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VanGessel C, Rice B, Felderhoff TJ, Charles JR, Pressoir G, Nalam V, Morris GP. Globally deployed sorghum aphid resistance gene RMES1 is vulnerable to biotype shifts but is bolstered by RMES2. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20452. [PMID: 38654377 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Durable host plant resistance (HPR) to insect pests is critical for sustainable agriculture. Natural variation exists for aphid HPR in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), but the genetic architecture and phenotype have not been clarified and characterized for most sources. In order to assess the current threat of a sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi) biotype shift, we characterized the phenotype of Resistance to Melanaphis sorghi 1 (RMES1) and additional HPR architecture in globally admixed populations selected under severe sorghum aphid infestation in Haiti. We found RMES1 reduces sorghum aphid fecundity but not bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) fecundity, suggesting a discriminant HPR response typical of gene-for-gene interaction. A second resistant gene, Resistance to Melanaphis sorghi 2 (RMES2), was more frequent than RMES1 resistant alleles in landraces and historic breeding lines. RMES2 contributes early and mid-season aphid resistance in a segregating F2 population; however, RMES1 was only significant with mid-season fitness. In a fixed population with high sorghum aphid resistance, RMES1 and RMES2 were selected for demonstrating a lack of severe antagonistic pleiotropy. Associations with resistance colocated with cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis genes support additional HPR sources. Globally, therefore, an HPR source vulnerable to biotype shift via selection pressure (RMES1) is bolstered by a second common source of resistance in breeding programs (RMES2), which may be staving off a biotype shift and is critical for sustainable sorghum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl VanGessel
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian Rice
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jean Rigaud Charles
- CHIBAS and Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Quisqueya University, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Gael Pressoir
- CHIBAS and Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Quisqueya University, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Morris
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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2
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ding T, Chen J. Salivary Protein Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-like from Grain Aphid Sitobion avenae Suppresses Wheat Defense Response and Enhances Aphid Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4579. [PMID: 38731798 PMCID: PMC11083452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphids are insect pests that suck phloem sap and introduce salivary proteins into plant tissues through saliva secretion. The effector of salivary proteins plays a key role in the modulation of host plant defense responses and enhancing aphid host adaptation. Based on previous transcriptome sequencing results, a candidate effector cyclin-dependent kinase-like (CDK) was identified from the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. In this study, the function of SaCDK in wheat defense response and the adaptation of S. avenae was investigated. Our results showed that the transient overexpression of SaCDK in tobacco Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed cell death triggered by mouse pro-apoptotic protein-BAX or Phytophthora infestans PAMP-INF1. SaCDK, delivered into wheat cells through a Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated bacterial type III secretion system, suppressed callose deposition in wheat seedlings, and the overexpression of SaCDK in wheat significantly decreased the expression levels of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling pathway-related genes phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), pathogenesis-related 1 protein (PR1), lipoxygenase (LOX) and Ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD). In addition, aphid bioassay results showed that the survival and fecundity of S. avenae were significantly increased while feeding on the wheat plants carrying SaCDK. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the salivary protein SaCDK is involved in inhibiting host defense response and improving its host adaptation, which lays the foundation to uncover the mechanism of the interaction of cereal aphids and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tianbo Ding
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (Y.S.)
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3
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Zhang ZL, Wang XJ, Lu JB, Lu HB, Ye ZX, Xu ZT, Zhang C, Chen JP, Li JM, Zhang CX, Huang HJ. Cross-kingdom RNA interference mediated by insect salivary microRNAs may suppress plant immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318783121. [PMID: 38588412 PMCID: PMC11032475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318783121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Communication between insects and plants relies on the exchange of bioactive molecules that traverse the species interface. Although proteinic effectors have been extensively studied, our knowledge of other molecules involved in this process remains limited. In this study, we investigate the role of salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) from the rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens in suppressing plant immunity. A total of three miRNAs were confirmed to be secreted into host plants during insect feeding. Notably, the sequence-conserved miR-7-5P is specifically expressed in the salivary glands of N. lugens and is secreted into saliva, distinguishing it significantly from homologues found in other insects. Silencing miR-7-5P negatively affects N. lugens feeding on rice plants, but not on artificial diets. The impaired feeding performance of miR-7-5P-silenced insects can be rescued by transgenic plants overexpressing miR-7-5P. Through target prediction and experimental testing, we demonstrate that miR-7-5P targets multiple plant genes, including the immune-associated bZIP transcription factor 43 (OsbZIP43). Infestation of rice plants by miR-7-5P-silenced insects leads to the increased expression of OsbZIP43, while the presence of miR-7-5P counteracts this upregulation effect. Furthermore, overexpressing OsbZIP43 confers plant resistance against insects which can be subverted by miR-7-5P. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which herbivorous insects have evolved salivary miRNAs to suppress plant immunity, expanding our understanding of cross-kingdom RNA interference between interacting organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Zhong-Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
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Yu B, Geng M, Xue Y, Yu Q, Lu B, Liu M, Shao Y, Li C, Xu J, Li J, Hu W, Tang H, Li P, Liu Q, Jing S. Combined miRNA and mRNA sequencing reveals the defensive strategies of resistant YHY15 rice against differentially virulent brown planthoppers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1366515. [PMID: 38562566 PMCID: PMC10982320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1366515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The brown planthopper (BPH) poses a significant threat to rice production in Asia. The use of resistant rice varieties has been effective in managing this pest. However, the adaptability of BPH to resistant rice varieties has led to the emergence of virulent populations, such as biotype Y BPH. YHY15 rice, which carries the BPH resistance gene Bph15, exhibits notable resistance to biotype 1 BPH but is susceptible to biotype Y BPH. Limited information exists regarding how resistant rice plants defend against BPH populations with varying levels of virulence. Methods In this study, we integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling analyses to study the differential responses of YHY15 rice to both avirulent (biotype 1) and virulent (biotype Y) BPH. Results YHY15 rice demonstrated a rapid response to biotype Y BPH infestation, with significant transcriptional changes occurring within 6 hours. The biotype Y-responsive genes were notably enriched in photosynthetic processes. Accordingly, biotype Y BPH infestation induced more intense transcriptional responses, affecting miRNA expression, defenserelated metabolic pathways, phytohormone signaling, and multiple transcription factors. Additionally, callose deposition was enhanced in biotype Y BPH-infested rice seedlings. Discussion These findings provide comprehensive insights into the defense mechanisms of resistant rice plants against virulent BPH, and may potentially guide the development of insect-resistant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Mengjia Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yu Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Bojie Lu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yuhan Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jingang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jintao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengmin Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shengli Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Fu Y, Liu X, Francis F, Fan J, Liu H, Wang Q, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Chen J. SmCSP4 from aphid saliva stimulates salicylic acid-mediated defence responses in wheat by interacting with transcription factor TaWKRY76. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2389-2407. [PMID: 37540474 PMCID: PMC10579719 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphid salivary proteins are critical in modulating plant defence responses. Grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi is an important wheat pest worldwide. However, the molecular basis for the regulation of the plant resistance to cereal aphids remains largely unknown. Here, we show that SmCSP4, a chemosensory protein from S. miscanthi saliva, is secreted into wheat plants during aphid feeding. Delivery of SmCSP4 into wheat leaves activates salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defence responses and subsequently reduces aphid performance by deterring aphid feeding behaviour. In contrast, silencing SmCSP4 gene via nanocarrier-mediated RNAi significantly decreases the ability of aphids to activate SA defence pathway. Protein-protein interaction assays showed that SmCSP4 directly interacts with wheat transcriptional factor TaWRKY76 in plant nucleus. Furthermore, TaWRKY76 directly binds to the promoter of SA degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6) and regulates its gene expression as transcriptional activator. SmCSP4 secreted by aphids reduces the transcriptional activation activity of TaWRKY76 on DMR6 gene expression, which is proposed to result in increases of SA accumulation and enhanced plant immunity. This study demonstrated that SmCSP4 acts as salivary elicitor that is involved in activating SA signalling defence pathway of wheat by interacting with TaWRKY76, which provide novel insights into aphid-cereal crops interactions and the molecular mechanism on induced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu Fu
