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Salazar-Mendoza P, Miyagusuku-Cruzado G, Giusti MM, Rodriguez-Saona C. Genotypic Variation and Potential Mechanisms of Resistance against Multiple Insect Herbivores in Cranberries. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01522-w. [PMID: 39028464 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Plant genotypes often exhibit varying resistance levels to herbivores. However, the impact of this genotypic variation on resistance against multiple herbivores remains poorly understood, especially in crops undergoing recent process of domestication. To address this gap, we studied the magnitude and mechanism of resistance in 12 cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) genotypes to three leaf-chewing herbivores - Sparganothis fruitworm (Sparganothis sulfureana), spotted fireworm (Choristoneura parallela), and spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) - along a domestication gradient (native 'wild' genotypes, 'early hybrid' genotypes, and 'modern hybrid' genotypes). Like cranberries, S. sulfureana and C. parallela are native to the United Sates, while L. dispar is an invasive pest. We measured the survival and growth of larvae on each genotype, as well as variation in plant performance (height and biomass) and leaf defensive chemical traits (C/N ratio, total phenolics, total proanthocyanidins, and flavonols levels) in these genotypes to elucidate potential resistance mechanisms. We found differences in C. parallela and L. dispar larval performance across genotypes, with larvae performing better on the modern hybrid genotypes, while S. sulfureana showed no differences. Morphological and chemical traits varied among genotypes, with total phenolics being the only trait correlated with C. parallela and L. dispar larval performance. Notably, the wild genotypes 'McFarlin' and 'Potter' had higher total phenolics and were more resistant to both herbivores than the modern hybrids 'Demoranville' and 'Mullica Queen.' This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of crop domestication on multiple insect herbivores, offering insights for future breeding efforts to enhance host-plant resistance against agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Salazar-Mendoza
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Gonzalo Miyagusuku-Cruzado
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210-1007, USA
| | - M Monica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210-1007, USA
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University P.E Marucci Center, 125A Lake Oswego Rd., Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA
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Sappington TW. Aseasonal, undirected migration in insects: 'Invisible' but common. iScience 2024; 27:110040. [PMID: 38883831 PMCID: PMC11177203 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insect pests are long-distance migrants, moving from lower latitudes where they overwinter to higher latitudes in spring to exploit superabundant, but seasonally ephemeral, host crops. These seasonal long-distance migration events are relatively easy to recognize, and justifiably garner much research attention. Evidence indicates several pest species that overwinter in diapause, and thus inhabit a year-round range, also engage in migratory flight, which is somewhat "invisible" because displacement is nondirectional and terminates among conspecifics. Support for aseasonal, undirected migration is related to recognizing true migratory flight behavior, which differs fundamentally from most other kinds of flight in that it is nonappetitive. Migrating adults are not searching for resources and migratory flight is not arrested by encounters with potential resources. The population-level consequence of aseasonal, undirected migration is spatial mixing of individuals within the larger metapopulation, which has important implications for population dynamics, gene flow, pest management, and insect resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Sappington
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Gray HL, Ivers NA, Lopez E, Peter BG, Longing SD, López-Uribe MM, Jha S. Diet specialization mediates drivers of Cucurbita herbivory in a semi-arid agroecosystem. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100087. [PMID: 38988880 PMCID: PMC11233904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Herbivory is a major fitness pressure for plants and a key driver of crop losses in agroecosystems. Dense monocultures are expected to favor specialist herbivorous insects, particularly those who primarily consume crop species; yet, levels and types of herbivory are not uniform within regional cropping systems. It is essential to determine which local and regional ecological factors drive variation in herbivory in order to support functional agroecosystems that rely less on chemical inputs. Crops in the genus Cucurbita host a suite of both generalist and specialist herbivores that inflict significant damage, yet little is known about the relative contribution of these herbivores to variation in herbivory and how local- and landscape-scale Cucurbita resource concentrations, management practices, and natural enemies mediate this relationship. In this study, we tested whether three foundational ecological hypotheses influenced Cucurbita herbivory across 20 pumpkin fields in the semi-arid Southern High Plains Region of Texas. We used generalized linear mixed models and confirmatory path analysis to assess whether the Density-dependent Herbivory Hypothesis, Resource Concentration Hypothesis, or the Natural Enemies Hypothesis, could explain variation in Cucurbita herbivory and insect dynamics in the context of conventional agronomic practices. We found that herbivory increased over time, indicating that herbivores were causing sustained damage throughout the growing season. We also found that fields with higher local Cucurbita resources had lower herbivory, suggesting a resource dilution effect. Natural enemy communities were more abundant and taxonomically rich in sites with greater generalist herbivore abundance, though predator abundance declined over time, indicating that late-season crop fields are most at risk given high herbivory and low natural enemy-based control. Our findings also suggest that while local resource availability may drive the abundance and richness of arthropod communities, additional agronomic and phenological information is needed to anticipate herbivory risk in an agriculturally dominated landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Gray
