A new species of Languidipes Hubbard (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae) from Borneo

The genus Languidipes is currently represented by three species distributed in southeastern Asia, India, and Sri Lanka. Languidipes corporaali is the most widely distributed species, and both, male and female imagos, as well as nymphs, are known. In contrast, the other species, L. taprobanes and L. lithophagus, are only known from nymphs. Here, we describe a new species, Languidipes janae sp nov, based on male imagos collected from Borneo, Indonesia. This new species is characterized by the presence of ommation on mesonotum, and penis almost completely divided, with sub-quadrate base and a small outer projection basal to the long and slender distal arms. This constitutes the first record of the genus for Borneo. A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Asthenopodinae supports its taxonomic status.

Sensory pathway in aquatic basal polyneoptera: Antennal sensilla and brain morphology in stoneflies

Aquatic insects represent a great portion of Arthropod diversity and the major fauna in inland waters. The sensory biology and neuroanatomy of these insects are, however, poorly investigated. This research aims to describe the antennal sensilla of nymphs of the stonefly Dinocras cephalotes using scanning electron microscopy and comparing them with the adult sensilla. Besides, central antennal pathways in nymphs and adults are investigated by neuron mass-tracing with tetramethylrhodamine, and their brain structures are visualized with an anti-synapsin antibody. No dramatic changes occur in the antennal sensilla during nymphal development, while antennal sensilla profoundly change from nymphs to adults when switching from an aquatic to an aerial lifestyle. However, similar brain structures are used in nymphs and adults to process diverging sensory information, perceived through different sensilla in water and air. These data provide valuable insights into the evolution of aquatic heterometabolous insects, maintaining a functional sensory system throughout development, including a distinct adaptation of the peripheral olfactory systems during the transition from detection of water-soluble chemicals to volatile compounds in the air. From a conservation biology perspective, the present data contribute to a better knowledge of the biology of stoneflies, which are very important bioindicators in rivers.

Morphology of the preadult stages of Coronaproctus castanopsis Li, Xu & Wu (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae)

All the preadult stages of Coronaproctus castanopsis Li, Xu & Wu, 2023 are described and illustrated (first- and second-instar nymphs, third-instar male and female nymphs, and the male pupa), based on material from Zhejiang Province, China. A key to separate the developmental stages is provided.

Microscopy-based morphological characterization of rugose spiraling whitefly, (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin)-an exotic pest on coconut in India

Precise identification of exotic whiteflies is a prerequisite to curb the invasive potential on to a new geographical location and to evolve effective management strategies. Conventionally, whitefly taxonomy is based on the description of the fourth-instar nymph or puparium, however, in the current investigation egg to adult morphology along with morphometrics of rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin was critically analyzed and various morphological characteristics were illustrated. The morphometric analysis revealed that in the immature life stages of the pest, the length: width ratio decreased with each successive life stage, such as the egg, first, second, third, and fourth instar (2.472 ± 0.071, 1.913 ± 0.020, 1.550 ± 0.045, 1.297 ± 0.034, and 1.174 ± 0.058 mm), respectively. Across different nymphal instars, the shape of lingula was greatly modified from tongue-like to triangle-shaped. The number and distribution of compound pores also vary among the different nymphal stages. The ultra-structures of the antenna through electron-microscopy depicted finer details of sensory cones. The modulation in the shape and the structural arrangement of microtrichia on the plate was illustrated. The study indicated accurate diagnosis of various stages of RSW for effective interception of goods at quarantine stations and thus preventing the entry of exotic pests into the country. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Microscopy-based (light and scanning electron microscopy) morphological characterization of rugose spiraling whitefly, (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin).

Body shape and fluctuating asymmetry following different feeding sources and feeding time in a triatomine, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stål, 1892)

Even when an animal has a generalist diet, different food sources can impact its body shape and fluctuating asymmetry (a stress indicator; FA). To test this, we varied the food source (mammalian, avian or defibrinated mammalian blood; and control animals - ad libitum feeding) and the time of feeding (every 8 days, 45 days and ad libitum) having the Chagas triatomine vector, Triatoma pallidipennis (Stål, 1892), as a study animal which has presumable generalist feeding habits. This factorial design was applied since first instar animals until adulthood. As response variables, we measured body shape and FA in adults of both sexes, using a two-dimensional geometric morphometrics protocol. The highest variance in body shape was explained by diet (17%), followed by sex nested within diet (12%). Males had less morphological differentiation than females: females with defibrinated blood provided every 45 days differentiated more, while those that fed on mammalian blood every 8 days differed less. Distances among the averages of the FA component related to shape indicated greater distances between avian blood provided every 45 days and mammalian blood provided every 8 days, as well as between the two groups fed on avian blood (feeding every 8 and 45 days), followed by avian and defibrinated blood, both fed every 8 days. These results indicate that blood source and feeding time have significant effects on the body shape, and FA in females and both sexes. Thus, despite general feeding habits, avian blood showed a greater impact on shape and FA in triatomines. This may select for triatomines to use mammal blood rather than avian blood if they have the chance to do so.

Morphological descriptions of the nymph and adults of Ornithodoros clarki, the larva and nymph of Ornithodoros rondoniensis, with notes on their phylogenetic relationships

Based on tick specimens collected recently in Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Brazil, we provide morphological descriptions of the nymph and adults of Ornithodoros clarki Jones & Clifford, 1972 from the first three countries, and the larva and nymph of Ornithodoros rondoniensis (Labruna, Terassini, Camargo, Brandão, Ribeiro & Estrada-Peña, 2008) from Brazil. Also, an analysis of mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences was performed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of these tick species. Adults and nymphs of O. clarki and O. rondoniensis are unique among the Argasidae family by presenting exceptionally large spiracular plates with small goblets, and an integument with smooth polygonal mammillae. However, these two species are morphologically distinct based on specific patterns of coxal folds, idiosomal mammillae and pilosity, and female genital flap. In contrast, the larvae of O. clarki and O. rondoniensis are morphologically identical, except for a general larger size of the former species; this slight difference is corroborated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by using 40 morphometric variables. Phylogenetic analyses including 16S rDNA partial sequences of different Ornithodoros taxa from Central and South America indicate that O. rondoniensis from Brazil diverges from O. clarki from Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. However, phylogenetic distance separating both alleged species is similar or slightly lower than the distances depicted for conspecific populations of a few other Ornithodoros species. Nonetheless, our primary criterion to maintain O. rondoniensis as a valid species is because its adult and nymphal stages do present distinct morphological traits that easily distinguish these postlarval stages from O. clarki.

