1
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de Santis MD. On the nature of evolutionary explanations: a critical appraisal of Walter Bock's approach with a new revised proposal. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 46:3. [PMID: 38190055 PMCID: PMC10774170 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Walter Bock was committed to developing a framework for evolutionary biology. Bock repeatedly discussed how evolutionary explanations should be considered within the realm of Hempel's deductive-nomological model of scientific explanations. Explanation in evolution would then consist of functional and evolutionary explanations, and within the latter, an explanation can be of nomological-deductive and historical narrative explanations. Thus, a complete evolutionary explanation should include, first, a deductive functional analysis, and then proceed through nomological and historical evolutionary explanations. However, I will argue that his views on the deductive proprieties of functional analysis and the deductive-nomological parts of evolution fail because of the nature of evolution, which contains a historical element that the logic of deduction and Hempel's converting law model do not compass. Conversely, Bock's historical approach gives a critical consideration of the historical narrative element of evolutionary explanation, which is fundamental to the methodology of the historical nature of evolutionary theory. Herein, I will expand and discuss a modern view of evolutionary explanations of traits that includes the currentacknowledgement of the differences between experimental and the historical sciences, including the token and type event dichotomy, that mutually illuminate each other in order to give us a well confirmed and coherent hypothesis for evolutionary explanations. Within this framework, I will argue that the duality of evolutionary explanations is related to two components of character evolution: origin, with its evolutionary pathways along with the history, and maintenance, the function (mainly a current function) for the character being selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Domingos de Santis
- Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Museum Koenig Bonn, Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Bioaffiliationersitatswandels, Adenauerallee 127, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Prokop J, Rosová K, Leipner A, Sroka P. Thoracic and abdominal outgrowths in early pterygotes: a clue to the common ancestor of winged insects? Commun Biol 2023; 6:1262. [PMID: 38087009 PMCID: PMC10716172 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental questions in insect evolution is the origin of their wings and primary function of ancestral wing precursors. Recent phylogenomic and comparative morphological studies broadly support a terrestrial ancestor of pterygotes, but an aquatic or semiaquatic ancestor cannot be ruled out. Here new features of the branchial system of palaeodictyopteran larvae of several different instars of Katosaxoniapteron brauneri gen. et sp. nov. (Eugereonoidea) from the late Carboniferous collected at Piesberg (Germany) are described, which consist of delicate dorsolateral and lamellate caudal abdominal gills that support an aquatic or at least semiaquatic lifestyle for these insects. Moreover, the similar form and surface microstructures on the lateral abdominal outgrowths and thoracic wing pads indicate that paired serial outgrowths on segments of both tagmata presumably functioned as ancestral type of gills resembling a protopterygote model. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the wing sheaths of later stage damselfly larvae in hypoxic conditions have a respiratory role similar to abdominal tracheal gills. Hence, the primary function and driving force for the evolution of the precursors of wing pads and their abdominal homologues could be respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Rosová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Angelika Leipner
- Museum Schölerberg, Klaus-Strick-Weg 10, 49082, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pavel Sroka
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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3
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DiFrisco J, Love AC, Wagner GP. The hierarchical basis of serial homology and evolutionary novelty. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21531. [PMID: 36317664 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Given the pervasiveness of gene sharing in evolution and the extent of homology across the tree of life, why is everything not homologous with everything else? The continuity and overlapping genetic contributions to diverse traits across lineages seem to imply that no discrete determination of homology is possible. Although some argue that the widespread overlap in parts and processes should be acknowledged as "partial" homology, this threatens a broad base of presumed comparative morphological knowledge accepted by most biologists. Following a long scientific tradition, we advocate a strategy of "theoretical articulation" that introduces further distinctions to existing concepts to produce increased contrastive resolution among the labels used to represent biological phenomena. We pursue this strategy by drawing on successful patterns of reasoning from serial homology at the level of gene sequences to generate an enriched characterization of serial homology as a hierarchical, phylogenetic concept. Specifically, we propose that the concept of serial homology should be applied primarily to repeated but developmentally individualized body parts, such as cell types, differentiated body segments, or epidermal appendages. For these characters, a phylogenetic history can be reconstructed, similar to families of paralogous genes, endowing the notion of serial homology with a hierarchical, phylogenetic interpretation. On this basis, we propose a five-fold theoretical classification that permits a more fine-grained mapping of diverse trait-types. This facilitates answering the question of why everything is not homologous with everything else, as well as how novelty is possible given that any new character possesses evolutionary precursors. We illustrate the fecundity of our account by reference to debates over insect wing serial homologs and vertebrate paired appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan C Love
- Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Günter P Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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4
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Dearden PK. Evolution: Hidden homologies may underpin the diversity of arthropods. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R916-R918. [PMID: 36099895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods are remarkable for the diversity of their exoskeletons. A new study shows that these structures, from crustacean carapaces to insect wings, may be homologous and derived from hidden developmental structures preserved through arthropod evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Aotearoa-New Zealand.