- PHIM Plant Health InstituteUniv Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Jia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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6
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Li Y, Cai L, Ding T, Tian E, Yan X, Wang X, Zhang J, Yu K, Chen Z. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Basis of Brassica napus in Response to Aphid Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2855. [PMID: 37571009 PMCID: PMC10421284 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed is a globally important economic crop that can be severely impacted by aphids. However, our understanding of rapeseed resistance to aphid stress is very limited. In this study, we analyzed the resistance characteristics of the low aphid-susceptible variety APL01 and the highly aphid-susceptible variety Holly in response to aphid stress. APL01 had a more significant inhibitory effect on aphid proliferation compared with Holly during the early stage of inoculation, whereas Holly showed stronger tolerance to aphid stress compared with APL01 during the later stage of inoculation. Through transcriptome, physiological, and gene expression analyses, it was revealed that chitinase activity, catalase activity, calcium signal transduction, and activation of systemic acquired resistance might be involved in aphid resistance in B. napus. The degree of inhibition of photosynthesis in plants under aphid stress directly determines the tolerance of B. napus to aphid stress. Furthermore, four promising candidate genes were screened from eight genes related to rapeseed response to biotic stress through RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression levels. These research findings represent an important step forward in understanding the resistance of rapeseed to aphid stress and provide a solid foundation for the cloning of genes responsible for this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (L.C.); (T.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Lei Cai
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (L.C.); (T.D.); (E.T.)
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemical, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ting Ding
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (L.C.); (T.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Entang Tian
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (L.C.); (T.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Kunjiang Yu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (L.C.); (T.D.); (E.T.)
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemical, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guangxi Tianyuan Biochemical Co., Ltd., Nanning 530009, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemical, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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7
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Wei Z, Guo W, Jiang S, Yan D, Shi Y, Wu B, Xin X, Chen L, Cai Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Huang H, Li J, Yan F, Zhang C, Hou W, Chen J, Sun Z. Transcriptional profiling reveals a critical role of GmFT2a in soybean staygreen syndrome caused by the pest Riptortus pedestris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1876-1890. [PMID: 36404128 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean staygreen syndrome, characterized by delayed leaf and stem senescence, abnormal pods, and aborted seeds, has recently become a serious and prominent problem in soybean production. Although the pest Riptortus pedestris has received increasing attention as the possible cause of staygreen syndrome, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we clarify that direct feeding by R. pedestris, not transmission of a pathogen by this pest, is the primary cause of typical soybean staygreen syndrome and that critical feeding damage occurs at the early pod stage. Transcriptome profiling of soybean indicated that many signal transduction pathways, including photoperiod, hormone, defense response, and photosynthesis, respond to R. pedestris infestation. Importantly, we discovered that members of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene family were suppressed by R. pedestris infestation, and overexpression of floral inducer GmFT2a attenuates staygreen symptoms by mediating soybean defense response and photosynthesis. Together, our findings systematically illustrate the association between pest infestation and soybean staygreen syndrome and provide the basis for establishing a targeted soybean pest prevention and control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Information and Computational Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dankan Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiangqi Xin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haijian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Francis F, Xie H, Fan J, Wang Q, Liu H, Sun Y, Chen J. The salivary effector protein Sg2204 in the greenbug Schizaphis graminum suppresses wheat defence and is essential for enabling aphid feeding on host plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2187-2201. [PMID: 35984895 PMCID: PMC9616526 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphids secrete diverse repertoires of salivary effectors into host plant cells to promote infestation by modulating plant defence. The greenbug Schizaphis graminum is an important cereal aphid worldwide. However, the secreted effectors of S. graminum are still uncharacterized. Here, 76 salivary proteins were identified from the watery saliva of S. graminum using transcriptome and proteome analyses. Among them, a putative salivary effector Sg2204 was significantly up-regulated during aphid feeding stages, and transient overexpression of Sg2204 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited cell death induced by BAX or INF1. Delivering Sg2204 into wheat via the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas fluorescens EtAnH suppressed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated callose deposition. The transcript levels of jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-associated defence genes of wheat were significantly down-regulated, and the contents of both JA and SA were also significantly decreased after delivery of Sg2204 into wheat leaves. Additionally, feeding on wheat expressing Sg2204 significantly increased the weight and fecundity of S. graminum and promoted aphid phloem feeding. Sg2204 was efficiently silenced via spray-based application of the nanocarrier-mediated transdermal dsRNA delivery system. Moreover, Sg2204-silenced aphids induced a stronger wheat defence response and resulted in negative impacts on aphid feeding behaviour, survival and fecundity. Silencing of Sg2204 homologues from four aphid species using nanocarrier-delivered dsRNA also significantly reduced aphid performance on host plants. Thus, our study characterized the salivary effector Sg2204 of S. graminum involved in promoting host susceptibility by suppressing wheat defence, which can also be regarded as a promising RNAi target for aphid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Haicui Xie
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdao CityChina
| | - Jia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of EntomologyCollege of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyHebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdao CityChina
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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9
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He H, Crabbe MJC, Ren Z. Detoxification Gene Families at the Genome-Wide Level of Rhus Gall Aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1627. [PMID: 36140795 PMCID: PMC9498883 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rhus gall aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis uses the species Rhus chinensis as its primary host plant, on which galls are produced. The galls have medicinal properties and can be used in various situations due to their high tannin content. Detoxification enzymes play significant roles in the insect lifecycle. In this study, we focused on five detoxification gene families, i.e., glutathione-S-transferase (GST), ABC transporter (ABC), Carboxylesterase (CCE), cyto-chrome P450 (CYP), and UDP-glycosyltransferase (UDP), and manually annotated 144 detoxification genes of S. chinensis using genome-wide techniques. The detoxification genes appeared mostly on chromosome 1, where a total of two pair genes were identified to show tandem duplications. There were 38 gene pairs between genomes of S. chinensis and Acyrthosiphon pisum in the detoxification gene families by collinear comparison. Ka/Ks ratios showed that detoxification genes of S. chinensis were mainly affected by purification selection during evolution. The gene expression numbers of P450s and ABCs by transcriptome sequencing data were greater, while gene expression of CCEs was the highest, suggesting they might be important in the detoxification process. Our study has firstly identified the genes of the different detoxification gene families in the S. chinensis genome, and then analyzed their general features and expression, demonstrating the importance of the detoxification genes in the aphid and providing new information for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli He
