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Costa J, Baratto MC, Spinelli D, Leone G, Magnani A, Pogni R. A Novel Bio-Adhesive Based on Chitosan-Polydopamine-Xanthan Gum for Glass, Cardboard and Textile Commodities. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1806. [PMID: 39000661 PMCID: PMC11244100 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating environmental concerns associated with petroleum-based adhesives have spurred an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, is a promising candidate; however, its limited water resistance hinders broader application. The aim of this study is to develop a new chitosan-based adhesive with improved properties. The polydopamine association with chitosan presents a significant increase in adhesiveness compared to pure chitosan. Polydopamine is synthesized by the enzymatic action of laccase from Trametes versicolor at pH = 4.5, in the absence or presence of chitosan. This pH facilitates chitosan's solubility and the occurrence of catechol in its reduced form (pH < 5.5), thereby increasing the final adhesive properties. To further enhance the adhesive properties, various crosslinking agents were tested. A multi-technique approach was used for the characterization of formulations. The formulation based on 3% chitosan, 50% polydopamine, and 3% xanthan gum showed a spectacular increase in adhesive properties when tested on glass, cardboard and textile. This formulation increased water resistance, maintaining the adhesion of a sample soaked in water for up to 10 h. For cardboard and textile, material rapture occurred, in mechanical tests, prior to adhesive bond failure. Furthermore, all the samples showed antiflame properties, expanding the benefits of their use. Comparison with commercial glues confirms the remarkable adhesive properties of the new formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniele Spinelli
- Next Technology Tecnotessile, Via del Gelso 13, 59100 Prato, Italy;
| | - Gemma Leone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Agnese Magnani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Nayak R, Halder J, Rajwar TK, Pradhan D, Rai VK, Dubey D, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Metronidazole loaded chitosan-phytic acid polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles as mucoadhesive vaginal delivery system for bacterial vaginosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128212. [PMID: 37989434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a recurring infection that is difficult to treat due to the limited bioavailability of antimicrobials. In this study, Metronidazole (MTZ)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MCSNP) were synthesized employing phytic acid (PA) as a crosslinking agent for treating bacterial vaginosis. The prepared MCSNPs were characterized for size, shape, surface charge, compatibility, cytotoxicity, biofilm inhibition, and in-vitro/in-vivo antimicrobial activities. Morphological examination revealed that nanoparticles generated from 0.535 % w/v chitosan and 0.112 % w/v PA were non-spherical, discontinuous, and irregular, with zeta potential ranging from 25.00 ± 0.45 to 39 ± 0.7. The results of DSC and XRD demonstrated no change in the physical state of the drug in the finished formulation. The optimized formulation demonstrates a cumulative drug release of about 98 ± 1.5 % within 8 h. Antimicrobial studies demonstrated that the optimized formulation had enhanced efficacy against acid-adapted BV pathogens, with a MIC value of 0.9 ± 0.1 μg/mL. Compared to the MTZ alone, the in-vivo antibacterial results of in the case of developed nanoparticles showed a four-fold reduction in bacterial count in female Swiss albino mice. Based on the experimental findings, it was concluded that MCSNPs, due to their excellent physiochemical and antibacterial properties, could serve as a potential topical alternative for treating BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jitu Halder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Rajwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debasmita Dubey
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Alehosseini E, Shahiri Tabarestani H, Kharazmi MS, Jafari SM. Physicochemical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles Produced by Ionic Gelation. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233841. [PMID: 36496649 PMCID: PMC9736386 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) can be widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors due to their high performance, unique properties, and high surface area. In this research, CSNPs were produced by the ionic gelation method and using sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as an appropriate technique compared to the conventional methods. To evaluate the effects of various factors on the size, zeta potential (ZP), and optimal synthesis conditions, different concentrations of CS (1, 3, and 5 mg/mL), STPP (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/mL), and CS to STPP ratio (1:1, 3:1, and 5:1) were applied and optimized using the response surface methodology. The size of CSNPs was increased by using higher concentrations of CS, STPP, and CS/STPP ratios. The value of ZP was determined positive and it increased with increasing CS concentrations and CS/STPP ratios. ATR-FTIR spectra revealed interactions between CS and STPP. The DSC thermogram of CSNPs showed a double sharp endothermic peak at about 74.5 °C (ΔH = 122.00 J/g); further, the TGA thermograms indicated the total weight loss of STPP, CS, and CSNPs as nearly 3.30%, 63.60%, and 52.00%, respectively. The XRD data also revealed a greater chain alignment in the CSNPs. Optimized, the CSNPs can be used as promising carriers for bioactive compounds where they also act as efficient stabilizers in Pickering emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alehosseini
