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Arora S, Singh S, Mittal A, Desai N, Khatri DK, Gugulothu D, Lather V, Pandita D, Vora LK. Spheroids in cancer research: Recent advances and opportunities. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2024; 100:106033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2024]
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Hu H, Krishaa L, Fong ELS. Magnetic force-based cell manipulation for in vitro tissue engineering. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031504. [PMID: 37736016 PMCID: PMC10511261 DOI: 10.1063/5.0138732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell manipulation techniques such as those based on three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic systems have recently been developed to reconstruct complex 3D tissue structures in vitro. Compared to these technologies, magnetic force-based cell manipulation is a simpler, scaffold- and label-free method that minimally affects cell viability and can rapidly manipulate cells into 3D tissue constructs. As such, there is increasing interest in leveraging this technology for cell assembly in tissue engineering. Cell manipulation using magnetic forces primarily involves two key approaches. The first method, positive magnetophoresis, uses magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) which are either attached to the cell surface or integrated within the cell. These MNPs enable the deliberate positioning of cells into designated configurations when an external magnetic field is applied. The second method, known as negative magnetophoresis, manipulates diamagnetic entities, such as cells, in a paramagnetic environment using an external magnetic field. Unlike the first method, this technique does not require the use of MNPs for cell manipulation. Instead, it leverages the magnetic field and the motion of paramagnetic agents like paramagnetic salts (Gadobutrol, MnCl2, etc.) to propel cells toward the field minimum, resulting in the assembly of cells into the desired geometrical arrangement. In this Review, we will first describe the major approaches used to assemble cells in vitro-3D bioprinting and microfluidics-based platforms-and then discuss the use of magnetic forces for cell manipulation. Finally, we will highlight recent research in which these magnetic force-based approaches have been applied and outline challenges to mature this technology for in vitro tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L. Krishaa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Present address: Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, 15 Kent Ridge Cres, E7, 06-01G, Singapore 119276, Singapore. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Ishihara K, Narita Y, Teramura Y, Fukazawa K. Preparation of Magnetic Hydrogel Microparticles with Cationic Surfaces and Their Cell-Assembling Performance. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5107-5117. [PMID: 34677934 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cationic magnetic hydrogel microparticles with high retention on cell surfaces were prepared using a two-step procedure. Using these magnetic hydrogel microparticles, cells were clustered with each other, and cell aggregates were prepared effectively. Cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel microparticles containing iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared. The diameter of the microparticles was in the range of 200-500 nm. Water-soluble cationic polymers containing both trimethyl ammonium (TMA) groups and phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups were synthesized for the surface modification of the microparticles. To regulate the composition, electrically neutral phosphorylcholine groups were introduced into the polymer. Covalent bonds were formed between the hydroxy groups of PVA microparticles and PBA groups in the polymer. The surface zeta potential of the microparticles reflected the composition of the TMA groups. The particles responded to an external magnetic field and clustered rapidly. Microparticles were adsorbed on the floating cell surface and induced cell aggregation quickly when a magnetic field was applied. Under the most effective conditions, the diameter of the cell aggregates increased to approximately 1 mm after 30 min. Denser cell aggregates were formed by the synergistic effects of the magnetic field and the properties of the microparticles. The formed cell aggregates continued to grow for more than 4 days under an applied magnetic field, indicating that the ability of the cells in the aggregate to proliferate was well maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yusuke Narita
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuji Teramura
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fukazawa
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Gaitán-Salvatella I, López-Villegas EO, González-Alva P, Susate-Olmos F, Álvarez-Pérez MA. Case Report: Formation of 3D Osteoblast Spheroid Under Magnetic Levitation for Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:672518. [PMID: 34235178 PMCID: PMC8255365 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.672518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal reconstruction is necessary in cases of bone defects created by tumors, trauma, and abnormalities. Regeneration of bone defects remains a critical problem, and current approaches are based on biocompatible scaffolds. Spheroids represent a simple 3D system since no supporting material is required for cell growth. Different techniques are used to generate spheroids, such as hanging drop, low-attachment plates, and magnetic nanoparticles. The idea of using magnetic nanoparticles is to cross-link through cell membrane overnight to create complex 3D cellular spheroid by using magnets to guide the cellular response. Herein, the current study aimed to achieve 3D human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) spheroid under magnetic levitation. Formation of 3D spheroid