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Hu G, Liu X, Wu D, Wang B, Wang J, Geng F. Quantitative N-glycoproteomic analysis of egg yolk powder during thermal processing. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113678. [PMID: 37981370 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The production of egg yolk powder often involves critical processes such as pasteurization and spray drying, however, these thermal processes will inevitably affect the functional properties of egg yolk (especially gelation and emulsification). The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of the effect of pasteurized egg yolk (P-EY) and spray-dried egg yolk (SD-EY) on the functional properties through quantitative N-glycoproteomic. The results showed, compared with fresh egg yolk (F-EY), emulsifying property of mild heat-treated P-EY was slightly reduced while the gelation property did not undergo significant changes, whereas emulsifying activity (EAI) and gelation strength of vigorously heat-treated SD-EY were significantly reduced by 48.72 % and 35.73 %, respectively. During thermal processing in SD-EY, larger aggregate particles (particle size ∼10 um) were formed, and the surface hydrophobicity was reduced (93.0 %) and the zeta potential was enhanced (62.8 %). The results of quantitative N-glycoproteomic showed that 13 N-glycosylated proteins (APOB, vitellogenin, etc.) were down-regulated while only 2 N-glycosylated proteins were up-regulated; 21 N-glycosylation sites were down-regulated and 2 N-glycosylation sites were up-regulated in SD-EY, suggesting that covalent cross-linking of protein N-glycoproteins may have occurred in the process of spray-drying, which altered molecular physicochemical characteristics of the yolk solution that further affecting the processing properties of egg yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Hu
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xialei Liu
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China.
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2
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Yu Q, Chi Y, Chi Y. Interventional effect of compound sugar and salt on the thermal instability behavior of liquid egg yolk. J Food Sci 2023; 88:5108-5121. [PMID: 37889108 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of compound sugar (glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and arabinose) and compound sugar and salt (glucose, sucrose, trehalose, arabinose, and NaCl) on the thermal stability of heat-treated liquid egg yolk was explored. The results showed that the addition of 4% compound sugar or 4% compound sugar salt could significantly enhance the heat resistance of liquid egg yolk and increase the denaturation temperature of liquid egg yolk to above 77°C. Moreover, the addition of sugar and salt could improve the functional properties of liquid egg yolk to varying degrees, allowing it to maintain excellent emulsification and soluble protein content after heat treatment. Further analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the increase in α-helix content in liquid egg yolk treated with sugar salt also contributes to improving the thermal stability of egg yolk. The method of inhibiting egg yolk aggregation caused by heat treatment provided in this study provides a selective method and theoretical basis for the commercial production of heat-resistant liquid egg yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yujie Chi
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuan Chi
- College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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3
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Jiang G, Sun H, Sun H, Fu Y, Li X, Wang L, Liu X. Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on freshness and processing properties of eggs during storage. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111443. [PMID: 35761683 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on egg storage properties were investigated by comparing freshness and processing properties between eggs treated with different GABA concentrations and untreated controls. GABA treatment delayed storage-associated increases of albumen pH value and surface hydrophobicity and decreases of protein index, yolk index, Haugh unit (HU) value, albumen height, solubility, gel hardness, and apparent viscosity. Highest HU, yolk index, and emulsion stability values and peak storage performance were observed after injection of eggs with 0.05 mL of GABA (0.3 g/mL). Even after 25 days of storage, GABA-treated eggs exhibited freshness resembling that of fresh eggs, indicating that GABA treatment extended shelf life by 10 days relative to controls. Peak solubility, emulsifying activity, emulsifying stability, foaming capacity, and foaming stability values of 89.74%, 0.72, 14.18, 43.35, and 45.57, respectively, for GABA-treated eggs exceeded corresponding control group values, thus demonstrating that GABA treatment of eggs slowed storage-related deterioration of freshness and processing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongrui Sun
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Hongjiao Sun
- Jilin Jinong Hi-tech Inc., Ltd, Gongzhuling 136100, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Baicheng product quality inspection institute, Baicheng 137099, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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4
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Thermal Processing of Liquid Egg Yolks Modulates Physio-Chemical Properties of Mayonnaise. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101426. [PMID: 35626996 PMCID: PMC9141538 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of various heating temperatures (61−70 °C) and times (1−10 min) on physical and chemical properties of liquid egg yolk (LEY) and mayonnaise were investigated. Initially, we found that the increase of LEY protein denaturation was highly correlated with the increase of temperature and time, without causing either protein degradation or aggregation. In addition, the viscosity and particle size of LEY were significantly increased with greater heating temperature and time. Furthermore, the emulsification stability of mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY were significantly better than that of the unheated control group, in particular, the emulsion stability of mayonnaise was higher at a temperature ranging from 62 °C to 68 °C, whereas the emulsion stability decreased above 69 °C. A rheological analysis showed that mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY has higher shear stress when compared with the control group. Indeed, a sharp increase in the shear stress was observed when LEY was heated above 67 °C. Results from storage behavior analysis suggest that mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY failed to affect the chemical qualities of mayonnaise, as evidenced by the fact that acid values and TBA values were not statistically significant with the unheated control group. Microscopic observation indicates that the number of complete oil droplets were significantly reduced at higher heating (70 °C/5 and 10 min) conditions. Finally, the sensory evaluation results suggest that mayonnaise prepared from thermally processed LEY does not influence the appearance, aroma, taste, greasy feeling, and overall acceptance of mayonnaise, as indicated by there being no significant differences between the experimental group and the control group (p > 0.05). We conclude from our study that a combination of heating conditions over 67 °C/5 min can allow the mayonnaise to retain better quality in terms of stability.