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - M. James C. Crabbe
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Wolfson College, Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6UD, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science & Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Zhumei Ren
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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10
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Silva-Sanzana C, Zavala D, Moraga F, Herrera-Vásquez A, Blanco-Herrera F. Oligogalacturonides Enhance Resistance against Aphids through Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Activation of Salicylic Acid Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179753. [PMID: 36077150 PMCID: PMC9456349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable capacity of the generalist aphid Myzus persicae to resist most classes of pesticides, along with the environmental and human health risks associated with these agrochemicals, has necessitated the development of safer and greener solutions to control this agricultural pest. Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are pectin-derived molecules that can be isolated from fruit industry waste. OGs have been shown to efficiently stimulate plant defenses against pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. However, whether OGs confer resistance against phytophagous insects such as aphids remains unknown. Here, we treated Arabidopsis plants with OGs and recorded their effects on the feeding performance and population of M. persicae aphids. We also identified the defense mechanism triggered by OGs in plants through the analysis of gene expression and histological approaches. We found that OG treatments increased their resistance to M. persicae infestation by reducing the offspring number and feeding performance. Furthermore, this enhanced resistance was related to a substantial accumulation of callose and reactive oxygen species and activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Moraga
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative Program (ANID), Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 8370186, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-26618319
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11
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Bazinet Q, Tang L, Bede JC. Impact of Future Elevated Carbon Dioxide on C 3 Plant Resistance to Biotic Stresses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:527-539. [PMID: 34889654 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-21-0189-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Before the end of the century, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are predicted to increase to approximately 900 ppm. This will dramatically affect plant physiology and influence environmental interactions and, in particular, plant resistance to biotic stresses. This review is a broad survey of the current research on the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on phytohormone-mediated resistance of C3 agricultural crops and related model species to pathogens and insect herbivores. In general, while plants grown in eCO2 often have increased constitutive and induced salicylic acid levels and suppressed induced jasmonate levels, there are exceptions that implicate other environmental factors, such as light and nitrogen fertilization in modulating these responses. Therefore, this review sets the stage for future studies to delve into understanding the mechanistic basis behind how eCO2 will affect plant defensive phytohormone signaling pathways under future predicted environmental conditions that could threaten global food security to inform the best agricultural management practices.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Bazinet
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lawrence Tang
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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12
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Fu Y, Crespo-Herrera L, Liu H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Chen J. Salivary Effector Sm9723 of Grain Aphid Sitobion miscanthi Suppresses Plant Defense and Is Essential for Aphid Survival on Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6909. [PMID: 35805913 PMCID: PMC9266898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphid salivary effectors play important roles in modulating plant defense responses. The grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi is one of the most economically important cereal aphids worldwide. However, little information is available on the identification and functional analysis of salivary effectors of S. miscanthi. In this study, a candidate salivary effector Sm9723 was identified, which was specifically expressed in aphid salivary glands and highly induced during the aphid feeding phase. Transient overexpression of Sm9723 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed BAX and INF1-induced cell death. Further, Sm9723 overexpression inhibited N. benthamiana defense responses by reducing pattern-triggered immunity associated callose deposition and expression levels of jasmonic and salicylic acid-associated defense genes. In addition, the salivary effector Sm9723 of S. miscanthi was effectively silenced through nanocarrier-mediated dsRNA delivery system. After silencing Sm9723, fecundity and survival of S. miscanthi decreased significantly, and the aphid feeding behavior was also negatively affected. These results suggest salivary effector Sm9723 is involved in suppressing plant immunity and is essential in enabling aphid virulence, which could be applied as potential target gene for RNAi-mediated pest control of S. miscanthi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaobei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.F.); (H.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.)
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13
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Wu Q, Zhang X, Weng X, Gao L, Chang X, Wang X, Lu Z. Identification and Characterization of Resistance of Three Aphid Species on Contrasting Alfalfa Cultivars. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060530. [PMID: 35735867 PMCID: PMC9225031 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aphis craccivora Koch (cowpea aphid, CPA), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid, PA) and Therioaphis trifolii Buckton (spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA) are the three species of devastating pests on alfalfa in China. A study was conducted in the laboratory for identification and characterization of resistance to these three aphids among 16 of the main alfalfa cultivars planted in China. Resistance was indicated by antibiosis, antixenosis, and measuring feeding behavior using EPG (electrical penetration graph). The results indicated that different alfalfa cultivars have significantly different resistance levels to a particular species of aphid, and the same alfalfa variety also has different resistance to the three aphid species. Specifically, we evaluated the resistance of different alfalfa cultivars to CPA, which can help us for further study on the defense mechanism against CPA and for better management of this pest. Abstract Aphids on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) including Aphis craccivora Koch (cowpea aphid, CPA), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid, PA) and Therioaphis trifolii Buckton (spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA) cause significant yield losses worldwide. In this experiment, the development of these three species of aphids on 16 alfalfa cultivars was compared. The results showed that the plant cultivar had a significant influence on the development of aphids as there are significant differences in the body weight of aphids reared on different alfalfa cultivars. In addition, antibiosis between the alfalfa cultivars Pegasis and Gannong NO.9 and the three species of aphids was evaluated by measuring aphid body weight and fecundity. Antixenosis was measured using choice tests, and feeding behavior was quantified using electrical penetration graphs (EPG). The Pegasis cultivar was observed to have both antibiosis and antixenosis effects with CPA, but was susceptible to PA and SAA compared with the Gannong NO.9 cultivar. CPA had less mean body weight, less fecundity, and shorter feeding time on the Pegasis cultivar, and preferred to settle on Gannong NO.9 cultivar. In contrast, Gannong NO.9 exhibits antibiosis and antixenosis to PA and SAA compared with Pegasis, as shown by lower body weight, lower fecundity and chose to settle less often, but EPG data showed that PA and SAA showed no different significance in feeding behavior between Pegasis and Gannong NO.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xianghao Weng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Lingling Gao
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia;
| | - Xuefei Chang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhaozhi Lu
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-991-788-5408
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14
