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Morriss CE, Cheung CK, Nunn E, Parmeggiani F, Powell NA, Kimber RL, Haigh SJ, Lloyd JR. Biosynthesis Parameters Control the Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Microbially Supported Pd Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311016. [PMID: 38461530 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on microorganisms (bio-Pd) is achieved via the enzymatic reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) under ambient conditions using inexpensive buffers and electron donors, like organic acids or hydrogen. Sustainable bio-Pd catalysts are effective for C-C coupling and hydrogenation reactions, but their industrial application is limited by challenges in controlling nanoparticle properties. Here, using the metal-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens, it is demonstrated that synthesizing bio-Pd under different Pd loadings and utilizing different electron donors (acetate, formate, hydrogen, no e- donor) influences key properties such as nanoparticle size, Pd(II):Pd(0) ratio, and cellular location. Controlling nanoparticle size and location controls the activity of bio-Pd for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, whereas high Pd loading on cells synthesizes bio-Pd with high activity, comparable to commercial Pd/C, for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Additionally, the study demonstrates the novel synthesis of microbially-supported ≈2 nm PdO nanoparticles due to the hydrolysis of biosorbed Pd(II) in bicarbonate buffer. Bio-PdO nanoparticles show superior activity in 4-nitrophenol reduction compared to commercial Pd/C catalysts. Overall, controlling biosynthesis parameters, such as electron donor, metal loading, and solution chemistry, enables tailoring of bio-Pd physicochemical and catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Egan Morriss
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Casey K Cheung
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Elliot Nunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Richard L Kimber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jonathan R Lloyd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Joudeh N, Saragliadis A, Koster G, Mikheenko P, Linke D. Synthesis methods and applications of palladium nanoparticles: A review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1062608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladium (Pd) is a key component of many catalysts. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer a larger surface area than bulk materials, and with Pd cost increasing 5-fold in the last 10 years, Pd NPs are in increasing demand. Due to novel or enhanced physicochemical properties that Pd NPs exhibit at the nanoscale, Pd NPs have a wide range of applications not only in chemical catalysis, but also for example in hydrogen sensing and storage, and in medicine in photothermal, antibacterial, and anticancer therapies. Pd NPs, on the industrial scale, are currently synthesized using various chemical and physical methods. The physical methods require energy-intensive processes that include maintaining high temperatures and/or pressure. The chemical methods usually involve harmful solvents, hazardous reducing or stabilizing agents, or produce toxic pollutants and by-products. Lately, more environmentally friendly approaches for the synthesis of Pd NPs have emerged. These new approaches are based on the use of the reducing ability of phytochemicals and other biomolecules to chemically reduce Pd ions and form NPs. In this review, we describe the common physical and chemical methods used for the synthesis of Pd NPs and compare them to the plant- and bacteria-mediated biogenic synthesis methods. As size and shape determine many of the unique properties of Pd NPs on the nanoscale, special emphasis is given to the control of these parameters, clarifying how they impact current and future applications of this exciting nanomaterial.