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Tropical Bed Bugs From Two Cities of the Pearl River Delta in China

From the 1960s to the 1980s, with the implementation of nationwide 'Four-Pest Elimination' campaigns (bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), were listed as one of the targeted pests), bed bug infestations were gradually eliminated in most provinces in China. However, during the last two decades, reports of bed bug infestations in the Pearl River Delta of China have shown an upward trend. Up to now, the bed bug species occurring in this area was much less frequently reported. In this study, we used both morphological and molecular methods to accurately identify the species of bed bugs collected from the cities of Guangzhou and Foshan, China. Results indicated that no significant difference was observed in the mean pronotum width-to-length ratio of Guangzhou (2.6) and Foshan (2.4) specimens; however, both were significantly lower than that of a laboratory strain C. lectularius (3.1). The genetic distances of our specimens with C. hemipterus and C. lectularius were 0-0.2% and 22.2-22.6%, respectively. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and mitochondrial DNA sequence data, it can be affirmed that bed bugs collected from Guangzhou and Foshan were C. hemipterus.

Wax glands of the horned gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis, at different stages

The horned gall aphid, Schlechtendalia chinensis, inhabits the productive species of Chinese gallnuts, which have economic value. Aphid wax glands are crucial for the survival of the insects, since the secreted waterproofing wax is important to protect the aphids from predators, pathogens and honeydew contamination. In this study, we investigated the structure of wax glands and their role in different aphid stages using light and electron microscopy. Our results show that aphids of all stages except the newly hatched fundatrix possess six parallel dorsal lines and have a total of 56 wax gland plates. Although no wax glands occur on the dorsum of the newly hatched fundatrix (first instar), the glands do appear once a fundatrix enters the second instar. The wax gland plate is composed of 2-22 polygonal depressions, each of which corresponds to a secretory cell covered by cuticle. The wax glands of this aphid belong to the class 1 glands, which are formed by epidermal secretory cells. The structure of the wax glands varies in the different stages and these changes may be adaptive to the changeable microenvironments in which the aphids live.

Structure and function of the stylets of hematophagous Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), with special reference to Dipetalogaster maxima

Kissing bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) are able to bend their rod-like maxillae while searching for blood vessels in the tissue of their vertebrate hosts. Little is known about the working mechanisms of these bending movements and the distal opening of the food channel. We compared the morphological structure of the stylets (mandibles and maxillae) of four triatomine species and analyzed the feeding process of Dipetalogaster maxima (Uhler, 1894). The maxillae of triatomine bugs are interlocked by a tongue-and-groove system, allowing longitudinal sliding. While penetrating the host tissue, the animals perform rapid alternate back and forth movements of the maxillae. The resistance of the surrounding tissue pushes the asymmetric apex of the maxillae away from its straight path, i.e., if one individual maxilla is protracted alone, its tip curves inwards, and the other maxilla follows. Once a blood vessel is tapped, the spine-like tip of the left maxilla splays outwards. Apically, each of the maxillae features an abutment, the left one exhibiting a notch that presumably facilitates splaying. The mechanical interaction of the two maxillary abutments enables the distal opening of the food channel but might also support the movements of the maxillary bundle attributable to different bending moment distributions.

Morphological and Developmental Traits of the Binucleation of Male Accessory Gland Cells in the Benthic Water Bug, Aphelocheirus vittatus (Hemiptera: Aphelochiridae)

The male accessory glands (MAGs) in insects are pair(s) of internal reproductive organs that produce and secrete the plasma component of seminal fluid. In various insects, MAG size is important for male reproductive success because the fluid provides physiologically active substances and/or nutrients to females to control sperm as well as female reproductive behaviors. Although the MAG epithelial cells in most insect species are standard mononucleate cells, those in some insect taxa are binucleate due to incomplete cytokinesis (e.g., Drosophila [Fallén] [Diptera: Drosophilidae]) or cell fusion (e.g., Cimex [Linnaeus] [Hemiptera: Cimicidae]). In the case of Drosophila, the apicobasal position of the two nuclei relative to the epithelial plane changes from vertical to horizontal after nutrient intake, which allows the volume of the MAG cavity to expand effectively. On the other hand, in the case of Cimex, the positions of the two nuclei do not change apicobasally in response to feeding, but their position relative to the proximodistal axis varies depending on the tubular/spherical organ morphology. Here, we report that the MAG of the benthic water bug Aphelocheirus vittatus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Aphelochiridae) shows binucleation in all epithelial cells. Despite the phylogenetically close relationship between Aphelocheirus and Cimex, the MAG cells in Aphelocheirus showed a Drosophila-like apicobasal change in the position of the two nuclei in response to feeding. Furthermore, the cytological processes during binucleation are more similar to those in Drosophila (incomplete cytokinesis) than to those in Cimex (cell fusion). These results indicate that the physiological role and mechanism of binucleation in MAG cells changed during the evolution of Hemiptera.

Morphological characterization of antennae and antennal sensilla of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) nymphs

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the most economically important citrus pest which is the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. causing citrus greening (huanglongbing, HLB) disease. To better understand the developmental and structural changes of antennae and antennal sensilla in D. citri nymphs, we investigated the antennal morphology, structure and sensilla distribution of the five nymphal stages of D. citri using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of the five different nymphal stages of D. citri were filiform in shape, which consisted of two segments in the first-, second- and third-instar nymphs; three segments in the fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs. The length of their antennae was significantly increased with the increase of the nymphal instar, as well as the total number of antennal sensilla. Ten morphological sensilla types were recorded altogether. They were the long terminal hair (TH1), short terminal hair (TH2), sensilla trichoidea (ST), cavity sensillum 1 (CvS1), cavity sensillum 2 (CvS2), sensilla basiconica 1–3 (SB1-3), sensilla campaniform (SCA) and partitioned sensory organ (PSO). Also, the distribution of antennal sensilla in each nymphal stage of D. citri was asymmetrical. The SBs only occurred on the antennae of the third-, fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs. Only one CvS2 was found in the third- and fifth-instar nymphs, and one SCA in the fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs, respectively. The possible roles of the nymphal antennal sensilla in D. citri were discussed. The results could contribute to a better understanding of the development of the sensory system, and facilitate future studies on the antennal functions in D. citri nymphs.

