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Zhou FZ, Xie LH, Yu XH, Yang XQ, Yin SW. One-Step Generation of O/W/O Double Pickering Emulsions Utilizing Biocompatible Gliadin/Ethyl Cellulose Complex Particles as the Exclusive Stabilizer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12289-12299. [PMID: 37548190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Double emulsions hold great potential for various applications due to their compartmentalized internal structures. However, achieving their long-term physical stability remains a challenging task. Here, we present a simple one-step method for producing stable oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) double emulsions using biocompatible gliadin/ethyl cellulose complex particles as the sole stabilizer. The resulting O/W/O systems serve as effective platforms for encapsulating enzymes and as templates for synthesizing porous microspheres. We investigated the impact of particle concentration and water fraction on the properties of Pickering O/W/O emulsions. Our results demonstrate that the number and volume of inner oil droplets increased proportionally with both the water fraction and particle concentration after a 60-day storage period. Moreover, the catalytic reaction rate of the encapsulated lipase within the double emulsion exhibited a significant acceleration, achieving a substrate conversion of 80.9% within 15 min. Remarkably, the encapsulated enzyme showed excellent recyclability, enabling up to 10 cycles of reuse. Additionally, by utilizing the O/W/O systems as templates, we successfully obtained porous microspheres whose size can be controlled by the outer water droplet. These findings have significant implications for the future design of Pickering complex emulsion-based systems, opening avenues for extensive applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, material synthesis, and (bio)catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Zhen Zhou
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hua Xie
- Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics & Improvement, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Hao Yu
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yang
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Wei Yin
- Research and Development Center of Food Proteins, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
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Russell S, Bruns N. Encapsulation of Fragrances in Micro- and Nano-Capsules, Polymeric Micelles, and Polymersomes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300120. [PMID: 37150605 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fragrances are ubiquitously and extensively used in everyday life and several industrial applications, including perfumes, textiles, laundry formulations, hygiene household products, and food products. However, the intrinsic volatility of these small organic molecules leaves them particularly susceptible to fast depletion from a product or from the surface they have been applied to. Encapsulation is a very effective method to limit the loss of fragrance during their use and to sustain their release. This review gives an overview of the different materials and techniques used for the encapsulation of fragrances, scents, and aromas, as well as the methods used to characterize the resulting encapsulation systems, with a particular focus on cyclodextrins, polymer microcapsules, inorganic microcapsules, block copolymer micelles, and polymersomes for fragrance encapsulation, sustained release, and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1XL, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, G1 1XL, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Opustilová K, Lapčíková B, Lapčík L, Gautam S, Valenta T, Li P. Physico-Chemical Study of Curcumin and Its Application in O/W/O Multiple Emulsion. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071394. [PMID: 37048218 PMCID: PMC10093390 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcuma is a world-renowned herb known for its immense health benefits. In this study, physicochemical analyses were performed on the curcumin standard sample and curcumin multiple emulsions. The emulsions were analysed for thermal and structural stability for 21 days. Confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) was performed in order to observe the emulsion encapsulation. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and HPLC methods revealed a variety of curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and cyclocurcumin) in the investigated curcumin standard. In addition, the MDSC method was found to be suitable and comparable to HPLC for determining the curcuminoid substances. The analysis of the curcumin release revealed a value of 0.18 w.% after 14 days as the equilibrium value. Furthermore, an increase in the sizes of the emulsions was observed at the end of the 21-day study. The emulsion stability index (ESI) was used to measure the stability of multiple emulsions. The ESI reached 55.8% between 7 and 21 days later. Nano droplets of the oil phase loaded with dispersed curcumin particles captured inside the water-based carboxymethylcellulose micelles were clearly observed by CLSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Opustilová
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nám. T. G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lapčíková
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nám. T. G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Lapčík
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nám. T. G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-576-035-115
| | - Shweta Gautam
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nám. T. G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Valenta
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nám. T. G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nám. T. G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
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Nagler F, Schiller C, Kropf C, Schacher FH. Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers for Time-Delayed Release of Hydrophobic Fragrances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56087-56096. [PMID: 36475582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
When a controlled or retarded release of perfumes is required such as in cosmetics or cleaning products, polymers can be applied as encapsulation agents. With regard to such applications, we investigated two amphiphilic graft copolymers featuring a polydehydroalanine (PDha) backbone and different hydrophobic side chains. Hereby, grafting of aliphatic octyl side chains (PDha-g-EOct) enabled the adsorption of the aliphatic fragrance tetrahydrolinalool with moderate loads, whereas benzyl side chains (PDha-g-BGE) allowed taking up aromatic fragrances, for example, amylsalicylate-n with exceptionally high loads of up to 8 g g-1. The side-chain density was studied as well but had no significant influence on the loading. In addition, the characterization and quantification of the load by NMR and thermogravimetric analysis were compared, and it was also possible to load the aromatic model fragrance into the graft copolymer with aliphatic side chains. After 3 months, the load had decreased by 40-50% and, hence, such systems are of interest for a long-term release of perfumes over months. Although this study is a proof-of-concept, we foresee that such polyampholytic graft copolymers can be tailored for the adsorption of a variety of hydrophobic perfumes simply by altering polarity and chemistry of the side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda Nagler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Schiller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kropf
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstraße 67, D-40589Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743Jena, Germany
