Synthesis of Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluids using two step method and its thermo physical properties

Review on Nanofluids: Preparation, Properties, Stability, and Thermal Performance Augmentation in Heat Transfer Applications

Nanoparticles play a crucial role in enhancing the thermal and rheological properties of nanofluids, making them a valuable option for increasing the efficiency of heat exchangers. This research explores how nanoparticle characteristics, such as concentration, size, and shape, impact the properties of nanofluids. Nanofluids' thermophysical properties and flow characteristics are essential in determining heat transfer efficiency and pressure loss. Nanoparticles with high thermal conductivity, such as metallic oxides like MgO, TiO2, and ZnO, can significantly improve the heat transfer efficiency by around 30% compared to the base fluid. The stability of nanofluids plays a crucial role in their usability. Various methods, such as adding surfactants, using ultrasonic mixing, and controlling pH, have been employed to enhance the stability of nanofluids. The desired thermophysical properties can be achieved by utilizing nanofluids to enhance the system's heat transfer efficiency. Modifying the size and shape of nanoparticles also considerably improves thermal conductivity, affecting nanofluid viscosity and density. Equations for determining heat transfer rate and pressure drop in a double-pipe heat exchanger are discussed in this review, emphasizing the significance of nanofluid thermal conductivity in influencing heat transfer efficiency and nanofluid viscosity in impacting pressure loss. This Review identifies a trend indicating that increasing nanoparticle volume concentration can enhance heat transfer efficiency to a certain extent. However, surpassing the optimal concentration can reduce Brownian motions due to higher viscosity and density. This Review offers a viable solution for enhancing the thermal performance of heat transfer equipment and serves as a fundamental resource for applying nanofluids in heat transfer applications.

Thermal Conduction in Hybrid Nanofluids and Aggregates

Hybrid nanofluids contain more than one type of nanoparticle and have shown improved thermofluidic properties compared to more conventional ones that contain a single nanocomponent. Such hybrid systems have been introduced to improve further the thermal and mass transport properties of nanoparticulate systems that affect a multitude of applications. The impact of a second particle type on the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids is investigated here using the reconstruction of particle configurations and prediction of thermal efficiency with meshless methods, placing emphasis on the role of particle aggregation. An algorithm to obtain particle clusters of the core-shell type is presented as an alternative to random mixing. The method offers rapid, controlled reconstruction of clustered systems with tailored properties, such as the fractal dimension, the average number of particles per aggregate, and the distribution of distinct particle types within the aggregates. The nanoparticle dispersion conditions are found to have a major impact on the thermal properties of hybrid nanofluids. Specifically, the spatial distribution of the two particle types within the aggregates and the shape of the aggregates, as described by their fractal dimension, are shown to affect strongly the conductivity of the nanofluid even at low volume fractions. Cluster configurations made up of a high-conducting core and a low-conducting shell were found to be advantageous for conduction. Low fractal dimension aggregates favored the creation of long continuous pathways across the nanofluid and increased conductivity.

Computational insights into shape effects and heat transport enhancement in MHD-free convection of polar ternary hybrid nanofluid around a radiant sphere

The control and management of energy and their associated issues are increasingly recognized as one of mankind's greatest challenges in the coming years to keep pace with the surge in industrialization and technology. Free convection optimizes the heat transfer processes in energy systems like solar collectors and power plants, reducing energy consumption and increasing system effectiveness. Further, studying and analyzing critical factors like magnetic fields, thermal radiation, and the shape of nanoparticles can assist in the control of fluid motion and improve the efficiency of heat transfer processes in a wide range of real-world applications, such as the power sector, aerospace applications, molten metal, nuclear power, and aeronautical engineering. This study aims to scrutinize the thermal performance of a magneto tri-hybrid polar nanoliquid flowing over a radiative sphere, considering the nanosolids' shape. The single-phase model is developed to acquire the problems governing equations, and the hybrid linearization spectral collection approach is utilized to approximate the solution. The present findings reveal that blade-shaped nanosolids exhibit the highest thermal conductivity ratio when incorporated into the base fluid, whereas spherical nanosolids exhibit the lowest ratio. Volume fraction and thermal radiation factors have an effective role in raising fluid velocity and thermal performance. The magnetic and microapolar factors significantly suppress fluid velocity and energy transfer. As the volume fraction factor increases, the average percentage improvement in convective heat transfer for Al2O3 + Cu + MWCNT/kerosene oil compared to Al2O3 + Cu + graphene/kerosene oil approximately ranges from 0.8 to 2.6%.

On the optimized energy transport rate of magnetized micropolar fluid via ternary hybrid ferro-nanosolids: A numerical report

In the current era, a chemical, industrial, or production process may not be devoid of heat transfer processes through fluids. This is seen in evaporators, distillation units, dryers, reactors, refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and others. On the other hand, the micropolar model effectively simulates microstructured fluids like animal blood, polymeric suspensions, and crystal fluid, paving the way for new potential applications based mainly on complex fluids. This investigation attempts to figure out and predict the thermal behavior of a polar fluid in motion across a solid sphere while considering the Lorentz force and mixed convection. To support the original fluid's thermophysical characteristics, two types of ternary hybrid ferro-nanomaterials are used. The problem is modelled using a single-phase model. Then, using the Keller box approximation, a numerical finding is obtained. The study reveals that Increasing the volume fraction of the ternary hybrid nonsolid results in optimized values of Nusselt number, velocity, and temperature. The presence of Lorentz forces effectively mitigates flow strength, skin friction, and energy transfer rate. The mixed convection factor contributes significantly to enhanced energy transfer and improved flow scenarios. For maximum heat transfer efficiency, employing Fe3O4-Cu-SiO2 is recommended over Fe3O4-Al2O3-TiO2.

