteras R, Denamur E, Galicier L, Oksenhendler E, Fehling HJ, Pinheiro da Silva F, Benhamou M, Monteiro RC, Ben Mkaddem S. CD89 Is a Potent Innate Receptor for Bacteria and Mediates Host Protection from Sepsis. Cell Rep 2019; 27:762-775.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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10
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Hansen IS, Krabbendam L, Bernink JH, Loayza-Puch F, Hoepel W, van Burgsteden JA, Kuijper EC, Buskens CJ, Bemelman WA, Zaat SAJ, Agami R, Vidarsson G, van den Brink GR, de Jong EC, Wildenberg ME, Baeten DLP, Everts B, den Dunnen J. FcαRI co-stimulation converts human intestinal CD103 + dendritic cells into pro-inflammatory cells through glycolytic reprogramming. Nat Commun 2018; 9:863. [PMID: 29491406 PMCID: PMC5830413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD103+ dendritic cells (DC) are crucial for regulation of intestinal tolerance in humans. However, upon infection of the lamina propria this tolerogenic response is converted to an inflammatory response. Here we show that immunoglobulin A (IgA) immune complexes (IgA-IC), which are present after bacterial infection of the lamina propria, are important for the induction of inflammation by the human CD103+SIRPα+ DC subset. IgA-IC, by recognition through FcαRI, selectively amplify the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-1β and IL-23 by human CD103+ DCs. These cells then enhance inflammation by promoting Th17 responses and activating human intestinal innate lymphoid cells 3. Moreover, FcαRI-induced cytokine production is orchestrated via upregulation of cytokine translation and caspase-1 activation, which is dependent on glycolytic reprogramming mediated by kinases Syk, PI3K and TBK1-IKKε. Our data suggest that the formation of IgA-IC in the human intestine provides an environmental cue for the conversion of a tolerogenic to an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S Hansen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Krabbendam
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem H Bernink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabricio Loayza-Puch
- Division of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willianne Hoepel
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A van Burgsteden
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elsa C Kuijper
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, University of Leiden, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne J Buskens
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Bemelman
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan A J Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, University of Leiden, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Dunnen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Barrow AD, Edeling MA, Trifonov V, Luo J, Goyal P, Bohl B, Bando JK, Kim AH, Walker J, Andahazy M, Bugatti M, Melocchi L, Vermi W, Fremont DH, Cox S, Cella M, Schmedt C, Colonna M. Natural Killer Cells Control Tumor Growth by Sensing a Growth Factor. Cell 2017; 172:534-548.e19. [PMID: 29275861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many tumors produce platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-DD, which promotes cellular proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stromal reaction, and angiogenesis through autocrine and paracrine PDGFRβ signaling. By screening a secretome library, we found that the human immunoreceptor NKp44, encoded by NCR2 and expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells, recognizes PDGF-DD. PDGF-DD engagement of NKp44 triggered NK cell secretion of interferon gamma (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) that induced tumor cell growth arrest. A distinctive transcriptional signature of PDGF-DD-induced cytokines and the downregulation of tumor cell-cycle genes correlated with NCR2 expression and greater survival in glioblastoma. NKp44 expression in mouse NK cells controlled the dissemination of tumors expressing PDGF-DD more effectively than control mice, an effect enhanced by blockade of the inhibitory receptor CD96 or CpG-oligonucleotide treatment. Thus, while cancer cell production of PDGF-DD supports tumor growth and stromal reaction, it concomitantly activates innate immune responses to tumor expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Barrow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa A Edeling
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Piyush Goyal
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin Bohl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jennifer K Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Albert H Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mary Andahazy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah Cox
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christian Schmedt
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Biagioli M, Mencarelli A, Carino A, Cipriani S, Marchianò S, Fiorucci C, Donini A, Graziosi L, Baldelli F, Distrutti E, Costantino G, Fiorucci S. Genetic and Pharmacological Dissection of the Role of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) in Intestinal Inflammation and Immune Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 24:123-135. [PMID: 29272492 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNAX adaptor protein 12 (DAP12) is a transmembrane adaptor molecule that signals through the activation of Syk (Spleen Tyrosine Kinase) in myeloid cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of DAP12 and Syk pathways in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). METHODS DAP12 deficient and DAP12 transgenic, overexpressing an increased amount of DAP12, mice and Syk deficient mice in the C57/BL6 background were used for these studies. Colitis was induced by administering mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), in drinking water, or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), by intrarectal enema. RESULTS Abundant expression of DAP12 and Syk was detected in colon samples obtained from Crohn's disease patients with expression restricted to immune cells infiltrating the colonic wall. In rodents development of DSS colitis as measured by assessing severity of wasting diseases, global colitis score,and macroscopic and histology scores was robustly attenuated in DAP12-/- and Syk-/- mice. In contrast, DAP12 overexpression resulted in a striking exacerbation of colon damage caused by DSS. Induction of colon expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to DSS administration was attenuated in DAP12-/- and Syk-/- mice, whereas opposite results were observed in DAP12 transgenic mice. Treating wild-type mice with a DAP-12 inhibitor or a Syk inhibitor caused a robust attenuation of colitis induced by DSS and TNBS. CONCLUSIONS DAP12 and Syk are essential mediators in inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in murine colitides. Because DAP12 and Syk expression is upregulated in patients with active disease, present findings suggest a beneficial role for DAP12 and Syk inhibitors in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Biagioli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mencarelli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annibale Donini