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4918943464, Iran
| | - Hoda Shahiri Tabarestani
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4918943464, Iran
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4918943464, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-17-3242-3080
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Taheri SL, Rezazadeh M, Hassanzadeh F, Akbari V, Dehghani A, Talebi A, Mostafavi SA. Preparation, physicochemical, and retinal anti-angiogenic evaluation of poloxamer hydrogel containing dexamethasone/avastin-loaded chitosan-N-acetyl-L-cysteine nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1605-1618. [PMID: 36116595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was meant to describe a Poloxamer hydrogel combining Chitosan-N-acetyl-L-cysteine (CNAC) nanoparticles to increase loading and sustained intravitreal administration of Avastin macromolecule. To increase the drug's efficacy and reduce the interfacial fluid pressure in a formulation, dexamethasone was used. To do so, CNAC was synthesized. Then, Avastin- loaded CNAC nanoparticles were prepared and optimized. The resulting hydrogel's sol-gel transition time and viscosity were determined using poloxamer and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). In vitro and in vivo investigations of Avastin-loaded CNAC nanoparticles and hydrogel comprising dexamethasone/Avastin-loaded CNAC nanoparticles were determined. In vitro, the drug release profile of optimized hydrogel containing Avastin-loaded CNAC nanoparticles was sustained and controlled over 256 h. The obtained results point to poloxamer/HPMC (18 %/0.5 %) as the best formulations for this hydrogel to develop a sol-gel transition. About 97 % of dexamethasone was released from the hydrogel within 18 h. In vivo results indicated that the optimized formulation compared with free Avastin could improve Diabetic retinopathy (DR). Consequently, we infer that this new drug delivery method may enhance Avastin intravitreal administration, lowering the frequency, danger, and expense of heavy intravitreal injections and resulting in improved treatment of posterior eye segment neovascularization and concomitant vitreoretinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Latif Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rezazadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Dehghani
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Talebi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Abolfazl Mostafavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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5
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Poureghbal Y, Rahimi M, Akbari M. Ionic gelation of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate using a novel combined nebulizer and falling film system. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Rahimi
- Chemical Engineering Department Razi University Kermanshah Iran
| | - Mona Akbari
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Iran
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6
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Vodyashkin AA, Kezimana P, Vetcher AA, Stanishevskiy YM. Biopolymeric Nanoparticles-Multifunctional Materials of the Future. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2287. [PMID: 35683959 PMCID: PMC9182720 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology plays an important role in biological research, especially in the development of delivery systems with lower toxicity and greater efficiency. These include not only metallic nanoparticles, but also biopolymeric nanoparticles. Biopolymeric nanoparticles (BPNs) are mainly developed for their provision of several advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and minimal toxicity, in addition to the general advantages of nanoparticles. Therefore, given that biopolymers are biodegradable, natural, and environmentally friendly, they have attracted great attention due to their multiple applications in biomedicine, such as drug delivery, antibacterial activity, etc. This review on biopolymeric nanoparticles highlights their various synthesis methods, such as the ionic gelation method, nanoprecipitation method, and microemulsion method. In addition, the review also covers the applications of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in different areas-especially in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and agricultural domains. In conclusion, the present review highlights recent advances in the synthesis and applications of biopolymeric nanoparticles and presents both fundamental and applied aspects that can be used for further development in the field of biopolymeric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Vodyashkin
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (Y.M.S.)
| | - Parfait Kezimana
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (Y.M.S.)
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandre A. Vetcher
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (Y.M.S.)
- Complementary and Integrative Health Clinic of Dr. Shishonin, 5 Yasnogorskaya Str., 117588 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav M. Stanishevskiy
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117198 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (Y.M.S.)