Synthesis, thermophysical characterization and thermal performance analysis of novel Cu-MXene hybrid nanofluids for efficient coolant applications

Hybrid nanofluids are considered as an alternative for conventional heat transfer fluids and mono nanofluids due to its remarkable enhancement in thermo-physical properties. However, there are some limitations in achieving the better thermo-physical properties due to the stability of nanoparticles in different base fluids at higher concentration. This work aims at synthesizing, thermo-physical characterization and thermal performance estimation of stable Cu-MXene based hybrid nanofluids using various base fluids at very low volume concentration of Cu and MXene nanostructures. Two step method is employed to prepare Cu-MXene hybrid nanofluids by dispersing the low volume concentration of as prepared Cu and MXene nanostructures (ranging from 0.01-0.05 vol%) containing SDS surfactant in various base fluids such as water, methanol, castor oil and silicon oil. Synthesized mono and hybrid nanofluids shows excellent stability against aggregation up to 7 days as evidenced from higher zeta potential values. Wettability studies conducted using contact angle measurement suggests that the castor oil, methanol and silicon oil based hybrid nanofluids exhibits hydrophilic behavior (showing contact angle less than 90°). Hybrid nanofluids display excellent enhancement in thermal conductivity at very low concentration of nanostructures (more than 70% for methanol based Cu-MXene hybrid nanofluid). Viscosity of the silicone oil based hybrid nanofluids show a remarkable enhancement followed by water, methanol and castor oil based hybrid nanofluids. Thermal conductivity and viscosity of hybrid nanofluids are effectively validated with existing theoretical models. Moreover, specific heat and pumping power of the hybrid nanofluids with respect to volume concentration of nanostructures are determined using the existing theoretical equations. Thermal performance of hybrid nanofluids was successfully estimated using Figure of Merit (FOM) analysis and suggested the better heat transfer fluid for improving the heat transfer performance under laminar and turbulent flow conditions for efficient cooling applications.

Viscous dissipation effects on hybrid nanofluid flow over a non-linearly shrinking sheet with power-law velocity

This research intends to investigate the effect of the nonlinearity of the surface velocity on the hybrid nanofluid flow behavior. Here, the total composition of Al2O3 (alumina) as well as Cu (copper) volume fractions, are implemented in a one-to-one ratio and then dispersed in water. The similarity equations are gained employing a similarity transformation, which is programmed in MATLAB software. The dual solutions are attainable for certain ranges with respect to the mass flux parameter S and the power-law index n . Also, the turning point occurs in the region of S < 0 and n > 1 . Besides, the rise of n led to reduce the skin friction as well as the heat transfer coefficients with 39.44 % and 11.71 % reduction, respectively. Moreover, 14.39 % reduction of the heat transfer rate is observed in the presence of viscous dissipation (Eckert number). It is found that only the first solution is stable as time progresses. Generally, this study gives scientists and engineers a starting point for predicting how to control the parameters to achieve the best results for relevant practical applications.

Computational investigation of magnetized hybrid nanofluids heat transport and flow through elongational surface with thermal radiation and wall slip

The improved thermal performance of recently discovered hybridized nanofluids has become essential in large scale thermal processes. In fact, this is highly efficient technique to introduce the thermal efficiency of tranditional heat transferring fluids. The behavior of the nanofluid can be significantly impacted by the unsteady heating and magnetic field effects that may be present in many applications. Therefore, the current study investigat the unsteady magnetized flow of hybrid nanofluid with heat transport characteristics subject to thermal radiation and slip at the surface wall. The shrinking/stretching surface is chosen as a flow source, which is frequently occure in polymer technology, which deals with the deformability of elastic sheets, and in metallurgy, where continued strips are cooled. The novel form of shrinking surface flow is fundamentally a reverse flow and exhibits physical characteristics that differ significantly from the channel flow scenario. The distinctive features of this scruinity is the use of empirical relations to approximate the optimum thermophysical attributes of a C u - A l 2 O 3 / water hybrid nanofluid in order to model the 2-dimensional flow past a flat shrinking/stretching sheet under the action of radiation, Lorentz forces and realastic boundary condition responses. The governing system of modelled equation are assembled using the Tiwari-Das model in conjunction with a hybrid mass-based nanofluid model. The bvp4c algorithm is employed within the computer MATLAB programme. The hybrid nanofluid flow shows conclusive improvement in the frictional coefficient and heat transport performance. However, the effectiveness the unsteadiness parameter deteriorates the heat transmission. In the contiguity of a suction parameter, multiple outcomes appear to arise for both stretched and shrinking instances. The coefficient of energy transport improves as the magnetic factor is augmented, however the skin coefficient of friction exhibits dual behavior for the second solutions. A time-dependence investigation is undertaken to figure out the reliability of the twin solutions, and it is discovered that merely one of them remains stable and aesthetically credible.

Numerical study of unsteady tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface

The significance of fuzzy volume percentage on the unsteady flow of MHD tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid towards an exponentially stretched surface is scrutinized. The heat transport mechanism is classified by Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, boundary slippage, and convective circumstances. Ethylene glycol (EG) as a host fluid along with the nanomaterial's Cu and [Formula: see text] are used for heat transfer analysis is also considered in this investigation. The nonlinear governing PDEs are meant to be converted into ODEs employing appropriate renovations. Then, a built-in MATLAB program bvp4c is employed to acquire the outcome of the given problem. The variation of flow rate, thermal heat, drag force and Nusselt number and their influence on fluid flow with heat transfer have been scrutinized through graphs. An increase in thermal radiation, power law index and nanoparticle volume friction heightens the heat transmission rate. Skin friction is diminished by swelling the power-law index, Weissenberg number, and ratio parameters, whereas it is increased by enhancing the magnetic parameter. The heat transfer rate upsurges with an increase in Weissenberg number and nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the nanoparticle volume percentage is expressed as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN). The triangular membership function (MF) and TFN are regulated by the [Formula: see text] parameter, which has a range of 0 to 1. In comparison to nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids have a higher heat transmission rate, according to the fuzzy analysis. This investigation has applications in the areas of paper manufacturing, metal sheet cooling and crystal growth.

Investigation of thermal conductivity and thermal performance of heat pipes by structurally designed copolymer stabilized ZnO nanofluid

The present study concentrated on estimating the thermal conductivity, stability, efficiency, and resistance of a heat pipe for heat exchangers, which were essential for many industrial applications. To achieve this, copolymer of amphiphilic poly (styrene-co-2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) poly (STY-co-AMPS) was synthesized by free radical polymerisation technique. The dispersant were used for homogeneous solution and stabilization of ZnO nanofluids. The effect of dispersant on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids was analysed using a KD2 pro thermal property analyser. There is a significant increase in fluid conductivity had a nonlinear relationship with the volume fraction. The maximum enhancement was observed at an optimized concentration of dispersant at 1.5 vol%. Same time, the influence of dispersant agent on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids were compared with linear polyelectrolytes. Further, the experimental values were compared to the existing classical models based on the reasonable aggrement, the prepared nanofluids were employed as a working medium. The conventional screen mesh heat pipe and the temperature distribution to the thermal resistance of the heat pipe was investigated experimentally. The result shows, optimum concentration of dispersants on nanoparticles exhibits an enhanced heat efficiency as compared with the base fluids. Further, the thermal resistance and temperature distribution show decreased behaviour by increasing the particle volume fraction and dispersant concentration.