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Graziosi
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Baldelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy; ‡Perugia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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13
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Pan YG, Yu YL, Lin CC, Lanier LL, Chu CL. FcεRI γ-Chain Negatively Modulates Dectin-1 Responses in Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1424. [PMID: 29163499 PMCID: PMC5663849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adapters DAP12 and FcεRI γ-chain (FcRγ) has been found in many immune functions. Herein, we have further explored the role of these adapters in C-type lectin receptors response. We identified that FcRγ, but not DAP12, could negatively regulate the Dectin-1 responses in dendritic cells (DCs). Loss of FcRγ or both DAP12 and FcRγ enhanced the maturation and cytokine production in DCs upon Dectin-1 activation compared to normal cells, whereas DCs lacking only DAP12 showed little changes. In addition, increments of T cell activation and T helper 17 polarization induced by FcRγ-deficient DCs were observed both in vitro and in vivo. Examining the Dectin-1 signaling, we revealed that the activations of several signaling molecules were augmented in FcRγ-deficient DCs stimulated with Dectin-1 ligands. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the association of phosphatases SHP-1 and PTEN with FcRγ may contribute to the negative regulation of FcRγ in Dectin-1 activation in DCs. These results extend the inhibitory effect of ITAM-containing adapters to Dectin-1 response in immune functions, even though Dectin-1 contains an ITAM-like intracellular domain. According to the role of Dectin-1 in responding to microbes and tumor cells, our finding may have applications in the development of vaccine and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gen Pan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Mkaddem SB, Murua A, Flament H, Titeca-Beauport D, Bounaix C, Danelli L, Launay P, Benhamou M, Blank U, Daugas E, Charles N, Monteiro RC. Lyn and Fyn function as molecular switches that control immunoreceptors to direct homeostasis or inflammation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:246. [PMID: 28811476 PMCID: PMC5557797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoreceptors can transduce either inhibitory or activatory signals depending on ligand avidity and phosphorylation status, which is modulated by the protein kinases Lyn and Fyn. Here we show that Lyn and Fyn control immune receptor signaling status. SHP-1 tyrosine 536 phosphorylation by Lyn activates the phosphatase promoting inhibitory signaling through the immunoreceptor. By contrast, Fyn-dependent phosphorylation of SHP-1 serine 591 inactivates the phosphatase, enabling activatory immunoreceptor signaling. These SHP-1 signatures are relevant in vivo, as Lyn deficiency exacerbates nephritis and arthritis in mice, whereas Fyn deficiency is protective. Similarly, Fyn-activating signature is detected in patients with lupus nephritis, underlining the importance of this Lyn-Fyn balance. These data show how receptors discriminate negative from positive signals that respectively result in homeostatic or inflammatory conditions.Src-family kinases Fyn and Lyn are signaling components downstream of ITAM-bearing antigen receptors. Here the authors show that by phosphorylating SHP-1 at different residues, Lyn and Fyn can have opposing regulatory effects on ITAM receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.
| | - Amaya Murua
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Héloise Flament
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Titeca-Beauport
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Carine Bounaix
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Luca Danelli
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
- Service de Néphrologie, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.
- CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.
- Service d'Immunologie, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique de Paris, Paris, France.
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15
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Coordinated Regulation of Signaling Pathways during Macrophage Activation. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. [PMID: 27780013 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0025-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional and phenotypic diversity of macrophages has long been appreciated, and it is now clear that it reflects a complex interplay between hard-wired differentiation pathways and instructive signals in specific tissues (Lawrence T, Natoli G. 2011, Nat Rev Immunol11:750-761). Recent studies have begun to unravel the molecular basis for the integration of these intrinsic developmental pathways with extracellular signals from the tissue microenvironment that confer the distinct phenotypes of tissue-resident macrophages (Lavin Y et al. 2014. Cell159:1312-1326; Gosselin D et al. 2014. Cell159:1327-1340). Macrophage phenotype and function is particularly dynamic during inflammation or infection, as blood monocytes are recruited into tissues and differentiate into macrophages, and depending on the nature of the inflammatory stimulus, they may acquire distinct functional phenotypes (Xue J et al. 2014. Immunity40:274-288; Murray PJ et al. 2014. Immunity41:14-20). Furthermore, these functional activation states can be rapidly modified in response to a changing microenvironment. Here we will discuss several key signaling pathways that drive macrophage activation during the inflammatory response and discuss how these pathways are integrated to "fine-tune" macrophage phenotype and function.
