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Amarsy I, Papot S, Gasser G. Stimuli‐Responsive Metal Complexes for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205900. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Amarsy
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP) Université de Poitiers, CNRS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech PSL University, CNRS Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology 75005 Paris France
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Amarsy I, Papot S, Gasser G. Stimuli‐Responsive Metal Complexes for Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Amarsy
- Chimie ParisTech - PSL: Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Paris PSL University FRANCE
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Université de Poitiers: Universite de Poitiers Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP) FRANCE
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Universite PSL Chimie ParisTech 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris FRANCE
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Nasrolahi Shirazi A, Sajid MI, Mandal D, Stickley D, Nagasawa S, Long J, Lohan S, Parang K, Tiwari RK. Cyclic Peptide-Gadolinium Nanocomplexes as siRNA Delivery Tools. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111064. [PMID: 34832846 PMCID: PMC8617768 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that a cyclic peptide containing five tryptophan, five arginine, and one cysteine amino acids [(WR)5C], was able to produce peptide-capped gadolinium nanoparticles, [(WR)5C]-GdNPs, in the range of 240 to 260 nm upon mixing with an aqueous solution of GdCl3. Herein, we report [(WR)5C]-GdNPs as an efficient siRNA delivery system. The peptide-based gadolinium nanoparticles (50 µM) did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity (~93% cell viability at 50 µM) in human leukemia T lymphoblast cells (CCRF-CEM) and triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) after 48 h. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicated that the cellular uptakes of Alexa-488-labeled siRNA were found to be enhanced by more than 10 folds in the presence of [(WR)5C]-GdNPs compared with siRNA alone in CCRF-CEM and MDA-MB-231 cells after 6 h of incubation at 37 °C. The gene silencing efficacy of the nanoparticles was determined via the western blot technique using an over-expressed gene, STAT-3 protein, in MDA-MB-231 cells. The results showed ~62% reduction of STAT-3 was observed in MDA-MB-231 with [(WR)5C]-GdNPs at N/P 40. The integrity of the cellular membrane of CCRF-CEM cells was found to be intact when incubated with [(WR)5C]-Gd nanoparticles (50 µM) for 2 h. Confocal microscopy reveals higher internalization of siRNA in MDA-MB-231 cells using [(WR)5C]-GdNPs at N/P 40. These results provided insight about the use of the [(WR)5C]-GdNPs complex as a potent intracellular siRNA transporter that could be a nontoxic choice to be used as a transfection agent for nucleic-acid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (D.S.); (S.N.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.S.); (R.K.T.); Tel.: +1-(714)-449-7497 (A.N.S.); +1-(714)-516-5483 (R.K.T.); Fax: +1-(714)-872-5706 (A.N.S.); +1-(714)-516-5481 (R.K.T.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (D.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (D.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - David Stickley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (D.S.); (S.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Stephanie Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (D.S.); (S.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Joshua Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (D.S.); (S.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (D.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (D.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (M.I.S.); (D.M.); (S.L.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.S.); (R.K.T.); Tel.: +1-(714)-449-7497 (A.N.S.); +1-(714)-516-5483 (R.K.T.); Fax: +1-(714)-872-5706 (A.N.S.); +1-(714)-516-5481 (R.K.T.)