A Study of a Thermally-Vigorous Rayleigh-Bénard Convection in a Hybrid Nanofluid Using Non-Classical Boundary Condition

A linear stability analysis of a thermally-vigorous Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a mono and a hybrid nanofluid is carried out using the single-phase model. We make use of non-classical boundary condition on velocity (rough boundary condition) and temperature (third-type boundary condition) instead of a specific boundary condition (free-free isothermal, rigid-rigid isothermal, etc.) which is traditionally considered. The thermophysical properties are calculated using phenomenological laws and mixture theory. A unique and novel combination of a single-term Galerkin technique and the Maclaurin series expansion is used to solve the boundary-eigen-value problem obtained in the problem. The critical value of the wave number and the Rayleigh number that are calculated using the procedure are quite accurate up to 5 and 3 decimal places respectively. A comparative study on the instability in two types of nanofluids is carried out so as to infer which type of nanofluid suits best for thermally vigorous systems. This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis to ease the selection process pertaining to the making of a choice from different types of nanofluids. To validate the study sixteen limiting cases have been obtained. To visualize the flow behavior physically, streamlines have been plotted.

Mixed Convection Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Induced by an Inclined Cylinder with Lorentz Forces

Hybrid nanofluids may exhibit higher thermal conductivity, chemical stability, mechanical resistance and physical strength compared to regular nanofluids. Our aim in this study is to investigate the flow of a water-based alumina-copper hybrid nanofluid in an inclined cylinder with the impact of buoyancy force and a magnetic field. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a set of similarity ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using a dimensionless set of variables, and then solved numerically using the bvp4c package from MATLAB software. Two solutions exist for both buoyancy opposing (λ < 0) and assisting (λ > 0) flows, whereas a unique solution is found when the buoyancy force is absent (λ = 0). In addition, the impacts of the dimensionless parameters, such as curvature parameter, volume fraction of nanoparticles, inclination angle, mixed convention parameter, and magnetic parameter are analyzed. The results of this study compare well with previously published results. Compared to pure base fluid and regular nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid reduces drag and transfers heat more efficiently.

Figures-of-Merit Analysis Using the Thermophysical Properties of Water and Ethylene Glycol Based Reduced Graphene Oxide/Nanodiamond Hybrid Nanofluids

The water and ethylene glycol based stable rGO/nanodiamond hybrid nanofluids were prepared and used for thermophysical properties analysis. The thermophysical properties were measured experimentally at various particle loadings from 0.2% to 1.0% and various temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 °C. From the measured thermophysical properties the figures-of-merit were analyzed by assuming constant heat flux and turbulent boundary conditions by using different models, and also by assuming the hybrid nanofluids flows through a tube. Results indicate that the thermal conductivity of water and ethylene glycol based hybrid nanofluids at Φ = 1.0% vol. is enhanced about 27.87% and 18.8% at 60 °C; viscosity of water and ethylene glycol based hybrid nanofluids at Φ = 1.0% vol. is also enhanced by 72.15% and 86.62% compared to their base fluids at 20 °C. The density is also increased with an increase of particle loadings, whereas, the specific heat is decreased with a rise of particle loadings. Experimental thermophysical properties are fitted into regression equations by using multi linear regression method. The figures-of-merit of all the prepared hybrid nanofluids show its value is less than one under the used particle loadings and temperatures.

Stability and Thermophysical Properties of GNP-Fe2O3 Hybrid Nanofluid: Effect of Volume Fraction and Temperature

The study focused on the impact of concentration and temperature on the electrical conductivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of GNP/Fe₂O₃ hybrid nanofluids. The study found that nanofluids have better electrical conductivity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity than water. The electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity increase linearly with concentration for a constant temperature. However, the nanofluid's viscosity increases with the addition of the hybrid nanoparticles and decreases as the temperature increases. Furthermore, the study shows that the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid is enhanced with increased addition of hybrid nanoparticles in the base fluid and that the thermal conductivity ratio increases with increased addition of nanoparticles. Overall, the results suggest that GNP/Fe₂O₃ hybrid nanofluids could be used in various industrial applications to improve the heat transfer and energy efficiency of systems.

Spherical Hybrid Nanoparticles for Homann Stagnation-Point Flow in Porous Media via Homotopy Analysis Method

Non-axisymmetric stagnant-point flows for flat plates in porous media containing spherical Cu-Al₂O₃-H₂O nanoparticles are studied using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The governing equations are transformed into three coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations through similarity transformations. A large degree of freedom is provided by HAM when selecting auxiliary linear operators. By transforming nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients into linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations can be solved. Over the entire domain, these equations can be solved approximately analytically. The analysis involves a discussion of the impact of many physical parameters generated in the proposed model. The results have shown that skin friction coefficients of Cf_x and Cf_y increase with volume fraction of hybrid nanofluid and the coefficient of permeability increasing. For the axisymmetric case of γ = 0, when volume fraction, φ, φ₁, φ₂ = 0, 5%, 10%, 20%, Cf_x = Cf_y = 1.33634, 1.51918, 1.73905, 2.33449, it can be found that the wall shear stress values increase by 13.68%, 30.14%, and 74.69%, respectively. In response to an increase in hybrid nanofluid volume fractions, local Nusselt numbers Nu_x increase. Nu_x decrease and change clearly with the coefficient of permeability increasing in the range of γ < 0; the values of Nu_x are less affected in the range of γ > 0.

Thermo-Convective Flows of Mono- and Hybrid-Nanofluids Over Horizontal Undulated Surfaces in a Porous Medium

This paper presents a comparative study between the thermo-convective flows of two mono- and one hybrid-nanofluid over three uniformly heated undulated surfaces (described by sinusoidal, sawtooth or triangular waveforms) embedded in a porous medium. The base fluid for each nanofluid is water, and the nanoparticles are copper, alumina or a copper-alumina mixture. Two different types of materials of the porous medium have been considered: aluminum foam and glass balls. This problem is governed by a system of nonlinear, coupled partial differential equations, which is solved using the Keller-Box method. The influences of each porous medium and the pertinent parameters on the nanofluid flows and heat transfer have been explored. It is seen that secondary flow occurs at large amplitudes of the surface undulations for the sinusoidal and triangular waveforms, but no such flow is observed in the case of the sawtooth waveform and the flat surface. To assess the heat transfer properties, the mean Nusselt number has been calculated. It is observed that the mean Nusselt number is higher in the porous medium of glass balls than aluminum foam. The heat transfer on the undulated surfaces is the highest in the case of a hybrid-nanofluid and the least for water-alumina.