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16
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Li X, Cullere X, Nishi H, Saggu G, Durand E, Mansour MK, Tam JM, Song XY, Lin X, Vyas JM, Mayadas T. PKC-δ activation in neutrophils promotes fungal clearance. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:581-8. [PMID: 26965632 PMCID: PMC6608027 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0915-405r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptor dectin-1 and the integrin Mac-1 have key roles in controlling fungal infection. Here, we demonstrate that dectin-1- and Mac-1-induced activation of protein kinase Cδ in neutrophils, independent of the Card9 adaptor, is required for reactive oxygen species production and for intracellular killing upon Candida albicans uptake. Protein kinase Cδ was also required for zymosan-induced cytokine generation in neutrophils. In macrophages, protein kinase Cδ deficiency prevented fungi-induced reactive oxygen species generation but had no effect on activation of TGF-β-activated kinase-1, an effector of Card9, or nuclear factor κB activation, nor did it affect phagolysosomal maturation, autophagy, or intracellular C. albicans killing. In vivo, protein kinase Cδ-deficient mice were highly susceptible to C. albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infection, which was partially rescued with adoptively transferred wild-type neutrophils. Thus, protein kinase Cδ activation downstream of dectin-1 and Mac-1 has an important role in neutrophil, but not macrophage, functions required for host defense against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xavier Cullere
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nishi
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gurpanna Saggu
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enrique Durand
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Jenny M Tam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Xiu-Yu Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Tanya Mayadas
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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17
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Nesterovitch AB, Arbieva Z, Toth DM, Tharp MD, Glant TT. A differential gene expression study: Ptpn6 (SHP-1)-insufficiency leads to neutrophilic dermatosis-like disease (NDLD) in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:17-25. [PMID: 27020408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irradiated syngeneic wild-type mice developed the same neutrophilic dermatosis-like disease (NDLD) after adoptive transfer of bone marrow cells from Ptpn6(meb2/meb2) mutant mice. OBJECTIVE To analyze differentially expressed genes in the bone marrow of mice with NDLD to gain insight into the role of Ptpn6 in myelopoietic bone marrow pathology, and the mechanisms by which Ptpn6 insufficiency in the hematopoietic cells can lead to the development of skin lesions. METHODS As Ptpn6 is involved in a myriad of signaling pathways, we used a global approach with microarray technology for the first time to characterize changes in the bone marrow and skin of motheaten-type mice. RESULTS A total number of 1,511 probe sets in the bone marrow showed at least two-fold changes with FDR <0.05, of which 256 probe sets had over four-fold changes. A group of 63 genes in the bone marrow of NDLD mice had more than a 4-fold change with FDR <0.0001. From 503 genes encoding proteins with ITIM motif that binds to Ptpn6, 109 were up-regulated and 83 were down-regulated. We found that genes encoding hematopoietic receptors, neutrophil chemoattractants, Toll-like receptors (Tlr1, Tlr2 and Tlr4) and C-type lectin innate immunity receptors (Clec4e, Clec4d, Clec4n, Clec4a2 and Clec4a3) were significantly up-regulated in both NDLD bone marrow and skin. The Il1b gene was also significantly overexpressed in skin samples, confirming the importance of the IL-1/TLR pathway in the development of early skin inflammation in NDLD mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that innate immunity genes play a major role in development of neutrophilic dermatosis-like disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zarema Arbieva
- Core Genomics Facility, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Daniel M Toth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery (Section of Molecular Medicine), Biochemistry and Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael D Tharp
- Department of Dermatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery (Section of Molecular Medicine), Biochemistry and Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Biochemical and Functional Insights into the Integrated Regulation of Innate Immune Cell Responses by Teleost Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptors. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010013. [PMID: 27005670 PMCID: PMC4810170 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Across vertebrates, innate immunity consists of a complex assortment of highly specialized cells capable of unleashing potent effector responses designed to destroy or mitigate foreign pathogens. The execution of various innate cellular behaviors such as phagocytosis, degranulation, or cell-mediated cytotoxicity are functionally indistinguishable when being performed by immune cells isolated from humans or teleost fishes; vertebrates that diverged from one another more than 450 million years ago. This suggests that vital components of the vertebrate innate defense machinery are conserved and investigating such processes in a range of model systems provides an important opportunity to identify fundamental features of vertebrate immunity. One characteristic that is highly conserved across vertebrate systems is that cellular immune responses are dependent on specialized immunoregulatory receptors that sense environmental stimuli and initiate intracellular cascades that can elicit appropriate effector responses. A wide variety of immunoregulatory receptor families have been extensively studied in mammals, and many have been identified as cell- and function-specific regulators of a range of innate responses. Although much less is known in fish, the growing database of genomic information has recently allowed for the identification of several immunoregulatory receptor gene families in teleosts. Many of these putative immunoregulatory receptors have yet to be assigned any specific role(s), and much of what is known has been based solely on structural and/or phylogenetic relationships with mammalian receptor families. As an attempt to address some of these shortcomings, this review will focus on our growing understanding of the functional roles played by specific members of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs), which appear to be important regulators of several innate cellular responses via classical as well as unique biochemical signaling networks.