Description of a new soft tick species (Acari: Argasidae: Ornithodoros) parasite of Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae) in northern Chile

A new argasid (Argasidae) tick is herein described based on morphology and molecular data obtained from larvae parasitizing Octodon degus and from ticks collected inside burrows in northern Chile. Unfed laboratory-reared larvae were mounted in slides for morphometrical and morphological analyses. Larvae of Ornithodoros octodontus n. sp. share morphological traits with Ornithodoros quilinensis and Ornithodoros xerophylus, two species associated with rodents in the Argentinean Chaco. However, a longer hypostome with two rows of 21 and 22 denticles each one, and conspicuous leaf-shaped anal plates separate O. octodontus. While nymphal stages of O. octodontus lack cheeks and possess a micromammillated dorsal integument, adults have cheeks and exhibit markedly irregular mammillae along their dorsal surface. Phylogenetic analyses of neotropical Argasidae based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences point that O. octodontus forms a monophyletic group with O. xerophylus and an unidentified Ornithodoros sp. from Bolivia, all of them associated with burrow-dweller rodents. Ornithodoros aragaoi and Ornithodoros davisi, two rare species collected once only in the Peruvian Andean Plateau during 1955 are morphologically closely related with adults and nymphs of O. octodontus. Biological observations of O. octodontus revealed autogenic females. For the moment, subgeneric classification of this new species depends on further biological studies. The fauna of ticks occurring in Chile is now represented by 22 species, 11 belonging to the Argasidae family.

New Species of the Genus Periglischrus (Acari: Spinturnicidae) from Monophyllus Bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the West Indies, Including a Morphometric Analysis of Its Intraspecific Variation

The discovery of a new species, Periglischrus empheresotrichus, was determined through a review of museum collections, as well as a field survey of ectoparasites of island bats. This new species parasitizes on two bat species of the genus Monophyllus Leach, the Greater Antillean Long-tongued bat Monophyllus redmani Leach and the Lesser Antillean Long-tongued bat Monophyllus plethodon Miller. The female, male, deuthonymphs, and protonymph are described and illustrated. P. empheresotrichus n. sp. has an insular distribution, we evaluated the morphological variation of the adult populations, and concluded that intra-specific variation is correlated both with host species and locality (island) in the West Indies.

Morphology of Immature Stages, Chromatic Polymorphism of Adults and Natural History of Oplomus catena (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae)

The predatory stink bugs are well known by their behavior, but the knowledge of the immature morphology and their natural history are scarce. Studies on predatory stink bugs are important to better understand their evolution and their use as biological controllers. Here, we describe the morphology of egg and the five nymphal instars of Oplomus catena (Drury, 1782), using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In general, O. catena immatures are very distinctive from other Asopinae species already studied. The egg is black, with short aero-micropylar processes and similar to those described for Stiretrus species. The nymphs can be diagnosed by the abdominal plates very large and bright blue. The color polymorphism of adults is fully illustrated, and four color patterns are proposed. The natural history of the species is described based on field and laboratory observations. The known prey of the species is reviewed and new preys are reported. The morphological and biological traits here described are discussed in order to better understand the biological role of predatory stink bugs.

Drywood Pest Termite Cryptotermes brevis (Blattaria: Isoptera: Kalotermitidae): a Detailed Morphological Study of Pseudergates

The Kalotermitidae Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) presents colonies that lack a true worker caste. They have totipotent worker-like individuals named pseudergates. Few studies have characterized the morphology of immature instars, including pseudergates. In order to identify these instars and characterize the pseudergates, we conducted a comparison between morphometric and morphological variations among immature individuals of C. brevis colonies. Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) was used in the first instar nymphs to induce regressive molts and compare morphological differences between nymphs and pseudergates. Results showed the existence of three larval instars and four nymphal instars. These immatures were morphologically characterized. Individuals classified as third instar larvae presented white body, 10 to 12 antennal articles, absent or small non-pigmented compound eyes, and absence of wing buds. Pseudergates presented pigmented abdomen and sclerotized cuticle, 10 to 12 antennal articles, and absent or small compound eyes, and few specimens had large pigmented compound eyes and absence of wing buds. First instar nymphs had pigmented abdomen and sclerotized cuticle, 10 to 12 antennal articles, both large non-pigmented and pigmented compound eyes, the presence of wing buds. Bioassays using JHA on first instar nymphs resulted in a large percentage of nymph-soldier intercastes. We concluded that abdomen pigmentation and sclerotized cuticle are good characters to differentiate pseudergates from larvae and the absence of wing buds is a good character to differentiate pseudergates from nymphs. Our findings not only contribute to the basic biological and morphological information of this species but also help to identify correctly pseudergates in further studies that involve applied bioassays.

Revealing hidden density-dependent phenotypic plasticity in sedentary grasshoppers in the genus Schistocerca Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae)

Comparative quantification of reaction norms across closely related species in a clade is rare, but such a study can reveal valuable insights into understanding how reaction norms evolve along phylogeny. The grasshopper genus Schistocerca Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae) is an ideal group to study the evolution of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity because it includes both swarming locusts and non-swarming sedentary grasshoppers, which show varying degrees of plastic reaction norms in many traits. The swarming locusts exhibit locust phase polyphenism in which cryptically colored and solitary individuals can transform into conspicuously colored and highly gregarious individuals in response to increases in population density. The sedentary grasshoppers do not swarm in nature, and thus it has been assumed that they have little or no expression of plastic reaction norms in many traits, except for color, which has been shown to be a phylogenetically conserved trait. In this study, we have quantified density-dependent reaction norms in behavior, color, body size, and morphometric ratio in the nymphs of four sedentary species within Schistocerca by conducting explicit rearing experiments to induce potential phenotypic changes in response to isolation and crowding. In contrast to our previous assumption, we find that all four species show a certain level of density-dependent plastic reaction norms, which implies that these sedentary species have hidden reaction norms that can only be induced experimentally, some components of which must be phylogenetically conserved. Furthermore, we demonstrate that rearing density differentially affects the expression of reaction norms in different species, suggesting that different reaction norms must have followed independent evolutionary trajectories.

Genetic and morphological characterization of Ixodes apronophorus from Western Siberia, Russia

Genetic variability of I. apronophorus from Western Siberia, Russia was examined using the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes and compared to those of Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes trianguliceps from the same site. The I. apronophorus sequences demonstrated the highest nucleotide and haplotype diversity for both mitochondrial genes, whereas I. persulcatus was more variable in the nuclear ITS2. Phylogenetic analysis of the molecular sequence data showed that I. apronophorus differed from other Ixodes species, including Romanian I. apronophorus. The level of identity between 16S rRNA gene sequences of Siberian and Romanian I. apronophorus was only 91%; these sequences did not form a monophyletic group, indicating that I. apronophorus from Siberia and Romania could be different tick species. The analysis of morphological features of the Siberian I. apronophorus confirmed their consistency with those for the previously described I. apronophorus species. Based on the 16S rRNA and ITS2 sequences, Siberian I. apronophorus clustered together with Ixodes kazakstani and Ixodes scapularis, which are the recognized members of the Ixodes ricinus-I. persulcatus species complex within the subgenus Ixodes, and can be assigned to this complex.