Thermal Performances of Copper and Silver Nanomaterials with Fluctuated Boundary Layers

The development and structure of hybrid nanofluid accounted via rotating disk is explored in this investigation. The hybrid prospective of heat transfer is inspected with uniform suspension of silver nanoparticles and copper nanomaterial. The thermo-hydrodynamic theory of nanomaterials is followed for attaining the governing expressions for the hybrid nanofluid model to rotation of disk. The thermo-diffusion aspect for the nanofluids following the hybrid model is listed. The uniform suspension for both nanomaterials is done with water base fluid. The velocity change and enhancement of heat transfer for the hybrid nanofluid model is addressed along the radial direction. The diverse pattern of boundary layer is inspected. The graphical outcomes convey that more thicker thermal boundary layer is results against the increasing nano = articles concentration. The thermal mechanism of various base materials can be effectively improved with proper utilization of hybrid nanoparticles. The improvement in in coefficient indicates the larger distribution in the heated fluid layer. In the case of Ag/water nanofluid, distribution of the heat is not faster as in Ag/water nanoparticles and this deficiency is improved by using hybrid nonmaterial.

Numerical simulation on energy transfer enhancement of a Williamson ferrofluid subjected to thermal radiation and a magnetic field using hybrid ultrafine particles

In this numerical investigation, completely developed laminar convective heat transfer characteristics of a Williamson hybrid ferronanofluid over a cylindrical surface are reported. This new model in 2D is engaged to examine the effects of the magnetic field, thermal radiation factor, volume fraction of ultrafine particles, and Weissenberg number with the help of the Keller box method. The numerical calculations are implemented at a magnetic parameter range of 0.4 to 0.8, volume fraction range of 0.0 to 0.1, and a Weissenberg number range of 0.1 to 0.8. The numerical outcomes concluded that the velocity increases when the thermal radiation parameter and the volume fraction of a nanoparticle are increased, but inverse impacts are obtained for the magnetic parameter and the Weissenberg number. The rate of energy transport increases with increasing thermal radiation and volume fraction, while it declines with increasing the magnetic parameter and Weissenberg number. The drag force shows a positive relationship with the thermal radiation parameter and has an opposite relationship with the Weissenberg number and the magnetic parameter. Furthermore, even when the magnetic field, thermal radiation, volume fraction, and Weissenberg number are all present, the heat transfer rate of Williamson hybrid ferronanofluid is greater than that of mono Williamson ferronanofluid.

Computational Simulation and Parametric Analysis of the Effectiveness of Ternary Nano-composites in Improving Magneto-Micropolar Liquid Heat Transport Performance

This numerical analysis aims to observe and analyze the combined convection characteristics of the micropolar tri-hybrid nano-liquid that moves around a cylindrical object, and, in addition, to compare its thermal behavior to that of hybrid and mono nano-fluids. For this purpose, the problem is modeled by developing the Tiwari and Das models, then the governing model is converted into dimensionless expressions, and finally, the problem is solved using the Keller box approximation. The current findings are compared with previously published results to show that the present method is sufficiently accurate for physical and engineering applications. By examining and analyzing the extent to which skin friction, the Nusselt number, velocity, angular velocity, and temperature are affected by some critical factors, the following points are revealed: A greater value of the micropolar and magnetic factors can result in curtailing the heat transmission rate, velocity, and angular velocity. Higher values of the mixed convection factor can contribute to a better rate of energy transfer and can grant the micropolar tri-hybrid nano-liquid a higher velocity. Regardless of the influencing factors, the maximum value of all considered physical groups is achieved by using ternary hybrid nano-liquids.

Buoyancy-driven flow of magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluids in an open cavity with permeable horizontal walls

The buoyancy-driven flow of hybrid nanofluids in an open cavity is examined in the presence of a magnetic field with an angle to the horizontal axis. The right end of the cavity is open, and the left wall is supposed to be heated. Moreover, the horizontal walls are deemed to be permeable and maintained at ambient temperature. The successive over-relaxation (SOR) technique is applied with the finite-difference method to solve the dimensionless equations. A comparison is executed with formerly published results which provide a good agreement. The grid refinement test has also been carried out to increase the accuracy. Flow and temperature profiles are investigated for the Rayleigh number ( Ra = 104, 105, 106), Reynolds number (Re = 5, 8, 10, 20, 100), Hartmann number ( Ha = 0, 5, 10), concentration of nanoparticles ( φ1 or φ2 = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1), angle of inclination of the magnetic field ( γ = 0°, 30°, 45°), aspect ratio ( A = 1, 2, 3, 4), and suction/blow parameter ( S = −1, 0, 1). Results have been elucidated based on streamlines, isotherms, local Nusselt number ( Nu), and average Nusselt number ( Nuavg). It is noted that the changes in the variables significantly affect streamlines and isotherms. The heat transfer for Cu-Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluid is higher about 9.98% compared to Fe3O4/water nanofluid and 26.41% compared to water. Furthermore, all other parameters noticeably augment both Nu and Nuavg.

Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Metal Oxide Nanofluids: A Critical Review

Advancements in technology related to energy systems, such as heat exchangers, electronics, and batteries, are associated with the generation of high heat fluxes which requires appropriate thermal management. Presently, conventional thermal fluids have found limited application owing to low thermal conductivity (TC). The need for more efficient fluids has become apparent leading to the development of nanofluids as advanced thermal fluids. Nanofluid synthesis by suspending nano-size materials into conventional thermal fluids to improve thermal properties has been extensively studied. TC is a pivotal property to the utilization of nanofluids in various applications as it is strongly related to improved efficiency and thermal performance. Numerous studies have been conducted on the TC of nanofluids using diverse nanoparticles and base fluids. Different values of TC enhancement have been recorded which depend on various factors, such as nanoparticles size, shape and type, base fluid and surfactant type, temperature, etc. This paper attempts to conduct a state-of-the-art review of the TC enhancement of metal oxide nanofluids owing to the wide attention, chemical stability, low density, and oxidation resistance associated with this type of nanofluid. TC and TC enhancements of metal oxide nanofluids are presented and discussed herein. The influence of several parameters (temperature, volume/weight concentration, nano-size, sonication, shape, surfactants, base fluids, alignment, TC measurement techniques, and mixing ratio (for hybrid nanofluid)) on the TC of metal oil nanofluids have been reviewed. This paper serves as a frontier in the review of the effect of alignment, electric field, and green nanofluid on TC. In addition, the mechanisms/physics behind TC enhancement and techniques for TC measurement have been discussed. Results show that the TC enhancement of metal oxide nanofluids is affected by the aforementioned parameters with temperature and nanoparticle concentration contributing the most. TC of these nanofluids is observed to be actively enhanced using electric and magnetic fields with the former requiring more intense studies. The formulation of green nanofluids and base fluids as sustainable and future thermal fluids is recommended.