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19
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Jaworski M, Thome M. The paracaspase MALT1: biological function and potential for therapeutic inhibition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:459-73. [PMID: 26507244 PMCID: PMC4713714 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paracaspase MALT1 has a central role in the activation of lymphocytes and other immune cells including myeloid cells, mast cells and NK cells. MALT1 activity is required not only for the immune response, but also for the development of natural Treg cells that keep the immune response in check. Exaggerated MALT1 activity has been associated with the development of lymphoid malignancies, and recently developed MALT1 inhibitors show promising anti-tumor effects in xenograft models of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. In this review, we provide an overview of the present understanding of MALT1's function, and discuss possibilities for its therapeutic targeting based on recently developed inhibitors and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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20
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Fong JJ, Sreedhara K, Deng L, Varki NM, Angata T, Liu Q, Nizet V, Varki A. Immunomodulatory activity of extracellular Hsp70 mediated via paired receptors Siglec-5 and Siglec-14. EMBO J 2015; 34:2775-88. [PMID: 26459514 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular chaperone heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) can be secreted from cells, but its extracellular role is unclear, as the protein has been reported to both activate and suppress the innate immune response. Potential immunomodulatory receptors on myelomonocytic lineage cells that bind extracellular Hsp70 are not well defined. Siglecs are Ig-superfamily lectins on mammalian leukocytes that recognize sialic acid-bearing glycans and thereby modulate immune responses. Siglec-5 and Siglec-14, expressed on monocytes and neutrophils, share identical ligand-binding domains but have opposing signaling functions. Based on phylogenetic analyses of these receptors, we predicted that endogenous sialic acid-independent ligands should exist. An unbiased screen revealed Hsp70 as a ligand for Siglec-5 and Siglec-14. Hsp70 stimulation through Siglec-5 delivers an anti-inflammatory signal, while stimulation through Siglec-14 is pro-inflammatory. The functional consequences of this interaction are also addressed in relation to a SIGLEC14 polymorphism found in humans. Our results demonstrate that an endogenous non-sialic acid-bearing molecule can be either a danger-associated or self-associated signal through paired Siglecs, and may explain seemingly contradictory prior reports on extracellular Hsp70 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Fong
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karthik Sreedhara
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liwen Deng
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pathology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pathology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qinglian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA UC San Diego School of Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA UC San Diego School of Medicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
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A respiratory chain controlled signal transduction cascade in the mitochondrial intermembrane space mediates hydrogen peroxide signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5679-88. [PMID: 26438848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517932112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) govern cellular homeostasis by inducing signaling. H2O2 modulates the activity of phosphatases and many other signaling molecules through oxidation of critical cysteine residues, which led to the notion that initiation of ROS signaling is broad and nonspecific, and thus fundamentally distinct from other signaling pathways. Here, we report that H2O2 signaling bears hallmarks of a regular signal transduction cascade. It is controlled by hierarchical signaling events resulting in a focused response as the results place the mitochondrial respiratory chain upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn, Lyn upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase SYK (Syk), and Syk upstream of numerous targets involved in signaling, transcription, translation, metabolism, and cell cycle regulation. The active mediators of H2O2 signaling colocalize as H2O2 induces mitochondria-associated Lyn and Syk phosphorylation, and a pool of Lyn and Syk reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Finally, the same intermediaries control the signaling response in tissues and species responsive to H2O2 as the respiratory chain, Lyn, and Syk were similarly required for H2O2 signaling in mouse B cells, fibroblasts, and chicken DT40 B cells. Consistent with a broad role, the Syk pathway is coexpressed across tissues, is of early metazoan origin, and displays evidence of evolutionary constraint in the human. These results suggest that H2O2 signaling is under control of a signal transduction pathway that links the respiratory chain to the mitochondrial intermembrane space-localized, ubiquitous, and ancient Syk pathway in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells.
