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Neary MT, Mulder LM, Kowalski PS, MacLoughlin R, Crean AM, Ryan KB. Nebulised delivery of RNA formulations to the lungs: From aerosol to cytosol. J Control Release 2024; 366:812-833. [PMID: 38101753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade RNA-based therapies such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) have emerged as new and ground-breaking therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of many conditions from viral infection to cancer. Most clinically approved RNA therapies are parenterally administered which impacts patient compliance and adds to healthcare costs. Pulmonary administration via inhalation is a non-invasive means to deliver RNA and offers an attractive alternative to injection. Nebulisation is a particularly appealing method due to the capacity to deliver large RNA doses during tidal breathing. In this review, we discuss the unique physiological barriers presented by the lung to efficient nebulised RNA delivery and approaches adopted to circumvent this problem. Additionally, the different types of nebulisers are evaluated from the perspective of their suitability for RNA delivery. Furthermore, we discuss recent preclinical studies involving nebulisation of RNA and analysis in in vitro and in vivo settings. Several studies have also demonstrated the importance of an effective delivery vector in RNA nebulisation therefore we assess the variety of lipid, polymeric and hybrid-based delivery systems utilised to date. We also consider the outlook for nebulised RNA medicinal products and the hurdles which must be overcome for successful clinical translation. In summary, nebulised RNA delivery has demonstrated promising potential for the treatment of several lung-related conditions such as asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis, to which the mode of delivery is of crucial importance for clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Neary
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Piotr S Kowalski
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Abina M Crean
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Katie B Ryan
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Knap K, Kwiecień K, Reczyńska-Kolman K, Pamuła E. Inhalable microparticles as drug delivery systems to the lungs in a dry powder formulations. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac099. [PMID: 36683752 PMCID: PMC9845529 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation-administrated drugs remain an interesting possibility of addressing pulmonary diseases. Direct drug delivery to the lungs allows one to obtain high concentration in the site of action with limited systemic distribution, leading to a more effective therapy with reduced required doses and side effects. On the other hand, there are several difficulties in obtaining a formulation that would meet all the criteria related to physicochemical, aerodynamic and biological properties, which is the reason why only very few of the investigated systems can reach the clinical trial phase and proceed to everyday use as a result. Therefore, we focused on powders consisting of polysaccharides, lipids, proteins or natural and synthetic polymers in the form of microparticles that are delivered by inhalation to the lungs as drug carriers. We summarized the most common trends in research today to provide the best dry powders in the right fraction for inhalation that would be able to release the drug before being removed by natural mechanisms. This review article addresses the most common manufacturing methods with novel modifications, pros and cons of different materials, drug loading capacities with release profiles, and biological properties such as cytocompatibility, bactericidal or anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Reczyńska-Kolman
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Nii T, Tabata Y. Immunosuppressive mesenchymal stem cells aggregates incorporating hydrogel microspheres promote an in vitro invasion of cancer cells. Regen Ther 2022; 18:516-522. [PMID: 34977285 PMCID: PMC8668441 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to design a co-culture system of cancer cells and three-dimensional (3D) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) aggregates for the in vitro evaluation of cancer invasion. Methods First, the MSC of an immunosuppressive phenotype (MSC2) were prepared by the MSC stimulation of polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid. By simple mixing MSC2 and gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) in a U-bottomed well of 96 well plates which had been pre-coated with poly (vinyl alcohol), 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM were obtained. The amount of chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) secreted from the MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM. Finally, an invasion assay was performed to evaluate the cancer invasion rate by co-cultured cancer cells and the 3D MSC2 incorporating GM. Results The amount of CCL5 secreted for the 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM was significantly higher than that of two-dimensional (2D) MSC, 2D MSC2, and 3D MSC aggregates incorporating GM. When MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were co-cultured with the 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM, the invasion rate of cancer cells was significantly high compared with that of 2D MSC or 2D MSC2 and 3D MSC aggregates incorporating GM. In addition, high secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was observed for the 3D MSC2 aggregates/cancer cells system. Conclusions It is concluded that the co-culture system of 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating GM and cancer cells is promising to evaluate the invasion of cancer cells in vitro. This invasion model is an important tool for anti-cancer drug screening. Mesenchymal stem cells of an immunosuppressive phenotype (MSC2) were obtained. 3D MSC2 aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres were prepared. 3D MSC2 aggregates promoted the invasion rate of cancer cells.