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Serial MR, Arnaudov LN, Stoyanov S, Dijksman JA, Terenzi C, van Duynhoven JPM. Non-Invasive Rheo-MRI Study of Egg Yolk-Stabilized Emulsions: Yield Stress Decay and Protein Release. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103070. [PMID: 35630546 PMCID: PMC9146701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the time-dependent flow behavior of concentrated oil-in-water emulsions is of considerable industrial importance. Along with conventional rheology measurements, localized flow and structural information are key to gaining insight into the underlying mechanisms causing time variations upon constant shear. In this work, we study the time-dependent flow behavior of concentrated egg-yolk emulsions with (MEY) or without (EY) enzymatic modification and unravel the effects caused by viscous friction during shear. We observe that prolonged shear leads to irreversible and significant loss of apparent viscosity in both emulsion formulations at a mild shear rate. The latter effect is in fact related to a yield stress decay during constant shearing experiments, as indicated by the local flow curve measurements obtained by rheo-MRI. Concurrently, two-dimensional D-T2 NMR measurements revealed a decrease in the T2 NMR relaxation time of the aqueous phase, indicating the release of surface-active proteins from the droplet interface towards the continuous water phase. The combination of an increase in droplet diameter and the concomitant loss of proteins aggregates from the droplet interface leads to a slow decrease in yield stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R. Serial
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Luben N. Arnaudov
- Unilever Global Food Innovation Centre, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.N.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Simeon Stoyanov
- Unilever Global Food Innovation Centre, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.N.A.); (S.S.)
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Joshua A. Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Camilla Terenzi
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.S.); (C.T.)
| | - John P. M. van Duynhoven
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.S.); (C.T.)
- Unilever Global Food Innovation Centre, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (L.N.A.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Sakai S, Ikeda N. A numerical analysis to evaluate the emulsifying activity of pasteurized egg yolk. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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Zhao Y, Feng F, Yang Y, Xiong C, Xu M, Tu Y. Gelation behavior of egg yolk under physical and chemical induction: A review. Food Chem 2021; 355:129569. [PMID: 33773456 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gelation is one of the most important functional properties of egg yolk. High content and rich variety of protein and lipid in egg yolk are the material basis of gel formation. The natural structure of proteins in egg yolk is unfolded under treatments such as heat, alkali, salt, etc., thus causing the interactions between protein-protein and protein-lipid and forming the gel. Under different methods of induction, egg yolk is solidified to form different three-dimensional network structures. Different inducing methods exhibit different gel formation mechanisms. In this paper, the gelation behavior of egg yolk and its internal molecular agglomeration mechanism induced by heat, alkali, salt, freezing, high pressure, and salt-heating synergy were reviewed to provide a reference for further studies on the formation mechanisms and product development of egg yolk gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Feng Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Chunhong Xiong
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Yonggang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Functional Food, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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8
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Fu X, Huang X, Jin Y, Zhang S, Ma M. Characterization of enzymatically modified liquid egg yolk: Structural, interfacial and emulsifying properties. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Gazolu-Rusanova D, Mustan F, Vinarov Z, Tcholakova S, Denkov N, Stoyanov S, de Folter JW. Role of lysophospholipids on the interfacial and liquid film properties of enzymatically modified egg yolk solutions. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Long J, Wang F, Jiao A, Xu X, Xie Z, Jin Z. Preparation, characterization and physicochemical properties of novel low-phosphorus egg yolk protein. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1740-1747. [PMID: 30226268 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to supply adequate dietary protein for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients while simultaneously controlling phosphorus intake, a novel method was developed for the preparation of low-phosphorus egg yolk protein (LPYP) using alkaline protease auxiliary dephosphorization. In addition, the physicochemical properties of LPYP were studied. RESULTS In comparison with raw egg yolk protein (RYP) and defatted egg yolk protein (DFYP), LPYP was found to exhibit differences in amino acid (AA) composition, protein secondary structure, surface hydrophobicity, solubility and emulsion stability. It was observed that dephosphorization improved the AA composition, soluble protein content and dissolution stability of egg yolk protein. In addition, phosphate groups were found to impose a critical influence on the emulsion stability and particle size distribution. The final phosphorus to protein mass ratio (P/Pro) of LPYP was 5.64, which met the requirements of a protein diet for CKD patients. The FAO/WHO mode closeness and stability coefficient were 0.958 and 98.62% respectively. CONCLUSION LPYP can be effectively obtained by alkaline protease hydrolysis and subsequent alkali dephosphorization. The prepared LPYP can be considered to be a type of safe and suitable protein resource for CKD patients. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Long
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Aiquan Jiao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueming Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengjun Xie
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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11
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Ariizumi M, Kubo M, Handa A, Hayakawa T, Matsumiya K, Matsumura Y. Influence of processing factors on the stability of model mayonnaise with whole egg during long-term storage. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:803-811. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1281725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mayonnaise-like oil-in-water emulsions with different stabilities—evaluated from the degree of macroscopic defects, e.g., syneresis—were prepared by different formulations and processing conditions (egg yolk weight, homogenizer speed, and vegetable oil temperature). Emulsions prepared with lower egg yolk content were destabilized for shorter periods. The long-term stability of emulsions was weakly related to initial properties, e.g., oil droplet distribution and protein coverage at the interface. Protein aggregation between oil droplets was observed and would be responsible for the instability of emulsions exhibited by the appearance defects. SDS-PAGE results for adsorbed and unadsorbed proteins at the O/W interface suggested that predominant constituents adsorbed onto the interface were egg white proteins as compared with egg yolk components when the amount of added egg yolk was low. In present condition, egg white proteins adsorbed at the O/W interface could be a bridge of neighboring oil droplets thereby causing flocculation in emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ariizumi
- Institute of Technology, R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Kubo
- Institute of Technology, R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Handa
- Institute of Technology, R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Institute of Technology, R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsumiya
- Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuki Matsumura
- Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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Dou H, Zhang X, Zhang A, Choi J, Wang J, Shen S, Zhang W, Li Y, Ding L, Lee S. Study on external factors affecting egg yolk plasma by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Food Res Int 2017; 94:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Liu QR, Qi JR, Yin SW, Wang JM, Guo J, Feng JL, Cheng M, Cao J, Weng JY, Yang XQ. The influence of heat treatment on acid-tolerant emulsions prepared from acid soluble soy protein and soy soluble polysaccharide complexes. Food Res Int 2016; 89:211-218. [PMID: 28460907 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This research presents a green procedure to prepare oil in water (O/W) emulsion from acid soluble soy protein (ASSP) and soy soluble polysaccharide (SSPS), a long-term stable nanoscale system for delivering the lipophilic components. The emulsion technique involved the preparation complexion using ASSP and SSPS by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions as well as high pressure homogenization. The average diameter of the droplet of emulsions (fresh and heated) is 263±2nm. Such emulsions resulted in heating stable dispersions containing corn oil at the concentration of 20.0%, even at the pH around the isoelectric points of ASSP. After 90days storage at 4°C, the mean diameter of emulsions after heating at 80°C for 60min is 314±1nm compared with 341±3nm of emulsions unheated. The heat-stability of dispersions were affected by emulsion conditions, so the present research demonstrates the emulsion stability against heat treatment, ionic strength and pH change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ru Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun-Ru Qi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shou-Wei Yin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin-Mei Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ji-Lu Feng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing-Yi Weng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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