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Targeted Therapies in Adult B-Cell Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:217593. [PMID: 26425544 PMCID: PMC4575712 DOI: 10.1155/2015/217593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B-lymphocytes are programmed for the production of immunoglobulin (Ig) after antigen presentation, in the context of T-lymphocyte control within lymphoid organs. During this differentiation/activation process, B-lymphocytes exhibit different restricted or common surface markers, activation of cellular pathways that regulate cell cycle, metabolism, proteasome activity, and protein synthesis. All molecules involved in these different cellular mechanisms are potent therapeutic targets. Nowadays, due to the progress of the biology, more and more targeted drugs are identified, a situation that is correlated with an extended field of the targeted therapy. The full knowledge of the cellular machinery and cell-cell communication allows making the best choice to treat patients, in the context of personalized medicine. Also, focus should not be restricted to the immediate effects observed as clinical endpoints, that is, response rate, survival markers with conventional statistical methods, but it should consider the prediction of different clinical consequences due to other collateral drug targets, based on new methodologies. This means that new reflection and new bioclinical follow-up have to be monitored, particularly with the new drugs used with success in B-cell malignancies. This review discussed the principal aspects of such evident bioclinical progress.
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Wu W, Yan C, Shi X, Li L, Liu W, Xu C. Lipid in T-cell receptor transmembrane signaling. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 118:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Liu H, Li L, Voss C, Wang F, Liu J, Li SSC. A Comprehensive Immunoreceptor Phosphotyrosine-based Signaling Network Revealed by Reciprocal Protein-Peptide Array Screening. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1846-58. [PMID: 25907764 PMCID: PMC4587333 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.047951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the immune system communicate with their environment through immunoreceptors. These receptors often harbor intracellular tyrosine residues, which, when phosphorylated upon receptor activation, serve as docking sites to recruit downstream signaling proteins containing the Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain. A systematic investigation of interactions between the SH2 domain and the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based regulatory motifs (ITRM), including inhibitory (ITIM), activating (ITAM), or switching (ITSM) motifs, is critical for understanding cellular signal transduction and immune function. Using the B cell inhibitory receptor CD22 as an example, we developed an approach that combines reciprocal or bidirectional phosphopeptide and SH2 domain array screens with in-solution binding assays to identify a comprehensive SH2-CD22 interaction network. Extending this approach to 194 human ITRM sequences and 78 SH2 domains led to the identification of a high-confidence immunoreceptor interactome containing 1137 binary interactions. Besides recapitulating many previously reported interactions, our study uncovered numerous novel interactions. The resulting ITRM-SH2 interactome not only helped to fill many gaps in the immune signaling network, it also allowed us to associate different SH2 domains to distinct immune functions. Detailed analysis of the NK cell ITRM-mediated interactions led to the identification of a network nucleated by the Vav3 and Fyn SH2 domains. We showed further that these SH2 domains have distinct functions in cytotoxicity. The bidirectional protein-peptide array approach described herein may be applied to the numerous other peptide-binding modules to identify potential protein-protein interactions in a systematic and reliable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Liu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1
| | - Lei Li
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1
| | - Courtney Voss
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1
| | - Feng Wang
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shawn Shun-Cheng Li
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1;
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25
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Petrov P, Syrjänen R, Smith J, Gutowska MW, Uchida T, Vainio O, Burt DW. Characterization of the avian Trojan gene family reveals contrasting evolutionary constraints. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121672. [PMID: 25803627 PMCID: PMC4372362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
"Trojan" is a leukocyte-specific, cell surface protein originally identified in the chicken. Its molecular function has been hypothesized to be related to anti-apoptosis and the proliferation of immune cells. The Trojan gene has been localized onto the Z sex chromosome. The adjacent two genes also show significant homology to Trojan, suggesting the existence of a novel gene/protein family. Here, we characterize this Trojan family, identify homologues in other species and predict evolutionary constraints on these genes. The two Trojan-related proteins in chicken were predicted as a receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase and a transmembrane protein, bearing a cytoplasmic immuno-receptor tyrosine-based activation motif. We identified the Trojan gene family in ten other bird species and found related genes in three reptiles and a fish species. The phylogenetic analysis of the homologues revealed a gradual diversification among the family members. Evolutionary analyzes of the avian genes predicted that the extracellular regions of the proteins have been subjected to positive selection. Such selection was possibly a response to evolving interacting partners or to pathogen challenges. We also observed an almost complete lack of intracellular positively selected sites, suggesting a conserved signaling mechanism of the molecules. Therefore, the contrasting patterns of selection likely correlate with the interaction and signaling potential of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Petrov
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Syrjänen
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Weronika Gutowska
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuya Uchida
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Vainio
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - David W Burt