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Shirazi AN, Park SE, Rad S, Baloyan L, Mandal D, Sajid MI, Hall R, Lohan S, Zoghebi K, Parang K, Tiwari RK. Cyclic Peptide-Gadolinium Nanoparticles for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090792. [PMID: 32825689 PMCID: PMC7557599 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclic peptide containing one cysteine and five alternating tryptophan and arginine amino acids [(WR)5C] was synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase methodology. The ability of the synthesized cyclic peptide to produce gadolinium nanoparticles through an in situ one-pot mixing of an aqueous solution of GdCl3 with [(WR)5C] peptide solution was evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy showed the formed peptide-Gd nanoparticles in star-shape morphology with a size of ~250 nm. Flow cytometry investigation showed that the cellular uptake of a cell-impermeable fluorescence-labeled phosphopeptide (F′-GpYEEI, where F′ = fluorescein) was approximately six times higher in the presence of [(WR)5C]-Gd nanoparticles than those of F′-GpYEEI alone in human leukemia adenocarcinoma (CCRF-CEM) cells after 2 h incubation. The antiproliferative activities of cisplatin and carboplatin (5 µM) were increased in the presence of [(WR)5C]-GdNPs (50 μM) by 41% and 18%, respectively, after 72-h incubation in CCRF-CEM cells. The intracellular release of epirubicin, an anticancer drug, from the complex showed that 15% and 60% of the drug was released intracellularly within 12 and 48 h, respectively. This report provides insight about using a non-toxic MRI agent, gadolinium nanoparticles, for the delivery of various types of molecular cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.R.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.S.); (R.K.T.); Tel.: +1-714-449-7497 (A.N.S.); +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); Fax: +1-714-872-5706 (A.N.S); +1-714-516-5481 (R.K.T.)
| | - Shang Eun Park
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Shirin Rad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Luiza Baloyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA; (S.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India;
| | - Muhammad Imran Sajid
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ryley Hall
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.E.P.); (M.I.S.); (R.H.); (S.L.); (K.Z.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.S.); (R.K.T.); Tel.: +1-714-449-7497 (A.N.S.); +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); Fax: +1-714-872-5706 (A.N.S); +1-714-516-5481 (R.K.T.)
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Affram K, Smith T, Helsper S, Rosenberg JT, Han B, Trevino J, Agyare E. Comparative study on contrast enhancement of Magnevist and Magnevist-loaded nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer PDX model monitored by MRI. Cancer Nanotechnol 2020; 11. [PMID: 32714466 PMCID: PMC7380684 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-020-00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to compare contrast enhancement of Magnevist® (gadopentate dimeglumine (Mag)) to that of PEGylated Magnevist®-loaded liposomal nanoparticles (Mag-Lnps) in pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Mag-Lnps formulated by thin-film hydration and extrusion was characterized for the particle size and zeta potential. A 21.1 T vertical magnet was used for all MRI. The magnet was equipped with a Bruker Advance console and ParaVision 6.1 acquisitions software. Mag-Lnps phantoms were prepared and imaged with a 10-mm birdcage coil. For in vivo imaging, animals were sedated and injected with a single dose (4 mg/kg) of Mag or Mag-Lnps with Mag equivalent dose. Using a 33-mm inner diameter birdcage coil, T1 maps were acquired, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) measured for 2 h. Results: Mag-Lnps phantoms showed a remarkable augmentation in contrast with Mag increment. However, in in vivo imaging, no significant difference in contrast was observed between Mag and MRI. While Mag-Lnps was observed to have fairly high tumor/muscle (T/M) ratio in the first 30 min, free Mag exhibited higher T/M ratio over the time-period between 30 and 120 min. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between Mag and Mag-Lnp in rating MR image quality. Low payload of Mag entrapment by Lnps and restricted access of water (protons) to Mag-Lnps may have affected the performance of Mag-Lnps as an effective contrast agent. Conclusion: This study showed no significance difference in MRI contrast between Mag and Mag-Lnp pancreatic cancer PDX mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Affram
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.,Present Address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Taylor Smith
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Shannon Helsper
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jens T Rosenberg
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Bo Han
- Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jose Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Edward Agyare