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7
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Bagheri M, Validi M, Gholipour A, Makvandi P, Sharifi E. Chitosan nanofiber biocomposites for potential wound healing applications: Antioxidant activity with synergic antibacterial effect. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10254. [PMID: 35111951 PMCID: PMC8780905 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial wound infection is one of the most common nosocomial infections. The unnecessary employment of antibiotics led to raising the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Accordingly, alternative armaments capable of accelerating wound healing along with bactericidal effects are urgently needed. Considering this, we fabricated chitosan (CS)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers armed with antibacterial silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The nanocomposites exhibited a high antioxidant effect and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Besides, based on the results of the cell viability assays, the optimum concentration of ZnONPs and AgNPs in the nanofibrous mats is 0.2% w/v and 0.08% w/v respectively and had no cytotoxicity on fibroblast cells. The scaffold also showed good blood compatibility according to the effects of coagulation time. As well as significant fibroblast migration and proliferation on the wound margin, according to wound-healing assay. All in all, the developed biocompatible, antioxidant, and antibacterial Ag-ZnO NPs incorporated CS/PEO nanofibrous mats showed their potential as an effective wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Bagheri
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Majid Validi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesSchool of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Abolfazl Gholipour
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterShahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCentre for Micro‐BioRoboticsPisaItaly
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and BiomaterialsSchool of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
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Hassan HAFM, Ali AI, ElDesawy EM, ElShafeey AH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of gemifloxacin chitosan nanoparticles as an antibacterial ocular dosage form. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1497-1508. [PMID: 34929155 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ocular infections are classified into superficial keratitis, conjunctivitis or deep infections such as corneal abscesses and blepharitis. Herein, we focused on the development of formulation approaches that could prolong the residence time of gemifloxacin (GM) and enhance its corneal penetration to facilitate GM effects both superficially and at the deep tissues. Ionic gelation method was used to prepare eight forms of GM nanoparticles (NPs) formulated from chitosan polymer using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)-induced precipitation method. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated the interaction between the chitosan and GM. Particle size, entrapment efficiency and cumulative in vitro release were used to select the optimal formula using Design Expert® software. The mean diameter of the selected NPs was 158. 4 nm. The average entrapment efficiency and cumulative release exhibited by the formulated NPs were 46.6% and 74.9%, respectively. Pharmacokinetics studies carried out on rabbits revealed that the ocularly-administered NPs significantly increased the loaded GM concentration in the tear and aqueous humour samples that suggested enhancement of precorneal retention and transcorneal permeation, respectively. Furthermore, ocular pharmacodynamic studies conducted on rabbits following ocular infection with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that the administered NPs augmented the antibacterial activity of the delivered GM. This was demonstrated via the histopathological examination of the dissected corneas that showed preserved histological features and reduced bacterial keratitis on using the GM NPs rather than GM solution. Moreover, the GM NPs-treated corneas showed lower viable bacterial counts than the GM solution-treated corneas. Accordingly, our study illustrated the capability of the chitosan NPs to promote the antibacterial activity of GM against eye infections via ocular administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A F M Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Ahmed H ElShafeey
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Shao W, Pan X, Zhao Z, Cui S. Effects of process parameters on the size of low-molecular-weight chitosan nanoparticles synthesized in static mixers. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2020.1859027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueshan Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, Bengbu, China
| | - Zirun Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuming Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Fujian, Xiamen, China
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10
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Preparation of magnetic chitosan-supported palladium-5-amino-1H-tetrazole complex as a magnetically recyclable catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction in green media. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Xia N, Zhao Q. Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:797-810. [PMID: 34101528 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1939688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Adjuvants are essential to vaccines for immunopotentiation in the elicitation of protective immunity. However, classical and widely used aluminum-based adjuvants have limited capacity to induce cellular response. There are increasing needs for appropriate adjuvants with improved profiles for vaccine development toward emerging pathogens. Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles (NPs) with immunomodulatory activity and particulate nanocarriers for effective antigen presentation are capable of eliciting a more balanced humoral and cellular immune response.Areas covered: We reviewed several carbohydrates with immunomodulatory properties. They include chitosan, β-glucan, mannan, and saponins, which have been used in vaccine formulations. The mode of action, the preparation methods, characterization of these carbohydrate-containing NPs and the corresponding vaccines are presented.Expert opinion: Several carbohydrate-containing NPs have entered the clinical stage or have been used in licensed vaccines for human use. Saponin-containing NPs are being evaluated in a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen causing the on-going worldwide pandemic. Vaccines with carbohydrate-containing NPs are in different stages of development, from preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials. A better understanding of the mode of action for carbohydrate-containing NPs as vaccine carriers and as immunostimulators will likely contribute to the design and development of new generation vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.,The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
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12
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Coacervate Thermoresponsive Polysaccharide Nanoparticles as Delivery System for Piroxicam. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249664. [PMID: 33352956 PMCID: PMC7767055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low water solubility frequently compromises the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and other biologically active molecules. Here, we report on coacervate polysaccharide nanoparticles (CPNs) that can transport and release a model hydrophobic drug, piroxicam, to the cells in response to changes in temperature. The proposed, temperature-responsive drug delivery system is based on ionic derivatives of natural polysaccharides—curdlan and hydroxypropyl cellulose. Curdlan was modified with trimethylammonium groups, while the anionic derivative of hydroxypropyl cellulose was obtained by the introduction of styrenesulfonate groups. Thermally responsive nanoparticles of spherical shape and average hydrodynamic diameter in the range of 250–300 nm were spontaneously formed in water from the obtained ionic polysaccharides as a result of the coacervation process. Their morphology was visualized using SEM and AFM. The size and the surface charge of the obtained objects could be tailored by adjusting the polycation/polyanion ratio. Piroxicam (PIX) was effectively entrapped inside the nanoparticles. The release profile of the drug from the CPNs-PIX was found to be temperature-dependent in the range relevant for biomedical applications.