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5
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Abdominal serial homologues of wings in Paleozoic insects. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3414-3422.e1. [PMID: 35772407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Late Paleozoic acquisition of wings in insects represents one of the key steps in arthropod evolution. While the origin of wings has been a contentious matter for nearly two centuries, recent evolutionary developmental studies suggest either the participation of both tergal and pleural tissues in the formation of wings1 or wings originated from exites of the most proximal leg podite incorporated into the insect body wall.2 The so-called "dual hypothesis" for wing origins finds support from studies of embryology, evo-devo, and genomics, although the degree of the presumed contribution from tergal and pleural tissues differ.3-6 Ohde et al.,7 confirmed a major role for tergal tissue in the formation of the cricket wing and suggested that "wings evolved from the pre-existing lateral terga of a wingless insect ancestor." Additional work has focused on identifying partial serially homologous structures of wings on the prothorax8,9 and abdominal segments.10 Thus, several studies have suggested that the prothoracic horns in scarab beetles,9 gin traps of tenebrionid and scarab beetle pupae,11,12 or abdominal tracheal gills of mayfly larvae1,13 evolved from serial homologues of wings. Here, we present critical information from abdominal lateral outgrowths (flaps) of Paleozoic palaeodictyopteran larvae, which show comparable structure to thoracic wings, consisting of cordate lateral outgrowths antero-basally hinged by muscle attachments. These flaps therefore most likely represent wing serial homologues. The presence of these paired outgrowths on abdominal segments I-IX in early diverging Pterygota likely corresponds to crustacean epipods14,15 and resembles a hypothesized ancestral body plan of a "protopterygote" model.
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6
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DiFrisco J, Wagner GP, Love AC. Reframing research on evolutionary novelty and co-option: Character identity mechanisms versus deep homology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 145:3-12. [PMID: 35400563 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A central topic in research at the intersection of development and evolution is the origin of novel traits. Despite progress on understanding how developmental mechanisms underlie patterns of diversity in the history of life, the problem of novelty continues to challenge researchers. Here we argue that research on evolutionary novelty and the closely associated phenomenon of co-option can be reframed fruitfully by: (1) specifying a conceptual model of mechanisms that underwrite character identity, (2) providing a richer and more empirically precise notion of co-option that goes beyond common appeals to "deep homology", and (3) attending to the nature of experimental interventions that can determine whether and how the co-option of identity mechanisms can help to explain novel character origins. This reframing has the potential to channel future investigation to make substantive progress on the problem of evolutionary novelty. To illustrate this potential, we apply our reframing to two case studies: treehopper helmets and beetle horns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Günter P Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan C Love
- Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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8
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Tögel M, Pass G, Paululat A. Wing hearts in four-winged Ultrabithorax-mutant flies-the role of Hox genes in wing heart specification. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab191. [PMID: 34791231 PMCID: PMC8733458 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wings are probably the most advanced evolutionary novelty in insects. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, proper development of wings requires the activity of so-called wing hearts located in the scutellum of the thorax. Immediately after the imaginal ecdysis, these accessory circulatory organs remove hemolymph and apoptotic epidermal cells from the premature wings through their pumping action. This clearing process is essential for the formation of functional wing blades. Mutant flies that lack intact wing hearts are flightless and display malformed wings. The embryonic wing heart progenitors originate from two adjacent parasegments corresponding to the later second and third thoracic segments. However, adult dipterian flies harbor only one pair of wings and only one pair of associated wing hearts in the second thoracic segment. Here we show that the specification of WHPs depends on the regulatory activity of the Hox gene Ultrabithorax. Furthermore, we analyzed the development of wing hearts in the famous four-winged Ultrabithorax (Ubx) mutant, which was first discovered by Ed Lewis in the 1970s. In these flies, the third thoracic segment is homeotically transformed into a second thoracic segment resulting in a second pair of wings instead of the club-shaped halteres. We show that a second pair of functional wing hearts is formed in the transformed third thoracic segment and that all wing hearts originate from the wild-type population of wing heart progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tögel
- Department of Biology, Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49069, Germany
| | - Günther Pass
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Biology, Zoology/Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49069, Germany
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9
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Soares MPM, Pinheiro DG, de Paula Freitas FC, Simões ZLP, Bitondi MMG. Transcriptome dynamics during metamorphosis of imaginal discs into wings and thoracic dorsum in Apis mellifera castes. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:756. [PMID: 34674639 PMCID: PMC8532292 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of the complex anatomy of a holometabolous insect is built from disc-shaped epithelial structures found inside the larva, i.e., the imaginal discs, which undergo a rapid differentiation during metamorphosis. Imaginal discs-derived structures, like wings, are built through the action of genes under precise regulation. RESULTS We analyzed 30 honeybee transcriptomes in the search for the gene expression needed for wings and thoracic dorsum construction from the larval wing discs primordia. Analyses were carried out before, during, and after the metamorphic molt and using worker and queen castes. Our RNA-seq libraries revealed 13,202 genes, representing 86.2% of the honeybee annotated genes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed functional terms that were caste-specific or shared by workers and queens. Genes expressed in wing discs and descendant structures showed differential expression profiles dynamics in premetamorphic, metamorphic and postmetamorphic developmental phases, and also between castes. At the metamorphic molt, when ecdysteroids peak, the wing buds of workers showed maximal gene upregulation comparatively to queens, thus underscoring differences in gene expression between castes at the height of the larval-pupal transition. Analysis of small RNA libraries of wing buds allowed us to build miRNA-mRNA interaction networks to predict the regulation of genes expressed during wing discs development. CONCLUSION Together, these data reveal gene expression dynamics leading to wings and thoracic dorsum formation from the wing discs, besides highlighting caste-specific differences during wing discs metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Prioli Miranda Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guariz Pinheiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Zilá Luz Paulino Simões
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Tomoyasu Y. What crustaceans can tell us about the evolution of insect wings and other morphologically novel structures. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:48-55. [PMID: 33647834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of novel structures often has a profound impact on the adaptation of organisms. The wing of insects is one such example, facilitating their massive success and enabling them to become the dominant clade on this planet. However, its evolutionary origin as well as the mechanisms underpinning its evolution remain elusive. Studies in crustaceans, a wingless sister group of insects, have played a pivotal role in the wing origin debate. Three recent investigations into the genes related to insect wings and legs in crustaceans provided intriguing insights into how and where insect wings evolved. Interestingly, each study proposes a distinct mechanism as a key process underlying insect wing evolution. Here, I discuss what we can learn about the evolution of insect wings and morphological novelty in general by synthesizing the outcomes of these studies.