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, 1415 South Martin Luther King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Benedetti E, Antonosante A, Catanesi M, Dominguez-Benot R, Pitari G, Ippoliti R, Cimini A. Theranostic Nanomedicine for Malignant Gliomas. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:325. [PMID: 31799246 PMCID: PMC6868071 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors mainly originate from glial cells and are classified as gliomas. Malignant gliomas represent an incurable disease; indeed, after surgery and chemotherapy, recurrence appears within a few months, and mortality has remained high in the last decades. This is mainly due to the heterogeneity of malignant gliomas, indicating that a single therapy is not effective for all patients. In this regard, the advent of theranostic nanomedicine, a combination of imaging and therapeutic agents, represents a strategic tool for the management of malignant brain tumors, allowing for the detection of therapies that are specific to the single patient and avoiding overdosing the non-responders. Here, recent theranostic nanomedicine approaches for glioma therapy are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pitari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Narmani A, Farhood B, Haghi-Aminjan H, Mortezazadeh T, Aliasgharzadeh A, Mohseni M, Najafi M, Abbasi H. Gadolinium nanoparticles as diagnostic and therapeutic agents: Their delivery systems in magnetic resonance imaging and neutron capture therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mishra SK, Kannan S. Doxorubicin-Conjugated Bimetallic Silver–Gadolinium Nanoalloy for Multimodal MRI-CT-Optical Imaging and pH-Responsive Drug Release. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3607-3619. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Mishra
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - S. Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry 605 014, India
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Mishra SK, Kannan S. A Bimetallic Silver-Neodymium Theranostic Nanoparticle with Multimodal NIR/MRI/CT Imaging and Combined Chemo-photothermal Therapy. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12054-12066. [PMID: 28933536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An engineered metallic nanostructure is an excellent candidate for "theranosis" of cancer, having intrinsic properties of multimodal imaging and therapy. Toward this target, the development of silver-neodymium bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-Nd BNPs) via microwave-assisted polyol synthesis is presented. The resultant Ag-Nd BNPs exhibit good monodispersity with average size of 10 nm, fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region, and magnetic properties. The Ag-Nd BNPs also validate MRI, CT, and NIR trimodal imaging ability and enunciate valuable temperature response upon irradiation under a NIR laser. Aided by chitosan functionalization on the surface, the Ag-Nd BNPs deliver good biocompatibility and also promote the loading of paclitaxel, an anticancer drug. Isothermal titration calorimetry affirms the combination of strong binding affinity of drug and high loading efficiency of 7 drug molecules per nanoparticle. Moreover, Ag-Nd BNPs also illustrate a highly efficient photothermal effect in PBS. Therefore, the synergistic effects of paclitaxel and the photothermal effect make BNPs excellent "combined therapeutic agents", and also give them the important ability to destroy cancer cells in vitro at very low dose in comparison to single therapy. Thus, the Ag-Nd BNPs unveil a combination of MRI/CT/NIR imaging and chemo-photothermal therapy that ensures accurate diagnosis at an early stage and comprehensive eradication of tumor cells without affecting healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Mishra
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University , Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University , Puducherry 605 014, India
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Wu B, Wan B, Lu ST, Deng K, Li XQ, Wu BL, Li YS, Liao RF, Huang SW, Xu HB. Near-infrared light-triggered theranostics for tumor-specific enhanced multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4467-4478. [PMID: 28670120 PMCID: PMC5481284 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s137835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in current clinic contrast agents (CAs) and chemotherapy is the poor tumor selectivity and response. Based on the self-quench property of IR820 at high concentrations, and different contrast effect ability of Gd-DOTA between inner and outer of liposome, we developed "bomb-like" light-triggered CAs (LTCAs) for enhanced CT/MRI/FI multimodal imaging, which can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of tumor tissue specifically. IR820, Iohexol and Gd-chelates were firstly encapsulated into the thermal-sensitive nanocarrier with a high concentration. This will result in protection and fluorescence quenching. Then, the release of CAs was triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light laser irradiation, which will lead to fluorescence and MRI activation and enable imaging of inflammation. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that LTCAs with 808 nm laser irradiation have shorter T1 relaxation time in MRI and stronger intensity in FI compared to those without irradiation. Additionally, due to the high photothermal conversion efficiency of IR820, the injection of LTCAs was demonstrated to completely inhibit C6 tumor growth in nude mice up to 17 days after NIR laser irradiation. The results indicate that the LTCAs can serve as a promising platform for NIR-activated multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Shu-Ting Lu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Bao-Lin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Yu-Shuang Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Ru-Fang Liao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Shi-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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Luo X, Li B, Zhang X, Zhao W, Bratasz A, Deng B, McComb DW, Dong Y. Dual-functional lipid-like nanoparticles for delivery of mRNA and MRI contrast agents. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1575-1579. [PMID: 28067926 PMCID: PMC5316423 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08496f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multi-functional nanomaterials possess unique properties, facilitating both therapeutic and diagnostic applications among others. Herein, we developed dual-functional lipid-like nanoparticles for simultaneous delivery of mRNA and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents in order to express functional proteins and provide real-time visualization. TT3-Gd18 LLNs were identified as a lead formulation, which was able to encapsulate 91% of mRNA and 74% of Gd. This formulation showed a comparable or a slightly higher delivery efficiency of mRNA compared to the initial TT3 LLNs. Moreover, a strong MRI signal was observed in the cell pellets treated with TT3-Gd18 LLNs. More importantly, TT3-Gd18 LLNs demonstrated an efficient delivery of mRNA and Gd contrast agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Luo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - B Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - X Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - W Zhao
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - A Bratasz
- Small Animal Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - B Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D W McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Y Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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12
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Jin M, Yu DG, Geraldes CFGC, Williams GR, Bligh SWA. Theranostic Fibers for Simultaneous Imaging and Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2457-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jin
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Deng-Guang Yu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes
- Department
of Life Sciences and Coimbra Chemistry Center - CQC, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-393 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - S. W. Annie Bligh
- Department
of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, U.K
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Ren L, Chen S, Li H, Zhang Z, Zhong J, Liu M, Zhou X. MRI-guided liposomes for targeted tandem chemotherapy and therapeutic response prediction. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:260-8. [PMID: 26873364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are effective drug delivery systems that can be functionalized with imaging contrast agents, providing both diagnosis and monitoring of disease treatment. Here we describe the design of a theranostic liposomal drug delivery system whose biodistribution can be real time imaged by contrast enhanced MRI and can achieve tandem chemotherapy drug delivery. Because T1 relaxation of MRI depends upon the chemical structure of contrast agent as well as its interaction with neighbor environment, we rationally designed a functional liposome for in vivo T1 enhanced MRI. The liposome shows a 36-fold higher T1 relaxation rate over the commercial MRI contrast agent Omniscan® and a long circulation time up to 300min in vivo. Moreover, the multifunctional liposome carries both hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemotherapeutic drugs, can synergistically enhance therapeutic effects of multiple drugs and selectively deliver them to lung tumors, leading to lower doses, toxicity and sustained release. The nanoparticles, which exhibit favorable biodistributions to tumors, offer new possibilities for the simultaneous delivery of more than one drug and the evaluation of therapeutic response in vivo by T1 enhanced MRI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cancer cells invoke different mechanisms to resist cancer therapies, particularly when delivering a single agent in a given therapy. The combination of two (or more) thermotherapy agents provides a promising way to circumvent such situations of drug resistance, due to a favorable synergistic effect that "tricks" the drug resistance mechanism. However, challenges to the simultaneous delivery of two drugs prevail, especially with regards to the simultaneous delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophobic drugs. Furthermore, non-invasive in vivo imaging of drug distribution enables the real-time monitoring and prediction of therapeutic responses to treatment. In this study, we rationally designed a theranostic liposomal drug delivery system whose biodistribution can be imaged via T1-weighted MRI in real-time and can achieve tandem chemotherapy drug delivery. This original study will be of considerable use to the wider drug delivery community.