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Key Words
- (CCL)5, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand
- 2D, two-dimensional
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Anti-cancer drug screening
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- Cancer invasion model
- DDW, double-distilled water
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GM, gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- Gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cells
- MSC2, MSC of an immunosuppressive phenotype
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- PBS, phosphate buffered-saline
- PVA, poly (vinyl alcohol)
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophages
- Three-dimensional cell culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Hirota K, Hirai Y, Nakajima T, Goto S, Makino K, Terada H. Uniformity and Efficacy of Dry Powders Delivered to the Lungs of a Mycobacterial-Surrogate Rat Model of Tuberculosis. Pharm Res 2021; 39:143-152. [PMID: 34950976 PMCID: PMC8837551 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Pulmonary administration of dry drug powder is a considered promising strategy in the treatment of various lung diseases such as tuberculosis and is more effective than systemic medication. However, in the pre-clinical study phase, there is a lack of devices for effective delivery of dry powders to the lungs of small rodents. In this study, an administration device which utilizes Venturi effect to deliver dry powders to the lungs homogeneously was developed. Methods A Venturi-effect administration device which synchronizes with breathes by use of a ventilator and aerosolizes the dry powders was created. Pulmonary distribution of inhalable dry powders prepared by spray-drying poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and an antituberculosis agent rifampicin and anti-tuberculosis effect of the powders on mycobacteria infected rats by administration with the Venturi-effect administration device and a conventional insufflation device were evaluated. Results Homogeneous distribution of the dry powders in the lung was achieved by the Venturi-effect administration device due to efficient and recurring aerosolization of loaded dry powders while synchronizing with breathes. Amount of rifampicin delivered to the lungs by the Venturi-effect administration device was three times higher than that by a conventional insufflation device, demonstrating three times greater antimycobacterial activity. Conclusions The Venturi-effect administration device aerosolized inhalable antituberculosis dry powders efficiently, achieved uniform pulmonary distribution, and aided the dry powders to exert antituberculosis activity on lung-residing mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hirota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan. .,Formulation Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1, Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Hirai
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takehisa Nakajima
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Terada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Center for Physical Pharmaceutics, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1, Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata, 956-8603, Japan
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5
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Takeuchi I, Kimura Y, Nakajima T, Makino K. Effects of lower alcohols on nanocomposite particles for inhalation prepared using O/W emulsion. Biomed Mater Eng 2021; 33:159-168. [PMID: 34957981 DOI: 10.3233/bme-211244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalable nanocomposite particles using O/W emulsions were studied. The effect of the composition of the dispersed phase on the nanoparticles in the nanocomposite particles was reported, however, the effect on the inhalation characteristics of nanocomposite particles has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study the effects of lower alcohols in the dispersed phase of O/W emulsions on inhalable nanocomposite particles. METHODS Nanocomposite particles were prepared using a spray dryer from O/W emulsion. A mixed solution of dichloromethane and lower alcohols in which rifampicin (RFP) and poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) were dissolved was used as a dispersed phase, and an aqueous solution in which arginine and leucine were dissolved was used as a continuous phase. RESULTS We succeeded in preparing non-spherical nanocomposite particles with an average diameter of 9.01-10.91 μm. The results of the fine particle fraction (FPF) measurement showed that the higher the hydrophobicity of the lower alcohol mixed in the dispersed phase, the higher the FPF value. The FPF value of the nanocomposite particles was significantly increased by using ethanol and 1-propanol. CONCLUSIONS The results were revealed that mixing 1-propanol with the dispersed phase increased the amount of RFP delivered to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, Togane, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukie Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehisa Nakajima
