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Cao J, Wu B, Yuan P, Liu Y, Hu C. Progress of Research on Conductive Hydrogels in Flexible Wearable Sensors. Gels 2024; 10:144. [PMID: 38391474 PMCID: PMC10887588 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, characterized by their excellent conductivity and flexibility, have attracted widespread attention and research in the field of flexible wearable sensors. This paper reviews the application progress, related challenges, and future prospects of conductive hydrogels in flexible wearable sensors. Initially, the basic properties and classifications of conductive hydrogels are introduced. Subsequently, this paper discusses in detail the specific applications of conductive hydrogels in different sensor applications, such as motion detection, medical diagnostics, electronic skin, and human-computer interactions. Finally, the application prospects and challenges are summarized. Overall, the exceptional performance and multifunctionality of conductive hydrogels make them one of the most important materials for future wearable technologies. However, further research and innovation are needed to overcome the challenges faced and to realize the wider application of conductive hydrogels in flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cao
- School of Fashion and Design Art, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yeqi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Choi C, Yun E, Cha C. Emerging Technology of Nanofiber-Composite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300222. [PMID: 37530431 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels and nanofibers have been firmly established as go-to materials for various biomedical applications. They have been mostly utilized separately, rarely together, because of their distinctive attributes and shortcomings. However, the potential benefits of integrating nanofibers with hydrogels to synergistically combine their functionalities while attenuating their drawbacks are increasingly recognized. Compared to other nanocomposite materials, incorporating nanofibers into hydrogel has the distinct advantage of emulating the hierarchical structure of natural extracellular environment needed for cell and tissue culture. The most important technological aspect of developing "nanofiber-composite hydrogel" is generating nanofibers made of various polymers that are cross-linked and short enough to maintain stable dispersion in hydrated environment. In this review, recent research efforts to develop nanofiber-composite hydrogels are presented, with added emphasis on nanofiber processing techniques. Several notable examples of implementing nanofiber-composite hydrogels for biomedical applications are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholong Choi
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yun
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaenyung Cha
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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Chen J, Xia X, Yan X, Wang W, Yang X, Pang J, Qiu R, Wu S. Machine Learning-Enhanced Biomass Pressure Sensor with Embedded Wrinkle Structures Created by Surface Buckling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46440-46448. [PMID: 37725344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive sensors are core components of many wearable devices to detect deformation and motion. However, it is still a challenge to conveniently prepare high-precision sensors using natural materials and identify similar short vibration signals. In this study, inspired by microstructures of human skins, biomass flexible piezoresistive sensors were prepared by assembling two wrinkled surfaces of konjac glucomannan and k-carrageenan composite hydrogel. The wrinkle structures were conveniently created by hardness gradient-induced surface buckling and coated with MXene sheets to capture weak pressure signals. The sensor was applied to detect various slight body movements, and a machine learning method was used to enhance the identification of similar and short throat vibration signals. The results showed that the sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 5.1 kPa-1 under low pressure (50 Pa), a fast response time (104 ms), and high stability over 100 cycles. The XGBoost machine learning model accurately distinguished short voice vibrations similar to those of individual English letters. Moreover, experiments and numerical simulations were carried out to reveal the mechanism of the wrinkle structure preparation and the excellent sensing performance. This biomass sensor preparation and the machine learning method will promote the optimization and application of wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaolu Xia
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yan
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Renhui Qiu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shuyi Wu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Tian Y, Chen L, Du Y, Su G, Hu Y. Multi-Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Flexible Sensors with High Strength and Self-Healing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3748. [PMID: 37765600 PMCID: PMC10536548 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excellent mechanical properties and self-healing properties are very important for the practical application of hydrogel flexible sensors. In this study, acrylic acid and stearyl methyl acrylate were selected as monomers to synthesize hydrophobic association hydrogels, and multi-physically cross-linked hydrogels were synthesized by adding ferric chloride and polyvinyl alcohol to introduce ion interaction and a hydrogen bond cross-linking network. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM, and the mechanical properties and self-healing properties were tested using a universal testing machine. It was confirmed that the strength of the hydrogel was significantly improved with the addition of ferric chloride and polyvinyl alcohol, and the hydrogel still showed good self-healing properties. Further testing of its application as a conductive sensor has demonstrated sensitive and stable motion sensing capabilities. This provides an important reference for high-performance hydrogel sensors with both high strength and self-healing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.Z.)