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Nascimento RF, Ávila MF, Taranto OP, Kurozawa LE. Agglomeration in fluidized bed: Bibliometric analysis, a review, and future perspectives. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Xing C, Xu X, Song L, Wang X, Li B, Guo K. β-Cyclodextrin-Based Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Fibers for Sustained Release of Fragrances. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102002. [PMID: 35631884 PMCID: PMC9142904 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (vinyl alcohol)/β-cyclodextrin (PVA/CD) composite fibers are prepared by wet spinning followed by hot stretching. XRD results show that β-CDs are in an amorphous state in fiber, and β-CD can help maintain the fibrous crystal that exists in the composite fiber. The DSC results show that the total crystalline ratio of the composite fibers decreased with the increase of β-CD. The as-prepared composite fibers were further crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to improve their usability. The crosslinked structure, together with amorphous β-CD, contributes to the loading and sustained release of fragrance molecules that were studied. The fragrance retention ratio of PVA/CD/GA is 55.63% and 48.25% for cis-jasmone and citronella, even after 25 days. The inclusion complexes of β-CD and fragrance molecules are confirmed by 2D-FTIR, which is responsible for the sustained release of fragrance. This study may contribute to the mass production of wearable long-term scented fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Xing
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Song
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bangjing Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Regulation Effects of Beeswax in the Intermediate Oil Phase on the Stability, Oral Sensation and Flavor Release Properties of Pickering Double Emulsions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071039. [PMID: 35407126 PMCID: PMC8997961 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Double emulsions (W/O/W) with compartmentalized structures have attracted a lot of research interests due to their diverse applications in the food industry. Herein, oil phase of double emulsions was gelled with beeswax (BW), and the effects of BW mass ratios (0–8.0%) on the stability, oral sensation, and flavor release profile of the emulsions were investigated. Rheological tests revealed that the mechanical properties of double emulsions were dependent on the mass ratio of BW. With the increase in BW content, double emulsions showed a higher resistance against deformation, and lower friction coefficient with a smoother mouthfeel. Turbiscan analysis showed that the addition of BW improved the stability of double emulsions during a 14 days’ storage, under freeze–thawed, and osmotic pressure conditions, but it did not improve the heating stability of double emulsions. The addition of BW contributed to lower air-emulsion partition coefficients of flavor (2,3-diacetyl) compared to those without the addition of BW at 20 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of BW and its mass ratio significantly altered the flavor release behavior during the open-bottle storage of double emulsions. The response value of 0% BW dropped sharply on the first day of opening storage, showing a burst release behavior. While a slow and sustained release behavior was observed in double emulsions with 8.0% BW. In conclusion, gelation of the intermediate oil phase of double emulsions significantly enhanced the stability of double emulsions with tunable oral sensation and flavor release by varying the mass ratio of beeswax.
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Elaboration of capsules from Pickering double emulsion polymerization stabilized solely by cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 279:118997. [PMID: 34980349 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pickering double oil-in-water-in-oil emulsions O/W/O were stabilized using solely cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which were modified by introducing surface brominated functions. The emulsions were formulated using only bio-friendly components, among which isopropyl myristate as oil phase, hydroxyl oligoethylene glycol methacrylate (OEGMA) as macromonomer, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA) as cross-linker, and CNCs as stabilizing particles. Formulation parameters could be tuned easily to modulate the fraction of inner emulsion droplets within the double emulsion drops or change the monomer(s) composition within the aqueous phase. The latter was further polymerized to synthesize matrix capsules. The obtained objects showed good resistance to the vacuum and were efficiently used as promising encapsulation vessels. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic model dyes were encapsulated, with an encapsulation efficiency of about 90%.
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Dupont H, Laurichesse E, Héroguez V, Schmitt V. Green Hydrophilic Capsules from Cellulose Nanocrystal-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion Polymerization: Morphology Control and Spongelike Behavior. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3497-3509. [PMID: 34260207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pickering inverse emulsions of hydroxyl oligoethylene glycol methacrylate were stabilized in isopropyl myristate, a biofriendly oil, using surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as stabilizing particles. The emulsions were further polymerized by free or controlled radical polymerization (ATRP), taking advantage of the bromoisobutyrate functions grafted on the CNC surface. Suspension polymerization of the emulsion led to full bead or empty capsule morphologies, depending on the initiation locus. The thickness of the CNC shell surrounding the polymerized emulsions could be tuned by modulating the aggregation state of the CNCs after their surface modification. An increase from 6 to 40 CNC layers helped improve the compression moduli of the beads from a dozen to hundreds of kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaé Dupont
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031 Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, 115 avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Eric Laurichesse
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031 Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, 115 avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Valérie Héroguez
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Véronique Schmitt
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031 Univ. Bordeaux CNRS, 115 avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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Perinelli DR, Palmieri GF, Cespi M, Bonacucina G. Encapsulation of Flavours and Fragrances into Polymeric Capsules and Cyclodextrins Inclusion Complexes: An Update. Molecules 2020; 25:E5878. [PMID: 33322621 PMCID: PMC7763935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavours and fragrances are volatile compounds of large interest for different applications. Due to their high tendency of evaporation and, in most cases, poor chemical stability, these compounds need to be encapsulated for handling and industrial processing. Encapsulation, indeed, resulted in being effective at overcoming the main concerns related to volatile compound manipulation, and several industrial products contain flavours and fragrances in an encapsulated form for the final usage of customers. Although several organic or inorganic materials have been investigated for the production of coated micro- or nanosystems intended for the encapsulation of fragrances and flavours, polymeric coating, leading to the formation of micro- or nanocapsules with a core-shell architecture, as well as a molecular inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins, are still the most used. The present review aims to summarise the recent literature about the encapsulation of fragrances and flavours into polymeric micro- or nanocapsules or inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins, with a focus on methods for micro/nanoencapsulation and applications in the different technological fields, including the textile, cosmetic, food and paper industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Romano Perinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (G.F.P.); (M.C.); (G.B.)
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