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11
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Clark-Hachtel C, Fernandez-Nicolas A, Belles X, Tomoyasu Y. Tergal and pleural wing-related tissues in the German cockroach and their implication to the evolutionary origin of insect wings. Evol Dev 2021; 23:100-116. [PMID: 33503322 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of wings has facilitated the massive evolutionary success of pterygotes (winged insects), which now make up nearly three-quarters of described metazoans. However, our understanding of how this crucial structure has evolved remains quite elusive. Historically, two ideas have dominated in the wing origin debate, one placing the origin in the dorsal body wall (tergum) and the other in the lateral pleural plates and the branching structures associated with these plates. Through studying wing-related tissues in the wingless segments (such as wing serial homologs) of the beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we obtained several crucial pieces of evidence that support a third idea, the dual origin hypothesis, which proposes that wings evolved from a combination of tergal and pleural tissues. Here, we extended our analysis outside of the beetle lineage and sought to identify wing-related tissues from the wingless segments of the cockroach, Blattella germanica. Through detailed functional and expression analyses for a critical wing gene, vestigial (vg), along with re-evaluating the homeotic transformation of a wingless segment induced by an improved RNA interference protocol, we demonstrate that B. germanica possesses two distinct tissues in their wingless segments, one with tergal and one with pleural nature, that might be evolutionarily related to wings. This outcome appears to parallel the reports from other insects, which may further support a dual origin of insect wings. However, we also identified a vg-independent tissue that contributes to wing formation upon homeotic transformation, as well as vg-dependent tissues that do not appear to participate in wing formation, in B. germanica, indicating a more complex evolutionary history of the tissues that contributed to the emergence of insect wings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Monteiro A. Distinguishing serial homologs from novel traits: Experimental limitations and ideas for improvements. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000162. [PMID: 33118632 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the central but yet unresolved problems in evolutionary biology concerns the origin of novel complex traits. One hypothesis is that complex traits derive from pre-existing gene regulatory networks (GRNs) reused and modified to specify a novel trait somewhere else in the body. This simple explanation encounters problems when the novel trait that emerges in a body is in a region that is known to harbor a latent or repressed trait that has been silent for millions of years. Is the novel trait merely a re-emerged de-repressed trait or a truly novel trait that emerged via a novel deployment of an old GRN? A couple of new studies sided on opposite sides of this question when investigating the origin of horns in dung beetles and helmets in treehoppers that develop in the first thoracic segment (T1) of their bodies, a segment known to harbor a pair of repressed/modified wings in close relatives. Here, I point to some key limitations of the experimental approaches used and highlight additional experiments that could be done in future to resolve the developmental origin of these and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Linz DM, Hu Y, Moczek AP. From descent with modification to the origins of novelty. ZOOLOGY 2020; 143:125836. [PMID: 32911265 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Descent with modification is the foundational framework of all of evolution. Yet evolutionary novelties are defined as lacking affinities to structures that already existed in the ancestral state, i.e. to somehow emerge in the absence of homology. We posit that reconciling both perspectives necessitates the existence of a type of innovation gradient that allows descent with modification to seed the initiation of a novel trait, which once in existence can then diversify into its variant forms. Recent work on diverse, textbook examples of morphological novelties illustrate the value of the innovation gradient concept. Innovations as profound and diverse as insect wings, beetle horns, and treehopper helmets derive from homologous source tissues instructed in their development by homologous gene regulatory networks. Yet rather than rendering these traits no longer novel, we posit that discoveries such as these call for a reassessment of the usefulness of defining evolutionary novelty as necessitating the absence of homology. Instead, we need to redirect our attention to how ancestral homologies scaffold and bias the innovation gradient to facilitate hotspots of innovation in some places, and deep conservation elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Linz
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
| | - Yonggang Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
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14
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Clark-Hachtel CM, Tomoyasu Y. Two sets of candidate crustacean wing homologues and their implication for the origin of insect wings. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1694-1702. [PMID: 32747770 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The origin of insect wings is a biological mystery that has fascinated scientists for centuries. Identification of tissues homologous to insect wings from lineages outside of Insecta will provide pivotal information to resolve this conundrum. Here, through expression and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) functional analyses in Parhyale, we show that a gene network similar to the insect wing gene network (preWGN) operates both in the crustacean terga and in the proximal leg segments, suggesting that the evolution of a preWGN precedes the emergence of insect wings, and that from an evo-devo perspective, both of these tissues qualify as potential crustacean wing homologues. Combining these results with recent wing origin studies in insects, we discuss the possibility that both tissues are crustacean wing homologues, which supports a dual evolutionary origin of insect wings (that is, novelty through a merger of two distinct tissues). These outcomes have a crucial impact on the course of the intellectual battle between the two historically competing wing origin hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Clark-Hachtel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Liu S, Coates BS, Bonning BC. Endogenous viral elements integrated into the genome of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 123:103405. [PMID: 32534986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of the genomic DNA isolated from four biotypes of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (AG), revealed that in addition to the commonly observed retrovirus-related retrotransposons, viral sequences derived from multiple RNA and DNA viruses have integrated into the genome. Notably, sequences of more than 60 nudiviral genes were identified from de novo assembled DNA contigs, and mapped to assembled genomic scaffolds of AG, indicating that an ancient nudivirus, named Aphis glycines endogenous nudivirus (AgENV), had integrated into the AG genome. Furthermore, sequences derived from a similar endogenous nudivirus, Melanaphis sacchari endogenous nudivirus (MsENV), were identified from the genomic scaffolds of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari. Analysis of transcriptome and small RNA sequence data derived from AG did not provide evidence for transcription of the integrated AgENV genes. Hence, the genes of AgENV may be present as pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis based on nudivirus core genes indicated that these aphid ENVs belong to the genus Alphanudivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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16