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Nii T. Strategies Using Gelatin Microparticles for Regenerative Therapy and Drug Screening Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226795. [PMID: 34833885 PMCID: PMC8617939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin, a denatured form of collagen, is an attractive biomaterial for biotechnology. In particular, gelatin particles have been noted due to their attractive properties as drug carriers. The drug release from gelatin particles can be easily controlled by the crosslinking degree of gelatin molecule, responding to the purpose of the research. The gelatin particles capable of drug release are effective in wound healing, drug screening models. For example, a sustained release of growth factors for tissue regeneration at the injured sites can heal a wound. In the case of the drug screening model, a tissue-like model composed of cells with high activity by the sustained release of drug or growth factor provides reliable results of drug effects. Gelatin particles are effective in drug delivery and the culture of spheroids or cell sheets because the particles prevent hypoxia-derived cell death. This review introduces recent research on gelatin microparticles-based strategies for regenerative therapy and drug screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Biomaterial-Assisted Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168657. [PMID: 34445363 PMCID: PMC8395440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to show case recent regenerative medicine based on biomaterial technologies. Regenerative medicine has arousing substantial interest throughout the world, with “The enhancement of cell activity” one of the essential concepts for the development of regenerative medicine. For example, drug research on drug screening is an important field of regenerative medicine, with the purpose of efficient evaluation of drug effects. It is crucial to enhance cell activity in the body for drug research because the difference in cell condition between in vitro and in vivo leads to a gap in drug evaluation. Biomaterial technology is essential for the further development of regenerative medicine because biomaterials effectively support cell culture or cell transplantation with high cell viability or activity. For example, biomaterial-based cell culture and drug screening could obtain information similar to preclinical or clinical studies. In the case of in vivo studies, biomaterials can assist cell activity, such as natural healing potential, leading to efficient tissue repair of damaged tissue. Therefore, regenerative medicine combined with biomaterials has been noted. For the research of biomaterial-based regenerative medicine, the research objective of regenerative medicine should link to the properties of the biomaterial used in the study. This review introduces regenerative medicine with biomaterial.
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Nishimura S, Murakami Y. Precise Control of the Surface and Internal Morphologies of Porous Particles Prepared Using a Spontaneous Emulsification Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3075-3085. [PMID: 33657324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous particles with controllable surface and internal morphologies were successfully prepared by a "one-step mechanical emulsification" technique via the control of spontaneous emulsification where self-emulsification is followed by mechanical emulsification. The morphological changes in the porous particles were determined not by the preparation conditions of the water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion but by the proportion of solvents that favors the stabilization of the spontaneously prepared water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion droplets acting as porogens. The proposed method for controlling the morphology of the porous particles could be applied to all particle-preparation systems based on emulsion-solvent evaporation using organic solvents. The methodology for the morphological control of porous particles independent of the concentration or composition of the polymer is considered valuable for future investigations into the aerodynamic performance and drug-release behavior of biomedical porous particles with complex shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Nishimura
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Murakami
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Park K, Otte A, Sharifi F, Garner J, Skidmore S, Park H, Jhon YK, Qin B, Wang Y. Formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Control Release 2021; 329:1150-1161. [PMID: 33148404 PMCID: PMC7904638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injectable long-acting formulations, specifically poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based systems, have been used to deliver drugs systemically for up to 6 months. Despite the benefits of using this type of long-acting formulations, the development of clinical products and the generic versions of existing formulations has been slow. Only about two dozen formulations have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration during the last 30 years. Furthermore, less than a dozen small molecules have been incorporated and approved for clinical use in PLGA-based formulations. The limited number of clinically used products is mainly due to the incomplete understanding of PLGA polymers and the various variables involved in the composition and manufacturing process. Numerous process parameters affect the formulation properties, and their intricate interactions have been difficult to decipher. Thus, it is necessary to identify all the factors affecting the final formulation properties and determine the main contributors to enable control of each factor independently. The composition of the formulation and the manufacturing processes determine the