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205W. 24th St., Austin 78712, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Ivers
- Dept. of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 547 ASI Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lopez
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205W. 24th St., Austin 78712, TX, USA
| | - Brad G. Peter
- Dept. of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, 340N. Campus Walk, Fayetteville 72701, AK, USA
| | - Scott D. Longing
- Dept. of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, 2911 15th St., Lubbock 79409, TX, USA
| | - Margarita M. López-Uribe
- Dept. of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 547 ASI Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 205W. 24th St., Austin 78712, TX, USA
- Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, 4801 La Crosse Ave., University of Texas, Austin 78739, TX, USA
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4
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Sappington TW, Spencer JL. Movement Ecology of Adult Western Corn Rootworm: Implications for Management. INSECTS 2023; 14:922. [PMID: 38132596 PMCID: PMC10744206 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Movement of adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is of fundamental importance to this species' population dynamics, ecology, evolution, and interactions with its environment, including cultivated cornfields. Realistic parameterization of dispersal components of models is needed to predict rates of range expansion, development, and spread of resistance to control measures and improve pest and resistance management strategies. However, a coherent understanding of western corn rootworm movement ecology has remained elusive because of conflicting evidence for both short- and long-distance lifetime dispersal, a type of dilemma observed in many species called Reid's paradox. Attempts to resolve this paradox using population genetic strategies to estimate rates of gene flow over space likewise imply greater dispersal distances than direct observations of short-range movement suggest, a dilemma called Slatkin's paradox. Based on the wide-array of available evidence, we present a conceptual model of adult western corn rootworm movement ecology under the premise it is a partially migratory species. We propose that rootworm populations consist of two behavioral phenotypes, resident and migrant. Both engage in local, appetitive flights, but only the migrant phenotype also makes non-appetitive migratory flights, resulting in observed patterns of bimodal dispersal distances and resolution of Reid's and Slatkin's paradoxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Sappington
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joseph L. Spencer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Mathers TC, Wouters RHM, Mugford ST, Biello R, van Oosterhout C, Hogenhout SA. Hybridisation has shaped a recent radiation of grass-feeding aphids. BMC Biol 2023; 21:157. [PMID: 37443008 PMCID: PMC10347838 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are common crop pests. These insects reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis involving several rounds of clonal reproduction interspersed with an occasional sexual cycle. Furthermore, clonal aphids give birth to live young that are already pregnant. These qualities enable rapid population growth and have facilitated the colonisation of crops globally. In several cases, so-called "super clones" have come to dominate agricultural systems. However, the extent to which the sexual stage of the aphid life cycle has shaped global pest populations has remained unclear, as have the origins of successful lineages. Here, we used chromosome-scale genome assemblies to disentangle the evolution of two global pests of cereals-the English (Sitobion avenae) and Indian (Sitobion miscanthi) grain aphids. RESULTS Genome-wide divergence between S. avenae and S. miscanthi is low. Moreover, comparison of haplotype-resolved assemblies revealed that the S. miscanthi isolate used for genome sequencing is likely a hybrid, with one of its diploid genome copies closely related to S. avenae (~ 0.5% divergence) and the other substantially more divergent (> 1%). Population genomics analyses of UK and China grain aphids showed that S. avenae and S. miscanthi are part of a cryptic species complex with many highly differentiated lineages that predate the origins of agriculture. The complex consists of hybrid lineages that display a tangled history of hybridisation and genetic introgression. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses reveal that hybridisation has substantially contributed to grain aphid diversity, and hence, to the evolutionary potential of this important pest species. Furthermore, we propose that aphids are particularly well placed to exploit hybridisation events via the rapid propagation of live-born "frozen hybrids" via asexual reproduction, increasing the likelihood of hybrid lineage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mathers
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Tree of Life, Welcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Roland H M Wouters
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sam T Mugford
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Roberto Biello
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Coates BS, Walden KKO, Lata D, Vellichirammal NN, Mitchell RF, Andersson MN, McKay R, Lorenzen MD, Grubbs N, Wang YH, Han J, Xuan JL, Willadsen P, Wang H, French BW, Bansal R, Sedky S, Souza D, Bunn D, Meinke LJ, Miller NJ, Siegfried BD, Sappington TW, Robertson HM. A draft Diabrotica virgifera virgifera genome: insights into control and host plant adaption by a major maize pest insect. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:19. [PMID: 36639634 PMCID: PMC9840275 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptations by arthropod pests to host plant defenses of crops determine their impacts on agricultural production. The larval host range of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is restricted to maize and a few grasses. Resistance of D. v. virgifera to crop rotation practices and multiple insecticides contributes to its status as the most damaging pest of cultivated maize in North America and Europe. The extent to which adaptations by this pest contributes to host plant specialization remains unknown. RESULTS A 2.42 Gb draft D. v. virgifera genome, Dvir_v2.0, was assembled from short shotgun reads and scaffolded using long-insert mate-pair, transcriptome and linked read data. K-mer analysis predicted a repeat content of ≥ 61.5%. Ortholog assignments for Dvir_2.0 RefSeq models predict a greater number of species-specific gene duplications, including expansions in ATP binding cassette transporter and chemosensory gene families, than in other Coleoptera. A majority of annotated D. v. virgifera cytochrome P450s belong to CYP4, 6, and 9 clades. A total of 5,404 transcripts were differentially-expressed between D. v. virgifera larvae fed maize roots compared to alternative host (Miscanthus), a marginal host (Panicum virgatum), a poor host (Sorghum bicolor) and starvation treatments; Among differentially-expressed transcripts, 1,908 were shared across treatments and the least number were between Miscanthus compared to maize. Differentially-expressed transcripts were enriched for putative spliceosome, proteosome, and intracellular transport functions. General stress pathway functions were unique and enriched among up-regulated transcripts in marginal host, poor host, and starvation responses compared to responses on primary (maize) and alternate hosts. CONCLUSIONS Manual annotation of D. v. virgifera Dvir_2.0 RefSeq models predicted expansion of paralogs with gene families putatively involved in insecticide resistance and chemosensory perception. Our study also suggests that adaptations of D. v. virgifera larvae to feeding on an alternate host plant invoke fewer transcriptional changes compared to marginal or poor hosts. The shared up-regulation of stress response pathways between marginal host and poor host, and starvation treatments may reflect nutrient deprivation. This study provides insight into transcriptomic responses of larval feeding on different host plants and resources for genomic research on this economically significant pest of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S. Coates
- grid.508983.fCorn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2310 Pammel Dr, 532 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Kimberly K. O. Walden
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Dimpal Lata
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Robert F. Mitchell
- grid.267474.40000 0001 0674 4543University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI USA
| | - Martin N. Andersson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rachel McKay
- grid.267474.40000 0001 0674 4543University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI USA
| | - Marcé D. Lorenzen
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jinlong Han
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jing Li Xuan
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Peter Willadsen
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Huichun Wang
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - B. Wade French
- grid.508981.dIntegrated Crop Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Raman Bansal
- grid.512850.bUSDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA USA
| | - Sammy Sedky
- grid.512850.bUSDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA USA
| | - Dariane Souza
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Dakota Bunn
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lance J. Meinke
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Nicholas J. Miller
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Blair D. Siegfried
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Thomas W. Sappington
- grid.508983.fCorn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2310 Pammel Dr, 532 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Hugh M. Robertson
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL USA
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de Godoy IBS, McGrane-Corrigan B, Mason O, Moral RDA, Godoy WAC. Plant-host shift, spatial persistence, and the viability of an invasive insect population. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bernal JS, Helms AM, Fontes-Puebla AA, DeWitt TJ, Kolomiets MV, Grunseich JM. Root volatile profiles and herbivore preference are mediated by maize domestication, geographic spread, and modern breeding. PLANTA 2022; 257:24. [PMID: 36562877 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Domestication affected the abundances and diversity of maize root volatiles more than northward spread and modern breeding, and herbivore preference for roots was correlated with volatile diversity and herbivore resistance. Studies show that herbivore defenses in crops are mediated by domestication, spread, and breeding, among other human-driven processes. They also show that those processes affected chemical communication between crop plants and herbivores. We hypothesized that (i) preference of the herbivore (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae for embryonic roots of maize (Zea mays mays) would increase and (ii) root volatile diversity would decrease with the crop's domestication, northward spread to present-day USA, and modern breeding. We used Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), Mexican and USA landrace maizes, and US inbred maize lines to test these hypotheses. We found that herbivore preference and volatile diversity increased with maize domestication and northward spread but decreased with modern breeding. Additionally, we found that the abundances of single volatiles did not consistently increase or decrease with maize domestication, spread, and breeding; rather, volatiles grouped per their abundances were differentially affected by those processes, and domestication had the greatest effects. Altogether, our results suggested that: the herbivore's preference for maize roots is correlated with volatile diversity and herbivore resistance; changes in abundances of individual volatiles are evident at the level of volatile groups; and maize domestication, but not spread and breeding, affected the abundances of some green leaf volatiles and sesquiterpenes/sesquiterpenoids. In part, we discussed our results in the context of herbivore defense evolution when resources for plant growth and defense vary across environments. We suggested that variability in relative abundance of volatiles may be associated with their local, functional relevance across wild and agricultural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio S Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA.