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14
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Xiao Y, Liu Y, Yang S, Zhang B, Wang T, Jiang D, Zhang J, Yu D, Zhang N. Sorafenib and gadolinium co-loaded liposomes for drug delivery and MRI-guided HCC treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:83-92. [PMID: 26844644 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To improve the poor water solubility of sorafenib and to monitor its distribution and the early feedback effects on its in vivo treatment efficacy in a precise manner, sorafenib (SF) and gadolinium (Gd) co-loaded liposomes (SF/Gd-liposomes) were prepared. The simultaneous imaging and therapy efficacies of the SF/Gd-liposomes were tested. The solubility of SF in SF/Gd-liposomes was significantly increased from 0.21 μg/mL to 250 μg/mL. The imaging capability of SF/Gd-liposomes were tested by in-vitro and the in-vivo imaging ability tests and the results confirmed that SF/Gd-liposomes could be served as an effective contrast agent. The design of SF/Gd-liposomes allowed the MRI-guided in vivo visualization of the delivery and biodistribution of liposome. In the in vivo antitumor studies, SF/Gd-liposomes had better antitumor effects in H22 tumor-bearing mice than SF solution (oral or i.v. administration) (P<0.05). These findings indicated that the SF/Gd-liposomes could be used as the promising nano-carriers for the MRI-guided in vivo visualization of the delivery and HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaomei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Radiology Medicine, Affiliated Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Yang CT, Padmanabhan P, Gulyás BZ. Gadolinium(iii) based nanoparticles for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging probes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07782j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarized the recent progress on Gd(iii)-based nanoparticles asT1-weighted MRI contrast agents and multimodal contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Tong Yang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 636921
| | | | - Balázs Z. Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 636921
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16
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Pitchaimani A, Thanh Nguyen TD, Wang H, Bossmann SH, Aryal S. Design and characterization of gadolinium infused theranostic liposomes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00552g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional theranostic gadolinium infused liposomes containing the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), in its core are designed as potential candidates for diagnosis and therapy of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Pitchaimani
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan
- USA
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS)
| | - Tuyen Duong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan
- USA
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS)
| | - Hongwang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan
- USA
| | | | - Santosh Aryal
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan
- USA
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS)
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17
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Ren L, Chen S, Li H, Zhang Z, Ye C, Liu M, Zhou X. MRI-visible liposome nanovehicles for potential tumor-targeted delivery of multimodal therapies. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:12843-12850. [PMID: 26022345 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02144h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time diagnosis and monitoring of disease development, and therapeutic responses to treatment, are possible by theranostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here we report the synthesis of a multifunctional liposome, which contains Gd-DOTA (an MRI probe), paclitaxel and c(RGDyk) (a targeted peptide). This nanoparticle overcame the insolubility of paclitaxel, reduced the side effects of FDA-approved formulation of PTX-Cre (Taxol®) and improved drug delivery efficiency to the tumor. c(RGDyk) modification greatly enhanced the cytotoxicity of the drug in tumor cells A549. The T1 relaxivity in tumor cells treated with the targeted liposome formulation was increased 16-fold when compared with the non-targeted group. In vivo, the tumors in mice were visualized using T1-weighted imaging after administration of the liposome. Also the tumor growth could be inhibited well after the treatment. Fluorescence images in vitro and ex vivo also showed the targeting effect of this liposome in tumor cells, indicating that this nanovehicle could limit the off-target side effects of anticancer drugs and contrast agents. These findings lay the foundation for further tumor inhibition study and application of this delivery vehicle in cancer therapy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ren
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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18
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Silva SR, Duarte ÉC, Ramos GS, Kock FVC, Andrade FD, Frézard F, Colnago LA, Demicheli C. Gadolinium(III) Complexes with N-Alkyl-N-methylglucamine Surfactants Incorporated into Liposomes as Potential MRI Contrast Agents. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2015; 2015:942147. [PMID: 26347596 PMCID: PMC4546952 DOI: 10.1155/2015/942147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes of gadolinium(III) with N-octanoyl-N-methylglucamine (L8) and N-decanoyl-N-methylglucamine (L10) with 1 : 2 stoichiometry were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and molar conductivity measurements. The transverse (r 2) and longitudinal (r 1) relaxivity protons were measured at 20 MHz and compared with those of the commercial contrasts. These complexes were incorporated in liposomes, resulting in the increase of the vesicle zeta potential. Both the free and liposome-incorporated gadolinium complexes showed high relaxation effectiveness, compared to commercial contrast agent gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist). The high relaxivity of these complexes was attributed to the molecular rotation that occurs more slowly, because of the elevated molecular weight and incorporation in liposomes. The results establish that these paramagnetic complexes are highly potent contrast agents, making them excellent candidates for various applications in molecular MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rodrigues Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Correia Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Santos Ramos
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Diuk Andrade
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Demicheli
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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19
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Ho LC, Hsu CH, Ou CM, Wang CW, Liu TP, Hwang LP, Lin YY, Chang HT. Unibody core–shell smart polymer as a theranostic nanoparticle for drug delivery and MR imaging. Biomaterials 2015; 37:436-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Theranostic nanoparticles for cancer and cardiovascular applications. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1390-406. [PMID: 24595494 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Theranostics have received enormous attentions for individualized diagnosis and treatment in the past few years. Especially, the availability of various nanoplatforms provides great potentials for designing of sophisticated theranostic agents including imaging, targeting and therapeutic functions. Numerous reports have been published on how to construct multifunctional nanoparticles for the targeted diagnosis and therapy simultaneously since the concept of "theranostics". This review presents recent advances of molecular imaging and nanoplatform technology, and their applications in drug discovery and development. Applications of nanoplatform-based theranostics in cancer and cardiovascular diseases will also be covered including diagnosis, assessment of drug biodistribution, and visualization of drug release from nanoparticles, as well as monitoring of therapeutic effects.