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13
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Chitosan and crosslinked chitosan nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their role as Pickering emulsifiers. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Chitosan nanoparticles making their way to clinical practice: A feasibility study on their topical use for acne treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:262-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Ciro Y, Rojas J, Di Virgilio AL, Alhajj MJ, Carabali GA, Salamanca CH. Production, physicochemical characterization, and anticancer activity of methotrexate-loaded phytic acid-chitosan nanoparticles on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116436. [PMID: 32532389 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate-loaded phytic acid-chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by ionic gelation assisted by high-intensity sonication. The nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential (ZP) and encapsulation efficiency. Their physical stability was evaluated at 4 °C and 40 °C, whereas the in-vitro methotrexate release was assessed at pH 7.4. The data were heuristically fit to first-order, Higuchi, Peppas-Sahlin and Korsmeyer-Peppas models of release kinetics. Anticancer activity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Physicochemical analysis showed that the nanoparticles presented positive ZP values, sizes less than <300 nm and low polydispersity, except for systems formed with low amplitude sonication. The nanoparticles exhibited an adequate physical stability and a capability to modify methotrexate release by a non-Fickian mechanism, resulting in a more pronounced cytotoxic effect than the free drug on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yhor Ciro
- University of Antioquia, School of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 67 Street No. 53 - 108, Medellin, 050010, Colombia.
| | - John Rojas
- University of Antioquia, School of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 67 Street No. 53 - 108, Medellin, 050010, Colombia.
| | - Ana Laura Di Virgilio
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N 1465, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Maria J Alhajj
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Formulación de Productos Químicos y Derivados, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 No. 122 -135, Cali, 760035, Colombia.
| | - Gustavo A Carabali
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Formulación de Productos Químicos y Derivados, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 No. 122 -135, Cali, 760035, Colombia.
| | - Constain H Salamanca
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Formulación de Productos Químicos y Derivados, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 No. 122 -135, Cali, 760035, Colombia.
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Ciro Y, Rojas J, Alhajj MJ, Carabali GA, Salamanca CH. Production and Characterization of Chitosan-Polyanion Nanoparticles by Polyelectrolyte Complexation Assisted by High-Intensity Sonication for the Modified Release of Methotrexate. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E11. [PMID: 31936208 PMCID: PMC7168905 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy to improve the effectivity of anticancer treatment and decrease its side effects is to modulate drug release by using nanoparticulates (NPs) as carriers. In this study, methotrexate-loaded chitosan-polyanion nanoparticles were produced by polyelectrolyte complexation assisted by high-intensity sonication, using several anionic polymers, such as the sodium and potassium salts of poly(maleic acid-alt-ethylene) and poly(maleic acid-alt-octadecene), here named PAM-2 and PAM-18, respectively. Such NPs were analyzed and characterized according to particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Likewise, their physical stability was tested at 4 °C and 40 °C in order to evaluate any change in the previously mentioned particle parameters. The in vitro methotrexate release was assessed at a pH of 7.4, which simulated physiological conditions, and the data were fitted to the heuristic models of order one, Higuchi, Peppas-Sahlin and Korsmeyer-Peppas. The results revealed that most of the MTX-chitosan-polyanion NPs have positive zeta potential values, sizes <280 nm and monodisperse populations, except for the NPs formed with PAM-18 polyanions. Further, the NPs showed adequate physical stability, preventing NP-NP aggregation. Likewise, these carriers modified the MTX release by an anomalous mechanism, where the NPs formed with PAM-2 polymer led to a release mechanism controlled by diffusion and relaxation, whereas the NPs formed with PAM-18 led to a mainly diffusion-controlled release mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yhors Ciro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, 67 Street No. 53-108, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - John Rojas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, 67 Street No. 53-108, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Maria J. Alhajj
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Formulación de Productos Químicos y Derivados, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 No. 122-135, Cali 760035, Colombia; (M.J.A.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Gustavo A. Carabali
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Formulación de Productos Químicos y Derivados, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 No. 122-135, Cali 760035, Colombia; (M.J.A.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Constain H. Salamanca
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Formulación de Productos Químicos y Derivados, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, Calle 18 No. 122-135, Cali 760035, Colombia; (M.J.A.); (G.A.C.)