- Leshan West Silicon Materials Photovoltaic and New Energy Industry Technology Research Institute, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Yi Tian
- School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Long Chen
- School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuhan Du
- School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Gehong Su
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xin Kang Road, Yucheng District, Ya’an 625014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Hu
- School of New Energy Materials and Chemistry, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.Z.)
- Leshan West Silicon Materials Photovoltaic and New Energy Industry Technology Research Institute, Leshan 614000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Zigong 643000, China
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Waresindo WX, Priyanto A, Sihombing YA, Hapidin DA, Edikresnha D, Aimon AH, Suciati T, Khairurrijal K. Konjac glucomannan-based hydrogels with health-promoting effects for potential edible electronics applications: A mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125888. [PMID: 37473898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM), a dietary fiber hydrocolloid polysaccharide isolated from Amorphophallus konjac tubers, has potential applications in various fields. However, the use of KGM-based hydrogels has mainly focused on the food, biomedical, and water treatment industries. KGM possesses several health benefits and could be a promising candidate for use in edible electronics. This paper presents the first review of KGM-based hydrogels as edible electronics and their potential health benefits. The paper initially focuses on the health-promoting effects of KGM-based hydrogels, such as prebiotic effects, antiobesity, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Then, it discusses the feasible design strategies for KGM-based hydrogels as edible electronics, considering their flexibility, mechanical properties, response to stimuli, degradability aspects, their role as electronic device components, and the retention period of the devices. Finally, this review outlines future directions for developing KGM-based hydrogels for use in edible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Xaveriano Waresindo
- Doctoral Program of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Aan Priyanto
- Doctoral Program of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Yuan Alfinsyah Sihombing
- Doctoral Program of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Dian Ahmad Hapidin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Dhewa Edikresnha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; University Center of Excellence - Nutraceutical, Bioscience, and Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Akfiny Hasdi Aimon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Collaboration Research Center for Advanced Energy Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency - Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Tri Suciati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Khairurrijal Khairurrijal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; University Center of Excellence - Nutraceutical, Bioscience, and Biotechnology Research Center, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Lampung 35365, Indonesia.
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Abstract
Owing to superior softness, wetness, responsiveness, and biocompatibility, bulk hydrogels are being intensively investigated for versatile functions in devices and machines including sensors, actuators, optics, and coatings. The one-dimensional (1D) hydrogel fibers possess the metrics from both the hydrogel materials and structural topology, endowing them with extraordinary mechanical, sensing, breathable and weavable properties. As no comprehensive review has been reported for this nascent field, this article aims to provide an overview of hydrogel fibers for soft electronics and actuators. We first introduce the basic properties and measurement methods of hydrogel fibers, including mechanical, electrical, adhesive, and biocompatible properties. Then, typical manufacturing methods for 1D hydrogel fibers and fibrous films are discussed. Next, the recent progress of wearable sensors (e.g., strain, temperature, pH, and humidity) and actuators made from hydrogel fibers is discussed. We conclude with future perspectives on next-generation hydrogel fibers and the remaining challenges. The development of hydrogel fibers will not only provide an unparalleled one-dimensional characteristic, but also translate fundamental understanding of hydrogels into new application boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Du
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Qing Ma
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Limei Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
- Corresponding author