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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Nagelkerke SQ, Kuijpers TW. Immunomodulation by IVIg and the Role of Fc-Gamma Receptors: Classic Mechanisms of Action after all? Front Immunol 2015; 5:674. [PMID: 25653650 PMCID: PMC4301001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous IgG (IVIg) contains polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) from thousands of donors. It is administered at a low dose at regular intervals as antibody replacement therapy and at a higher dose as immunomodulatory treatment in various auto-immune or auto-inflammatory diseases. The working mechanism of immunomodulation is not well understood. Many different explanations have been given. During the last decade, we have focused on classical antibody binding via the Fc-domain of the IgG molecules to the common IgG receptors, i.e. the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). Variation in the genes encoding human FcγRs determines function as well as expression among immune cells. As described here, NK cells and myeloid cells, including macrophages, can express different FcγR variants, depending on the individual's genotype, copy number variation (CNV), and promoter polymorphisms. B-cells seem to only express the single inhibitory receptor. Although these inhibitory FcγRIIb receptors are also expressed by monocytes, macrophages, and only rarely by NK cells or neutrophils, their presence is unlikely to explain the immunomodulatory capacity of IVIg, nor does the sialylation of IgG. Direct IVIg effects at the level of the activating FcγRs, including the more recently described FcγRIIc, deserve renewed attention to describe IVIg-related immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietse Q Nagelkerke
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Emma Children's Hospital at the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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27
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Signaling pathways activated by a protease allergen in basophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4963-71. [PMID: 25369937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418959111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases represent a significant burden in industrialized countries, but why and how the immune system responds to allergens remain largely unknown. Because many clinically significant allergens have proteolytic activity, and many helminths express proteases that are necessary for their life cycles, host mechanisms likely have evolved to detect the proteolytic activity of helminth proteases, which may be incidentally activated by protease allergens. A cysteine protease, papain, is a prototypic protease allergen that can directly activate basophils and mast cells, leading to the production of cytokines, including IL-4, characteristic of the type 2 immune response. The mechanism of papain's immunogenic activity remains unknown. Here we have characterized the cellular response activated by papain in basophils. We find that papain-induced IL-4 production requires calcium flux and activation of PI3K and nuclear factor of activated T cells. Interestingly, papain-induced IL-4 production was dependent on the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) adaptor protein Fc receptor γ-chain, even though the canonical ITAM signaling was not activated by papain. Collectively, these data characterize the downstream signaling pathway activated by a protease allergen in basophils.
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28
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Li S, Miller CH, Giannopoulou E, Hu X, Ivashkiv LB, Zhao B. RBP-J imposes a requirement for ITAM-mediated costimulation of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5057-73. [PMID: 25329696 PMCID: PMC4347236 DOI: 10.1172/jci71882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis requires activation of RANK signaling as well as costimulatory signals from immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing (ITAM-containing) receptors/adaptors, predominantly tyrosine kinase-binding proteins DAP12 and FcRγ, in osteoclast precursors. It is not well understood how costimulatory signals are regulated and integrated with RANK signaling. Here, we found that osteopetrotic bone phenotypes in mice lacking DAP12 or DAP12 and FcRγ are mediated by the transcription factor RBP-J, as deletion of Rbpj in these mice substantially rescued the defects of bone remodeling. Using a TNF-α-induced model of inflammatory bone resorption, we determined that RBP-J deficiency enables TNF-α to induce osteoclast formation and bone resorption in DAP12-deficient animals. Thus, RBP-J imposes a requirement for ITAM-mediated costimulation of RANKL or TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistically, RBP-J suppressed induction of key osteoclastogenic factors NFATc1, BLIMP1, and c-FOS by inhibiting ITAM-mediated expression and function of PLCγ2 and activation of downstream calcium-CaMKK/PYK2 signaling. Moreover, RBP-J suppressed Plcg2 expression and downstream calcium oscillations indirectly by a TGF-β/PLCγ2/calcium axis. Together, our findings indicate that RBP-J suppresses ITAM-mediated costimulation, thereby limiting crosstalk between ITAM and RANK/TNFR signaling and allowing fine tuning of osteoclastogenesis during bone homeostasis and under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, these data suggest that environmental cues that regulate RBP-J expression/function potentially modulate the requirement for costimulatory signaling for osteoclast differentiation and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Li
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA. Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA. Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine H. Miller
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA. Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA. Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eugenia Giannopoulou
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA. Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA. Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA. Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA. Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA. Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA. Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Baohong Zhao
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA. Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA. Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
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29
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Abstract
The increase of extracellular heme is a hallmark of hemolysis or extensive cell damage. Heme has prooxidant, cytotoxic, and inflammatory effects, playing a central role in the pathogenesis of malaria, sepsis, and sickle cell disease. However, the mechanisms by which heme is sensed by innate immune cells contributing to these diseases are not fully characterized. We found that heme, but not porphyrins without iron, activated LPS-primed macrophages promoting the processing of IL-1β dependent on nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3). The activation of NLRP3 by heme required spleen tyrosine kinase, NADPH oxidase-2, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and K(+) efflux, whereas it was independent of heme internalization, lysosomal damage, ATP release, the purinergic receptor P2X7, and cell death. Importantly, our results indicated the participation of macrophages, NLRP3 inflammasome components, and IL-1R in the lethality caused by sterile hemolysis. Thus, understanding the molecular pathways affected by heme in innate immune cells might prove useful to identify new therapeutic targets for diseases that have heme release.
