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Nieto-Meneses R, Castillo R, Hernández-Campos A, Nogueda-Torres B, López-Villegas EO, Moreno-Rodríguez A, Matadamas-Martínez F, Yépez-Mulia L. Characterization of the Effect of N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-1 H-benzimidazol-2-amine, Compound 8, against Leishmania mexicana and Its In Vivo Leishmanicidal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:659. [PMID: 38203832 PMCID: PMC10779428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy currently available for leishmaniasis treatment has many adverse side effects and drug resistance. Therefore, the identification of new targets and the development of new drugs are urgently needed. Previously, we reported the synthesis of a N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine, named compound 8, with an IC50 value in the micromolar range against L. mexicana, it also inhibited 68.27% the activity of recombinant L. mexicana arginase. Herein, we report studies carried out to characterize the mechanism of action of compound 8, as well as its in vivo leishmanicidal activity. It was shown in our ultrastructural studies that compound 8 induces several changes, such as membrane blebbing, the presence of autophagosomes, membrane detachment and mitochondrial and kinetoplast disorganization, among others. Compound 8 triggers the production of ROS and parasite apoptosis. It reduced 71% of the parasite load of L. mexicana in an experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis in comparison with a control. Altogether, the data obtained suggest the potential use of compound 8 in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Nieto-Meneses
- Departamento de Parasitología, ENCB-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (R.N.-M.); (B.N.-T.)
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias-UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.C.); (A.H.-C.)
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.C.); (A.H.-C.)
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, ENCB-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (R.N.-M.); (B.N.-T.)
| | | | - Adriana Moreno-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico;
| | - Félix Matadamas-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias-UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias-UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Angeles de Paz G, Martínez-Gutierrez H, Ramírez-Granillo A, López-Villegas EO, Medina-Canales MG, Rodríguez-Tovar AV. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa YR29 is able to accumulate Pb 2+ in vacuoles: a yeast with bioremediation potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:238. [PMID: 37391528 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms showed unique mechanisms to resist and detoxify harmful metals in response to pollution. This study shows the relationship between presence of heavy metals and plant growth regulator compounds. Additionally, the responses of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa YR29 isolated from the rhizosphere of Prosopis sp. growing in a polluted mine jal in Mexico are presented. This research carries out a phenotypic characterization of R. mucilaginosa to identify response mechanisms to metals and confirm its potential as a bioremediation agent. Firstly, Plant Growth-Promoting (PGP) compounds were assayed using the Chrome Azurol S (CAS) medium and the Salkowski method. In addition, to clarify its heavy metal tolerance mechanisms, several techniques were performed, such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) supplemented with assorted detectors. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was used for elementary mapping of the cell. Finally, yeast viability after all treatments was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results have suggested that R. mucilaginosa could be a PGP yeast capable of triggering Pb2+ biosorption (representing 22.93% of the total cell surface area, the heavy metal is encapsulated between the cell wall and the microcapsule), and Pb2+ bioaccumulation (representing 11% of the total weight located in the vacuole). Based on these results, R. mucilaginosa as a bioremediation agent and its wide range of useful mechanisms for ecological purposes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Angeles de Paz
- Laboratorio de Nematología Agrícola, Depto. de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldia Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Martínez-Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía de Barrido de Ultra Alta Resolución, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías (CNMN), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN). Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, 07738, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez-Granillo
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Oliver López-Villegas
- Laboratorio Central de Microscopía, Depto. de Investigación-SEPI, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Gabriela Medina-Canales