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Mu R, Bu N, Yuan Y, Pang J, Ma C, Wang L. Development of chitosan/konjac glucomannan/tragacanth gum tri-layer food packaging films incorporated with tannic acid and ε-polylysine based on mussel-inspired strategy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125100. [PMID: 37236557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Constructing biodegradable food packaging with good mechanics, gas barrier and antibacterial properties to maintain food quality is still challenge. In this work, mussel-inspired bio-interface emerged as a tool for constructing functional multilayer films. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) and tragacanth gum (TG) with physical entangled network are introduced in the core layer. Cationic polypeptide ε-polylysine (ε-PLL) and chitosan (CS) producing cationic-π interaction with adjacent aromatic residues in tannic acid (TA) are introduced in the two-sided outer layer. The triple-layer film mimics the mussel adhesive bio-interface, where cationic residues in outer layers interact with negatively charged TG in the core layer. Furthermore, a series of physical tests showed excellent performance of triple-layer film with great mechanical properties (tensile strength (TS): 21.4 MPa, elongation at break (EAB): 7.9 %), UV-shielding (almost 0 % UV transmittance), thermal stability, water, and oxygen barrier (oxygen permeability (OP): 1.14 × 10-3 g/m s Pa and water vapor permeability (WVP): 2.15 g mm/m2 day kPa). In addition, the triple-layer film demonstrated advanced degradability, antimicrobial functions, and presented good moisture-proof performance for crackers, which can be potentially applied as dry food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojun Mu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Nitong Bu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang Q, Zhang D, Xie X, Zhou H, Wu Z, Liu R, Pang J. Review of Konjac Glucomannan Structure, Properties, Gelation Mechanism, and Application in Medical Biology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081852. [PMID: 37111999 PMCID: PMC10145206 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a naturally occurring macromolecular polysaccharide that exhibits remarkable film-forming and gel-forming properties, and a high degree of biocompatibility and biodegradability. The helical structure of KGM is maintained by the acetyl group, which plays a crucial role in preserving its structural integrity. Various degradation methods, including the topological structure, can enhance the stability of KGM and improve its biological activity. Recent research has focused on modifying KGM to enhance its properties, utilizing multi-scale simulation, mechanical experiments, and biosensor research. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the structure and properties of KGM, recent advancements in non-alkali thermally irreversible gel research, and its applications in biomedical materials and related areas of research. Additionally, this review outlines prospects for future KGM research, providing valuable research ideas for follow-up experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Sun
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qinhua Zhang
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Bu N, Huang L, Cao G, Pang J, Mu R. Stable O/W emulsions and oleogels with amphiphilic konjac glucomannan network: preparation, characterization, and application. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6555-6565. [PMID: 35587687 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stabilization of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions has long been explored. Assembly of polymer networks is an effective method for stabilizing O/W emulsions. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a plant polysaccharide and the network of KGM gel is a good candidate for stabilizing O/W emulsions based on its high viscosity and thickening properties. However, natural KGM has strong hydrophilicity and is not able to offer interfacial activity. Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) is a hydrophobic molecule, which is widely used as thickener and stabilizer in food emulsions. In this work, the amphiphilic biopolymer (OSA-KGM) was fabricated by modifying the KGM with OSA. Furthermore, OSA-KGM biopolymer was used to prepare O/W emulsions, which were then freeze-dried and used to prepare oleogels as fat substitute for bakery products. RESULTS OSA-KGM had advanced hydrophobicity with water contact angle 81.13° and adsorption behavior at the oil-water interface, with interfacial tension decreasing from 18.52 to 13.57 mN m-1 within 1 h. The emulsification of OSA-KGM remarkably improved the stability of emulsions without phase separation during storage for 31 days. Oleogels with OSA-KGM showed good thixotropic and structure recovery properties (approximately 100%) and low oil loss (from 69.5% to 50.4%). Cakes made from oleogels had a softer texture than cakes made from peanut oil and margarine. CONCLUSION Amphiphilic biopolymer OSA-KGM shows advanced interfacial activity and hydrophobicity. This paper provides an insight into preparing stable O/W emulsions with a new biopolymer and oleogels potentially applied as fat substitute in bakery products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitong Bu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liying Huang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoyu Cao
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Pang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruojun Mu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Yin J, Bai Y, Lu J, Ma J, Zhang Q, Hong W, Jiao T. Enhanced mechanical performances and high-conductivity of rGO/PEDOT:PSS/PVA composite fiber films via electrospinning strategy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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