Comparative Study of the Antennal Phenotype in Species of the Belminus (Hemiptera: Triatominae) Genus Using Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy

The genus Belminus Stål, 1859 is distinguished by markedly entomophagous species. This genus is a poorly studied group of the Triatominae (Jeannel, 1919), which includes hematophagous species that are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909), the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This study reports for the first time the description of the antennal sensilla of Belminus corredori (Galvão & Angulo, 2003), Belminus herreri (Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979), and Belminus ferroae (Sandoval, Pabón, Jurberg & Galvão, 2007) nymphs and adults throughout scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Nine morphological types of sensilla were identified in the three species, including bristles I and II, trichobothria, tapered hairs, thin-walled trichoid, thick-walled trichoid, basiconic, campaniform, and coeloconica sensilla. The analysis of the most abundant types of sensilla and their distribution in nymphs and adults shows similarities with the antennal phenotypes described in other Triatominae. Quantitative differences showed the important phenotypic plasticity of this morphological trait in the genus and allowed for the separation of the species in both sexes. These differences were associated with sexual dimorphism and wing condition (macropterous and brachypterous). The role of the antennal phenotype in sexual behavior, its usefulness as a taxonomic tool, and its relationship with the dispersal capacity of these species are discussed.

Instar Determination of Blattella asahinai (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) From Digital Measurements of the Pronotum Using Gaussian Mixture Modeling and the Number of Cercal Annuli

The Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo, has expanded its range throughout the southeastern United States since its introduction into Florida. Unlike its closest relative, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), B. asahinai lives outdoors and can fly. There is little information on the biology and development of B. asahinai, including the number of instars during nymphal development. To estimate the number of instars of B. asahinai, nymphs were photographed, sexed, and the lengths and widths of their pronota were measured digitally. The number of instars of B. asahinai was estimated using Gaussian mixture models with the pronotal data. The most probable model and its clusters were selected to assign individuals to an instar. Instars were also determined by counting the number of cercal annuli of nymphs. Both clustering and cercal annuli indicated that B. asahinai most frequently had six instars when reared at 30°C. Growth did not strictly follow the Brooks-Dyar Rule, because nymphs had different numbers of instars and different growth patterns. Although Gaussian mixture models are not efficient for field sampling experiments, digital measurements may provide a way to estimate instars with live specimens in development studies without handling the animals in a way that may alter growth.

Inter- and intraspecific variability of morphological and molecular characters in Allothrombium species, with special reference to Allothrombium fuliginosum

Morphology-based identification of Allothrombium spp., in view of the limited knowledge of intraspecific variation, hinders the recognition of species borders and affects the views on the actual distribution of species. Therefore, identification will benefit from reference to molecular methods. The separate species identity of specimens putatively representing Allothrombium fuliginosum and A. pulvinum, both reported as widely distributed in the Palaearctic region and considered as potential biological control agents, was checked using morphological and molecular analyses. The representatives of various Allothrombium spp. collected in the Palaearctic were included in the analysis in order to ascertain the distance between species. The results of the morphological examination, supported by statistical inference, along with the comparison of COI and/or ITS2 sequences, weaken the hypothesis of synoccurrence of both species in the Palaearctic region. Hence, we hypothesize that A. fuliginosum is widely distributed in the Palaearctic, whereas A. pulvinum should be regarded a Nearctic species.

New records of ticks infesting bats in Brazil, with observations on the first nymphal stage of Ornithodoros hasei

In Brazil, at least 14 species of soft ticks (Argasidae) are associated with bats. While Ornithodoros hasei seems to be abundant among foliage-roosting bats, other groups of ticks are found exclusively inside caves. In this paper, noteworthy records of soft ticks infesting bats are documented in new localities from Bahia, Pernambuco, Piauí, and Rondônia states. Out of 201 bats examined, 25 were infested by 152 ticks belonging to seven taxa: Ornithodoros cavernicolous, O. hasei, Ornithodoros marinkellei, Ornithodoros cf. fonsecai, Ornithodoros cf. clarki, Antricola sp., and Nothoaspis amazoniensis. These findings provide new insights into the geographical distribution and host association of soft ticks occurring in the Neotropical region. Remarkably, morphological and biological observations about O. hasei are inferred based on the examination of on-host-collected first stage nymphs.

Ixodes heathi n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), a co-endangered tick from the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus), with notes on its biology and conservation

A new species of co-endangered tick, Ixodes heathi n. sp., is described from specimens of the nymph collected on the critically endangered mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus Broom) from the alpine region of Victoria, Australia. Its biology is discussed along with strategies for its conservation.

A morphological and phylogenetic analysis of Ornithodoros marinkellei (Acari: Argasidae), with additional notes on habitat and host usage

Ornithodoros marinkellei was described from larvae collected on Pteronotus spp. bats in Colombia and Panama. More recently, this tick was reported in the Brazilian Amazon. Because some morphometric differences were observed between O. marinkellei larvae from Colombia and Brazil, it was proposed that further investigations were needed to assess whether the differences could be attributed to intra- or inter-specific polymorphism. Herein, we collected O. marinkellei specimens in the type locality of Colombia, in Brazil, and in a new locality in Nicaragua, expanding the distribution of the species to Nicaragua. Morphometric analysis of larvae and adults, corroborated by a principal component analysis (PCA), indicated that the Brazilian specimens were larger than specimens from Colombia and Nicaragua. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene showed ticks from Colombia and Nicaragua more genetically related than any of them with ticks from Brazil, although ticks from the three countries grouped in a clade sister to a major clade containing sequences of various Neotropical Ornithodoros species. We concluded that ticks identified as O. marinkellei from Colombia, Nicaragua, and Brazil represent the same taxon, and that the genetic and morphological differences between them are likely to have a geographical bias. We redescribed the nymph of O. marinkellei, which has a vestigial hypostome, probably incompatible with blood feeding. We also report human infestation by O. marinkellei adults. As all reports of O. marinkellei adults have been from hot caves (temperature > 35 °C), this abiotic condition could be a limiting factor for the occurrence of this tick species.