- Laboratorio de Nematología Agrícola, Depto. de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldia Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Gaitán-Salvatella I, López-Villegas EO, González-Alva P, Susate-Olmos F, Álvarez-Pérez MA. Case Report: Formation of 3D Osteoblast Spheroid Under Magnetic Levitation for Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:672518. [PMID: 34235178 PMCID: PMC8255365 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.672518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal reconstruction is necessary in cases of bone defects created by tumors, trauma, and abnormalities. Regeneration of bone defects remains a critical problem, and current approaches are based on biocompatible scaffolds. Spheroids represent a simple 3D system since no supporting material is required for cell growth. Different techniques are used to generate spheroids, such as hanging drop, low-attachment plates, and magnetic nanoparticles. The idea of using magnetic nanoparticles is to cross-link through cell membrane overnight to create complex 3D cellular spheroid by using magnets to guide the cellular response. Herein, the current study aimed to achieve 3D human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) spheroid under magnetic levitation. Formation of 3D spheroid culture under magnetic levitation was evaluated by cell viability at 3, 7, and 14 days. Morphology of the 3D hFOB spheroid was analyzed by SEM and fluorescence microscopy and the differentiation towards mineralized lineage by ALP assay, qPCR, and alizarin red staining. The cell viability indicated that the 3D hFOB spheroid still viable after 14 days of culture. ALP assay, qPCR analysis expression of Col1, ALP, and Itg-β1 molecules, and calcium deposition with alizarin red showed a high level of bioactivity of the 3D hFOB spheroid. SEM images allowed the morphological analysis of the 3D microtissue-like spheroid with the presence of matrix deposition. These results indicate that magnetic levitation culture enables 3D stable osteoblast spheroids and could be a promising strategy for engineering application in the 3D construct in surgery regeneration of mineralized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Gaitán-Salvatella
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia González-Alva
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | - Marco Antonio Álvarez-Pérez
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
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Cortés-Rodríguez V, Dorantes-Alvarez L, Hernández-Sánchez H, Paniagua-Castro N, Aparicio-Ozores G, López-Villegas EO, de Jesús Perea-Flores M. Effect of sodium cinnamate, coumarate, caffeate and ferulate mixtures on the viability, morphometry and ultrastructure of lactic-acid bacteria and Listeria monocytogenes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Camacho-Mondragón MA, Villalejo-Fuerte M, Ceballos-Vázquez BP, López-Villegas EO, Uría-Galicia E, Vélez-Arellano N, Arellano-Martínez M. Ultraestructura del Ovocito Maduro y en Reabsorción de Spondylus limbatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1847 (= S. calcifer ) (Bivalvia: Spondylidae). INT J MORPHOL 2019. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-95022019000200694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Reus-Chavarría E, Martínez-Vieyra I, Salinas-Nolasco C, Chávez-Piña AE, Méndez-Méndez JV, López-Villegas EO, Sosa-Peinado A, Cerecedo D. Enhanced expression of the Epithelial Sodium Channel in neutrophils from hypertensive patients. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2019; 1861:387-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Villalejo-Fuerte M, Camacho-Mondragón MA, Ceballos-Vázquez BP, López-Villegas EO, Uría-Galicia E, Arellano-Martínez M. Ultrastructure of Sperm Development and Mature Sperm Morphology inSpondylus calciferandS. Princeps(Bivalvia: Spondylidae). Malacologia 2018. [DOI: 10.4002/040.062.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcial Villalejo-Fuerte
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Marian Alejandra Camacho-Mondragón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Bertha Patricia Ceballos-Vázquez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Edgar Oliver López-Villegas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas. Prolongación Manuel Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, 11340 Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Esther Uría-Galicia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas. Prolongación Manuel Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, 11340 Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Marcial Arellano-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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8
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Zamudio-Cuevas Y, Martínez-Flores K, Fernández-Torres J, Loissell-Baltazar YA, Medina-Luna D, López-Macay A, Camacho-Galindo J, Hernández-Díaz C, Santamaría-Olmedo MG, López-Villegas EO, Oliviero F, Scanu A, Cerna-Cortés JF, Gutierrez M, Pineda C, López-Reyes A. Monosodium urate crystals induce oxidative stress in human synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:117. [PMID: 27209322 PMCID: PMC4875700 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gout is the most common inflammatory arthropathy of metabolic origin and it is characterized by intense inflammation, the underlying mechanisms of which are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) exposed to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, which trigger an inflammatory process. Methods Human FLS isolated from synovial tissue explants were stimulated with MSU crystals (75 μg/mL) for 24 h. Cellular viability was evaluated by crystal violet staining, apoptosis was assessed using Annexin V, and the cellular content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) (O2-, H2O2, NO) was assessed with image-based cytometry and fluorometric methods. In order to determine protein oxidation levels, protein carbonyls were detected through oxyblot analysis, and cell ultrastructural changes were assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Results The viability of FLS exposed to MSU crystals decreased by 30 % (P < 0.05), while apoptosis increased by 42 % (P = 0.01). FLS stimulated with MSU crystals exhibited a 2.1-fold increase in H2O2 content and a 1.5-fold increase in O2- and NO levels. Oxyblots revealed that the spots obtained from FLS protein lysates exposed to MSU crystals exhibited protein carbonyl immunoreactivity, which reflects the presence of oxidatively modified proteins. Concomitantly, MSU crystals triggered the induction of changes in the morphostructure of FLS, such as the thickening and discontinuity of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the formation of vacuoles and misfolded glycoproteins. Conclusions Our results prove that MSU crystals induce the release of ROS and RNS in FLS, subsequently oxidizing proteins and altering the cellular oxidative state of the endoplasmic reticulum, which results in FLS apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1012-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Zamudio-Cuevas