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30
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Bezbradica JS, Rosenstein RK, DeMarco RA, Brodsky I, Medzhitov R. A role for the ITAM signaling module in specifying cytokine-receptor functions. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:333-42. [PMID: 24608040 PMCID: PMC4137873 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diverse cellular responses to external cues are controlled by a small number of signal-transduction pathways, but how the specificity of functional outcomes is achieved remains unclear. Here we describe a mechanism for signal integration based on the functional coupling of two distinct signaling pathways widely used in leukocytes: the ITAM pathway and the Jak-STAT pathway. Through the use of the receptor for interferon-γ (IFN-γR) and the ITAM adaptor Fcγ as an example, we found that IFN-γ modified responses of the phagocytic antibody receptor FcγRI (CD64) to specify cell-autonomous antimicrobial functions. Unexpectedly, we also found that in peritoneal macrophages, IFN-γR itself required tonic signaling from Fcγ through the kinase PI(3)K for the induction of a subset of IFN-γ-specific antimicrobial functions. Our findings may be generalizable to other ITAM and Jak-STAT signaling pathways and may help explain signal integration by those pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena S Bezbradica
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel K Rosenstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Igor Brodsky
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Present address: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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31
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Meazza R, Tuberosa C, Cetica V, Falco M, Loiacono F, Parolini S, Micalizzi C, Moretta A, Mingari MC, Moretta L, Bottino C, Aricò M, Pende D. XLP1 inhibitory effect by 2B4 does not affect DNAM-1 and NKG2D activating pathways in NK cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1526-34. [PMID: 24496997 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 1 (XLP1) is a rare congenital immunodeficiency caused by SH2D1A (Xq25) mutations resulting in lack or dysfunction of SLAM-associated protein adaptor molecule. In XLP1 patients, upon ligand (CD48) engagement, 2B4 delivers inhibitory signals that impair the cytolytic activity of NK (and T) cells. This causes the selective inability to control EBV infections and the occurrence of B-cell lymphomas. Here, we show that in the absence of SLAM-associated protein, co-engagement of 2B4 with different activating receptors, either by antibodies or specific ligands on target cells, inhibits different ITAM-dependent signaling pathways including activating killer Ig-like receptors. In XLP1 NK cells, 2B4 affected both the cytolytic and IFN-γ production capabilities, functions that were restored upon disruption of the 2B4/CD48 interactions. Notably, we provide evidence that 2B4 dysfunction does not affect the activity of DNAM-1 and NKG2D triggering receptors. Thus, while CD48(+) B-EBV and lymphoma B cells devoid of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands were resistant to lysis, the preferential usage of these receptors allowed XLP1 NK cells to kill lymphomas that expressed sufficient amounts of the specific ligands. The study sheds new light on the XLP1 immunological defect and on the cross-talk of inhibitory 2B4 with triggering NK (and T) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Meazza
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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32
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Cortes HD, Lillico DME, Zwozdesky MA, Pemberton JG, O'Brien A, Montgomery BCS, Wiersma L, Chang JP, Stafford JL. Induction of phagocytosis and intracellular signaling by an inhibitory channel catfish leukocyte immune-type receptor: evidence for immunoregulatory receptor functional plasticity in teleosts. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:435-55. [PMID: 24504017 DOI: 10.1159/000356963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoregulatory receptors are categorized as stimulatory or inhibitory based on their engagement of unique intracellular signaling networks. These proteins also display functional plasticity, which adds versatility to the control of innate immunity. Here we demonstrate that an inhibitory catfish leukocyte immune-type receptor (IpLITR) also displays stimulatory capabilities in a representative myeloid cell model. Previously, the receptor IpLITR 1.1b was shown to inhibit natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we expressed IpLITR 1.1b in rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells and monitored intracellular signaling and functional responses. Although IpLITR 1.1b did not stimulate cytokine secretion, activation of this receptor unexpectedly induced phagocytosis as well as extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2- and protein kinase B (Akt)-dependent signal transduction. This novel IpLITR 1.1b-mediated response was independent of an association with the FcRγ chain and was likely due to phosphotyrosine-dependent adaptors associating with prototypical signaling motifs within the distal region of its cytoplasmic tail. Furthermore, compared to a stimulatory IpLITR, IpLITR 1.1b displayed temporal differences in the induction of intracellular signaling, and IpLITR 1.1b-mediated phagocytosis had reduced sensitivity to EDTA and cytochalasin D. Overall, this is the first demonstration of functional plasticity for teleost LITRs, a process likely important for the fine-tuning of conserved innate defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman D Cortes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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33
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IgG-effector functions: "the good, the bad and the ugly". Immunol Lett 2014; 160:139-44. [PMID: 24495619 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IgG-antibodies are potent and versatile mediators of host protection. They elicit their biological effects through specific interaction of the Fc-part with complement, specific cellular receptors, or both. Several factors should be taken into consideration when analyzing the nature and intensity of the immunological response elicited via IgG-effector functions, especially for the family of IgG-Fc receptors (FcγRs) exclusively expressed on immune cells. These include the various classes of leukocyte FcγR, expressed variably on different immune cells, each with distinct affinity for every IgG subclass, as well as genetic FcγR-polymorphisms affecting expression and affinity for IgG. Furthermore, various aspects of the IgG itself are also crucial for the outcome of the biological response. These include endogenously encoded IgG-polymorphisms, such as IgG3 polymorphisms, and post-transcriptional IgG-modifications, in particular IgG-Fc-glycosylation, affecting IgG effector functions through modified binding affinity to FcγR. These latter aspects concerning the variability in IgG3 on its half-life and placental transport and the clinical consequences of altered IgG-quality through glycosylation, will be the focus of this review.