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Almudi I, Vizueta J, Wyatt CDR, de Mendoza A, Marlétaz F, Firbas PN, Feuda R, Masiero G, Medina P, Alcaina-Caro A, Cruz F, Gómez-Garrido J, Gut M, Alioto TS, Vargas-Chavez C, Davie K, Misof B, González J, Aerts S, Lister R, Paps J, Rozas J, Sánchez-Gracia A, Irimia M, Maeso I, Casares F. Genomic adaptations to aquatic and aerial life in mayflies and the origin of insect wings. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2631. [PMID: 32457347 PMCID: PMC7250882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of winged insects revolutionized terrestrial ecosystems and led to the largest animal radiation on Earth. However, we still have an incomplete picture of the genomic changes that underlay this diversification. Mayflies, as one of the sister groups of all other winged insects, are key to understanding this radiation. Here, we describe the genome of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum and its gene expression throughout its aquatic and aerial life cycle and specific organs. We discover an expansion of odorant-binding-protein genes, some expressed specifically in breathing gills of aquatic nymphs, suggesting a novel sensory role for this organ. In contrast, flying adults use an enlarged opsin set in a sexually dimorphic manner, with some expressed only in males. Finally, we identify a set of wing-associated genes deeply conserved in the pterygote insects and find transcriptomic similarities between gills and wings, suggesting a common genetic program. Globally, this comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic study uncovers the genetic basis of key evolutionary adaptations in mayflies and winged insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Almudi
- GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher D R Wyatt
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alex de Mendoza
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Panos N Firbas
- GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Roberto Feuda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Giulio Masiero
- GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Medina
- GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Alcaina-Caro
- GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Cruz
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler S Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chavez
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE), CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristofer Davie
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josefa González
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE), CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stein Aerts
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ryan Lister
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jordi Paps
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Maeso
- GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Casares
- GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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17
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Co-option of wing-patterning genes underlies the evolution of the treehopper helmet. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 4:250-260. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Hu Y, Linz DM, Moczek AP. Beetle horns evolved from wing serial homologs. Science 2019; 366:1004-1007. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how novel complex traits originate is a foundational challenge in evolutionary biology. We investigated the origin of prothoracic horns in scarabaeine beetles, one of the most pronounced examples of secondary sexual traits in the animal kingdom. We show that prothoracic horns derive from bilateral source tissues; that diverse wing genes are functionally required for instructing this process; and that, in the absence of Hox input, prothoracic horn primordia transform to contribute to ectopic wings. Once induced, however, the transcriptional profile of prothoracic horns diverges markedly from that of wings and other wing serial homologs. Our results substantiate the serial homology between prothoracic horns and insects wings and suggest that other insect innovations may derive similarly from wing serial homologs and the concomitant establishment of structure-specific transcriptional landscapes.
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19
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Tworzydlo W, Jaglarz MK, Pardyak L, Bilinska B, Bilinski SM. Evolutionary origin and functioning of pregenital abdominal outgrowths in a viviparous insect, Arixenia esau. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16090. [PMID: 31695096 PMCID: PMC6834671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pregenital abdominal outgrowths occur only rarely in pterygote insects, they are interesting from the evolutionary viewpoint because of their potential homology to wings. Our previous studies of early development of an epizoic dermapteran, Arixenia esau revealed that abdominal segments of the advanced embryos and larvae, growing inside a mother’s uterus, are equipped with paired serial outgrowths. Here, we focus on the origin and functioning of these outgrowths. We demonstrate that they bud from the lateral parts of the abdominal nota, persist till the end of intrauterine development, and remain in contact with the uterus wall. We also show that the bundles of muscle fibers associated with the abdominal outgrowths may facilitate flow of the haemolymph from the outgrowths’ lumen to the larval body cavity. Following completion of the intrauterine development, abdominal outgrowths are shed together with the larval cuticle during the first molt after the larva birth. Using immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that the Arixenia abdominal outgrowths represent an evolutionary novelty, presumably related to intrauterine development, and suggest that they are not related to serial wing homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Mariusz K Jaglarz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Laura Pardyak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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20