Experimental study of thermal characteristics of ZrO2/EG nanofluid for application of heat transfer

In thermal management system, nanofluids will act as robust elements in future for coolants. Nanofluids have remarkable potential during the heat transfer increase reported by researchers from all over the world. Nanofluids have attracted many researchers, and there have been tremendous advances because of the high thermal characteristics and possible applications in certain areas such as the transport sector, aerospace, medical regions, and microelectronics. This current study reports on the thermal characteristics of nanofluid based on ZrO₂/EG. The nanoparticles are characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. Nanofluid was prepared by a two-step method in ethylene glycol (EG) using ultra sonication. The thermal conductivity of ZrO₂/EG nanofluid was investigated experimentally at various volume concentrations (0.02-0.1vol. %) and temperature range between 35 and 55 °C. The enhancement in thermal conductivity was observed to be 26.2% at 0.1 vol. % which exhibits superior performance as compared to base fluid (EG). The results of the experiment were compared with the three most often utilized model in the literature. The behavior of ZrO₂/water-based nanofluid thermal conductivity, viscosity, and stability in various concentrations was studied.

Magnetized mixed convection hybrid nanofluid with effect of heat generation/absorption and velocity slip condition

Through a vertically shrinking sheet, a two-dimensional magnetic nanofluid is numerically analyzed for convection, heat generation and absorption, and the slip velocity effect. In this research, Al₂O₃-Cu/water composite nanofluid is studied, where water is deemed the base liquid and copper (Cu) and alumina (Al₂O₃) are the solid nanoparticles. Modern composite nanofluids improve heat transfer efficiency. Using the Tiwari-Das model, the current study examines the effects of the solid volume fraction of copper, heat generation/absorption, MHD, mixed convection, and velocity slip parameters on velocity and temperature distributions. Introducing exponential similarity variables converts nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). MATLAB bvp4c solver is used to solve ODEs. Results showed dual solutions for suction with 0%-10% copper nanoparticles and 1%-500% heat generation/absorption. As copper (Cu) solid volume percentage increases from 0% to 10%, reduced skin friction f ″ ( 0 ) boosts in the first solution but falls in the second. When Cu is added to both solutions, heat transport - θ ' ( 0 ) decreases. As heat generation/absorption increases 1%-500%, - θ ' ( 0 ) decreases in both solutions. In conclusion, solution dichotomy exists when suction parameter S ≥ S c i in assisting flow case, while no fluid flow is possible when S < S c i .

Computational analysis of radiative engine oil-based Prandtl-Eyring hybrid nanofluid flow with variable heat transfer using the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model

In the present analysis, we study the energy transference through engine oil-based Prandtl-Eyring nanofluid flow through a heated stretching surface. The nanofluid is prepared by adding copper (Cu) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) to the base fluid engine oil. The flow mechanism and thermal transmission are observed by exposing the nanofluid flow through the heated slippery surface. The influences of permeable surface, radiative flux and heat absorption/generation are also elaborated in this study. The flow of nanofluids has been designed using a PDEs system, which are then transformed into a set of ODEs via resemblance modification. The numerical technique "shooting method" is used to solve the acquired nonlinear set of non - dimensional ODEs. The results are physically exemplified through tables and plots. It has been detected that the accumulation of nanomaterials in the engine oil, reduces the skin friction while accelerating the energy transfer rate. The velocity field significantly decelerates with the encouragement of the porosity factor, and volume fraction of NPs. However, the temperature profile significantly escalates with the encouragement of the porosity factor, and volume fraction of NPs.

Analytical Study of the Energy Loss Reduction during Three-Dimensional Engine Oil-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Flow by Using Cattaneo–Christov Model

In this work, we analyzed the hybrid nanofluid (Ag+CuO+kerosene oil) flow past a bidirectionally extendable surface in the presence of a variable magnetic field. The hybrid nanofluid flow considered is electrically conductive and steady. For the simulation of the problem, the Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion (CCDD) model was considered, which generalizes Fourier’s and Fick’s laws. The impact of the Hall current produced was taken into account. The physical problem was transformed into a mathematical form with the help of suitable transformations to reduce the complexity of the problem. The transformed system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) was solved with the semi-analytical method. The results are plotted in comparison with the ordinary nanofluid (CuO+kerosene oil) and hybrid nanofluid (Ag+CuO+kerosene oil). The impact of various parameters (Pr,Sc,γ0,m,M,Nb,Nt,ϵ1,ϵ2) on the state variables is described. The velocity gradient under the impact of the mass flux and magnetic parameter shows a decreasing behavior, while the Hall parameter and the stretching ratio show an increasing behavior. Moreover, the skin friction, rate of heat, and mass transfer are numerically displayed through tables. In this work, we found that the thermal and concentration relaxation coefficients showed a decreasing behavior for their increasing trends. For the validation of the implemented technique, the squared residuals are computed in Table 2, which shows that the increasing number of iterations decreases the squared residual error. The results show that Ag+CuO+kerosene oil has good performance in the reduction of the heat transfer rate.