Cryptic diversity within grass-associated Abacarus species complex (Acariformes: Eriophyidae), with the description of a new species, Abacarus plumiger n. sp

Accurate estimation of species richness is often complex as genetic divergence is not always accompanied by appreciable morphological differentiation. In consequence, cryptic lineages or species evolve. Cryptic speciation is common especially in taxa characterized by small and simplified bodies, what makes their proper identification challenging. The cereal rust mite, Abacarus hystrix, was regarded for a long time as a species associated with a wide range of grass hosts, whereas wide host ranges are rather rare in eriophyoid mites. Therefore, the generalist status of A. hystrix was questioned. In this paper we demonstrate that the diversity within Abacarus species associated with grasses is more complex than it was previously thought. The 78 Abacarus mtDNA COI sequences used in this study formed 10 highly supported clades (bootstrap value 99%) and four more distinct genetic lineages were represented by unique sequences. The genetic distances between them ranged from 6.6 to 26.5%. Moreover, morphological study and genetic approach based on the combination of the Poisson Tree Processes model for species delimitation (PTP) and a Bayesian implementation of PTP (bPTP), and Neighbour Joining analyses led to delimitation of a new species within the Abacarus complex: Abacarus plumiger, specialized on smooth brome (Bromus inermis). Furthermore, our analyses demonstrated a pattern of host-associated differentiation within the complex. Overall, our study indicates that cryptic speciation occurs in the grass-associated Abacarus genus, and suggests the need for more extensive sampling using integrative methods.

Unexpected Infection with Armillifer Parasites

Visceral pentastomiasis is usually found incidentally during surgery. We describe a case of visceral pentastomiasis discovered during inguinoscrotal hernia surgery for a man from Benin, Africa. Because surgical removal of nymphs is needed for symptomatic patients only, this patient's asymptomatic pentastomiasis was not treated and he recovered from surgery uneventfully.

A New Species of Sucking Louse (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Polyplacidae) From the Gray Mouse Lemur, Microcebus murinus (Primates: Cheirogaleidae), in Madagascar

Lemurpediculus madagascariensis sp. nov. (Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Polyplacidae) is described from the Gray Mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus (J. F. Miller) (Primates: Cheirogaleidae), from Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. Lemurs were trapped using Sherman Live Traps and visually inspected for lice, which were preserved in 90% ethanol. Adults of both sexes and the third-instar nymph of the new species are illustrated and distinguished from the four previously known species of Lemurpediculus: L. verruculosus (Ward); L. petterorum Paulian; L. claytoni Durden, Blanco, and Seabolt; and L. robbinsi Durden, Blanco, and Seabolt. It is not known if the new species of louse is a vector of any pathogens or parasites.

Differential diagnosis of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus: nymphs and larvae

We developed a method for differential diagnosis of nymphs and larvae of sheep (Ixodes ricinus (L.)) and taiga (I. persulcatus Sch.) ticks (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) which allows to identify live material in the field.

Redescription of Periglischrus herrerai (Acari: Spinturnicidae) Associated to Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae), With a Description of Adult Female Heteromorphism and an Analysis of its Variability Throughout the Neotropics

A redescription, with a discussion of new features and illustrations, for all life stages is presented for the parasitic mite Periglischrus herrerai Machado-Allison associated with the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus (Geoffoy), including a description of the heteromorphic female and the first description of its female deutonymph. In addition, the morphological variation of P. herrerai is evaluated by morphometric analysis of the adults, concluding that there is an evident geographic variation throughout the neotropics. This study was possible by using type material of P. herrerai from the Machado-Allison collection, and voucher specimens from other collections, and specimens from an extensive surveying of hematophagous bats in some localities of the Pacific and Atlantic versants, and central Mexico.

Redescription of the kiwi tick Ixodes anatis (Acari: Ixodidae) from New Zealand, with notes on its biology

Ixodes anatis Chilton is of veterinary and conservation importance in New Zealand due to its association with the threatened kiwi (Aves: Apterygidae: Apteryx spp.). Since the tick's description in 1904, there has been debate regarding its correct taxonomic position and nomenclature. Herein all life stages of this species are redescribed and accompanied by electron micrographs and drawings. The systematics, host preferences, distribution, disease relationships and conservation biology of the species are also discussed.

External morphology of the mouthparts and observations on behavior of Tuckerella japonica on Camellia sinensis in the continental USA

Tuckerella japonica Ehara (Acari: Tetranychoidea: Tuckerellidae) was found on stems of seedling plants of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae) in the continental USA. This mite is able to pierce exposed green periderm tissue with its paired stylets on 1- to 3- or 4-year-old stems where the outer bark had split longitudinally. The mite was not found on branches older than 3 or 4 years, where splitting diminished and, eventually, a uniform covering of bark was formed. The mouthparts of T. japonica were examined under scanning electron microscopy and their external morphology was compared with known Tetranychoidea. There were usually one or two feeding holes in an area where the female subsequently deposited one or more eggs. Females were observed defending the areas where their eggs and/or young occurred. This behavior along with potentially limited access to exposed periderm or availability of shoots in the rows of plants may restrict higher populations of T. japonica from becoming established. The potential of T. japonica as an economic pest remains unknown at this time.

Genetic Variability of Two Leaffooted Bugs, Leptoglossus clypealis and Leptoglossus zonatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Central Valley of California

Leaffooted plant bugs (LFPBs) (Leptoglossus spp., Guérin-Méneville) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are large seed-feeding bugs native to the Western Hemisphere. In California, several Leptoglossus spp. feed on almonds, pistachios, and pomegranate and are occasional pests. The objective of this study was to survey the different species of Leptoglossus present in almond, pistachio, and pomegranate orchards in the Central Valley of California. We used two molecular markers, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and mitochondrial DNA COI, to determine the number of species or strains of each species, and to infer whether individuals of each species move and possibly interbreed with populations from the other host plants. Two species of leaffooted bugs were abundant, Leptoglossus clypealis Heidemann, and Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas). L. clypealis was collected in almond and pistachio, while L. zonatus was found on all three host plants, but was the dominant species in pomegranate. The AFLP results indicated that L. clypealis consisted of one species, which suggests it moves between almonds and pistachios during the growing season. Mitochondrial DNA COI for L. clypealis found 1-2% divergence between sequences, and a high haplotype diversity of 0.979 with 17 haplotypes. The AFLP results for L. zonatus found two genetically divergent populations which were morphologically similar. The mtDNA COI sequences for L. zonatus were used for haplotype analysis; three haplotypes were found in California, with one haplotype shared with collections from Brazil. The importance of genetic variability and cryptic species for pest management are discussed.