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Kuechler SM, Fukatsu T, Matsuura Y. Repeated evolution of bacteriocytes in lygaeoid stinkbugs. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4378-4394. [PMID: 31573127 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Host-microbe symbioses often evolved highly complex developmental processes and colonization mechanisms for establishment of stable associations. It has long been recognized that many insects harbour beneficial bacteria inside specific symbiotic cells (bacteriocytes) or organs (bacteriomes). However, the evolutionary origin and mechanisms underlying bacterial colonization in bacteriocyte/bacteriome formation have been poorly understood. In order to uncover the origin of such evolutionary novelties, we studied the development of symbiotic organs in five stinkbug species representing the superfamily Lygaeoidea in which diverse bacteriocyte/bacteriome systems have evolved. We tracked the symbiont movement within the eggs during the embryonic development and determined crucial stages at which symbiont infection and bacteriocyte formation occur, using whole-mount fluorescence in situ hybridization. In summary, three distinct developmental patterns were observed: two different modes of symbiont transfer from initial symbiont cluster (symbiont ball) to presumptive bacteriocytes in the embryonic abdomen, and direct incorporation of the symbiont ball without translocation of bacterial cells. Across the host taxa, only closely related species seemed to have evolved relatively conserved types of bacteriome development, suggesting repeated evolution of host symbiotic cells and organs from multiple independent origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Martin Kuechler
- Department of Animal Ecology II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yu Matsuura
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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21
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Chipman AD, Edgecombe GD. Developing an integrated understanding of the evolution of arthropod segmentation using fossils and evo-devo. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191881. [PMID: 31575373 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Segmentation is fundamental to the arthropod body plan. Understanding the evolutionary steps by which arthropods became segmented is being transformed by the integration of data from evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), Cambrian fossils that allow the stepwise acquisition of segmental characters to be traced in the arthropod stem-group, and the incorporation of fossils into an increasingly well-supported phylogenetic framework for extant arthropods based on genomic-scale datasets. Both evo-devo and palaeontology make novel predictions about the evolution of segmentation that serve as testable hypotheses for the other, complementary data source. Fossils underpin such hypotheses as arthropodization originating in a frontal appendage and then being co-opted into other segments, and segmentation of the endodermal midgut in the arthropod stem-group. Insights from development, such as tagmatization being associated with different modes of segment generation in different body regions, and a distinct patterning of the anterior head segments, are complemented by palaeontological evidence for the pattern of tagmatization during ontogeny of exceptionally preserved fossils. Fossil and developmental data together provide evidence for a short head in stem-group arthropods and the mechanism of its formation and retention. Future breakthroughs are expected from identification of molecular signatures of developmental innovations within a phylogenetic framework, and from a focus on later developmental stages to identify the differentiation of repeated units of different systems within segmental precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Chipman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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22
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Belles X. The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180415. [PMID: 31438822 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Hasan J, Roy A, Chatterjee K, Yarlagadda PKDV. Mimicking Insect Wings: The Roadmap to Bioinspiration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3139-3160. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Hasan
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Anindo Roy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Prasad K. D. V. Yarlagadda
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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24
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Brinkworth AR, Sansom R, Wills MA. Phylogenetic incongruence and homoplasy in the appendages and bodies of arthropods: why broad character sampling is best. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Notwithstanding the rapidly increasing sampling density of molecular sequence data, morphological characters still make an important contribution to our understanding of the evolutionary relationships of arthropod groups. In many clades, characters relating to the number and morphological specialization of appendages are ascribed particular phylogenetic significance and may be preferentially sampled. However, previous studies have shown that partitions of morphological character matrices often imply significantly different phylogenies. Here, we ask whether a similar incongruence is observed in the appendage and non-appendage characters of arthropods. We apply tree length (incongruence length difference, ILD) and tree distance (incongruence relationship difference, IRD) tests to these partitions in an empirical sample of 53 published neontological datasets for arthropods. We find significant incongruence about one time in five: more often than expected, but markedly less often than in previous partition studies. We also find similar levels of homoplasy in limb and non-limb characters, both in terms of internal consistency and consistency relative to molecular trees. Taken together, these findings imply that sampled limb and non-limb characters are of similar phylogenetic utility and quality, and that a total evidence approach to their analysis is preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Brinkworth
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Robert Sansom
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew A Wills
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
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25
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Almudi I, Martín-Blanco CA, García-Fernandez IM, López-Catalina A, Davie K, Aerts S, Casares F. Establishment of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum as a new model system to investigate insect evolution. EvoDevo 2019; 10:6. [PMID: 30984364 PMCID: PMC6446309 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The great capability of insects to adapt to new environments promoted their extraordinary diversification, resulting in the group of Metazoa with the largest number of species distributed worldwide. To understand this enormous diversity, it is essential to investigate lineages that would allow the reconstruction of the early events in the evolution of insects. However, research on insect ecology, physiology, development and evolution has mostly focused on few well-established model species. The key phylogenetic position of mayflies within Paleoptera as the sister group of the rest of winged insects and life history traits of mayflies make them an essential order to understand insect evolution. Here, we describe the establishment of a continuous culture system of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum and a series of experimental protocols and omics resources that allow the study of its development and its great regenerative capability. Thus, the establishment of Cloeon as an experimental platform paves the way to understand genomic and morphogenetic events that occurred at the origin of winged insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Almudi