| | - Anjel M Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - Ana A Fontes-Puebla
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Texas A&M University, 83220, Hermosillo, Son, Mexico
| | - Thomas J DeWitt
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiolgy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2132, USA
| | - John M Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
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Wang Y, Fang G, Xu P, Gao B, Liu X, Qi X, Zhang G, Cao S, Li Z, Ren X, Wang H, Cao Y, Pereira R, Huang Y, Niu C, Zhan S. Behavioral and genomic divergence between a generalist and a specialist fly. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Wyckhuys KA, Zhang W, Colmenarez YC, Simelton E, Sander BO, Lu Y. Tritrophic defenses as a central pivot of low-emission, pest-suppressive farming systems. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 58:101208. [PMID: 36320406 PMCID: PMC9611972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2022.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spotlighted the intricate connections between human and planetary health. Given that pesticide-centered crop protection degrades ecological resilience and (in-)directly harms human health, the adoption of ecologically sound, biodiversity-driven alternatives is imperative. In this Synthesis paper, we illuminate how ecological forces can be manipulated to bolster 'tritrophic defenses' against crop pests, pathogens, and weeds. Three distinct, yet mutually compatible approaches (habitat-mediated, breeding-dependent, and epigenetic tactics) can be deployed at different organizational levels, that is, from an individual seed to entire farming landscapes. Biodiversity can be harnessed for crop protection through ecological infrastructures, diversification tactics, and reconstituted soil health. Crop diversification is ideally guided by interorganismal interplay and plant-soil feedbacks, entailing resistant cultivars, rotation schemes, or multicrop arrangements. Rewarding opportunities also exist to prime plants for enhanced immunity or indirect defenses. As tritrophic defenses spawn multiple societal cobenefits, they could become core features of healthy, climate-resilient, and low-carbon food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Ag Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Chrysalis Consulting, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Wei Zhang
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI-CGIAR), Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Bjorn O Sander
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI-CGIAR), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Prasanna BM, Carvajal-Yepes M, Kumar PL, Kawarazuka N, Liu Y, Mulema AA, McCutcheon S, Ibabao X. Sustainable management of transboundary pests requires holistic and inclusive solutions. Food Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-022-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlobalization and changing climates are aggravating the occurrence and impacts of transboundary pests, and driving the emergence of new threats. Most of the low- and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America are not fully prepared in terms of surveillance, diagnostics, and deployment of plant health solutions due to several factors: adequate investment is lacking; knowledge is inadequate; and connections from the local to global, and global to local are insufficient. Effectively countering the current and emerging threats to plant health requires a holistic approach that includes: 1) globally coordinated diagnostic and surveillance systems; 2) epidemiological modelling, risk assessment, forecasting and preparedness for proactive management and containment; and 3) implementation of context-sensitive, eco-friendly, gender-responsive and socially inclusive integrated disease and pest management approaches to reduce the impacts of devastating transboundary pests and diseases. Despite several success stories where major pests and diseases have been brought to control through integrated approaches, further multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary efforts are necessary. Plant health management requires stronger interface between the biophysical and social sciences, and empowerment of local communities. These reflections derive from the proceedings of a webinar on “Transboundary Disease and Pest Management,” organized by CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) on March 3, 2021, in recognition of the United Nations designated International Year of Plant Health.