The allometry of the central nervous system during the postembryonic development of the spider Eratigena atrica

During ontogenesis, the size of a spider body, tissues and organs increases dramatically. The aim of the study was to estimate changes in the central nervous system of postembryonic stages of Eratigena atrica and compare them with the literature data on species differing in behavioural traits. Allometric analysis involved evaluation of histological slides embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The reduced major axis regression (RMA) was applied to find allometric relationships between the volumes of the particular parts of the body. All the measured parts of the central nervous system (CNS) were negatively allometrically related to the volume of the prosoma, showing that the increment of the CNS was lower than that of the entire body. The growth of the brain was negatively allometrically related to the growth of the CNS but the increment of the subesophageal ganglion was greater than that of the CNS, exhibiting a positive allometry. Within both these structures, the increase in neuropil volume was greater than the growth of the cortex (cell body rind). Thus, in postembryonic development, the share of the subesophageal ganglion and neuropil in the total volume of the CNS increased, whereas that of the brain and cortex decreased. The mode of the CNS development in E. atrica is similar to that observed in other arthropods, including Argiope aurantia, a spider of different ecology and behaviour.

Morphological and molecular identification of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Nigeria, West Africa: a threat to livestock health

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was first reported in West Africa in Ivory Coast, in 2007. Since then it has made an aggressive eastward advancement having been reported in four other West African countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin. We herein report the first molecular identification of this tick species in Nigeria, West Africa, and highlight the threat it poses to livestock health. A nation-wide tick survey was conducted in 12 out of 36 states across the various agro ecological zones of Nigeria over a 1 year period (April 2014-March 2015). In total 1498 ticks belonging to three genera collected from cattle were morphologically identified. Overall, Amblyomma species constituted the highest percentage of sampled ticks, 50.2% (752/1498), followed by Rhipicephalus (including the subgenus Boophilus) species, 29.4% (440/1498) and Hyalomma species, 20.4% (306/1498). The presence of Rh. (B.) microplus was identified morphologically from four out of the 12 states. This finding was confirmed for the first time in Nigeria using a molecular method targeting the ITS-2 region of the ticks in three of the 12 states. This study ascertained the presence of Rh. (B.) microplus in Nigeria in addition to a broad variety of cattle tick species, most of which are of veterinary importance. The implication of this finding is that there may be additional economic burden to livestock farmers due to increased cost of tick control occasioned by the acaricide resistance by this tick species widely reported from different climes. Additionally, there may be a potential upsurge in incidence of hemoparasitic infections in cattle leading to increased morbidity, cost of treatment and mortalities.

Morphological anomalies in Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes inopinatus collected from tick-borne encephalitis natural foci in Central Europe

In 2015, 0.02% nymphs displayed anomalies (ectromely) out of the 6744 collected ticks as part of a tick-borne encephalitis program in Germany. In 2016, questing Ixodes ricinus (n = 14,527) and Ixodes inopinatus (n = 75) ticks were collected by flagging as part of a tick-borne encephalitis program in Germany, Slovakia and Denmark. A total of 278 (1.9%) out of 14,602 nymph and adult ticks showed morphological anomalies. The anomalies were divided into general anomalies (body asymmetry) and local anomalies (anomalies of appendages, malformation of capitulum, exoskeleton anomalies and anal groove deformation) with nymphs being the most affected life stage. Most important, leg atrophy was the most common anomaly (209 nymphs, 11 females and three males) followed by asymmetry (10 nymphs, five females and a male) and ectromely (nine nymphs). Two females and one male displayed multiple anomalies on legs, palps and exoskeleton. Anal groove deformation was observed in three females and three nymphs. In 2016, the frequency of anomalies in I. inopinatus was found five times higher (9.3%) than in I. ricinus (1.9%). This is the first report of anomaly (ectromely, leg atrophy, idiosoma deformation) in flagged I. inopinatus and the first report of schizomely in I. ricinus.

Differences in Climbing Ability of Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

The climbing abilities of two bed bug species, Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.), were determined by evaluating their escape rates from smooth surface pitfall traps using four commercial bed bug monitors (Verifi Bed Bug Detector, ClimbUp Insect Interceptor, BlackOut Bed Bug Detector, and SenSci Volcano Bed Bug Detector). All detectors were used in the absence of lures or attractants. Unlike C. lectularius, adult C. hemipterus were able to escape from all traps. On the other hand, no or a low number nymphs of both species escaped, depending on the evaluated traps. Examination of the vertical friction force of adults of both species revealed a higher vertical friction force in C. hemipterus than in C. lectularius. Scanning electron microscope micrograph observation on the tibial pad of adult bed bugs of C. hemipterus showed the presence of a greater number of tenent hairs on the tibial pad than on that of adult C. lectularius. No tibial pad was found on the fourth and fifth instars of both species. Near the base of the hollow tenent hairs is a glandular epithelium that is better developed in adult C. hemipterus than in adult C. lectularius. This study highlights significant morphological differences between C. lectularius and C. hemipterus, which may have implications in the monitoring and management of bed bug infestations.

[Immature stages of Amnestus rugosus (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)]

In Mexico there are 29 species of Amnestus, of which six species are from Veracruz. The morphological features and illustrations of immature stages of A. rugosus are presented. Notes about the biology and behavior were included. The nymphal and adult stages of A. rugosus were found in remnants of riparian vegetation of the mesophilous forest in La Antigua river basin, Veracruz, Mexico. Twelve sites in five localities were selected and the specimens were sampled in rainy (July) and dry (April) seasons of 2012. The samples were processed in Berlese-Tullgren funnel and Winkler. A total of 419 individuals, 320 adults and 99 nymphs of A. rugosus were revised. The size and coloration of the body and punctuation patterns the immature stages of A. rugosus, A. ficus, and A. morelensis are the main differences among these species. A. rugosus is a first record from Veracruz.

Paleozoic Nymphal Wing Pads Support Dual Model of Insect Wing Origins

The appearance of wings in insects, early in their evolution [1], has been one of the more critical innovations contributing to their extraordinary diversity. Despite the conspicuousness and importance of wings, the origin of these structures has been difficult to resolve and represented one of the "abominable mysteries" in evolutionary biology [2]. More than a century of debate has boiled the matter down to two competing alternatives-one of wings representing an extension of the thoracic notum, the other stating that they are appendicular derivations from the lateral body wall. Recently, a dual model has been supported by genomic and developmental data [3-6], representing an amalgamation of elements from both the notal and pleural hypotheses. Here, we reveal crucial information from the wing pad joints of Carboniferous palaeodictyopteran insect nymphs using classical and high-tech techniques. These nymphs had three pairs of wing pads that were medially articulated to the thorax but also broadly contiguous with the notum anteriorly and posteriorly (details unobservable in modern insects), supporting their overall origin from the thoracic notum as well as the expected medial, pleural series of axillary sclerites. Our study provides support for the formation of the insect wing from the thoracic notum as well as the already known pleural elements of the arthropodan leg. These results support the unique, dual model for insect wing origins and the convergent reduction of notal fusion in more derived clades, presumably due to wing rotation during development, and they help to bring resolution to this long-standing debate.