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Cai Y, Lapitsky Y. Pitfalls in analyzing release from chitosan/tripolyphosphate micro- and nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:204-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Weiss J, Salminen H, Moll P, Schmitt C. Use of molecular interactions and mesoscopic scale transitions to modulate protein-polysaccharide structures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 271:101987. [PMID: 31325651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mixed protein-polysaccharide structures have found widespread applications in various fields, such as in foods, pharmaceuticals or personal care products. A better understanding and a more precise control over the molecular interactions between the two types of macromolecules leading to an engineering of nanoscale and colloidal building blocks have fueled the design of novel structures with improved functional properties. However, these building blocks often do not constitute the final matrix. Rather, further process operations are used to transform the initially formed structural entities into bulk matrices. Systematic knowledge on the relation between molecular structure design and subsequent mesoscopic scale transitions induced by processing is scarce. This article aims at establishing a connection between these two approaches. Therefore, it reviews not only studies on the underlying molecular interaction phenomena leading to either a segregative or associative phase behavior and nanoscale or colloidal structures, but also looks at the less systematically studied approach of using macroscopic processing operations such as shearing, heating, crosslinking, and concentrating/drying to transform the initially generated structures into bulk matrices. Thereby, a more comprehensive look is taken at the relationship between different influencing factors, namely solvent conditions (i.e. pH, ionic strength), biopolymer characteristics (i.e. type, charge density, mixing ratio, biopolymer concentration), and processing parameters (i.e. temperature, mechanical stresses, pressure) to generate bulk protein-polysaccharide matrices with different morphological features. The need for a combinatorial approach is then demonstrated by reviewing in detail current mixed protein-polysaccharide applications that increasingly make use of this. In the process, open scientific questions that will need to be addressed in the future are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weiss
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Food Physics and Meat Science (150g), Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hanna Salminen
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Food Physics and Meat Science (150g), Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pascal Moll
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Food Physics and Meat Science (150g), Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christophe Schmitt
- Nestec Research, Nestlé Institute of Material Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Natural biodegradable polymers based nano-formulations for drug delivery: A review. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:244-264. [PMID: 30851391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are now considered as the new-generation medication in the current era mainly because of their features related to nano size. The efficacy of many drugs in their micro/macro formulations is shown to have poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetics after oral administration. To overcome this predicament, use of natural/synthetic biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have gained prominence in the field of nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery to improve biocompatibility, bioavailability, safety, enhanced permeability, better retention time and lower toxicity. For drug delivery, it is essential to have biodegradable nanoparticle formulations for safe and efficient transport and release of drug at the intended site. Moreover, depending on the target organ, a suitable biodegradable polymer can be selected as the drug-carrier for target specific as well as for sustained drug delivery. The aim of this review is to present the current status and scope of natural biodegradable polymers as well as some emerging polymers with special characteristics as suitable carriers for drug delivery applications. The most widely preferred preparation methods are discussed along with their characterization using different analytical techniques. Further, the review highlights significant features of methods developed using natural polymers for drug entrapment and release studies.
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Zhou J, Chen Y, Luo M, Deng F, Lin S, Wu W, Li G, Nan K. Dual cross-linked chitosan microspheres formulated with spray-drying technique for the sustained release of levofloxacin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:568-576. [PMID: 30652515 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1569025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Luo
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fen Deng
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wencan Wu
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guqiang Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantan, China
| | - Kaihui Nan
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Miranda-Calderón J, Macías-Rosales L, Gracia-Mora I, Ruiz-Azuara L, Faustino-Vega A, Gracia-Mora J, Bernad-Bernad M. Effect of casiopein III-ia loaded into chitosan nanoparticles on tumor growth inhibition. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Hassan UA, Hussein MZ, Alitheen NB, Yahya Ariff SA, Masarudin MJ. In vitro cellular localization and efficient accumulation of fluorescently tagged biomaterials from monodispersed chitosan nanoparticles for elucidation of controlled release pathways for drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:5075-5095. [PMID: 30233174 PMCID: PMC6130301 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inefficient cellular delivery and poor intracellular accumulation are major drawbacks towards achieving favorable therapeutic responses from many therapeutic drugs and biomolecules. To tackle this issue, nanoparticle-mediated delivery vectors have been aptly explored as a promising delivery strategy capable of enhancing the cellular localization of biomolecules and improve their therapeutic efficacies. However, the dynamics of intracellular biomolecule release and accumulation from such nanoparticle systems has currently remained scarcely studied. Objectives The objective of this study was to utilize a chitosan-based nanoparticle system as the delivery carrier for glutamic acid, a model for encapsulated biomolecules to visualize the in vitro release and accumulation of the encapsulated glutamic acid from chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) systems. Methods CNP was synthesized via ionic gelation routes utilizing tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linker. In order to track glutamic acid release, the glutamic acid was fluorescently-labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate prior encapsulation into CNP. Results Light