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12
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Bras A, Roy A, Heckel DG, Anderson P, Karlsson Green K. Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1746-1759. [PMID: 35726578 PMCID: PMC9542861 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance development is an example of rapid contemporary evolution that poses immense challenges for agriculture. It typically evolves due to the strong directional selection that pesticide treatments exert on herbivorous arthropods. However, recent research suggests that some species are more prone to evolve pesticide resistance than others due to their evolutionary history and standing genetic variation. Generalist species might develop pesticide resistance especially rapidly due to pre‐adaptation to handle a wide array of plant allelochemicals. Moreover, research has shown that adaptation to novel host plants could lead to increased pesticide resistance. Exploring such cross‐resistance between host plant range evolution and pesticide resistance development from an ecological perspective is needed to understand its causes and consequences better. Much research has, however, been devoted to the molecular mechanisms underlying pesticide resistance while both the ecological contexts that could facilitate resistance evolution and the ecological consequences of cross‐resistance have been under‐studied. Here, we take an eco‐evolutionary approach and discuss circumstances that may facilitate cross‐resistance in arthropods and the consequences cross‐resistance may have for plant–arthropod interactions in both target and non‐target species and species interactions. Furthermore, we suggest future research avenues and practical implications of an increased ecological understanding of pesticide resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bras
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K and EVA.4.0 Unit, Czech University of Life Sciences, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K and EVA.4.0 Unit, Czech University of Life Sciences, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - David G Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kristina Karlsson Green
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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13
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Potential Distribution of Wild Host Plants of the Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis) in the United States and Mexico. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040337. [PMID: 35447778 PMCID: PMC9030492 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) reproduces on a reported 13 species of wild host plants in North America, two in the United States and 12 in Mexico. The distributions of these plants are of economic importance to pest management and provide insight into the evolutionary history and origin of the BW. However, detailed information regarding the distributions of many of these species is lacking. In this article, we present distribution models for all of the reported significant BW host plants from Mexico and the United States using spatial distribution modelling software. Host plant distributions were divided into two groups: “eastern” and “western.” In Mexico, Hampea nutricia along the Gulf Coast was the most important of the eastern group, and the wild cottons, Gossypium aridum and Gossypium thurberi were most important in the western group. Other species of Hampea, Gossypium, and Cienfuegosia rosei have relatively restricted distributions and are of apparent minimal economic importance. Cienfuegosia drummondii is the only truly wild host in the southern United States, east of New Mexico. Factors determining potential distributions were variable and indicated that species were present in five vegetation types. Ecological and economic considerations of host plant distributions are discussed, as well as threats to host plant conservation.
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14
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Improving Natural Enemy Selection in Biological Control through Greater Attention to Chemical Ecology and Host-Associated Differentiation of Target Arthropod Pests. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020160. [PMID: 35206733 PMCID: PMC8877252 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Host-associated differentiation (HAD) refers to cases in which genetically distinct populations of a species (e.g., herbivores or natural enemies) preferentially reproduce or feed on different host species. In agroecosystems, HAD often results in unique strains or biotypes of pest species, each attacking different species of crops. However, HAD is not restricted to pest populations, and may cascade to the third trophic level, affecting host selection by natural enemies, and ultimately leading to HAD within natural enemy species. Natural enemy HAD may affect the outcomes of biological control efforts, whether classical, conservation, or augmentative. Here, we explore the potential effects of pest and natural enemy HAD on biological control in agroecosystems, with emphases on current knowledge gaps and implications of HAD for selection of biological control agents. Additionally, given the importance of semiochemicals in mediating interactions between trophic levels, we emphasize the role of chemical ecology in interactions between pests and natural enemies, and suggest areas of consideration for biological control. Overall, we aim to jump-start a conversation concerning the relevance of HAD in biological control by reviewing currently available information on natural enemy HAD, identifying challenges to incorporating HAD considerations into biological control efforts, and proposing future research directions on natural enemy selection and HAD.