- 1GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Kristofer Davie
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Louvain, Belgium.,3Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Stein Aerts
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Louvain, Belgium.,3Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Fernando Casares
- 1GEM-DMC2 Unit, The CABD (CSIC-UPO-JA), Ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
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26
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Bilinski SM, Tworzydlo W. Morphogenesis of serial abdominal outgrowths during development of the viviparous dermapteran, Arixenia esau (Insecta, Dermaptera). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 49:62-69. [PMID: 30445116 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The embryos and first instar larvae of the epizoic earwig, Arixenia esau, develop sequentially in two different compartments of the female reproductive system, that is ovarian follicles and the lateral oviducts (the uterus). Here we show that the second (intrauterine) phase of development consists of three physiologically disparate stages: early embryos (before dorsal closure, surrounded by an egg envelope), late embryos (after dorsal closure, surrounded by an egg envelope) and the first instar larvae (after "hatching" from an egg envelope). Early and late embryos float in the fluid filling the uterus, whereas the first instar larvae develop attached to the uterus wall. Our analyses revealed also that in Arixenia serial multilobed outgrowths develop on dorso-lateral aspects of all abdominal segments. At the onset of the third developmental stage and after liberation from an egg envelope, these outgrowths (or more precisely their lobes) adhere to the epithelium lining the uterus, forming a series of small contact sites, where the mother and embryo tissues are separated only by a thin, presumably permeable, embryonic cuticle. We suggest that all these contact sites collectively constitute a dispersed placenta-like organ involved in the nourishment of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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27
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Viviparity in Two Closely Related Epizoic Dermapterans Relies on Disparate Modifications of Reproductive Systems and Embryogenesis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:455-475. [PMID: 31598867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional modes operating during embryonic/larval development of viviparous species range from "pure" lecitothrophy in which embryos rely solely on reserve materials (yolk spheres, lipid droplets, and glycogen particles) accumulated in the egg cytoplasm to matrotrophy in which embryos are continuously supplied with nutrients from a parental organism. Interestingly, a wide spectrum of diverse "mixed" modes employed in the embryo nourishment have also been described among viviparous species. Here, we summarize results of histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical analyses of reproductive systems as well as developing embryos of two closely related viviparous species of earwigs (Dermaptera), Hemimerus talpoides and Arixenia esau. These analyses clearly indicate that morphological as well as physiological modifications (adaptations) supporting viviparity and matrotrophy in Hemimerus and Arixenia, with the exception of a complex biphasic respiration, are markedly different. Most importantly, Hemimerus embryos complete their development inside terminal (largest) ovarian follicles, whereas Arixenia embryos, after initial developmental stages, are transferred to highly modified lateral oviducts, that is the uterus, where they develop until the release (birth) of larvae. The obtained results strongly suggest that viviparity in hemimerids and arixeniids had evolved independently and might therefore serve as an example of evolutionary parallelism as well as remarkable functional plasticity of insect reproduction and embryonic development.
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28
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Ruiz-Losada M, Blom-Dahl D, Córdoba S, Estella C. Specification and Patterning of Drosophila Appendages. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6030017. [PMID: 30011921 PMCID: PMC6162442 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Appendages are external projections of the body that serve the animal for locomotion, feeding, or environment exploration. The appendages of the fruit fly Drosophilamelanogaster are derived from the imaginal discs, epithelial sac-like structures specified in the embryo that grow and pattern during larva development. In the last decades, genetic and developmental studies in the fruit fly have provided extensive knowledge regarding the mechanisms that direct the formation of the appendages. Importantly, many of the signaling pathways and patterning genes identified and characterized in Drosophila have similar functions during vertebrate appendage development. In this review, we will summarize the genetic and molecular mechanisms that lead to the specification of appendage primordia in the embryo and their posterior patterning during imaginal disc development. The identification of the regulatory logic underlying appendage specification in Drosophila suggests that the evolutionary origin of the insect wing is, in part, related to the development of ventral appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Ruiz-Losada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Blom-Dahl
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Córdoba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Estella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Alexander DE. A century and a half of research on the evolution of insect flight. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:322-327. [PMID: 29169955 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The gill and paranotal lobe theories of insect wing evolution were both proposed in the 1870s. For most of the 20th century, the paranotal lobe theory was more widely accepted, probably due to the fundamentally terrestrial tracheal respiratory system; in the 1970s, some researchers advocated for an elaborated gill ("pleural appendage") theory. Lacking transition fossils, neither theory could be definitively rejected. Winged insects are abundant in the fossil record from the mid-Carboniferous, but insect fossils are vanishingly rare earlier, and all earlier fossils are from primitively wingless insects. The enigmatic, isolated mandibles of Rhyniognatha (early Devonian) hint that pterygotes may have been present much earlier, but the question remains open. In the late 20th century, researchers used models to study the interaction of body and protowing size on solar warming and gliding abilities, and stability and glide effectiveness of many tiny adjustable winglets versus a single, large pair of immobile winglets. Living stoneflies inspired the surface-skimming theory, which provides a mechanism to bridge between aquatic gills and flapping wings. The serendipitously discovered phenomenon of directed aerial descent suggests a likely route to the early origin of insect flight. It provides a biomechanically feasible sequence from guided falls to fully-powered flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Alexander
- University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Rm. 2041 Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA.