Solution of Water and Sodium Alginate-Based Casson Type Hybrid Nanofluid with Slip and Sinusoidal Heat Conditions: A Prabhakar Fractional Derivative Approach

This paper aims to investigate free convection heat transmission in hybrid nanofluids across an inclined pours plate, which characterizes an asymmetrical hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer behavior. With an angled magnetic field applied, sliding on the border of walls is also considered with sinusoidal heat transfer boundary conditions. The non-dimensional leading equations are converted into a fractional model using an effective mathematical fractional approach known as the Prabhakar time fractional derivative. Silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are both considered nanoparticles, with water (H2O) and sodium alginate (C6H9NaO7) serving as the base fluids. The solution of the momentum, concentration, and energy equation is found by utilizing the Laplace scheme, and different numerical algorithms are considered for the inverse of Laplace, i.e., Stehfest and Tzou’s. The graphical analysis investigates the impact and symmetry of significant physical and fractional parameters. Consequently, we surmise that water-based hybrid nanofluid has a somewhat higher velocity than sodium alginate-based hybrid nanofluid. Furthermore, the Casson parameter has a dual effect on the momentum profile. Furthermore, the memory effect reduces as fractional restriction increases for both the velocity and temperature layers. The results demonstrate that increasing the heat transmission in the solid nanoparticle volume fractions enhanced the heat transmission. In addition, the numerical assessment examined the increase in mass and heat transmission, while shear stress was increased with an increase in the Prabhakar fractional parameter α.

Preparation, Characterization, Stability and Thermophysical Properties of Bio, Non-Bio (Metallic and Non-Metallic) and Hybrids Nanofluids: A Review

Traditional heat transfer base fluids, such as ethylene glycol, ethanol, kerosene, oil, methanol, water etc. are normally used to enhance the heat transfer performance in many industrial applications. These traditional heat transfer fluids have many limitations. One of the limitations is the poor thermophysical properties of each of the base fluids and this results in a lower heat transfer rate in Thermal Engineering systems. Nanofluids are considered a new generation heat transfer fluid with higher thermal conductivity. Nanofluids have enhanced thermophysical properties compared to single-phase traditional heat transfer fluids. This paper highlights detailed reviews of the various methods of preparation, characterization, stability and thermophysical properties of bio, non-bio and hybrids nanofluids. Thermophysical properties such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity from different works of literature were summarized, discussed and presented. There are many different parameters to be considered while investigating the thermophysical properties of nanofluids. Density and specific heat capacity are strongly dependent on the material type while the viscosity and thermal conductivity are highly affected by temperature and concentration. The most influential parameters on thermophysical properties of nanofluids are material type and temperature. The majority of the literature revealed that bio nanofluids have low viscosity values and hybrids have high thermal conductivity values. The novelty of this review paper is the presentation of the various methods of synthesizing, characterization, stability and factors affecting the thermophysical properties of metallic, non-metallic and hybrid nanofluids.

Heat transfer analysis in a non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially oscillating plate using fractional Caputo–Fabrizio derivative

In this paper, we have been study a hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially oscillating vertical flat plate. Therefore the fractional derivatives definition of Caputo–Fabrizio approach is applied to transform the classical model for this hybrid nanofluid to fractional model. Together with an oscillating boundary motion, therefore the heat transfer is cause as a result of the buoyancy force produce due temperature differences between the plate and the fluid. The dimensionless classical model is generalized by transforming it to the time fractional model using Caputo–Fabrizio time fractional derivative. Exact analytical solutions are obtained by using Laplace transform method to the set of dimensionless fractional governing equations, containing the momentum and energy equations subjected to the boundary and initial conditions. Numerical computations and graphical illustrations are used to checked the results of the Caputo–Fabrizio time-fractional parameter, the second-grade parameter, the magnetic parameter and the Grashof numbers on the velocity field. An assessment for time spin-off is shown graphically of integer order versus fractional-order for these non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid through Mathcad software. The fluid velocity increases for increasing the value of the fractional parameter, second-grade parameter and Grashof number. Also for increasing the values of the MHD parameter the fluid velocity decreases.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) on the Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Subject to a Vertical and Permeable Wedge

The mixed convection flow with thermal characteristics of a water-based Cu-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluid towards a vertical and permeable wedge was numerically and statistically analyzed in this study. The governing model was constructed using physical and theoretical assumptions, which were then reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformation. The steady flow solutions were computed using the Matlab software bvp4c. All possible solutions were presented in the graphs of skin friction coefficient and thermal rate. The numerical results show that the flow and thermal progresses are developed by enhancing the controlling parameters (wedge parameter, volumetric concentration of nanoparticles, and suction parameter). Moreover, the response surface methodology (RSM) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for the statistical evaluation and conducted using the fit general linear model in the Minitab software. From the standpoint of statistical analysis, the wedge parameter and volumetric nanoparticle concentration have a considerable impact on all responses; however, the suction parameter effect is only substantial for a single response.

Utilization of zinc-ferrite/water hybrid nanofluids on thermal performance of a flat plate solar collector-a thermal modeling approach

Thermodynamic performance analysis is carried out on a flat plate solar thermal collector utilizing single and hybrid nanofluids. Fe₂O₄/water, Zn-Fe₂O₄/water hybrid nanofluids, and water are used as heat transfer fluids, and their performance is compared based on the energy and exergy transfer rate. The thermo-physical properties are evaluated by regression polynomial model for all the working fluids. Developed codes in MATLAB are created to solve the collector's thermal model iteratively, energy, and exergetic performance. The system is then subjected to parametric investigation and optimization for variations in fluid flow rate, temperatures, and concentrations of nanoparticles. The findings show that utilizing Zn-Fe₂O₄/water hybrid nanofluids with a particle concentration of 0.5% enhanced the solar collector's thermal performance by 6.6% while using Fe₂O₄/water nanofluids raised the collector's thermal performance by 7.83% when compared to water as the working fluid. The maximum energy efficiency of 80.1% is attained at the mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s. The hybrid nanofluids have also given a maximum exergetic efficiency of 5.36% and an enhancement of 8.24% compared to Fe₂O₄/water nanofluids. It evidences that the hybrid nanofluids would become a better thermal alternative for water as well as single nanofluids.

Thin film flow and heat transfer of Cu-nanofluids with slip and convective boundary condition over a stretching sheet

The flow and heat transfer in thin film of Cu-nanofluid over a stretching sheet by considering different shape factors (platelets, blades, bricks, sphere and cylinder) along with slip and convective boundary conditions is investigated. The governing partial differential equations are converted to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by means of suitable similarity transformation and then solved by using BVP4C in MATLAB. The physical significance of various parameters on velocity and temperature profiles are investigated and provided in the form of table and also presented graphically. It is noted that the Platelet-shaped nanoparticles has the highest heat transfer rate as compare to other particle’s shapes.