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15
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Wei N, Whyle RL, Ashman TL, Jamieson MA. Genotypic variation in floral volatiles influences floral microbiome more strongly than interactions with herbivores and mycorrhizae in strawberriesd. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab005. [PMID: 35141759 PMCID: PMC8795819 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The floral microbiome is of significant relevance to plant reproduction and crop productivity. While plant genotype is key to floral microbiome assembly, whether and how genotypic variation in floral traits and plant-level mutualistic and antagonistic interactions at the rhizosphere and phyllosphere influence the microbiome in the anthosphere remain little known. Using a factorial field experiment that manipulated biotic interactions belowground (mycorrhizae treatments) and aboveground (herbivory treatments) in three strawberry genotypes, we assessed how genotypic variation in flower abundance and size and plant-level biotic interactions influence the bidirectional relationships between floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the floral microbiome using structural equation modeling. We found that plant genotype played a stronger role, overall, in shaping the floral microbiome than biotic interactions with mycorrhizae and herbivores. Genotypic variation in flower abundance and size influenced the emission of floral VOCs, especially terpenes (e.g. α- and β-pinene, ocimene isomers) and benzenoids (e.g. p-anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde), which in turn affected floral bacterial and fungal communities. While the effects of biotic interactions on floral traits including VOCs were weak, mycorrhizae treatments (mycorrhizae and herbivory + mycorrhizae) affected the fungal community composition in flowers. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which plant genotype influences floral microbiome assembly and provide the first evidence that biotic interactions in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere can influence the floral microbiome, and offer important insights into agricultural microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert L Whyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mary A Jamieson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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16
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Gougherty AV, Davies TJ. Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200359. [PMID: 34538142 PMCID: PMC8450633 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogens and insect pests, hereafter pests, play an important role in structuring ecological communities, yet both native and introduced pests impose significant pressure on wild and managed systems, and pose a threat to food security. Global changes in climate and land use, and transportation of plants and pests around the globe are likely to further increase the range, frequency and severity of pest outbreaks in the future. Thus, there is a critical need to expand on current ecological theory to address these challenges. Here, we outline a phylogenetic framework for the study of plant and pest interactions. In plants, a growing body of work has suggested that evolutionary relatedness, phylogeny, strongly structures plant-pest associations-from pest host breadths and impacts, to their establishment and spread in new regions. Understanding the phylogenetic dimensions of plant-pest associations will help to inform models of invasive species spread, disease and pest risk in crops, and emerging pest outbreaks in native plant communities-which will have important implications for protecting food security and biodiversity into the future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Gougherty
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
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17
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Khan FZA, Manzoor SA, Gul HT, Ali M, Bashir MA, Akmal M, Haseeb M, Imran MU, Taqi M, Manzoor SA, Lukac M, Joseph SV. Drivers of farmers’ intention to adopt integrated pest management: a case study of vegetable farmers in Pakistan. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Z. A. Khan
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia 1109 Experiment St. Griffin Georgia USA
| | - Syed Amir Manzoor
- Department of Forestry & Range Management Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
- School of Agriculture, Policy & Development University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Hafiza Tahira Gul
- Institute of Plant Protection MNS University of Agriculture Multan Pakistan
| | - Mudssar Ali
- Institute of Plant Protection MNS University of Agriculture Multan Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Akmal
- Department of Entomology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences MNS University of Agriculture Multan Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Taqi
- Department of Forestry & Range Management Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Syed Asad Manzoor
- Department of Plant Pathology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Martin Lukac
- School of Agriculture, Policy & Development University of Reading Reading UK
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Czech Republic
| | - Shimat V. Joseph
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia 1109 Experiment St. Griffin Georgia USA
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18
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Fontes-Puebla AA, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Bernal JS. Maize biochemistry in response to root herbivory was mediated by domestication, spread, and breeding. PLANTA 2021; 254:70. [PMID: 34499214 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With domestication, northward spread, and breeding, maize defence against root-herbivores relied on induced defences, decreasing levels of phytohormones involved in resistance, and increasing levels of a phytohormone involved in tolerance. We addressed whether a suite of maize (Zea mays mays) phytohormones and metabolites involved in herbivore defence were mediated by three successive processes: domestication, spread to North America, and modern breeding. With those processes, and following theoretical predictions, we expected to find: a change in defence strategy from reliance on induced defences to reliance on constitutive defences; decreasing levels of phytohormones involved in herbivore resistance, and; increasing levels of a phytohormone involved in herbivore tolerance. We tested those predictions by comparing phytohormone levels in seedlings exposed to root herbivory by Diabrotica virgifera virgifera among four plant types encompassing those processes: the maize ancestor Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), Mexican maize landraces, USA maize landraces, and USA inbred maize cultivars. With domestication, maize transitioned from reliance on induced defences in teosinte to reliance on constitutive defences in maize, as predicted. One subset of metabolites putatively involved in herbivory defence (13-oxylipins) was suppressed with domestication, as predicted, though another was enhanced (9-oxylipins), and both were variably affected by spread and breeding. A phytohormone (indole-3-acetic acid) involved in tolerance was enhanced with domestication, and with spread and breeding, as predicted. These changes are consistent with documented changes in herbivory resistance and tolerance, and occurred coincidentally with cultivation in increasingly resource-rich environments, i.e., from wild to highly enriched agricultural environments. We concluded that herbivore defence evolution in crops may be mediated by processes spanning thousands of generations, e.g., domestication and spread, as well as by processes spanning tens of generations, e.g., breeding and agricultural intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Fontes-Puebla