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Twayana M, Girija AM, Mohan V, Shah J. Phloem: At the center of action in plant defense against aphids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153695. [PMID: 35468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The location of the phloem deep inside the plant, the high hydrostatic pressure in the phloem, and the composition of phloem sap, which is rich in sugar with a high C:N ratio, allows phloem sap feeding insects to occupy a unique ecological niche. The anatomy and physiology of aphids, a large group of phytophagous insects that use their mouthparts, which are modified into stylets, to consume large amounts of phloem sap, has allowed aphids to successfully exploit this niche, however, to the detriment of agriculture and horticulture. The ability to reproduce asexually, a short generation time, the development of resistance to commonly used insecticides, and their ability to vector viral diseases makes aphids among the most damaging pests of plants. Here we review how plants utilize their ability to occlude sieve elements and accumulate antibiotic and antinutritive factors in the phloem sap to limit aphid infestation. In addition, we summarize progress on understanding how plants perceive aphids to activate defenses in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Twayana
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Anil M Girija
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
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15
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Ray S, Casteel CL. Effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1514-1531. [PMID: 35277714 PMCID: PMC9048964 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors, which are primarily viral. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in broadening our understanding of plant-virus-vector interactions, yet on the molecular level, viruses and vectors have typically been studied in isolation of each other until recently. From that work, it is clear that both hemipteran vectors and viruses use effectors to manipulate host physiology and successfully colonize a plant and that co-evolutionary dynamics have resulted in effective host immune responses, as well as diverse mechanisms of counterattack by both challengers. In this review, we focus on advances in effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions and the underlying mechanisms. We propose that molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur in cases where both the virus and vector benefit from the interaction (mutualism). To support this view, we show that mutualisms are common in virus-vector interactions and that virus and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways. Finally, we outline ways to identify true effector synergisms in the future and propose future research directions concerning the roles effectors play in plant-virus-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayamjit Ray
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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16
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Lin R, Yang M, Yao B. The phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of detoxification gene families in Aphidinae species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263462. [PMID: 35143545 PMCID: PMC8830634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification enzymes play significant roles in the interactions between insects and host plants, wherein detoxification-related genes make great contributions. As herbivorous pests, aphids reproduce rapidly due to parthenogenesis. They are good biological materials for studying the mechanisms that allow insect adaptation to host plants. Insect detoxification gene families are associated with insect adaptation to host plants. The Aphidinae is the largest subfamily in the Aphididae with at least 2483 species in 256 genera in 2 tribes: the Macrosiphini (with 3/4 of the species) and the Aphidini. Most aphid pests on crops and ornamental plants are Aphidinae. Members of the Aphidinae occur in nearly every region of the world. The body shape and colour vary significantly. To research the role that detoxification gene families played in the process of aphid adaptation to host evolution, we analyzed the phylogeny and evolution of these detoxification gene families in Aphidinae. In general, the P450/GST/CCE gene families contract, whereas the ABC/UGT families are conserved in Aphidinae species compared to these families in other herbivorous insects. Genus-specific expansions of P450 CYP4, and GST Delta have occurred in the genus Acyrthosiphon. In addition, the evolutionary rates of five detoxification gene families in the evolution process of Aphidinae are different. The comparison of five detoxification gene families among nine Aphidinae species and the estimated relative evolutionary rates provided herein support an understanding of the interaction between and the co-evolution of Aphidinae and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Lin
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (BY)
| | - Mengquan Yang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bowen Yao
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (BY)
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17
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Kmieć K, Kot I, Rubinowska K, Górska-Drabik E, Golan K, Sytykiewicz H. The Variation of Selected Physiological Parameters in Elm Leaves (Ulmus glabra Huds.) Infested by Gall Inducing Aphids. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030244. [PMID: 35161224 PMCID: PMC8839363 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three aphid species, Eriosoma ulmi (L.), Colopha compressa (Koch) and Tetraneura ulmi (L.) induce distinct gall morphotypes on Ulmus glabra Huds.; opened and closed galls. Because the trophic relationship of aphids and their galls shows that throughout the gall formation aphids can elicit multiple physiological regulations, we evaluated the changes of hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2), cytoplasmic membrane condition, expressed as electrolyte leakage (EL) and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as, the activity of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in gall tissues, as well as, in damaged and undamaged parts of galled leaves. All aphid species increased EL from gall tissues and significantly upregulated APX activity in galls and galled leaves. Alterations in H2O2 and TBARS concentrations, as well as GPX and CAT activities, were aphid- and tissue-dependent. The development of pseudo- and closed galls on elm leaves did not have a clear effect on the direction and intensity of the host plant’s physiological response. The different modes of changes in H2O2, TBARS, CAT and GPX were found in true galls of C. compressa and T. ulmi. Generally, physiological alterations in new plant tissues were quite different compared to other tissues and could be considered beneficial to galling aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kmieć
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.G.-D.); (K.G.)
| | - Izabela Kot
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.G.-D.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Rubinowska
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Edyta Górska-Drabik
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.G.-D.); (K.G.)
| | - Katarzyna Golan
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.G.-D.); (K.G.)
| | - Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
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18
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The Diversity of Bacteria Associated with the Invasive Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Its Galls and a Specialist Parasitoid on Chestnuts. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010086. [PMID: 35055929 PMCID: PMC8778799 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The insect Dryocosmus kuriphilus induces galls on chestnut trees. Torymus sinensis is a host-specific parasitoid of D. kuriphilus and phenologically synchronizes with D. kuriphilus. The aim of this research is to investigate the bacterial communities and predominant bacteria of D. kuriphilus, T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and the galled twigs of Castanea mollissima. We provide the first evidence that D. kuriphilus shares most bacterial species with T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and galled twigs. The predominant bacteria of D. kuriphilus are Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Many species of the Serratia and Pseudomonas genera are plant pathogenic bacteria, and we suggest that D. kuriphilus may be a potential vector of plant pathogens. Furthermore, a total of 111 bacteria are common to D. kuriphilus adults, T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and galled twigs, and we suggest that the bacteria may transmit horizontally among D. kuriphilus, T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and galled twigs on the basis of their ecological associations. Abstract Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) induces galls on chestnut trees, which results in massive yield losses worldwide. Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) is a host-specific parasitoid that phenologically synchronizes with D. kuriphilus. Bacteria play important roles in the life cycle of galling insects. The aim of this research is to investigate the bacterial communities and predominant bacteria of D. kuriphilus, T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and the galled twigs of Castanea mollissima. We sequenced the V5–V7 region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA in D. kuriphilus, T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and galled twigs using high-throughput sequencing for the first time. We provide the first evidence that D. kuriphilus shares most bacterial species with T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and galled twigs. The predominant bacteria of D. kuriphilus are Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Furthermore, the bacterial community structures of D. kuriphilus and T. sinensis clearly differ from those of the other groups. Many species of the Serratia and Pseudomonas genera are plant pathogenic bacteria, and we suggest that D. kuriphilus may be a potential vector of plant pathogens. Furthermore, a total of 111 bacteria are common to D. kuriphilus adults, T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and galled twigs, and we suggest that the bacteria may transmit horizontally among D. kuriphilus, T. sinensis, D. kuriphilus galls and galled twigs on the basis of their ecological associations.