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34
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Niemann CU, Wiestner A. B-cell receptor signaling as a driver of lymphoma development and evolution. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:410-21. [PMID: 24060900 PMCID: PMC4208312 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is essential for normal B-cell development and maturation. In an increasing number of B-cell malignancies, BCR signaling is implicated as a pivotal pathway in tumorigenesis. Mechanisms of BCR activation are quite diverse and range from chronic antigenic drive by microbial or viral antigens to autostimulation of B-cells by self-antigens to activating mutations in intracellular components of the BCR pathway. Hepatitis C virus infection can lead to the development of splenic marginal zone lymphoma, while Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. In some of these cases, successful treatment of the infection removes the inciting antigen and results in resolution of the lymphoma. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been recognized for decades as a malignancy of auto-reactive B-cells and its clinical course is in part determined by the differential response of the malignant cells to BCR activation. In a number of B-cell malignancies, activating mutations in signal transduction components of the BCR pathway have been identified; prominent examples are activated B-cell-like (ABC) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) that carry mutations in CD79B and CARD11 and display chronic active BCR signaling resulting in constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway. Despite considerable heterogeneity in biology and clinical course, many mature B-cell malignancies are highly sensitive to kinase inhibitors that disrupt BCR signaling. Thus, targeted therapy through inhibition of BCR signaling is emerging as a new treatment paradigm for many B-cell malignancies. Here, we review the role of the BCR in the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies and summarize clinical results of the emerging class of kinase inhibitors that target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten U Niemann
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Delcassian D, Depoil D, Rudnicka D, Liu M, Davis DM, Dustin ML, Dunlop IE. Nanoscale ligand spacing influences receptor triggering in T cells and NK cells. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5608-14. [PMID: 24125583 PMCID: PMC4288448 DOI: 10.1021/nl403252x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive nanoscale arrays were constructed to ligate activating cell surface receptors on T cells (the CD3 component of the TCR complex) and natural killer (NK) cells (CD16). These arrays are formed from biofunctionalized gold nanospheres with controlled interparticle spacing in the range 25-104 nm. Responses to these nanoarrays were assessed using the extent of membrane-localized phosphotyrosine in T cells stimulated with CD3-binding nanoarrays and the size of cell contact area for NK cells stimulated with CD16-binding nanoarrays. In both cases, the strength of response decreased with increasing spacing, falling to background levels by 69 nm in the T cell/anti-CD3 system and 104 nm for the NK cell/anti-CD16 system. These results demonstrate that immune receptor triggering can be influenced by the nanoscale spatial organization of receptor/ligand interactions.
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MESH Headings
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanotechnology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/chemistry
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Derfogail Delcassian
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David Depoil
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, NY10016 USA
| | - Dominika Rudnicka
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, NY10016 USA
| | - Daniel M. Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, NY10016 USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Iain E. Dunlop
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Niemann CU, Jones J, Wiestner A. Towards Targeted Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 792:259-91. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8051-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Leukocytes play a critical role in recognizing and responding to infection and cancer. Central to this function is an array of cell-surface receptors that lack sequence homology. Many of these receptors have in common the fact that their signaling involves phosphorylation of cytoplasmic domains by extrinsic tyrosine kinases. These non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors (NTRs) share a number of other features, including small size and optimal stimulation by surface-associated ligands. We argue here that NTRs are also likely to share the same kinetic-segregation triggering mechanism, which involves segregation of the engaged NTR from receptor tyrosine phosphatases with large ectodomains such as CD45 and CD148. NTRs signal through tyrosine-containing cytoplasmic motifs, which recruit distinct cytoplasmic signaling proteins when phosphorylated, transducing activatory or inhibitory signals. They have two features that make them uniquely well suited to their role in immune recognition of infection and cancer. Their modular structure enables the coupling of many rapidly evolving receptors with diverse ligand specificities to the same conserved signaling machinery. Their similarity in size and shared signaling machinery enables them to colocalize at cell-cell interfaces when they engage ligands, facilitating the integration of activatory and inhibitory signals from multiple receptors at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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