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Campo Experimental Costa de Hermosillo, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Julio S Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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19
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Campbell EO, Dupuis JR, Holowachuk J, Hladun S, Vankosky MA, Mori BA. Disjunction between canola distribution and the genetic structure of its recently described pest, the canola flower midge ( Contarinia brassicola). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13284-13296. [PMID: 33304537 PMCID: PMC7713945 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genomics is a useful tool to support integrated pest management as it can elucidate population dynamics, demography, and histories of invasion. Here, we use a restriction site-associated DNA sequencing approach combined with whole-genome amplification (WGA) to assess genomic population structure of a newly described pest of canola, the diminutive canola flower midge, Contarinia brassicola. Clustering analyses recovered little geographic structure across the main canola production region but differentiated several geographically disparate populations at edges of the agricultural zone. Given a lack of alternative hypotheses for this pattern, we suggest these data support alternative hosts for this species and thus our canola-centric view of this midge as a pest has limited our understanding of its biology. These results speak to the need for increased surveying efforts across multiple habitats and other potential hosts within Brassicaceae to improve both our ecological and evolutionary knowledge of this species and contribute to effective management strategies. We additionally found that use of WGA prior to library preparation was an effective method for increasing DNA quantity of these small insects prior to restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and had no discernible impact on genotyping consistency for population genetic analysis; WGA is therefore likely to be tractable for other similar studies that seek to randomly sample markers across the genome in small organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin O. Campbell
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Sciences4‐10 Agriculture/Forestry CentreUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | - Jennifer Holowachuk
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoon Research and Development CentreSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Shane Hladun
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoon Research and Development CentreSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Meghan A. Vankosky
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoon Research and Development CentreSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Boyd A. Mori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Sciences4‐10 Agriculture/Forestry CentreUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoon Research and Development CentreSaskatoonSKCanada
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20
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Rajarapu SP, Bansal R, Mittapelly P, Michel A. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Functional Diversity in Salivary Glands of Plant Virus Vector, Graminella nigrifrons. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1289. [PMID: 33138242 PMCID: PMC7716219 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect salivary glands play an important role for host feeding, specifically by secreting salivary proteins for digestion and potentially modulating host defenses. Compared to other hemipterans, the significance of salivary glands is less studied in the black-faced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons, a crop pest that vectors several agronomically important plant viruses. To identify functionally important genes in the salivary glands of the black-faced leafhopper, we compared transcriptomes between adult salivary glands (SG) and the remaining carcasses. We identified 14,297 salivary gland-enriched transcripts and 195 predicted secretory peptides (i.e., with a signal peptide and extracellular localization characteristics). Overall, the SG transcriptome included functions such as 'oxidoreduction', 'membrane transport', and 'ATP-binding', which might be important for the fundamental physiology of this tissue. We further evaluated transcripts with potential contributions in host feeding using RT-qPCR. Two SG-enriched transcripts (log2 fold change > 5), GnP19 and GnE63 (a putative calcium binding protein), were significantly upregulated in maize-fed adults relative to starved adults, validating their importance in feeding. The SG-enriched transcripts of the black-faced leafhopper could play a potential role for interacting with maize and could be targets of interest for further functional studies and improve pest control and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Priya Rajarapu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NA 27606, USA
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Applied Plant Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (R.B.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Raman Bansal
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Applied Plant Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (R.B.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
| | - Priyanka Mittapelly
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Applied Plant Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (R.B.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
- USDA-APHIS PPQ, 5936 Ford Court, Suite 200, Brighton, MI 48116, USA
| | - Andrew Michel
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Applied Plant Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (R.B.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
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21
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Demographic Performance of Helicoverpa zea Populations on Dual and Triple-Gene Bt Cotton. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090551. [PMID: 32872277 PMCID: PMC7551585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are valuable tools for pest management worldwide, contributing to the management of human disease insect vectors and phytophagous insect pests of agriculture and forestry. Here, we report the effects of dual and triple Bt toxins expressed in transgenic cotton cultivars on the fitness and demographic performance of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)—a noctuid pest, known as cotton bollworm and corn earworm. Life-history traits were determined for individuals of three field populations from a region where H. zea overwintering is likely. Triple-gene Bt cotton cultivars that express Cry and Vip3Aa toxins killed 100% of the larvae in all populations tested. In contrast, dual-gene Bt cotton that express Cry1Ac+Cry1F and Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab allowed population growth with the intrinsic rate of population growth (rm) 38% lower than on non-Bt cotton. The insects feeding on Bt cotton plants that express Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab, Cry1Ac+Cry1F, or Cry1Ab+Cry2Ae exhibited reduced larval weight, survival rate, and increased development time. Additionally, fitness parameters varied significantly among the insect populations, even on non-Bt cotton plants, likely because of their different genetic background and/or previous Bt toxin exposure. This is the first report of the comparative fitness of H. zea field populations on dual-gene Bt cotton after the recent reports of field resistance to certain Bt toxins. These results document the population growth rates of H. zea from an agricultural landscape with 100% Bt cotton cultivars. Our results will contribute to the development and validation of resistance management recommendations.