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Smith CE, Shkumatov A, Withers SG, Glockner JF, Misra S, Roy EJ, Wong CH, Zimmerman SC, Kong H. A polymeric fastener can easily functionalize liposome surfaces with gadolinium for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9599-610. [PMID: 24083377 PMCID: PMC3880799 DOI: 10.1021/nn4026228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Common methods of loading magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents into nanoparticles often suffer from challenges related to particle formation, complex chemical modification/purification steps, and reduced contrast efficiency. This study presents a simple, yet advanced process to address these issues by loading gadolinium, an MRI contrast agent, exclusively on a liposome surface using a polymeric fastener. The fastener, so named for its ability to physically link the two functional components together, consisted of chitosan substituted with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to chelate gadolinium, as well as octadecyl chains to stabilize the modified chitosan on the liposome surface. The assembly strategy, mimicking the mechanisms by which viruses and proteins naturally anchor to a cell, provided greater T1 relaxivity than liposomes loaded with gadolinium in both the interior and outer leaflet. Gadolinium-coated liposomes were ultimately evaluated in vivo using murine ischemia models to highlight the diagnostic capability of the system. Taken together, this process decouples particle assembly and functionalization and, therefore, has considerable potential to enhance imaging quality while alleviating many of the difficulties associated with multifunctional particle fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cartney E. Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Artem Shkumatov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sarah G. Withers
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN, 55905, USA
| | - James F. Glockner
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN, 55905, USA
| | - Edward J. Roy
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chun-Ho Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven C. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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22
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Hyaluronic acid derivative-coated nanohybrid liposomes for cancer imaging and drug delivery. J Control Release 2013; 174:98-108. [PMID: 24280260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanohybrid liposomes coated with amphiphilic hyaluronic acid-ceramide (HACE) was fabricated for targeted delivery of anticancer drug and in vivo cancer imaging. Nanohybrid liposomes including doxorubicin (DOX) and Magnevist, a contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with 120-130nm mean diameter and a narrow size distribution were developed. DOX release from the developed formulation was improved at acidic pH (pH5.5 and 6.8) versus physiological pH (pH7.4). Cytotoxicity induced by the blank plain liposome was reduced by coating the outer surface of the nanohybrid liposome with HACE. Cellular uptake of DOX from the nanohybrid liposome was enhanced by HA and CD44 receptor interaction, versus the plain liposome. In vivo contrast-enhancing effects revealed that the nanohybrid liposome can be used as a tumor targeting MR imaging probe for cancer diagnosis. In a pharmacokinetic study in rats, in vivo clearance of DOX was decreased in the order DOX solution, plain liposome (F2), and nanohybrid liposome (F3), indicating prolonged circulation of the drug in the blood stream and improved therapeutic efficacy of the nanohybrid liposome (F3). Based on these findings, the nanohybrid liposomal system may be a useful candidate for real-time cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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23
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Liu Y, Zhang N. Gadolinium loaded nanoparticles in theranostic magnetic resonance imaging. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5363-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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