An MHD Marangoni Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer with Mass Transpiration and Radiation: An Analytical Study

This examination is carried out on the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic problem for a steady incompressible flow over a porous medium. The Cu−Al2O3 nanoparticles are added to the water base fluid in order to improve thermal efficiency. The transverse magnetic field with strength B0 is applied. The governing equations formed for the defined flow form a system of partial differential equations that are then converted to a system of ordinary differential equations upon applying the suitable similarity transformations. On analytically solving the obtained system, the solutions for velocity profile and temperature distribution are obtained in terms of exponential and Gamma functions, respectively. In addition, the physical parameter of interest, the local Nusselt number, is obtained. The results are analyzed through plotting graphs, and the effect of different parameters is analyzed. Furthermore, we observe that the suction/injection parameter enhances the axial velocity. The porous and radiation parameters enhance the temperature distribution, and the suction/injection parameter suppresses the temperature distribution.

Nanofluid preparation, stability and performance for CO2 absorption and desorption enhancement: A review

In recent years, the importance of capturing CO₂ has increased due to the necessity of minimizing climate change and the detrimental effects of CO₂ emissions from industrial processes. CO₂ absorption, as one of the most mature carbon capture technologies, has been improved by introducing nanosized particles into liquid absorbents. Nanofluids have been the subject of interest in many studies recently due to their tremendous impact on absorption. This review comprehensively examines the CO₂ absorption behavior for nanofluids through the investigation of different absorption systems. Potential mechanisms for improving the absorption/regeneration performance of nanoabsorbents as well as the synergistic effects of physicochemical properties of nanofluids, such as viscosity and density on CO₂ capture behavior, are reviewed. Nanofluid enhancement factors in terms of absorption rate and capacity towards CO₂ are also compiled. Mathematical models, which have been proposed for calculating mass transfer coefficient and mass diffusivity, are comprehensively outlined. The paper discusses conventional methods for nanofluid preparation affecting the physicochemical properties of nanofluids. Strategies for enhancing nanofluid stability, as well as approaches to examine their stability are discussed. Finally, nanoparticle concentration, types and size of them, and selection of the base liquid absorbent as the key factors influencing the CO₂ removal process by nanofluids, are considered in this paper, as well.

A Perspective Review on Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Nanofluids and Their Application in Automobile Radiator Cooling

Hybrid nanofluids developed with the fusion or suspension of two or more different nanoparticles in a mixture as a novel heat transfer fluid are currently of interest to researchers due to their proven better measured thermal conductivities. Several reviewed articles exist on the thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluids, a vital property for which the heat transfer rate is directly dependent. This review aims to understand the current developments in hybrid nanofluids and their applications. An extensive literature survey was carried out of heuristic-based articles published in the last 15 years. The review reiterates topical research on the preparation methods and ways to improve the stability of readied fluid, thermophysical properties of mixture nanofluids, and some empirical correlations developed for estimating thermal conductivity. Hybrid nanofluid studies on heat transfer performance in automobile radiator cooling systems were also obtained and discussed. The review’s significant findings include the following: (1) hybrid nanofluids produce a noticeable thermal conductivity enhancement and a relatively higher heat transfer coefficient than mono nanofluids and regular liquids. Furthermore, through the uniform dispersion and stable suspension of nanoparticles in the host liquids, the maximum possible thermal augmentation can be obtained at the lowest possible concentrations (by <0.1% by volume). (2) An automobile radiator’s overall heat transfer accomplishment can thus be boosted by using a mixture of nanofluids as conventional coolants. Up-to-date literature results on the thermal conductivity enhancement of mixture fluids are also presented in this study. Nonetheless, some of the barriers and challenges acknowledged in this work must be addressed for its complete deployment in modern applications.

Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Flow of Hybrid Ferrofluid Due to a Rotating Disk

The flow of fluids over the boundaries of a rotating disc has many practical uses, including boundary-layer control and separation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to discuss the impact of unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) hybrid ferrofluid flow over a stretching/shrinking rotating disk. The time-dependent mathematical model is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE’s) by using similarity variables. The bvp4c method in the MATLAB platform is utilised in order to solve the present model. Since the occurrence of more than one solution is presentable, an analysis of solution stabilities is conducted. Both solutions were surprisingly found to be stable. Meanwhile, the skin friction coefficient, heat transfer rate—in cooperation with velocity—and temperature profile distributions are examined for the progressing parameters. The findings reveal that the unsteadiness parameter causes the boundary layer thickness of the velocity and temperature distribution profile to decrease. A higher value of magnetic and mass flux parameter lowers the skin friction coefficient. In contrast, the addition of the unsteadiness parameter yields a supportive effect on the heat transfer rate. An increment of the magnetic parameter up to 30% reduces the skin friction coefficient by 15.98% and enhances the heat transfer rate approximately up to 1.88%, significantly. In contrast, the heat transfer is rapidly enhanced by improving the mass flux parameter by almost 20%.

Impact of the KKL Correlation Model on the Activation of Thermal Energy for the Hybrid Nanofluid (GO+ZnO+Water) Flow through Permeable Vertically Rotating Surface

The thermal energy transfer characteristics during hybrid nanofluid migration are studied in the presence of a variable magnetic field, heat source, and radiation. The flow is governed by the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy, whereas it is modeled by the coupled set of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Suitable similarity transformations are employed to convert the developed set of PDEs to a nonlinear system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The simplified system of ODEs is solved by using the well-established analytical procedure of homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of varying the strength of the physical parameters on the thermal energy transfer during hybrid nanofluid motion between two plates in which one of the plate is porous, rotating, as well as stretching are investigated through tables and two-dimensional graphs. The porosity is modeled through the Koo–Kleinstreuer model (KKL) correlation. The analysis reveals that the skin friction and Nusselt number augment with the increasing strength of the magnetic field and nanomaterials’ concentrations. The gradient in the fluid velocity has a dual dependence on the strength of the applied magnetic field and Grashof number and drops with the higher values of the unsteadiness parameter. The fluid velocity constricts with the enhancing magnetic field due to higher Lorentz forces, and it also drops with the increasing rotation rate. The enhancing buoyancy associated with higher Grashof number values augments the fluid velocity. The fluid’s temperature rises with the augmenting nanomaterial concentrations, Eckert number, nonsteadiness, heat source strength, and radiation parameter, while it drops with the higher Grashof number and Prandtl number. The applied technique of the HAM shows good convergence over a wide range of the convergent parameter. This work has potential applications in the development of efficient thermal energy transfer systems.

Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanomaterials Base Maxwell Micropolar Fluid Flow over an Exponentially Stretching Surface

A numerical investigation of three-dimensional hybrid nanomaterial micropolar fluid flow across an exponentially stretched sheet is performed. Recognized similarity transformations are adopted to convert governing equations from PDEs into the set ODEs. The dimensionless system is settled by the operating numerical approach bvp4c. The impacts of the nanoparticle volume fraction, dimensionless viscosity ratio, stretching ratio parameter, and dimensionless constant on fluid velocity, micropolar angular velocity, fluid temperature, and skin friction coefficient in both x-direction and y-direction are inspected. Graphical outcomes are shown to predict the features of the concerned parameters into the current problem. These results are vital in the future in the branches of technology and industry. The micropolar function Rη increases for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Micropolar function Rη declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function is enhanced for higher values of solid nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter. The range of the physical parameters are presented as: 0.005<ϕ2<0.09, Pr=6.2, 0<K<2, 0<a<2.0, ϕ1=0.1, and 0<c<1.5.

Convective Heat Transfer Analysis for Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)- and Ferro (Fe3O4)-Based Nano-Fluid over a Curved Stretching Sheet

In this work, the combined effects of velocity slip and convective heat boundary conditions on a hybrid nano-fluid over a nonlinear curved stretching surface were considered. Two kinds of fluids, namely, hybrid nano-fluid and aluminum oxide (Al2O3)- and iron oxide (Fe3O4)-based nano-fluid, were also taken into account. We transformed the governing model into a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). For this we used the similarity transformation method. The solution of the transformed ODE system was computed via a higher-order numerical approximation scheme known as the shooting method with the Runge–Kutta method of order four (RK-4). It is noticed that the fluid velocity was reduced for the magnetic parameter, curvature parameter, and slip parameters, while the temperature declined with higher values of the magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, and convective heat transfer. Furthermore, the physical quantities of engineering interest, i.e., the behavior of the skin fraction and the Nusselt number, are presented. These behaviors are also illustrated graphically along with the numerical values in a comparison with previous work in numerical tabular form.

The Effect of Ag-Decoration on rGO/Water Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity

Carbon-based nanomaterials have a high thermal conductivity, which can be exploited to prepare nanofluids. Graphene is a hydrophobic substance, and consequently, graphene-based nanofluid stability is improved by adding surfactants. An attractive alternative is the decoration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with metallic materials to improve the thermal conductivity without affecting the stability of nanofluids. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of rGO/Ag (0.1 wt.%) aqueous nanofluids. Moreover, the effects of the Ag concentration (0.01−1 M) on the thermal conductivity and viscosity during the synthesis of rGO/Ag composite are analyzed. The nanofluid thermal conductivity showed increases in relation to the base fluid, the most promising being 28.43 and 26.25% for 0.1 and 1 M of Ag, respectively. Furthermore, the nanofluids were Newtonian in the analyzed range of shear rates and presented a moderate increase (<11%) in viscosity. Aqueous nanofluids based on rGO/Ag nanocomposites are a potential alternative for applications as heat transfer fluids.

A Comprehensive Review on Efficiency Enhancement of Solar Collectors Using Hybrid Nanofluids

Because of its potential to directly transform solar energy into heat and energy, without harmful environmental effects such as greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid nanofluid is an efficient way to improve the thermal efficiency of solar systems using a possible heat transfer fluid with superior thermo-physical properties. The object of this paper is the study the latest developments in hybrid applications in the fields of solar energy systems in different solar collectors. Hybrid nanofluids are potential fluids with better thermo-physical properties and heat transfer efficiency than conventional heat transfer fluids (oil, water, ethylene glycol) with single nanoparticle nanofluids. The research found that a single nanofluid can be replaced by a hybrid nanofluid because it enhances heat transfer. This work presented the recent developments in hybrid nanofluid preparation methods, stability factors, thermal improvement methods, current applications, and some mathematical regression analysis which is directly related to the efficiency enhancement of solar collector. This literature revealed that hybrid nanofluids have a great opportunity to enhance the efficiency of solar collector due to their noble thermophysical properties in replace of conventional heat transfer working fluids. Finally, some important problems are addressed, which must be solved for future study.

Magnetohydrodynamics Boundary Layer Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid in a Thin-Film Over an Unsteady Stretching Permeable Sheet

This analysis explored the computational process of heat transfer analysis in a thin-film MHD flow embedded in the hybrid nanoparticles, which combine the spherical copper and alumina dispersed in ethylene glycol as the conventional heat transfer Newtonian fluid model over a stretching sheet. The nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) was attained by transforming partial differential equation (PDEs) as governing equations when implementing the similarity transformations technique. The resulting nonlinear ODEs have been utilized by using the Keller box method. The natures of the thin-film flow and heat transfer through the various values of the pertinent parameters: unsteadiness, nanoparticle volume fraction, thin-film thickness, magnetic interaction and intensity suction/injection are deliberated. The approximate results for velocity and temperature distributions and physical quantities in terms of local skin friction and Nusselt number have been obtained and analyzed via graphs and tables. As a consequence, the suction expresses a more prodigious effect on the hybrid nanofluid rather than injection fluid for all the investigation parameters. It is worth acknowledging that the existence of the nanoparticles and MHD in the viscous hybrid nanofluid tends to enhance the temperature profile but decay the particle movement in the thin-film flow. It is perceived that the velocity and temperature profiles decline for the growth of the unsteadiness, thin-film thickness and suction/injection parameters.

Hybrid Nanofluids-Next-Generation Fluids for Spray-Cooling-Based Thermal Management of High-Heat-Flux Devices

In recent years, technical advancements in high-heat-flux devices (such as high power density and increased output performance) have led to immense heat dissipation levels that may not be addressed by traditional thermal fluids. High-heat-flux devices generally dissipate heat in a range of 100–1000 W/cm² and are used in various applications, such as data centers, electric vehicles, microelectronics, X-ray machines, super-computers, avionics, rocket nozzles and laser diodes. Despite several benefits offered by efficient spray-cooling systems, such as uniform cooling, no hotspot formation, low thermal contact resistance and high heat transfer rates, they may not fully address heat dissipation challenges in modern high-heat-flux devices due to the limited cooling capacity of existing thermal fluids (such as water and dielectric fluids). Therefore, in this review, a detailed perspective is presented on fundamental hydrothermal properties, along with the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the next-generation thermal fluid, that is, the hybrid nanofluid. At the end of this review, the spray-cooling potential of the hybrid nanofluid for thermal management of high-heat-flux devices is presented.