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19
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Enders L, Begcy K. Unconventional routes to developing insect-resistant crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1439-1453. [PMID: 34217871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over widespread use of insecticides and heightened insect pest virulence under climate change continue to fuel the need for environmentally safe and sustainable control strategies. However, to develop such strategies, a better understanding of the molecular basis of plant-pest interactions is still needed. Despite decades of research investigating plant-insect interactions, few examples exist where underlying molecular mechanisms are well characterized, and even rarer are cases where this knowledge has been successfully applied to manage harmful agricultural pests. Consequently, the field appears to be static, urgently needing shifts in approaches to identify novel mechanisms by which insects colonize plants and plants avoid insect pressure. In this perspective, we outline necessary steps for advancing holistic methodologies that capture complex plant-insect molecular interactions. We highlight novel and underexploited approaches in plant-insect interaction research as essential routes to translate knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms into durable pest control strategies, including embracing microbial partnerships, identifying what makes a plant an unsuitable host, capitalizing on tolerance of insect damage, and learning from cases where crop domestication and agronomic practices enhance pest virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laramy Enders
- Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Kevin Begcy
- University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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20
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de Sousa Almeida AC, de Jesus FG, M Heng-Moss T, Lanna AC, Barrigossi JA. Evidence for rice tolerance to Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4181-4191. [PMID: 33942977 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rice stalk stink bug Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most important rice pests in Brazil. The search for cultivars that tolerate insect injury is necessary to complement other less aggressive methods of pest suppression. The combination of integrated pest management tactics will reduce insecticide applications and improve the safety of food production. Here, we tested the tolerance response of Xingu, Canela de Ferro and Primavera rice genotypes in glasshouse experiments. In addition, we measured tolerance expressed in a variety of physiological responses, including gas exchange rates, leaf chlorophyll content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. RESULTS The results showed that the tolerance of the Primavera genotype to rice stalk stink bug damage was higher, due to (a) a lower reduction of photosynthetic activity, (41% reduction only 96 h after infestation) compared to Xingu and Canela de Ferro (56 and 65% reduction at 24 and 48 h after infestation, respectively); (b) the capacity to maintain the chlorophyll content after infestation, while Xingu and Canela de Ferro reduced their chlorophyll content to 20% and 25% at 72 and 48 h after infestation, respectively; (c) the antioxidative defense system being activated in the first 12 h after infestation, in which superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed an increase of 61% in its activity, and (d) the maintenance of its grain yield, number of panicles per plant, number of filled grains, and spikelets sterility. CONCLUSION Rice genotypes tolerant to herbivory can be identified by measuring the effect of injury and the plant's physiological response by evaluating attributes such as grain yield and its components, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and ROS detoxification. Therefore, the use of rice genotypes tolerant to stalk stink bugs as a component of integrated pest management has the potential to reduce upland rice yield loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna C Lanna
- Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Brazil
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21
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Tilmon KJ, Michel A, O'Neal ME. Aphid resistance is the future for soybean production, and has been since 2004: efforts towards a wider use of host plant resistance in soybean. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 45:53-58. [PMID: 33545434 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) is an important pest of soybeans in the Midwestern US. The first aphid resistance genes were identified in the early 21st century and resistant varieties have been commercially available for 10 years, but have been very underutilized. Major seed companies have avoided commercializing aphid resistant soybean varieties for conventional farmers (i.e., not organic), in part because of the discovery of virulent biotypes in North America. The emergence of soybean aphid populations resistant to insecticides creates a greater incentive for the use of host plant resistance. New research on aphid genetics and markers, plant gene expression and in-plant refuges, suggest important avenues for insect resistance management (IRM) which may encourage more widescale commercialization of this valuable pest management tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley J Tilmon
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Andy Michel
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, USA; The Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, USA
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22
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Ye J, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wu X, Fang R. Plant Defense Networks against Insect-Borne Pathogens. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:272-287. [PMID: 33277186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection with insect-borne microbial pathogens, plants are exposed to two types of damage simultaneously. Over the past decade, numerous molecular studies have been conducted to understand how plants respond to pathogens or herbivores. However, investigations of host responses typically focus on a single stress and are performed under static laboratory conditions. In this review, we highlight research that sheds light on how plants deploy broad-spectrum mechanisms against both vector-borne pathogens and insect vectors. Among the host genes involved in multistress resistance, many are involved in innate immunity and phytohormone signaling (especially jasmonate and salicylic acid). The potential for genome editing or chemical modulators to fine-tune crop defensive signaling, to develop sustainable methods to control insect-borne diseases, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Qu Y, Ullah F, Luo C, Monticelli LS, Lavoir AV, Gao X, Song D, Desneux N. Sublethal effects of beta-cypermethrin modulate interspecific interactions between specialist and generalist aphid species on soybean. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111302. [PMID: 33080437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In agroecosystems, plant-pest interactions are at the basis of complex food webs, which can be affected by both biotic and abiotic factors. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of the insecticide beta-cypermethrin on interspecific interactions between the specialist aphid Aphis glycines and the generalist aphid Aulacorthum solani on soybean. Aphis glycines showed higher fecundity than A. solani on soybean and the aphids caused unbalanced reduction in population growth on each other. A sublethal concentration of beta-cypermethrin (LC5 for A. glycines) stimulated the reproduction of A. glycines but it did not impact the fecundity of A. solani. However, the LC5 of beta-cypermethrin enhanced the interspecific inhibition of fecundity between the two aphid species. Moreover, the two species showed different spatial distribution on soybean seedlings. Aphis glycines mainly aggregated on the stem of soybean plant while A. solani colonized soybean leaves. The LC5 of beta-cypermethrin drove A. solani migrating from soybean leaves to stems independently of interspecific competition. Aphis glycines facilitated A. solani colonization on soybean plant through impacting host susceptibility, and vice versa. Nevertheless, such facilitated colonization-induced susceptibility could be modulated through exposure to the LC5 of beta-cypermethrin. These findings hinted that the pyrethroid insecticide beta-cypermethrin has the potential to mediate the interspecific competition between specialist and generalist aphids (at the sublethal concentration of LC5), and that it could influence aphid population growth and community structure in soybean crops. This knowledge could contribute to rationalize application of insecticides and to optimize Integrated Pest Management in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qu
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000, Nice, France.