Vision in the common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): eye morphology and spectral sensitivity

Bed bugs as pests of public health importance recently experienced a resurgence in populations throughout the U.S. and other countries. Consequently, recent research efforts have focused on improving understanding of bed bug physiology and behaviour to improve management. While few studies have investigated the visual capabilities of bed bugs, the present study focused specifically on eye morphology and spectral sensitivity. A 3-D imaging technique was used to document bed bug eye morphology from the first instar through adult and revealed morphological characteristics that differentiate the common bed bug from the tropical bed bug as well as sex-specific differences. Electrophysiological measurements were used to evaluate the spectral sensitivity of adult bed bugs. Male bed bugs were more responsive than females at some wavelengths. Electrophysiological studies provided evidence for at least one photoreceptor with a spectral sensitivity curve peak in the green (λ_max 520 nm) region of the spectrum. The broadened long wavelength portion of the spectral sensitivity curve may potentially indicate another photoreceptor in the yellow-green (λ_max 550 nm) portion of the spectrum or screening pigments. Understanding more about bed bug visual biology is vital for designing traps, which are an important component of integrated bed bug management.

Redescription of Amblyomma integrum adults and immature stages

Amblyomma integrum Karsch, 1879 (Acari: Ixodidae) is one of four Amblyomma Koch, 1844 species with eyes found in southern India and Sri Lanka. The immature stages of this species were poorly described. Therefore, accurate identification is difficult. Here we re-describe the male, female, nymph and larva of A. integrum and illustrate all the stages in greater detail for the first time. A set of diagnostic morphological characters is defined to distinguish this species from other sympatric species of eyed Amblyomma in any parasitic stage of development. Adults of A. integrum parasitize mostly various larger mammals whereas nymphs and larvae use mostly larger and medium mammals. Amblyomma integrum is recorded from India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Orissa and Tamil Nadu States) and throughout Sri Lanka.

Abnormal Development of Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis (Acari: Ixodidae)

A single Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis specimen exhibiting abnormal morphology was collected from a tick laboratory colony. The tick had a heart-shaped body with partial twinning of the posterior region (with two anal orifices and two genital grooves). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of teratological changes in H. qinghaiensis The abnormal morphological features are described herein.

Morphological features of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids: nymphs and adults

Our aim was to reveal morphological features of first-generation Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids (nymphs and adults) obtained under laboratory conditions for further study of natural populations of these species in sympatry foci. In 65 nymphs of three groups I. ricinus (23 specimens), I. persulcatus (21 specimens), and hybrids (21 specimens), 16 parameters were evaluated (length/width of the scutum and capitulum, length of the hypostome, palp, tarsus I, coxa I, sternal setae, and various scutal and alloscutal setae) and discrimination analysis was performed allowing differentiation of hybrid nymphs from original species. General effectiveness of classification of I. ricinus, I. persulcatus, and hybrids was >95 %. Discriminant functions are presented allowing classification of I. persulcatus, I. ricinus, and hybrid nymphs. For description of morphology, 27 adult hybrids (13 males and 14 females) were examined under a stereo microscope at 14-28× (without preparation of permanent mounts). The following morphological distinctions of hybrids from original species were described: posterior marginal groove is not clear (as in I. ricinus) and absence of syncoxa on coxa I (as in I persulcatus). In hybrid males, simultaneous absence of syncoxa on coxa I (as in I. persulcatus) and a long internal spur on coxa I (as in I. ricinus) can be used as a diagnostic feature. Based on the detected characteristics, 10 of 157 ticks collected in Karelia in I. ricinus and I. persulcatus sympatry area were classified as hybrids.

A new genus and species of demodecid mites from the tongue of a house mouse Mus musculus: description of adult and immature stages with data on parasitism

The study of the parasitofauna of the house mouse Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) Linnaeus is particularly important owing to its multiple relationships with humans - as a cosmopolitan, synanthropic rodent, bred for pets, food for other animals or laboratory animal. This article proposes and describes a new genus and species of the parasitic mite based on adult and immature stages from the house mouse. Glossicodex musculi gen. n., sp. n. is a medium-sized demodecid mite (adult stages on average 199 µm in length) found in mouse tissue of the tongue. It is characterized by two large, hooked claws on each tarsus of the legs; the legs are relatively massive, consisting of large, non-overlapping segments. The palps consist of three slender, clearly separated, relatively narrow segments, wherein their coxal segments are also quite narrow and spaced. Also, segments of the palps of larva and nymphs are clearly isolated, and on the terminal segment, trident claws that resemble legs' claws can be found. On the ventral side, in immature stages, triangular scuta, topped with sclerotized spur, can be also observed. Glossicodex musculi was noted in 10.8% of mice with a mean infection intensity of 2.2 parasites per host.

Dictyophara europaea (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Dictyopharidae): description of immatures, biology and host plant associations

The European lantern fly Dictyophara europaea (Linnaeus, 1767), is a polyphagous dictyopharid planthopper of Auchenorrhyncha commonly found throughout the Palaearctic. Despite abundant data on its distribution range and reports on its role in the epidemiology of plant-pathogenic phytoplasmas (Flavescence dorée, FD-C), literature regarding the biology and host plants of this species is scarce. Therefore, the aims of our study were to investigate the seasonal occurrence, host plant associations, oviposition behaviour and immature stages of this widespread planthopper of economic importance. We performed a 3-year field study to observe the spatio-temporal distribution and feeding sources of D. europaea. The insects's reproductive strategy, nymphal molting and behaviour were observed under semi-field cage conditions. Measurement of the nymphal vertex length was used to determine the number of instars, and the combination of these data with body length, number of pronotal rows of sensory pits and body colour pattern enabled the discrimination of each instar. We provide data showing that D. europaea has five instars with one generation per year and that it overwinters in the egg stage. Furthermore, our study confirmed highly polyphagous feeding nature of D. europaea, for all instars and adults, as well as adult horizontal movement during the vegetation growing season to the temporarily preferred feeding plants where they aggregate during dry season. We found D. europaea adult aggregation in late summer on Clematis vitalba L. (Ranunculaceae), a reservoir plant of FD-C phytoplasma strain; however, this appears to be a consequence of forced migration due to drying of herbaceous vegetation rather than to a high preference of C. vitalba as a feeding plant. Detailed oviposition behaviour and a summary of the key discriminatory characteristics of the five instars are provided. Emphasis is placed on the economic importance of D. europaea because of its involvement in epidemiological cycles of phytoplasma-induced plant diseases.