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Martínez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Fernández-Torres
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.,Biological and Health Sciences PhD program, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yahir A Loissell-Baltazar
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Medina-Luna
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ambar López-Macay
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Camacho-Galindo
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Hernández-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica G Santamaría-Olmedo
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Oliver López-Villegas
- Laboratorio Central de Microscopía, Departamento de Investigación, ENCB, IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francesca Oliviero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Anna Scanu
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Jorge Francisco Cerna-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marwin Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Pineda
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto López-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Rodríguez-Espinosa O, Rojas-Espinosa O, Moreno-Altamirano MMB, López-Villegas EO, Sánchez-García FJ. Metabolic requirements for neutrophil extracellular traps formation. Immunology 2015; 145:213-24. [PMID: 25545227 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the innate immune response, neutrophils are at the forefront of defence against infection, resolution of inflammation and wound healing. They are the most abundant leucocytes in the peripheral blood, have a short lifespan and an estimated turnover of 10(10) to 10(11) cells per day. Neutrophils efficiently clear microbial infections by phagocytosis and by oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms. In 2004, a new neutrophil anti-microbial mechanism was described, the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of DNA, histones and anti-microbial peptides. Several microorganisms, bacterial products, as well as pharmacological stimuli such as PMA, were shown to induce NETs. Neutrophils contain relatively few mitochondria, and derive most of their energy from glycolysis. In this scenario we aimed to analyse some of the metabolic requirements for NET formation. Here it is shown that NETs formation is strictly dependent on glucose and to a lesser extent on glutamine, that Glut-1, glucose uptake, and glycolysis rate increase upon PMA stimulation, and that NET formation is inhibited by the glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy-glucose, and to a lesser extent by the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin. Moreover, when neutrophils were exposed to PMA in glucose-free medium for 3 hr, they lost their characteristic polymorphic nuclei but did not release NETs. However, if glucose (but not pyruvate) was added at this time, NET release took place within minutes, suggesting that NET formation could be metabolically divided into two phases; the first, independent from exogenous glucose (chromatin decondensation) and, the second (NET release), strictly dependent on exogenous glucose and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rodríguez-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F, México; Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F, México
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Avila-Calderón ED, Araiza-Villanueva MG, Cancino-Diaz JC, López-Villegas EO, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, Contreras-Rodríguez A. Roles of bacterial membrane vesicles. Arch Microbiol 2014; 197:1-10. [PMID: 25294190 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, Gram-positive bacteria also produce membrane-derived vesicles. As OMVs transport several bacterial components, especially from the cell envelope, their interaction with the host cell, with other bacteria or as immunogens, have been studied intensely. Several functions have been ascribed to OMVs, especially those related to the transport of virulence factors, antigenic protein composition, and development as acellular vaccines. In this work, we review some of the recent findings about OMVs produced by specific pathogenic bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Sto. Tomás, CP 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Espinoza-Mellado MDR, López-Villegas EO, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Giono-Cerezo S. Cell vacuolation induced by Haemophilus influenzae supernatants in HEp-2 cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:1074-7. [PMID: 24402145 PMCID: PMC4005551 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae belongs to respiratory tract microbiota. We
observed vacuoles formation in previous studies with H. influenzae
culture supernatants, so in this work we characterised that cytotoxic effect. We
observed an abundant production of acidic cytoplasmic vacuoles due to the presence of
a “vacuolating factor” in H. influenzae supernatants which was characterised as
thermolabile. Greatest vacuolating activity was observed when utilizing the fraction
> 50 kDa. The presence of a large number of vacuoles in HEp-2 cells was verified
by transmission electron microscopy and some vacuoles were identified with a double
membrane and/or being surrounded by ribosomes. These results suggest similar
behaviour to that of vacuolating effects described by autotransporter proteins an
undescribed cytotoxic effect induced by H. influenzae .