Scattering data concluded the successful formation of small-sized and mono-dispersed CNP at a specific volume ratio of chitosan to TPP. Encapsulation of glutamic acid as a model cargo into CNP led to an increase in particle size to >100 nm. The synthesized CNP exhibited spherical shape under Electron Microscopy. The formation of CNP was reflected by the reduction in free amine groups of chitosan following ionic crosslinking reactions. The encapsulation of glutamic acid was further confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Cell viability assay showed 70% cell viability at the maximum concentration of 0.5 mg/mL CS and 0.7 mg/mL TPP used, indicating the low inherent toxicity property of this system. In vitro release study using fluorescently-tagged glutamic acids demonstrated the release and accumulation of the encapsulated glutamic acids at 6 hours post treatment. A significant accumulation was observed at 24 hours and 48 hours later. Flow cytometry data demonstrated a gradual increase in intracellular fluorescence signal from 30 minutes to 48 hours post treatment with fluorescently-labeled glutamic acids encapsulated CNP. Conclusion These results therefore suggested the potential of CNP system towards enhancing the intracellular delivery and release of the encapsulated glutamic acids. This CNP system thus may serves as a potential candidate vector capable to improve the therapeutic efficacy for drugs and biomolecules in medical as well as pharmaceutical applications through the enhanced intracellular release and accumulation of the encapsulated cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu Afiqah Hassan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
| | - Syazaira Arham Yahya Ariff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
| | - Mas Jaffri Masarudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, .,Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
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23
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Ameeduzzafar, Imam SS, Abbas Bukhari SN, Ahmad J, Ali A. Formulation and optimization of levofloxacin loaded chitosan nanoparticle for ocular delivery: In-vitro characterization, ocular tolerance and antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:650-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kaloti M, Kumar A. Sustainable Catalytic Activity of Ag-Coated Chitosan-Capped γ-Fe 2O 3 Superparamagnetic Binary Nanohybrids (Ag-γ-Fe 2O 3@CS) for the Reduction of Environmentally Hazardous Dyes-A Kinetic Study of the Operating Mechanism Analyzing Methyl Orange Reduction. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1529-1545. [PMID: 31458478 PMCID: PMC6641453 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of binary nanohybrids consisting of environmentally benign components, γ-Fe2O3, chitosan (CS), and Ag (Ag-γ-Fe2O3@CS) (CSIOAg), containing very low concentration of Ag NPs (≤1.2 μM), has been reported. In the as-synthesized nanohybrids, the presence of γ-Fe2O3 (8.5 ± 0.8 nm) and Ag (5.9 ± 0.5 nm) are revealed by optical, XRD, TEM, and XPS analyses, and their presence in cubic phase is determined by XRD and SAED measurements. The catalytic activity of CSIOAg has been analyzed by performing the reduction of certain toxic dyes. Under all kinetic conditions, the reaction is attended by an induction period, which is reduced upon increasing [Ag] and [Dye] in a specific concentration range, as well as temperature, suggesting restructuring of the surface prior to reduction. In case of methyl orange (MO), the reduction results in its cleavage to produce N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and sodium sulfanilate in a significantly higher (>97%) yield in a bimolecular reaction between MO and BH4 -. The duration of induction period is regularly decreased and the rate of reduction (k app) increases linearly with increasing Ag in the wide concentration range (0.03-2.4 μM). The reduction takes place with a second-order rate constant of 2.7 × 104 dm3 mol-1 s-1, which is >3.5-fold higher than that in the absence of chitosan (IOAg) under identical experimental conditions. The kinetics of reduction of MO is controlled by the nature and extent of its adsorption on the catalyst surface. The weaker binding between MO and Ag catalyst only allows its effective reduction. The XPS analysis of CSIOAg and IOAg containing the same amount of Ag (1.2 μM) showed its higher amount on the surface of CSIOAg (0.12%) as compared to that of IOAg (0.09%). Detailed kinetic analysis of MO reduction, performed under pseudo-kinetic conditions for both the nanohybrids revealed them to follow Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model and exhibited the recyclability up to 10 cycles with fairly high reaction efficiency and TOF, suggesting it to be a sustainable green nanosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaloti
- Centre
of Excellence—Nanotechnology, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Centre
of Excellence—Nanotechnology, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
- E-mail: ; . Tel: +91-1332-285799
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25
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Porcu EP, Salis A, Rassu G, Maestri M, Galafassi J, Bruni G, Giunchedi P, Gavini E. Engineered polymeric microspheres obtained by multi-step method as potential systems for transarterial embolization and intraoperative imaging of HCC: Preliminary evaluation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:160-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Preparation and characterization of dispersions based on chitosan and poly(styrene sulfonate). Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Biopolymer-based coacervates: Structures, functionality and applications in food products. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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de Lima CRM, de Souza PRS, Stopilha RT, de Morais WA, Silva GTM, Nunes JS, Wanderley Neto AO, Pereira MR, Fonseca JLC. Formation and structure of chitosan–poly(sodium methacrylate) complex nanoparticles. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1296772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. R. M. de Lima
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - P. R. S. de Souza
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - R. T. Stopilha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - W. A. de Morais
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - G. T. M. Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J. S. Nunes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - A. O. Wanderley Neto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M. R. Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J. L. C. Fonseca
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Rathi N, Gaikar VG. Optimization of Continuous Synthesis of Cross-Linked Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Microreactors. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Rathi
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga 400019 Mumbai India
| | - Vilas G. Gaikar
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga 400019 Mumbai India