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Clark-Hachtel CM, Moe MR, Tomoyasu Y. Detailed analysis of the prothoracic tissues transforming into wings in the Cephalothorax mutants of the Tribolium beetle. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:352-361. [PMID: 29913217 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the immense importance of the wing in the evolution and successful radiation of the insect lineages, the origin of this critical structure remains a hotly-debated mystery. Two possible tissues have been identified as an evolutionary origin of wings; the lateral expansion of the dorsal body wall (tergal edge) and structures related to an ancestral proximal leg segment (pleural tissues). Through studying wing-related tissues in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we have previously presented evidence in support of a dual origin of insect wings, a third hypothesis proposing that wings evolved from a combination of both tergal and pleural tissues. One key finding came from the investigation of a Cephalothorax (Cx) mutant, in which the ectopic wing characteristic to this mutant was found to be formed from both tergal and pleural contributions. However, the degree of contribution of the two tissues to the wing remains elusive. Here, we took advantage of multiple Cx alleles available in Tribolium, and produced a variety of degrees and types of ectopic wing tissues in their prothoracic segments. Through detailed phenotypic scoring of the Cx phenotypes based on nine categories of mutant traits, along with comprehensive morphological analysis of the ectopic wing tissues, we found that (i) ectopic wing tissues can be formed at various locations in the prothorax, even internally, (ii) the lateral external ectopic wing tissues have tergal origin, while the internal and posterior external ectopic wing tissues appear to be of pleural origin, and (iii) the ectopic wing tissues of both tergal and pleural origin are capable of transforming into wing surface tissues. Collectively, these outcomes suggest that the evolutionary contribution of each tissue to a complete wing may be more complex than the simple binary view that is typically invoked by a dual origin model (i.e. the wing blade from the tergal contribution + musculature and articulation from the pleural contribution).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison R Moe
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700E High St., Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Yoshinori Tomoyasu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700E High St., Oxford, OH, USA.
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Ohde T, Takehana Y, Shiotsuki T, Niimi T. CRISPR/Cas9-based heritable targeted mutagenesis in Thermobia domestica: A genetic tool in an apterygote development model of wing evolution. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:362-369. [PMID: 29908341 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite previous developmental studies on basally branching wingless insects and crustaceans, the evolutionary origin of insect wings remains controversial. Knowledge regarding genetic regulation of tissues hypothesized to have given rise to wings would help to elucidate how ancestral development changed to allow the evolution of true wings. However, genetic tools available for basally branching wingless species are limited. The firebrat Thermobia domestica is an apterygote species, phylogenetically related to winged insects. T. domestica presents a suitable morphology to investigate the origin of wings, as it forms the tergal paranotum, from which wings are hypothesized to have originated. Here we report the first successful CRISPR/Cas9-based germline genome editing in T. domestica. We provide a technological platform to understand the development of tissues hypothesized to have given rise to wings in an insect with a pre-wing evolution body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ohde
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Department of Animal Bio-Science, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shiotsuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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Dual evolutionary origin of insect wings supported by an investigation of the abdominal wing serial homologs in Tribolium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E658-E667. [PMID: 29317537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711128115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of insect wings is still a highly debated mystery in biology, despite the importance of this evolutionary innovation. There are currently two prominent, but contrasting wing origin hypotheses (the tergal origin hypothesis and the pleural origin hypothesis). Through studies in the Tribolium beetle, we have previously obtained functional evidence supporting a third hypothesis, the dual origin hypothesis. Although this hypothesis can potentially unify the two competing hypotheses, it requires further testing from various fields. Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of the tissues serially homologous to wings in the abdomen, outside of the appendage-bearing segments, in Tribolium We found that the formation of ectopic wings in the abdomen upon homeotic transformation relies not only on the previously identified abdominal wing serial homolog (gin-trap), but also on a secondary tissue in the pleural location. Using an enhancer trap line of nubbin (a wing lineage marker), we were able to visualize both of these two tissues (of tergal and pleural nature) contributing to form a complete wing. These results support the idea that the presence of two distinct sets of wing serial homologs per segment represents an ancestral state of the wing serial homologs, and can therefore further support a dual evolutionary origin of insect wings. Our analyses also uncovered detailed Hox regulation of abdominal wing serial homologs, which can be used as a foundation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that have facilitated the evolution of bona fide insect wings, as well as the diversification of other wing serial homologs.
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Requena D, Álvarez JA, Gabilondo H, Loker R, Mann RS, Estella C. Origins and Specification of the Drosophila Wing. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3826-3836.e5. [PMID: 29225023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The insect wing is a key evolutionary innovation that was essential for insect diversification. Yet despite its importance, there is still debate about its evolutionary origins. Two main hypotheses have been proposed: the paranotal hypothesis, which suggests that wings evolved as an extension of the dorsal thorax, and the gill-exite hypothesis, which proposes that wings were derived from a modification of a pre-existing branch at the dorsal base (subcoxa) of the leg. Here, we address this question by studying how wing fates are initially specified during Drosophila embryogenesis, by characterizing a cis-regulatory module (CRM) from the snail (sna) gene, sna-DP (for dorsal primordia). sna-DP specifically marks the early primordia for both the wing and haltere, collectively referred to as the DP. We found that the inputs that activate sna-DP are distinct from those that activate Distalless, a marker for leg fates. Further, in genetic backgrounds in which the leg primordia are absent, the DP are still partially specified. However, lineage-tracing experiments demonstrate that cells from the early leg primordia contribute to both ventral and dorsal appendage fates. Together, these results suggest that the wings of Drosophila have a dual developmental origin: two groups of cells, one ventral and one more dorsal, give rise to the mature wing. We suggest that the dual developmental origins of the wing may be a molecular remnant of the evolutionary history of this appendage, in which cells of the subcoxa of the leg coalesced with dorsal outgrowths to evolve a dorsal appendage with motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Requena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Andres Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Gabilondo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ryan Loker
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Systems Biology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, 701 W. 168th St., HHSC 1104, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard S Mann
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Systems Biology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, 701 W. 168th St., HHSC 1104, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Carlos Estella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Mashimo Y, Machida R. Embryological evidence substantiates the subcoxal theory on the origin of pleuron in insects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12597. [PMID: 28974708 PMCID: PMC5626752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral body plate pleuron is a significant structure in insects that contributes to the development and elaboration of wings and limbs (appendages). Although the pleuron is thought to originate from the proximal-most appendicular segment, the subcoxa, details remain unclear, and the morphological boundary between the dorsal body plate tergum and appendage (BTA) has not been clearly specified. Employing low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the nano-suit method for SEM, we followed, in detail, the development of the thoracic segments of the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus and succeeded in clearly defining the BTA. This study demonstrates the subcoxal origin of the pleuron, suggests the tergal origin of spiracles, and reveals that the wing proper originates exclusively from the tergum, whereas the wing hinge and direct muscles may be appendicular in origin, suggesting the dual origin (i.e., tergal plus appendicular origin) of wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Mashimo
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen 1278-294, Ueda, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan.,Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen 1278-294, Ueda, Nagano, 386-2204, Japan.