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22
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Singh KS, Troczka BJ, Duarte A, Balabanidou V, Trissi N, Carabajal Paladino LZ, Nguyen P, Zimmer CT, Papapostolou KM, Randall E, Lueke B, Marec F, Mazzoni E, Williamson MS, Hayward A, Nauen R, Vontas J, Bass C. The genetic architecture of a host shift: An adaptive walk protected an aphid and its endosymbiont from plant chemical defenses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba1070. [PMID: 32494722 PMCID: PMC7202869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Host shifts can lead to ecological speciation and the emergence of new pests and pathogens. However, the mutational events that facilitate the exploitation of novel hosts are poorly understood. Here, we characterize an adaptive walk underpinning the host shift of the aphid Myzus persicae to tobacco, including evolution of mechanisms that overcame tobacco chemical defenses. A series of mutational events added as many as 1.5 million nucleotides to the genome of the tobacco-adapted subspecies, M. p. nicotianae, and yielded profound increases in expression of an enzyme that efficiently detoxifies nicotine, both in aphid gut tissue and in the bacteriocytes housing the obligate aphid symbiont Buchnera aphidicola. This dual evolutionary solution overcame the challenge of preserving fitness of a mutualistic symbiosis during adaptation to a toxic novel host. Our results reveal the intricate processes by which genetic novelty can arise and drive the evolution of key innovations required for ecological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Saurabh Singh
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Bartlomiej J. Troczka
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Vasileia Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
| | - Nasser Trissi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Petr Nguyen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph T. Zimmer
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Kyriaki M. Papapostolou
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
| | - Emma Randall
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Bettina Lueke
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Frantisek Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emanuele Mazzoni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Martin S. Williamson
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Alex Hayward
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
- Corresponding author.
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23
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Fontes-Puebla AA, Bernal JS. Resistance and Tolerance to Root Herbivory in Maize Were Mediated by Domestication, Spread, and Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:223. [PMID: 32174953 PMCID: PMC7056747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants may defend against herbivory and disease through various means. Plant defensive strategies against herbivores include resistance and tolerance, which may have metabolic costs that affect plant growth and reproduction. Thus, expression of these strategies may be mediated by a variety of factors, such as resource availability, herbivory pressure, and plant genetic variation, among others. Additionally, artificial selection by farmers and systematic breeding by scientists may mediate the expression of resistance and tolerance in crop plants. In this study, we tested whether maize defense against Western corn rootworm (WCR) was mediated by the crop's domestication, spread, and modern breeding. We expected to find a trend of decreasing resistance to WCR with maize domestication, spread, and breeding, and a trend of increasing tolerance with decreasing resistance. To test our expectations, we compared resistance and tolerance among four Zea plants spanning those processes: Balsas teosinte, Mexican landrace maize, US landrace maize, and US inbred maize. We measured the performance of WCR larvae as a proxy for plant resistance, and plant growth as affected by WCR feeding as a proxy for plant tolerance. Our results showed that domestication and spread decreased maize resistance to WCR, as expected, whereas breeding increased maize resistance to WCR, contrary to expected. Our results also showed that maize resistance and tolerance to WCR are negatively correlated, as expected. We discussed our findings in relation to ecological-evolutionary hypotheses seeking to explain defense strategy evolution in the contexts of plant resistance-productivity trade-offs, plant tolerance-resistance trade-offs, and varying resource availability vis-à-vis plant physiological stress and herbivory pressure. Finally, we suggested that defense strategy evolution in maize, from domestication to the present, is predicted by those ecological-evolutionary hypotheses.
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24
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White TCR. The universal “bottom‐up” limitation of animal populations by their food is illustrated by outbreaking species. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. R. White
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, Waite Agricultural Research InstituteThe University of Adelaide Glen Osmond South Australia Australia
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25
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Chen YH, Schoville SD. Editorial overview: Ecology: Ecological adaptation in agroecosystems: novel opportunities to integrate evolutionary biology and agricultural entomology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:iv-viii. [PMID: 29764669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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