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Alver E, Bulut M, Metin AÜ, Çiftçi H. One step effective removal of Congo Red in chitosan nanoparticles by encapsulation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 171:132-138. [PMID: 27501485 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared with ionotropic gelation between chitosan and tripolyphosphate for the removal of Congo Red. The production of chitosan nanoparticles and the dye removal process was carried out in one-step. The removal efficiency of Congo Red by encapsulation within chitosan from the aqueous solution and its storage stability are examined at different pH values. The influence of some parameters such as the initial dye concentration, pH value of the dye solution, electrolyte concentration, tripolyphosphate concentration, mixing time and speed on the encapsulation is examined. Congo Red removal efficiency and encapsulation capacity of chitosan nanoparticles were determined as above 98% and 5107mg Congo Red/g chitosan, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Alver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, 19030 Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Bulut
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, 19030 Çorum, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Ülkü Metin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Hakan Çiftçi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Kırıkkale Vocational High School, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey
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Proof of concept study for different-sized chitosan nanoparticles as carbon dioxide (CO2) indicators in food quality monitoring. Talanta 2016; 161:265-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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32
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Statistical optimization of chitosan nanoparticles as protein vehicles, using response surface methodology. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2016; 14:e413-e422. [PMID: 27647390 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been increased attention given to polymeric nanoparticles as protein carriers. In this regard, chitosan/tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles are considered to be a simple and efficient carrier. However, to have an ideal protein release profile, we need to optimize the properties of the carrier. METHODS This study examined the influence of 4 critical process parameters on the physicochemical characteristics of final nanoparticles. Chitosan-based nanoparticles were produced by ionic gelation, and then the size, polydispersity and zeta potential of those resulting nanoparticles were evaluated. Subsequently, the encapsulation efficiency of bovine serum albumin as model protein was investigated. RESULTS The morphologies of nanoparticles were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Linear mathematical models were presented for each response through 3 levels using Central Composite Design with the help of design of experiments software, and formulation optimization was performed. CONCLUSIONS Such research will serve as a basic study in protein loading into TPP cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles.
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Onnainty R, Schenfeld EM, Petiti JP, Longhi MR, Torres A, Quevedo MA, Granero GE. Permeability Profiles and Intestinal Toxicity Assessment of Hydrochlorothiazide and Its Inclusion Complex with β-Cyclodextrin Loaded into Chitosan Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3736-3746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Onnainty
- Departamento de
Farmacia, UNITEFA, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - E. M. Schenfeld
- Departamento de
Farmacia, UNITEFA, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - J. P. Petiti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, UNC, INICSA, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - M. R. Longhi
- Departamento de
Farmacia, UNITEFA, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - A. Torres
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, UNC, INICSA, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - M. A. Quevedo
- Departamento de
Farmacia, UNITEFA, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - G. E. Granero
- Departamento de
Farmacia, UNITEFA, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, X5000HUA, Argentina
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Rázga F, Vnuková D, Némethová V, Mazancová P, Lacík I. Preparation of chitosan-TPP sub-micron particles: Critical evaluation and derived recommendations. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:488-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Application of nanochitosan and chitosan particles for adsorption of Zn(II) ions pollutant from aqueous solution to protect environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40808-016-0219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Sipoli CC, Radaic A, Santana N, de Jesus MB, de la Torre LG. Chitosan nanoparticles produced with the gradual temperature decrease technique for sustained gene delivery. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Elwerfalli AM, Al-Kinani A, Alany RG, ElShaer A. Nano-engineering chitosan particles to sustain the release of promethazine from orodispersables. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 131:447-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Sipoli CC, Santana N, Shimojo AAM, Azzoni A, de la Torre LG. Scalable production of highly concentrated chitosan/TPP nanoparticles in different pHs and evaluation of the in vitro transfection efficiency. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Biodegradable chitosan nanoparticle coatings on titanium for the delivery of BMP-2. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3-19. [PMID: 25581889 PMCID: PMC4384108 DOI: 10.3390/biom5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method for the functionalization of a common implant material (Ti6Al4V) with biodegradable, drug loaded chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanoparticles is developed in order to enhance the osseointegration of endoprostheses after revision operations. The chitosan used has a tailored degree of acetylation which allows for a fast biodegradation by lysozyme. The degradability of chitosan is proven via viscometry. Characteristics and degradation of nanoparticles formed with TPP are analyzed using dynamic light scattering. The particle degradation via lysozyme displays a decrease in particle diameter of 40% after 4 days. Drug loading and release is investigated for the nanoparticles with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), using ELISA and the BRE luciferase test for quantification and bioactivity evaluation. Furthermore, nanoparticle coatings on titanium substrates are created via spray-coating and analyzed by ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Drug loaded nanoparticle coatings with biologically active BMP-2 are obtained in vitro within this work. Additionally, an in vivo study in mice indicates the dose dependent induction of ectopic bone growth through CS-TPP-BMP-2 nanoparticles. These results show that biodegradable CS-TPP coatings can be utilized to present biologically active BMP-2 on common implant materials like Ti6Al4V.