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Abstract
Although the insect wing is a textbook example of morphological novelty, the origin of insect wings remains a mystery and is regarded as a chief conundrum in biology. Centuries of debates have culminated into two prominent hypotheses: the tergal origin hypothesis and the pleural origin hypothesis. However, between these two hypotheses, there is little consensus in regard to the origin tissue of the wing as well as the evolutionary route from the origin tissue to the functional flight device. Recent evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) studies have shed new light on the origin of insect wings. A key concept in these studies is “serial homology”. In this review, we discuss how the wing serial homologs identified in recent evo-devo studies have provided a new angle through which this century-old conundrum can be explored. We also review what we have learned so far from wing serial homologs and discuss what we can do to go beyond simply identifying wing serial homologs and delve further into the developmental and genetic mechanisms that have facilitated the evolution of insect wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tomoyasu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Pearson Hall, 700E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Takahiro Ohde
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Courtney Clark-Hachtel
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Pearson Hall, 700E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Tomoyasu Y. Ultrabithorax and the evolution of insect forewing/hindwing differentiation. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 19:8-15. [PMID: 28521947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades have passed since the stunning four-winged phenotype of the Drosophila Ultrabithorax (Ubx) mutant was reported, and accumulating knowledge obtained from studies on Ubx in Drosophila has provided a framework to investigate the role of Ubx during insect wing evolution. With several new insights emerging from recent studies in non-Drosophila insects, along with the outcomes of genomic studies focused on identifying Ubx targets, it appears to be an appropriate time to revisit the Drosophila paradigm regarding insect wing development and evolution. Here, I review the recent findings related to Ubx during wing development, and discuss the impact of these findings on the current view of how Ubx came to regulate wing differentiation in the evolution of insect flight structures.
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Prokop J, Pecharová M, Nel A, Hörnschemeyer T, Krzemińska E, Krzemiński W, Engel MS. Paleozoic Nymphal Wing Pads Support Dual Model of Insect Wing Origins. Curr Biol 2017; 27:263-269. [PMID: 28089512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of wings in insects, early in their evolution [1], has been one of the more critical innovations contributing to their extraordinary diversity. Despite the conspicuousness and importance of wings, the origin of these structures has been difficult to resolve and represented one of the "abominable mysteries" in evolutionary biology [2]. More than a century of debate has boiled the matter down to two competing alternatives-one of wings representing an extension of the thoracic notum, the other stating that they are appendicular derivations from the lateral body wall. Recently, a dual model has been supported by genomic and developmental data [3-6], representing an amalgamation of elements from both the notal and pleural hypotheses. Here, we reveal crucial information from the wing pad joints of Carboniferous palaeodictyopteran insect nymphs using classical and high-tech techniques. These nymphs had three pairs of wing pads that were medially articulated to the thorax but also broadly contiguous with the notum anteriorly and posteriorly (details unobservable in modern insects), supporting their overall origin from the thoracic notum as well as the expected medial, pleural series of axillary sclerites. Our study provides support for the formation of the insect wing from the thoracic notum as well as the already known pleural elements of the arthropodan leg. These results support the unique, dual model for insect wing origins and the convergent reduction of notal fusion in more derived clades, presumably due to wing rotation during development, and they help to bring resolution to this long-standing debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Pecharová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hörnschemeyer
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewa Krzemińska
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesław Krzemiński
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Kraków, Podbrzezie 3, 31-054 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive, Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
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Elias-Neto M, Belles X. Tergal and pleural structures contribute to the formation of ectopic prothoracic wings in cockroaches. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160347. [PMID: 27853616 PMCID: PMC5108966 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wings were a fundamental morphological innovation for the adaptive radiation of insects, the most diversified group among all animals. Pterygote insects have two pairs of wings, the mesothoracic (T2) forewings and the metathoracic (T3) hindwings, whereas the prothorax (T1) is wingless. Using RNA interference approaches, we have found that the gene Sex combs reduced (Scr) determines the wingless identity of T1 in the cockroach Blattella germanica. Interference of Scr triggers the formation of ectopic wing structures in T1, which are formed from the expansion of the latero-posterior region of the pronotum, along with a contribution of the epimeron, a pleurite of T1. These data support the theory of a dual origin for insect wings, from pronotal (tergal origin theory) and pleural (pleural origin theory) structures and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moysés Elias-Neto
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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