Teratological Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) From Wisconsin

Abnormalities of physiological development (teratological forms) in ticks are rare. The occurrence of gigantism, dwarfism, gynandromorphs, missing legs, extra legs, and asymmetries is most often reported from lab-reared specimens, but has been observed in field-collected specimens. All morphologically anomalous ticks (besides gynandromorphy) described to date are from species other than Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). Here we describe four teratological I. scapularis nymphs collected while dragging vegetation in Wisconsin in 2015, including two asymmetrical ticks, one with a missing leg, and one with an extra leg.

External morphological anomalies in ixodid ticks from Thrace, Turkey

Of 18,667 ticks examined, 33 specimens from species identified as Haemaphysalis parva, Hyalomma marginatum, Hy. scupense, Rhipicephalus bursa and Rh. turanicus were found to have external morphological anomalies. Anomalous Ha. parva, Hy. scupence and Rh. turanicus were reported in this study for the first time. General anomalies manifested as asymmetry and deformations of the idiosoma, whereas local anomalies occurred in legs, exoskeleton, spiracular, adanal, subanal and accessory plates, mouthparts and capitulum. With this study describing a gynandromorphic Hy. marginatum, the number of gynandromorphic tick cases has been raised to two in Turkey.

Traditional and geometric morphometrics supporting the differentiation of two new Retracrus (Phytoptidae) species associated with heliconias

Cryptic diversity has been confirmed for several phytophagous mites in the Eriophyoidea superfamily previously considered as presenting low host specificity. Among generalist eriophyoids is the phytoptid Retracrus johnstoni Keifer, which has been reported in 19 palm species belonging to 11 genera, causing severe damage on some of them. Surprisingly this species was recently reported on another monocot family, Heliconiaceae, infesting Heliconia plants in Costa Rica and Brazil, being the only in the tribe Mackiellini to not be associated with palm trees. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of cryptic species in R. johnstoni and to clarify the taxonomic status of populations associated with heliconias in the Americas. With this purpose traditional and geometric morphometric analyses were conducted as well as a detailed morphological study. Measurable trait data were analysed via univariate and multivariate analyses. Shapes of specimens from different populations were compared via geometric morphometric landmark methods. Morphometric analysis supported occurrence of at least two cryptic species previously identified as R. johsntoni and suggested occurrence of cryptic species among populations associated with different palm trees. Taxonomic descriptions of two new taxa associated with heliconias, namely Retracrus costaricensis n. sp. Ferreira and Navia and Retracrus heliconiae n. sp. Ferreira and Navia are presented. Morphometric traits that can be useful in the taxonomic identification are noted and their value is discussed. Results of the traditional morphometry and geometric methods were compared and the advantages of their joint use for Eriophyoidea systematics are discussed.

The Chewing Lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) Fauna of the Swainson's Warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii (Aves, Parulidae)

We examined Swainson's warblers (Limnothlypis swainsonii (Audubon, 1834), Aves: Parulidae) for lice fauna during 2 yr at three study sites in Arkansas, USA. A total of 66 individuals were examined; eight birds (10.6%) were parasitized with 16 lice of two new species belonging to two genera Myrsidea Waterson, 1915 (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and Brueelia Kéler, 1936 (Ischnocera: Philopteridae). Parasitological parameter data are given on the prevalence of lice on Swainson's warblers. Species descriptions and illustrations are provided for Myrsidea bensoni sp. nov. and Brueelia limnothlypiae sp. nov.; including a key for females of the genus Myrsidea that parasitize Parulidae (Passeriformes).

Ectoparasites of Microtus californicus and Possible Emergence of an Exotic Ixodes Species Tick in California

California voles (Microtus californicus Peale) harbor fleas and ticks, may be infected with vector-borne pathogens, and could themselves suffer from disease and serve as a source of infection for people and other animals. Here we summarize publications, museum archives, and recent records of ticks and fleas from California voles. There have been 18 flea species reported on California voles with geographic locations reported for 13. During recent statewide surveys, we found six flea species, with the highest species richness in Humboldt County. We found three of five previously reported tick species as well as a tick resembling the eastern North American tick Ixodes minor Neumann (which we here designate Ixodes "Mojave morphotype") on isolated Amargosa voles and Owens Valley voles (Microtus californicus vallicola Bailey) in Inyo County in 2012 and 2014. Additional incidental observations of this Mojave morphotype tick were on a western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis Baird) at the Mojave site and a montane vole (Microtus montanus Peale) in the Owens Valley, both in March, 2014. We cannot rule out that this tick species has been present in remote areas of California but gone unrecognized, but these data are consistent with recent introduction of this tick, possibly from migrating birds. Changes in the ectoparasite fauna suggest changing ecologies of vectors and vector-borne pathogens that could influence animals and people as well.

How to stay on mummy's back: Morphological and functional changes of the pretarsus in arachnid postembryonic stages

A specific type of maternal care occurs in several groups of Arachnida: mothers carry their offspring on their back (pulli-carrying behaviour). In scorpions, whip scorpions and whip spiders it is the prenymphal stage that settles on the mother. The prenymph is not yet fully developed for a free life and very limited in its mobility, but its feet are equipped with special adhesive organs (arolia) that become lost at the nymphal stage. Here we study the morphology, ultrastructure and mechanical function of the arolia. In scorpions (Scorpiones) the contact area between arolia and substrate and thus adhesion of the pad is controlled by the antagonistic work of hydrostatic pressure and muscular retraction. Arolia of whip scorpions (Thelyphonida) do not require muscular action for strong attachment. Arrays of long, branching fibres in the mesocuticle lead to high compliancy of the pad. In whip spiders (Amblypygi) the prenymphal pretarsus is already equipped with sclerites and claws. Its arolium is retained in nymphs and adults in some taxa, but acquires a more complex structure. These results contribute to our knowledge on the postembryonic development of arachnids and to the understanding of attachment pad evolution among arthropods. Some of the described developmental, structural, and mechanical phenomena are not known from other animals and might be of potential interest for further biomimetic developments.

A cryptic species of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) complex revealed by genetic divergence and different host plant association

Three cryptic species, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, and Aphis rhamnicola sp. nov., are recognized as sharing buckthorn plant, Rhamnus spp. as primary hosts. These aphid species have morphological similarities; however, there are significant genetic differences between the three cryptic species. Based on the high level of genetic divergence and the different secondary host association, we described a new species, Aphis rhamnicola sp. nov., for apterous and alate vivipara, fundatrix, ovipara, and gynopara, including diagnostic key for the host sharing species in the genus Aphis.