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Du X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li S, Lin X, Tang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Decanoic acid grafted oligochitosan nanoparticles as a carrier for insulin transport in the gastrointestinal tract. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:433-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Docetaxel loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Formulation, characterization and cytotoxicity studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:546-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Schrøder TD, Long Y, Olsen LF. Experimental and model study of the formation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate-siRNA nanoparticles. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Lai P, Daear W, Löbenberg R, Prenner EJ. Overview of the preparation of organic polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery based on gelatine, chitosan, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolic acid) and polyalkylcyanoacrylate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 118:154-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte nanocarriers: Recent advances and open problems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Koukaras EN, Papadimitriou SA, Bikiaris DN, Froudakis GE. Properties and energetics for design and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles used for drug encapsulation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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46
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Formulation and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Nanoparticulate System for Poorly Absorbable Drug. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Liu H, Cui Y, Li P, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Tang Y, Chen Y, Lu T. Iron(III) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complex on polyallylamine functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes: immobilization, direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Analyst 2013; 138:2647-53. [PMID: 23486722 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00113j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A nonenzymatic iron(III) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Fe(III)-DETPA) complex based amperometric sensor for the analytical determination of hydrogen peroxide was developed. By combining the electrostatic interaction between the Fe(III)-DETPA complex and polyallylamine (PAH) functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as well as the ionotropic crosslinking interaction between PAH and ethylenediamine-tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP), the electroactive Fe(III)-DETPA complex was successfully incorporated within the MWCNT matrix, and firmly immobilized on the Au substrate electrode. The fabricated electrochemical sensor was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical methods. The influences of solution pH and ionic strength on the electrochemical sensor were investigated. The prepared electrochemical sensor had a fast response to hydrogen peroxide (<3 s) and an excellent linear range of concentration from 1.25 × 10(-8) to 4.75 × 10(-3) M with a detection limit of 6.3 × 10(-9) M under the optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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48
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Chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, size evolution and stability. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:219-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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49
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Pickup DM, Newport RJ, Barney ER, Kim JY, Valappil SP, Knowles JC. Characterisation of phosphate coacervates for potential biomedical applications. J Biomater Appl 2013; 28:1226-34. [PMID: 24045415 PMCID: PMC4107827 DOI: 10.1177/0885328213502586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, amorphous (Na2O)x(CaO)0.50- x(P2O5)0.50·yH2O (where x = ~0.15 and y = ~3) samples were prepared by a coacervate method. Thermal analysis showed that two types of water molecules were present in the coacervate structures: one type loosely bound and the other part of the phosphate structure. Structural studies using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray total diffraction revealed the samples to have very similar structures to melt-quenched glasses of comparable composition. Furthermore, no significant structural differences were observed between samples prepared using calcium nitrate as the calcium source or those prepared from calcium chloride. A sample containing ~1 mol% Ag2O was prepared to test the hypothesis that calcium phosphate coacervate materials could be used as delivery agents for antibacterial ions. This sample exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the bacterium Psuedomonas aeruginosa. FTIR data revealed the silver-doped sample to be structurally akin to the analogous silver-free sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Pickup
- 1School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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50
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Liu H, Cui Y, Li P, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Tang Y, Lu T. Polyphosphonate induced coacervation of chitosan: Encapsulation of proteins/enzymes and their biosensing. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 776:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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