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Góngora-Landeros E, Uría-Galicia EA, Martínez-Jerónimo FF, López-Villegas EO. Descripción Histológica de la Cámara Incubatriz de Moina hutchinsoni (Brem, 1937). INT J MORPHOL 2010. [DOI: 10.4067/s0717-95022010000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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López-Villegas EO, Herrera-Arellano A, de Los Angeles Martínez-Rivera M, Alvarez L, Cano-Nepauseno M, Marquina S, Rodríguez-Tovar AV, Tortoriello J. Ultrastructural changes on clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum caused by Solanum chrysotrichum saponin SC-2. Planta Med 2009; 75:1517-1520. [PMID: 19551614 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1185810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, dermatophytoses represent a high percentage of all superficial mycoses. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte is Trichophyton rubrum. Solanum chrysotrichum is a vegetal species widely used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat skin infections; its extract has been used to formulate an herbal medicinal product that is used successfully to treat Tinea pedis. Spirostanic saponin SC-2 from S. Chrysotrichum possesses high activity against dermatophytes. The present study reports the ultrastructural changes observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in clinical isolates of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum induced by saponin SC-2. Strains were grown in RPMI 1640 containing SC-2 (1600 microg/mL). Fungi were harvested at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h; controls without SC-2 were included. T. mentagrophytes was the most susceptible to the SC-2 saponin, followed by M. gypseum, while T. rubrum was the most resistant. The main alterations caused by the SC-2 saponin were as follows: i) loss of cytoplasmic membrane continuity; ii) organelle degradation; iii) to a lesser extent, irreversible damage to the fungal wall; and iv) cellular death.
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Herrera-Arellano A, Martínez-Rivera MDLA, Hernández-Cruz M, López-Villegas EO, Rodríguez-Tovar AV, Alvarez L, Marquina-Bahena S, Navarro-García VM, Tortoriello J. Mycological and electron microscopic study of Solanum chrysotrichum saponin SC-2 antifungal activity on Candida species of medical significance. Planta Med 2007; 73:1568-1573. [PMID: 18058612 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-993744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Solanum chrysotrichum is utilized in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of mycotic skin infections. Several microbiological studies have provided evidence of its antifungal activity against dermatophytes and yeasts. S. chrysotrichum saponins have been identified as a group of compounds with antifungal activity and saponin SC-2 has demonstrated to be the most active. Previous clinical studies have shown the therapeutic effectiveness of S. chrysotrichum-derived saponin-standardized herbal products in the treatment of Tinea pedis and Pityriasis capitis. There is no previous evidence of the activity of these saponins against Candida non-albicans species, or fluconazole- and ketoconazole-resistant Candida strains. The present study reports the biological activity of the SC-2 saponin (inhibitory concentration [IC (50)] and minimum fungicide concentration [MFC]), against 12 Candida strains of clinical significance ( C. albicans, five strains; C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, two; C. krusei, C. lusitaniae and C. tropicalis, one), including some fluconazole (Fluco)- and ketoconazole (Keto)-resistant clinical isolates. In addition, SC-2-associated microstructural alterations were reported in four of the above-mentioned Candida species. Seven strains had IC (50) of 200 microg/mL for SC-2, 400 microg/mL was found in four strains, and 800 microg/mL for a sole C. glabrata strain. Susceptibility to SC-2 saponin was as follows: C. albicans = C. lusitaniae > C. krusei > C. glabrata. The MFC was 800 microg/mL for the majority of strains (nine), 400 microg/mL for C. albicans (two strains) and C. lusitaniae. The ultrastructural Candida changes originated by SC-2 included the following: 1) damage on cytoplasmic membrane and organelles; 2) changes in cell wall morphology and density, with separation of cytoplasmatic membrane from cell wall and disintegration of the latter; and 3) total degradation of cellular components and death. Changes were manifested from 6 h of incubation, reaching their maximum effect at 48 h. In conclusion, the saponin SC-2 possesses fungicide and fungistatic activity on different Candida albicans and non- albicans species (including some azole-resistant strains) with IC (50) values of 200 microg/mL (in Fluco-susceptible strains) and of 400 - 800 mug/mL (in Fluco-resistant strains). Additionally, we observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that saponin SC-2 causes severe changes in all fungal cell membranes, and to a lesser degree on the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Herrera-Arellano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos, México.
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