essential property of each formulation, i.e., in vivo drug release kinetics leading to their respective pharmacokinetic profiles. Since the pharmacokinetic profiles can be correlated with in vitro release kinetics, proper in vitro characterization is critical for both batch-to-batch quality control and scale-up production. In addition to in vitro release kinetics, other in vitro characterization is essential for ensuring that the desired formulation is produced, resulting in an expected pharmacokinetic profile. This article reviews the effects of a selected number of parameters in the formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of microparticle systems. In particular, the emphasis is focused on the characterization of surface morphology of PLGA microparticles, as it is a manifestation of the formulation composition and the manufacturing process. Also, the implication of the surface morphology on the drug release kinetics is examined. The information described here can also be applied to in situ forming implants and solid implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Farrokh Sharifi
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Three-Dimensional Culture System of Cancer Cells Combined with Biomaterials for Drug Screening. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102754. [PMID: 32987868 PMCID: PMC7601447 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For the research and development of drug discovery, it is of prime importance to construct the three-dimensional (3D) tissue models in vitro. To this end, the enhancement design of cell function and activity by making use of biomaterials is essential. In this review, 3D culture systems of cancer cells combined with several biomaterials for anticancer drug screening are introduced. Abstract Anticancer drug screening is one of the most important research and development processes to develop new drugs for cancer treatment. However, there is a problem resulting in gaps between the in vitro drug screening and preclinical or clinical study. This is mainly because the condition of cancer cell culture is quite different from that in vivo. As a trial to mimic the in vivo cancer environment, there has been some research on a three-dimensional (3D) culture system by making use of biomaterials. The 3D culture technologies enable us to give cancer cells an in vitro environment close to the in vivo condition. Cancer cells modified to replicate the in vivo cancer environment will promote the biological research or drug discovery of cancers. This review introduces the in vitro research of 3D cell culture systems with biomaterials in addition to a brief summary of the cancer environment.
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Takeuchi I, Kimura Y, Makino K. Effect of the Conformation of Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) Molecules in Organic Solvents on Nanoparticle Size. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:1125-1132. [PMID: 32788521 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the size of nanoparticles is important for drug delivery methods such as pulmonary administration, transdermal administration, and intravenous administration. In this study, we have investigated the effect of polymer conformation in organic solvents on the size of the nanoparticles. Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLLGA), a promising nanoparticle carrier, was used as the polymer. A mixed solution of dichloromethane, which is a good solvent, and a lower alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol), which is a poor solvent, was used as the solvent for dissolving PLLGA. An oil-in-water emulsion was prepared by sonication using the mixed solution of organic solvents in which PLLGA was dissolved as a dispersed phase and an amino acid aqueous solution as a continuous phase. Nanocomposite particles were prepared from the emulsion using a spray dryer and redispersed in purified water to obtain the PLLGA nanoparticles. The conformation of PLLGA molecules in the organic solvents was evaluated by analyzing the results of the viscosity measurements. The polymer coil radius and the volume per polymer coil were observed to decrease with the increase in the ratio of the lower alcohol in the solvent, whereas these values tended to decrease with the use of more hydrophilic lower alcohols. In addition, based on the results of the calculated entanglement index, it was found that when the hydrophobicity of the dispersed phase is reduced, the polymers were hardly entangled with each other. These results were significant, specifically when the ratio of the lower alcohol in the solvent was low. Estimation of the Pearson's correlation coefficients indicated that there were positive correlations between these indices and the mean volume diameter of PLLGA nanoparticles. This study shows that changing the composition of the dispersed phase, in which the PLLGA is dissolved, can change the conformation of the PLLGA molecules and control the size of the PLLGA nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yukie Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science
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12