culture under magnetic levitation was evaluated by cell viability at 3, 7, and 14 days. Morphology of the 3D hFOB spheroid was analyzed by SEM and fluorescence microscopy and the differentiation towards mineralized lineage by ALP assay, qPCR, and alizarin red staining. The cell viability indicated that the 3D hFOB spheroid still viable after 14 days of culture. ALP assay, qPCR analysis expression of Col1, ALP, and Itg-β1 molecules, and calcium deposition with alizarin red showed a high level of bioactivity of the 3D hFOB spheroid. SEM images allowed the morphological analysis of the 3D microtissue-like spheroid with the presence of matrix deposition. These results indicate that magnetic levitation culture enables 3D stable osteoblast spheroids and could be a promising strategy for engineering application in the 3D construct in surgery regeneration of mineralized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Gaitán-Salvatella
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia González-Alva
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | - Marco Antonio Álvarez-Pérez
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
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Different Regimes of Opto-fluidics for Biological Manipulation. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10120802. [PMID: 31766543 PMCID: PMC6953016 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metallic structures can be used for the localized heating of fluid and the controlled generation of microfluidic currents. Carefully designed currents can move and trap small particles and cells. Here we demonstrate a new bi-metallic substrate that allows much more powerful micro-scale manipulation. We show that there are multiple regimes of opto-fluidic manipulation that can be controlled by an external laser power. While the lowest power does not affect even small objects, medium power can be used for efficiently capturing and trapping particles and cells. Finally, the high-power regime can be used for 3D levitation that, for the first time, has been demonstrated in this paper. Additionally, we demonstrate opto-fluidic manipulation for an extraordinarily dynamic range of masses extending eight orders of magnitude: from 80 fg nano-wires to 5.4 µg live worms.
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Yaman S, Anil-Inevi M, Ozcivici E, Tekin HC. Magnetic Force-Based Microfluidic Techniques for Cellular and Tissue Bioengineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:192. [PMID: 30619842 PMCID: PMC6305723 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Live cell manipulation is an important biotechnological tool for cellular and tissue level bioengineering applications due to its capacity for guiding cells for separation, isolation, concentration, and patterning. Magnetic force-based cell manipulation methods offer several advantages, such as low adverse effects on cell viability and low interference with the cellular environment. Furthermore, magnetic-based operations can be readily combined with microfluidic principles by precisely allowing control over the spatiotemporal distribution of physical and chemical factors for cell manipulation. In this review, we present recent applications of magnetic force-based cell manipulation in cellular and tissue bioengineering with an emphasis on applications with microfluidic components. Following an introduction of the theoretical background of magnetic manipulation, components of magnetic force-based cell manipulation systems are described. Thereafter, different applications, including separation of certain cell fractions, enrichment of rare cells, and guidance of cells into specific macro- or micro-arrangements to mimic natural cell organization and function, are explained. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and limitations of magnetic cell manipulation technologies in microfluidic devices with an outlook on future developments in the field.
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Lu H, Stenzel MH. Multicellular Tumor Spheroids (MCTS) as a 3D In Vitro Evaluation Tool of Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1702858. [PMID: 29450963 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroid models (MCTS) are often coined as 3D in vitro models that can mimic the microenvironment of tissues. MCTS have gained increasing interest in the nano-biotechnology field as they can provide easily accessible information on the performance of nanoparticles without using animal models. Considering that many countries have put restrictions on animals testing, which will only tighten in the future as seen by the recent developments in the Netherlands, 3D models will become an even more valuable tool. Here, an overview on MCTS is provided, focusing on their use in cancer research as most nanoparticles are tested in MCTS for treatment of primary tumors. Thereafter, various types of nanoparticles-from self-assembled block copolymers to inorganic nanoparticles, are discussed. A range of physicochemical parameters including the size, shape, surface chemistry, ligands attachment, stability, and stiffness are found to influence nanoparticles in MCTS. Some of these studies are complemented by animal studies confirming that lessons from MCTS can in part predict the behaviour in vivo. In summary, MCTS are suitable models to gain additional information on nanoparticles. While not being able to replace in vivo studies, they can bridge the gap between traditional 2D in vitro studies and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Magnetic electrospun short nanofibers wrapped graphene oxide as a promising biomaterials for guiding cellular behavior. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:314-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Asghar W, El Assal R, Shafiee H, Pitteri S, Paulmurugan R, Demirci U. Engineering cancer microenvironments for in vitro 3-D tumor models. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2015; 18:539-553. [PMID: 28458612 PMCID: PMC5407188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The natural microenvironment of tumors is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), blood vasculature, and supporting stromal cells. The physical characteristics of ECM as well as the cellular components play a vital role in controlling cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and differentiation. To mimic the tumor microenvironment outside the human body for drug testing, two-dimensional (2-D) and murine tumor models are routinely used. Although these conventional approaches are employed in preclinical studies, they still present challenges. For example, murine tumor models are expensive and difficult to adopt for routine drug screening. On the other hand, 2-D in vitro models are simple to perform, but they do not recapitulate natural tumor microenvironment, because they do not capture important three-dimensional (3-D) cell-cell, cell-matrix signaling pathways, and multi-cellular heterogeneous components of the tumor microenvironment such as stromal and immune cells. The three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro tumor models aim to closely mimic cancer microenvironments and have emerged as an alternative to routinely used methods for drug screening. Herein, we review recent advances in 3-D tumor model generation and highlight directions for future applications in drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Asghar
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Computer Engineering & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Rami El Assal
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hadi Shafiee
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Infectious Diseases, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Infectious Diseases, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Surface charge switching nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lee JH, Hur W. Scaffold-free formation of a millimeter-scale multicellular spheroid with an internal cavity from magnetically levitated 3T3 cells that ingested iron oxide-containing microspheres. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:1038-47. [PMID: 24254251 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This report describes fabrication of a millimeter-scale three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structure with a central cavity based on magnetic levitation of 3T3 cells that had ingested Fe3 O4 -containing microcapsules. Magnetically levitated cells initially formed a disc-shaped cell cluster at the air-medium interface and transformed into a spheroid (up to 2.8 mm in diameter) after 10-day incubation under a magnet. Hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained section revealed that an eosinophilic shell of cells enclosed a pale-staining core of the spheroid. Mitotic or elongated and aligned cells were found at the outer periphery of the shell, while Fe3 O4 deposits were distributed in the inner part of the shell. Surgical dissection indicated that the spheroid had a hollow interior filled with a fluid-state cell suspension. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that magnetically levitated 3T3 cells organized themselves into a tissue-like spheroid, resulting in core cell death. The spheroid can be used as a 3D tissue model and as building blocks that fused to form a more complicated structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, 291-1 Hyoja-dong, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea
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Sensenig R, Sapir Y, MacDonald C, Cohen S, Polyak B. Magnetic nanoparticle-based approaches to locally target therapy and enhance tissue regeneration in vivo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 7:1425-42. [PMID: 22994959 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic-based systems utilizing superparamagnetic nanoparticles and a magnetic field gradient to exert a force on these particles have been used in a wide range of biomedical applications. This review is focused on drug targeting applications that require penetration of a cellular barrier as well as strategies to improve the efficacy of targeting in these biomedical applications. Another focus of this review is regenerative applications utilizing tissue engineered scaffolds prepared with the aid of magnetic particles, the use of remote actuation for release of bioactive molecules and magneto-mechanical cell stimulation, cell seeding and cell patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sensenig
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, PA 19102, USA
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Lee DJ, Park GY, Oh KT, Oh NM, Kwag DS, Youn YS, Oh YT, park JW, Lee ES. Multifunctional poly (lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for luminescence/magnetic resonance imaging and photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kwag DS, Oh NM, Oh YT, Oh KT, Youn YS, Lee ES. Photodynamic therapy using glycol chitosan grafted fullerenes. Int J Pharm 2012; 431:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee UY, Oh NM, Kwag DS, Oh KT, Oh YT, Youn YS, Lee ES. Facile Synthesis of Multimeric Micelles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee UY, Oh NM, Kwag DS, Oh KT, Oh YT, Youn YS, Lee ES. Facile synthesis of multimeric micelles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7287-91. [PMID: 22696465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bringing it all together: Synthesis of a dimeric micelle (see scheme) is shown to produce specifically linked Janus-like micelles. The reaction conditions for dimeric micelle formation were optimized and the resulting micelles characterized. Trimeric, tetrameric, and multimeric micelles were also synthesized using the same technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ung Yeol Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yeokgok 2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
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