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | | | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dunlun Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000, Nice, France
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Yates-Stewart AD, Pekarcik A, Michel A, Blakeslee JJ. Jasmonic Acid-Isoleucine (JA-Ile) Is Involved in the Host-Plant Resistance Mechanism Against the Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2972-2978. [PMID: 33033836 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Host-plant resistance (HPR) is an important tool for pest management, affording both economic and environmental benefits. The mechanisms of aphid resistance in soybean are not well understood, but likely involve the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, and possibly other phytohormone signals involved in plant defense responses. Despite the efficacy of aphid resistance in soybean, virulent aphids have overcome this resistance through mostly unknown mechanisms. Here, we have used metabolomic tools to define the role of plant phytohormones, especially the JA pathway, in regulating interactions between aphid-resistant soybean and virulent aphids. We hypothesized that virulent aphids avoid or suppress the JA pathway to overcome aphid resistance. Our results suggested that aphid-resistant soybean increased accumulation of JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) only when infested with avirulent aphids; virulent aphids did not cause induction of JA-Ile. Further, applying JA-Ile to aphid-resistant soybean reduced subsequent virulent aphid populations. The concentrations of other phytohormones remained unchanged due to aphid feeding, highlighting the importance of JA-Ile in this interaction. These results increase our knowledge of soybean resistance mechanisms against soybean aphids and contribute to our understanding of aphid virulence mechanisms, which will in turn promote the durability of HPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Yates-Stewart
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
| | - Adrian Pekarcik
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
| | - Andy Michel
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
| | - Joshua J Blakeslee
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Metabolites from Plants and Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
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25
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Tolmay VL, Sydenham SL, Sikhakhane TN, Nhlapho BN, Tsilo TJ. Elusive Diagnostic Markers for Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Bread Wheat: Deliberating and Reviewing the Status Quo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218271. [PMID: 33158282 PMCID: PMC7663459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is a severe pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., throughout the world. Resistant cultivars are viewed as the most economical and environmentally viable control available. Studies to identify molecular markers to facilitate resistance breeding started in the 1990s, and still continue. This paper reviews and discusses the literature pertaining to the D. noxia R-genes on chromosome 7D, and markers reported to be associated with them. Individual plants with known phenotypes from a panel of South African wheat accessions are used as examples. Despite significant inputs from various research groups over many years, diagnostic markers for resistance to D. noxia remain elusive. Factors that may have impeded critical investigation, thus blurring the accumulation of a coherent body of information applicable to Dn resistance, are discussed. This review calls for a more fastidious approach to the interpretation of results, especially considering the growing evidence pointing to the complex regulation of aphid resistance response pathways in plants. Appropriate reflection on prior studies, together with emerging knowledge regarding the complexity and specificity of the D. noxia–wheat resistance interaction, should enable scientists to address the challenges of protecting wheat against this pest in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L. Tolmay
- Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa; (S.L.S.); (T.N.S.); (B.N.N.); (T.J.T.)
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Scott L. Sydenham
- Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa; (S.L.S.); (T.N.S.); (B.N.N.); (T.J.T.)
| | - Thandeka N. Sikhakhane
- Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa; (S.L.S.); (T.N.S.); (B.N.N.); (T.J.T.)
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Bongiwe N. Nhlapho
- Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa; (S.L.S.); (T.N.S.); (B.N.N.); (T.J.T.)
| | - Toi J. Tsilo
- Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa; (S.L.S.); (T.N.S.); (B.N.N.); (T.J.T.)
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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26
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Pandharikar G, Gatti JL, Simon JC, Frendo P, Poirié M. Aphid infestation differently affects the defences of nitrate-fed and nitrogen-fixing Medicago truncatula and alters symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201493. [PMID: 32873201 PMCID: PMC7542793 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes can meet their nitrogen requirements through root nodule symbiosis, which could also trigger plant systemic resistance against pests. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, a legume pest, can harbour different facultative symbionts (FS) influencing various traits of their hosts. It is therefore worth determining if and how the symbionts of the plant and the aphid modulate their interaction. We used different pea aphid lines without FS or with a single one (Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica) to infest Medicago truncatula plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti (symbiotic nitrogen fixation, SNF) or supplemented with nitrate (non-inoculated, NI). The growth of SNF and NI plants was reduced by aphid infestation, while aphid weight (but not survival) was lowered on SNF compared to NI plants. Aphids strongly affected the plant nitrogen fixation depending on their symbiotic status, suggesting indirect relationships between aphid- and plant-associated microbes. Finally, all aphid lines triggered expression of Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1 (PR1) and Proteinase Inhibitor (PI), respective markers for salicylic and jasmonic pathways, in SNF plants, compared to only PR1 in NI plants. We demonstrate that the plant symbiotic status influences plant-aphid interactions while that of the aphid can modulate the amplitude of the plant's defence response.
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27
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Yates-Stewart AD, Daron J, Wijeratne S, Shahid S, Edgington HA, Slotkin RK, Michel A. Soybean aphids adapted to host-plant resistance by down regulating putative effectors and up regulating transposable elements. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 121:103363. [PMID: 32201218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural systems, crops equipped with host-plant resistance (HPR) have enhanced protection against pests, and are used as a safe and sustainable tool in pest management. In soybean, HPR can control the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines), but certain aphid populations have overcome this resistance (i.e., virulence). The molecular mechanisms underlying aphid virulence to HPR are unknown, but likely involve effector proteins that are secreted by aphids to modulate plant defenses. Another mechanism to facilitate adaptation is through the activity of transposable elements, which can become activated by stress. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing of virulent and avirulent soybean aphids fed susceptible or resistant (Rag1 + Rag2) soybean. Our goal was to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying soybean aphid virulence. Our data showed that virulent aphids mostly down regulate putative effector genes relative to avirulent aphids, especially when aphids were fed susceptible soybean. Decreased expression of effectors may help evade HPR plant defenses. Virulent aphids also transcriptionally up regulate a diverse set of transposable elements and nearby genes, which is consistent with stress adaptation. Our work demonstrates two mechanisms of pest adaptation to resistance, and identifies effector gene targets for future functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josquin Daron
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Saranga Wijeratne
- The Ohio State University, Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, OARDC, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Saima Shahid
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St, Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hilary A Edgington
- The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - R Keith Slotkin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St, Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andy Michel
- The Ohio State University, Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Wooster, OH, USA; The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, CFAES Wooster Campus, Wooster, OH, USA.
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28
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Rojas LA, Scully E, Enders L, Timm A, Sinha D, Smith CM. Comparative transcriptomics of Diuraphis noxia and Schizaphis graminum fed wheat plants containing different aphid-resistance genes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233077. [PMID: 32442185 PMCID: PMC7313535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular bases of aphid virulence to aphid crop plant resistance genes are
poorly understood. The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia,
(Kurdjumov), and the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani),
are global pest of cereal crops. Each species damages barley, oat, rye and
wheat, but S. graminum includes fescue, maize,
rice and sorghum in its host range. This study was conducted to compare and
contrast the transcriptomes of S. graminum
biotype I and D. noxia biotype 1 when each
ingested phloem from leaves of varieties of bread wheat, Triticum
aestivum L., containing no aphid resistance (Dn0),
resistance to D. noxia biotype 1
(Dn4), or resistance to both D.
noxia biotype 1 and S.
graminum biotype I (Dn7, wheat genotype
94M370). Gene ontology enrichments, k-means analysis and KEGG pathway analysis
indicated that 94M370 plants containing the Dn7 D.
noxia resistance gene from rye had stronger effects on the
global transcriptional profiles of S. graminum
and D. noxia relative to those fed
Dn4 plants. S. graminum
responds to ingestion of phloem sap from 94M370 plants by expression of unigenes
coding for proteins involved in DNA and RNA repair, and delayed tissue and
structural development. In contrast, D. noxia
displays a completely different transcriptome after ingesting phloem sap from
Dn4 or 94M370 plants, consisting of unigenes involved
primarily in detoxification, nutrient acquisition and structural development.