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Nii T, Kuwahara T, Makino K, Tabata Y. A Co-Culture System of Three-Dimensional Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Three-Dimensional Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Combined with Biomolecule Release for Cancer Cell Migration. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1272-1282. [PMID: 32434426 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to design a cancer invasion model by making use of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) or tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) for the sustained release of drugs. The GM containing adenosine (A) (GM-A) were prepared and cultured with TAM to obtain three-dimensional (3D) TAM aggregates incorporating GM-A (3D TAM-GM-A). The GM-A incorporation enabled TAM to enhance the secretion level of vascular endothelial growth factor. When co-cultured with HepG2 liver cancer cells in an invasion assay, the 3D TAM-GM-A promoted the invasion rate of cancer cells. In addition, the E-cadherin expression level decreased to a significantly greater extent compared with that co-cultured with TAM aggregates incorporating GM, whereas the significantly higher expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin was observed. This indicates that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition event was induced. The GM containing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were prepared to incorporate into 3D CAF (3D CAF-GM-TGF-β1). Following a co-culture of mixed 3D CAF-GM-TGF-β1 and 3D TAM-GM-A and every HepG2, MCF-7 breast cancer cell, or WA-hT lung cancer cell, the invasion rate of every cancer cell enhanced depending on the mixing ratio of 3D TAM-GM-A and 3D CAF-GM-TGF-β1. The amount of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) secreted also enhanced, and the enhancement was well corresponded with that of cancer cell invasion rate. The higher MMP secretion assists the breakdown of basement membrane, leading to the higher rate of cancer cell invasion. This model is a promising 3D culture system to evaluate the invasion ability of various cancer cells in vitro. Impact statement This study proposes a cell culture system to enhance the tumor-associated macrophage function based on the combination of three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates and gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) for adenosine delivery. An additional combination of 3D cancer-associated fibroblasts incorporating GM containing transforming growth factor-β1 allowed cancer cells to enhance their invasion rate. This co-culture system is promising to evaluate the ability of cancer cell invasion for anticancer drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Toshie Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Nii T, Makino K, Tabata Y. A cancer invasion model of cancer-associated fibroblasts aggregates combined with TGF-β1 release system. Regen Ther 2020; 14:196-204. [PMID: 32154334 PMCID: PMC7058408 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to design a cancer invasion model where the cancer invasion rate can be regulated in vitro. Methods Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) aggregates incorporating gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) containing various concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) (CAF-GM-TGF-β1) were prepared. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for the CAF aggregates was measured to investigate the CAF activation level by changing the concentration of TGF-β1. An invasion assay was performed to evaluate the cancer invasion rate by co-cultured of cancer cells with various CAF-GM-TGF-β1. Results The expression level of α-SMA for CAF increased with an increased in the TGF-β1 concentration. When co-cultured with various types of CAF-GM-TGF-β1, the cancer invasion rate was well correlated with the α-SMA level. It is conceivable that the TGF-β1 concentration could modify the level of CAF activation, leading to the invasion rate of cancer cells. In addition, at the high concentrations of TGF-β1, the effect of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor on the cancer invasion rate was observed. The higher invasion rate would be achieved through the higher MMP production. Conclusions The present model is promising to realize the cancer invasion whose rate can be modified by changing the TGF-β1 concentration. This invasion model would be a promising tool for anti-cancer drug screening. TGF-β1 was controlled release from gelatin hydrogel microspheres. CAF were activated by increased TGF-β1 concentration. There was a good correlation between invasion rate and TGF-β1 concentration. Higher invasion rate would be achieved through matrix metalloproteinase production.
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Key Words
- 2D, two-dimensional
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Anti-cancer drug screening
- CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- Cancer invasion model
- DDW, double-distilled water
- Drug delivery system
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GM, gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- Gelatin hydrogel microspheres
- MEM, minimum essential medium
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PBS, phosphate buffered-saline
- PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVA, poly (vinyl alcohol)
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1
- Three-dimensional cell culture
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Nii T, Makino K, Tabata Y. A Cancer Invasion Model Combined with Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Aggregates Incorporating Gelatin Hydrogel Microspheres Containing a p53 Inhibitor. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:711-720. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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