These variations in transcriptional responses of D.
noxia and S. graminum
suggest that the underlying evolutionary mechanism(s) of virulence in these
aphids are likely species specific, even in cases of cross resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Aguirre Rojas
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United
States of America
| | - Erin Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Unit, USDA-ARS Centerfor Grain and
Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United States of
America
| | - Laramy Enders
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United
States of America
| | - Alicia Timm
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Deepak Sinha
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United
States of America
- SAGE University, Indore, India
| | - Charles Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United
States of America
- * E-mail:
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Escudero-Martinez C, Rodriguez PA, Liu S, Santos PA, Stephens J, Bos JIB. An aphid effector promotes barley susceptibility through suppression of defence gene expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2796-2807. [PMID: 31989174 PMCID: PMC7210766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aphids secrete diverse repertoires of effectors into their hosts to promote the infestation process. While 'omics' approaches facilitated the identification and comparison of effector repertoires from a number of aphid species, the functional characterization of these proteins has been limited to dicot (model) plants. The bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi is a pest of cereal crops, including barley. Here, we extend efforts to characterize aphid effectors with regard to their role in promoting susceptibility to the R. padi-barley interaction. We selected three R. padi effectors based on sequence similarity to previously characterized Myzus persicae effectors and assessed their subcellular localization, expression, and role in promoting plant susceptibility. Expression of R. padi effectors RpC002 and Rp1 in transgenic barley lines enhanced plant susceptibility to R. padi but not M. persicae, for which barley is a poor host. Characterization of Rp1 transgenic barley lines revealed reduced gene expression of plant hormone signalling genes relevant to plant-aphid interactions, indicating that this effector enhances susceptibility by suppressing plant defences in barley. Our data suggest that some aphid effectors specifically function when expressed in host species, and feature activities that benefit their corresponding aphid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Escudero-Martinez
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Patricia A Rodriguez
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Network Biology (INET), Munich, Germany
| | - Shan Liu
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Pablo A Santos
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Sun M, Voorrips RE, Vosman B. Aphid populations showing differential levels of virulence on Capsicum accessions. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:336-348. [PMID: 30353689 PMCID: PMC7379501 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most threatening pests in pepper cultivation and growers would benefit from resistant varieties. Previously, we identified two Capsicum accessions as susceptible and three as resistant to M. persicae using an aphid population originating from the Netherlands (NL). Later on we identified an aphid population originating from a different geographical region (Switserland, SW) that was virulent on all tested Capsicum accessions. The objective of the current work is to describe in detail different aspects of the interaction between two aphid populations and two selected Capsicum accessions (one that was susceptible [PB2013046] and one that was resistant [PB2013071] to population NL), including biochemical processes involved. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings showed similar feeding activities for both aphid populations on PB2013046. On accession PB2013071 the aphid population SW was able to devote significantly more time to phloem ingestion than population NL. We also studied plant defense response and found that plants of accession PB2013046 could not induce an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose formation after infestation with either aphid population. However, plants of PB2013071 induced a stronger defense response after infestation by population NL than after infestation by population SW. Based on these results, population SW of M. persicae seems to have overcome the resistance of PB2013071 that prevented feeding of aphids from NL population. The potential mechanism by which SW population overcomes the resistance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Sun
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Ben Vosman
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Valmorbida I, Muraro DS, Hodgson EW, O'Neal ME. Soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) response to lambda-cyhalothrin varies with its virulence status to aphid-resistant soybean. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1464-1471. [PMID: 31659872 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, is an invasive insect in North America, considered one of the most important pests of soybean. Their management relies heavily on foliar insecticides, but there is growing effort to expand these tools to include aphid-resistant varieties. We explored if the LC50 and LC25 of lambda-cyhalothrin varied between virulent (resistant to Aphis glycines (Rag) soybeans) and avirulent (susceptible to Rag-genes soybeans) populations of soybean aphid with a leaf-dip bioassay. We also investigated the response to the LC25 of lambda-cyhalothrin on adults (F0) and their progeny (F1) for both avirulent and virulent soybean aphid. RESULTS The LC50 of the virulent aphid population was significantly higher compared with the LC50 of the avirulent population. The LC25 significantly reduced fecundity of the F0 generation of avirulent soybean aphid, but no significant effect was observed for virulent aphids. In addition, the LC25 significantly shortened the adult pre-oviposition period (APOP) and lengthened the total pre-oviposition period (TPOP) of avirulent aphids, while the mean generation time (T) was significantly increased. For the virulent aphid, sublethal exposure significantly lengthened development time of first and third instars, TPOP, and adult longevity. In addition, all demographic parameters of virulent soybean aphid were significantly affected when they were exposed to the LC25 of lambda-cyhalothrin. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate lambda-cyhalothrin is less toxic to virulent aphids and exposure to the LC25 can trigger hormesis, which may have implications for the long-term management of this pest with this insecticide as well as with aphid-resistant varieties of soybean. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dionei S Muraro
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erin W Hodgson
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Sun M, Voorrips RE, van Kaauwen M, Visser RGF, Vosman B. The ability to manipulate ROS metabolism in pepper may affect aphid virulence. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 31908809 PMCID: PMC6938493 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Myzus persicae has severe economic impact on pepper (Capsicum) cultivation. Previously, we identified two populations of M. persicae, NL and SW, that were avirulent and virulent, respectively on C. baccatum accession PB2013071. The transcriptomics approach used in the current study, which is the first study to explore the pepper-aphid interaction at the whole genome gene expression level, revealed genes whose expression is differentially regulated in pepper accession PB2013071 upon infestation with these M. persicae populations. The NL population induced ROS production genes, while the SW population induced ROS scavenging genes and repressed ROS production genes. We also found that the SW population can induce the removal of ROS which accumulated in response to preinfestion with the NL population, and that preinfestation with the SW population significantly improved the performance of the NL population. This paper supports the hypothesis that M. persicae can overcome the resistance in accession PB2013071 probably because of its ability to manipulate plant defense response especially the ROS metabolism and such ability may benefit avirulent conspecific aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Sun
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Roeland E. Voorrips
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Kaauwen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben Vosman
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, Netherlands
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Mech AM, Thomas KA, Marsico TD, Herms DA, Allen CR, Ayres MP, Gandhi KJK, Gurevitch J, Havill NP, Hufbauer RA, Liebhold AM, Raffa KF, Schulz AN, Uden DR, Tobin PC. Evolutionary history predicts high-impact invasions by herbivorous insects. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12216-12230. [PMID: 31832155 PMCID: PMC6854116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing goal of invasion biology is to identify factors driving highly variable impacts of non-native species. Although hypotheses exist that emphasize the role of evolutionary history (e.g., enemy release hypothesis & defense-free space hypothesis), predicting the impact of non-native herbivorous insects has eluded scientists for over a century.Using a census of all 58 non-native conifer-specialist insects in North America, we quantified the contribution of over 25 factors that could affect the impact they have on their novel hosts, including insect traits (fecundity, voltinism, native range, etc.), host traits (shade tolerance, growth rate, wood density, etc.), and evolutionary relationships (between native and novel hosts and insects).We discovered that divergence times between native and novel hosts, the shade and drought tolerance of the novel host, and the presence of a coevolved congener on a shared host, were more predictive of impact than the traits of the invading insect. These factors built upon each other to strengthen our ability to predict the risk of a non-native insect becoming invasive. This research is the first to empirically support historically assumed hypotheses about the importance of evolutionary history as a major driver of impact of non-native herbivorous insects.Our novel, integrated model predicts whether a non-native insect not yet present in North America will have a one in 6.5 to a one in 2,858 chance of causing widespread mortality of a conifer species if established (R 2 = 0.91) Synthesis and applications. With this advancement, the risk to other conifer host species and regions can be assessed, and regulatory and pest management efforts can be more efficiently prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Mech
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Kathryn A. Thomas
- Southwest Biological Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyTucsonArizona
| | - Travis D. Marsico
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansas
| | | | - Craig R. Allen
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife UnitSchool of Natural ResourcesU.S. Geological SurveyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska
| | - Matthew P. Ayres
- Department of Biological SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew Hampshire
| | - Kamal J. K. Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - Jessica Gurevitch
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York
| | | | - Ruth A. Hufbauer
- Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | | | | | - Ashley N. Schulz
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansas
| | - Daniel R. Uden
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife UnitDepartment of Agronomy and HorticultureSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraska
| | - Patrick C. Tobin
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
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Pixley KV, Falck-Zepeda JB, Giller KE, Glenna LL, Gould F, Mallory-Smith CA, Stelly DM, Stewart CN. Genome Editing, Gene Drives, and Synthetic Biology: Will They Contribute to Disease-Resistant Crops, and Who Will Benefit? ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:165-188. [PMID: 31150590 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered crops have been grown for more than 20 years, resulting in widespread albeit variable benefits for farmers and consumers. We review current, likely, and potential genetic engineering (GE) applications for the development of disease-resistant crop cultivars. Gene editing, gene drives, and synthetic biology offer novel opportunities to control viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, parasitic weeds, and insect vectors of plant pathogens. We conclude that there will be no shortage of GE applications totackle disease resistance and other farmer and consumer priorities for agricultural crops. Beyond reviewing scientific prospects for genetically engineered crops, we address the social institutional forces that are commonly overlooked by biological scientists. Intellectual property regimes, technology regulatory frameworks, the balance of funding between public- and private-sector research, and advocacy by concerned civil society groups interact to define who uses which GE technologies, on which crops, and for the benefit of whom. Ensuring equitable access to the benefits of genetically engineered crops requires affirmative policies, targeted investments, and excellent science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Pixley
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 56237 Texcoco, Mexico;
| | - Jose B Falck-Zepeda
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC 20005-3915, USA
| | - Ken E Giller
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leland L Glenna
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Fred Gould
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center and Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Carol A Mallory-Smith
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - David M Stelly
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2474, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences and Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Koch KG, Scully ED, Palmer NA, Geib SM, Sarath G, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD. Divergent Switchgrass Cultivars Modify Cereal Aphid Transcriptomes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1887-1901. [PMID: 30915439 PMCID: PMC7182916 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizaphis graminum Rondani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Sipha flava Forbes (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are two common pests of bioenergy grasses. Despite the fact that they are both considered generalists, they differ in their ability to colonize Panicum virgatum cultivars. For example, S. flava colonizes both P. virgatum cv. Summer and P. virgatum cv. Kanlow whereas S. graminum can only colonize Summer. To study the molecular responses of these aphids to these two switchgrass cultivars, we generated de novo transcriptome assemblies and compared the expression profiles of aphids feeding on both cultivars to profiles associated with feeding on a highly susceptible sorghum host and a starvation treatment. Transcriptome assemblies yielded 8,428 and 8,866 high-quality unigenes for S. graminum and S. flava, respectively. Overall, S. graminum responded strongly to all three treatments after 12 h with an upregulation of unigenes coding for detoxification enzymes while major transcriptional changes were not observed in S. flava until 24 h. Additionally, while the two aphids responded to the switchgrass feeding treatment by downregulating unigenes linked to growth and development, their responses to Summer and Kanlow diverged significantly. Schizaphis graminum upregulated more unigenes coding for stress-responsive enzymes in the Summer treatment compared to S. flava; however, many of these unigenes were actually downregulated in the Kanlow treatment. In contrast, S. flava appeared capable of overcoming host defenses by upregulating a larger number of unigenes coding for detoxification enzymes in the Kanlow treatment. Overall, these findings are consistent with previous studies on the interactions of these two cereal aphids to divergent switchgrass hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
- Current Address: Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Weslaco, TX
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS
| | - Nathan A Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE
| | - Scott M Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS Daniel K. Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Durak R, Bednarski W, Formela-Luboińska M, Woźniak A, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Durak T, Dembczyński R, Morkunas I. Defense responses of Thuja orientalis to infestation of anholocyclic species aphid Cinara tujafilina. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:160-170. [PMID: 30537603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine an interdependence between generation of semiquinone radicals, superoxide anion (O2-), manganese ions (Mn2+) and phenolic content in leaves of Thuja orientalis in response to infestation by varying populations of Cinara tujafilina, i.e. 40 or 80 aphids per plant. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and β-d-glucosidase activities in leaves of T. orientalis in a defense response to C. tujafilina was recorded. Analyses of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) showed generally a higher concentration of semiquinone radicals with g-values of 2.0051 ± 0.0005 and 20032 ± 0.0005 after C. tujafilina infestation in leaves in comparison to the control. Up to 48 h post-infestation in leaves infested by 80 aphids the level of semiquinone radicals was significantly higher than in the control, while in leaves infested by 40 aphids the highest concentrations of these radicals were recorded at later time points (i.e. at 72 and 96 hpi). In parallel, the highest total generation of O2- and low activity of SOD were recorded in 24-h leaves infested by 80 aphids. Additionally, analysis of confocal images showed that the strongest yellow fluorescence indicating O2- generation was detected in epidermal cells of leaves up to 48 hpi. Significant reduction of Mn2+ ions detected by EPR spectroscopy in relation to the control was observed in 4-w leaves infested by 80 and 40 aphids and in 48-h leaves infested by 40 aphids. Phenolic contents in leaves infested by 80 and 40 aphids at all time points were higher than in the control. The greatest β-d-glucosidase activity and phenolic contents were recorded at 96 h of feeding. These results indicate that the perception of C. tujafilina infestation by T. orientalis leaves induces a specified sequence of defense mechanisms in the course of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Durak
- Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magda Formela-Luboińska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Durak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Rzeszów, Rejtana 16c, 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Radosław Dembczyński
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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Chen YH, Schoville SD. Editorial overview: Ecology: Ecological adaptation in agroecosystems: novel opportunities to integrate evolutionary biology and agricultural entomology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:iv-viii. [PMID: 29764669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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