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Egan-Morriss C, Kimber RL, Powell NA, Lloyd JR. Biotechnological synthesis of Pd-based nanoparticle catalysts. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:654-679. [PMID: 35224444 PMCID: PMC8805459 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00686j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Palladium metal nanoparticles are excellent catalysts used industrially for reactions such as hydrogenation and Heck and Suzuki C-C coupling reactions. However, the global demand for Pd far exceeds global supply, therefore the sustainable use and recycling of Pd is vital. Conventional chemical synthesis routes of Pd metal nanoparticles do not meet sustainability targets due to the use of toxic chemicals, such as organic solvents and capping agents. Microbes are capable of bioreducing soluble high oxidation state metal ions to form metal nanoparticles at ambient temperature and pressure, without the need for toxic chemicals. Microbes can also reduce metal from waste solutions, revalorising these waste streams and allowing the reuse of precious metals. Pd nanoparticles supported on microbial cells (bio-Pd) can catalyse a wide array of reactions, even outperforming commercial heterogeneous Pd catalysts in several studies. However, to be considered a viable commercial option, the intrinsic activity and selectivity of bio-Pd must be enhanced. Many types of microorganisms can produce bio-Pd, although most studies so far have been performed using bacteria, with metal reduction mediated by hydrogenase or formate dehydrogenase enzymes. Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) possess additional enzymes adapted for extracellular electron transport that potentially offer greater control over the properties of the nanoparticles produced. A recent and important addition to the field are bio-bimetallic nanoparticles, which significantly enhance the catalytic properties of bio-Pd. In addition, systems biology can integrate bio-Pd into biocatalytic processes, and processing techniques may enhance the catalytic properties further, such as incorporating additional functional nanomaterials. This review aims to highlight aspects of enzymatic metal reduction processes that can be bioengineered to control the size, shape, and cellular location of bio-Pd in order to optimise its catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Egan-Morriss
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester UK
| | - Richard L Kimber
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Jonathan R Lloyd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester UK
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Kimber RL, Parmeggiani F, Neill TS, Merroun ML, Goodlet G, Powell NA, Turner NJ, Lloyd JR. Biotechnological synthesis of Pd/Ag and Pd/Au nanoparticles for enhanced Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling activity. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2435-2447. [PMID: 33720526 PMCID: PMC8601183 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts have attracted considerable attention due to their unique chemical and physical properties. The ability of metal-reducing bacteria to produce highly catalytically active monometallic nanoparticles is well known; however, the properties and catalytic activity of bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized with these organisms is not well understood. Here, we report the one-pot biosynthesis of Pd/Ag (bio-Pd/Ag) and Pd/Au (bio-Pd/Au) nanoparticles using the metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis, under mild conditions. Energy dispersive X-ray analyses performed using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) revealed the presence of both metals (Pd/Ag or Pd/Au) in the biosynthesized nanoparticles. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) suggested a significant contribution from Pd(0) and Pd(II) in both bio-Pd/Ag and bio-Pd/Au, with Ag and Au existing predominately as their metallic forms. Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) supported the presence of multiple Pd species in bio-Pd/Ag and bio-Pd/Au, as inferred from Pd-Pd, Pd-O and Pd-S shells. Both bio-Pd/Ag and bio-Pd/Au demonstrated greatly enhanced catalytic activity towards Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling compared to a monometallic Pd catalyst, with bio-Pd/Ag significantly outperforming the others. The catalysts were very versatile, tolerating a wide range of substituents. This work demonstrates a green synthesis method for novel bimetallic nanoparticles that display significantly enhanced catalytic activity compared to their monometallic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Kimber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental ScienceUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Present address:
Department of Environmental GeosciencesUniversity of ViennaAlthanstraße 14 (UZA II)Vienna1090Austria
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Present address:
Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘G. Natta’Politecnico di MilanoVia Mancinelli 7Milano20131Italy
| | - Thomas S. Neill
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental ScienceUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Present address:
Institute for Nuclear Waste DisposalKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe76021Germany
| | - Mohamed L. Merroun
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaCampus FuentenuevaGranada18071Spain
| | | | | | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Jonathan R. Lloyd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental ScienceUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Krishnan S, Patel PN, Balasubramanian KK, Chadha A. Yeast supported gold nanoparticles: an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of commercially important aryl amines. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High yielding synthesis of industrially important aryl amines from nitroarenes using yeast supported gold nanoparticles as a sustainable catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Krishnan
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Paresh N. Patel
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Kalpattu K. Balasubramanian
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Anju Chadha
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
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Ng CK, Karahan HE, Loo SCJ, Chen Y, Cao B. Biofilm-Templated Heteroatom-Doped Carbon-Palladium Nanocomposite Catalyst for Hexavalent Chromium Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24018-24026. [PMID: 31251015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report an interdisciplinary and novel strategy toward biofilm engineering for the development of a biofilm-templated heteroatom-doped catalytic system through bioreduction and biofilm matrix-facilitated immobilization of the in situ-formed catalytic nanoparticles followed by controlled pyrolysis. We showed that (i) even under room temperature and bulk aerobic conditions, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms reduced Pd(II) to form Pd(0) nanocrystals (∼10 to 20 nm) that were immobilized in the biofilm matrix and in cellular membranes, (ii) the MR-1 biofilms with the immobilized Pd(0) nanocrystals exhibited nanocatalytic activity, (iii) exposure to Pd(II) greatly increased the rate of cell detachment from the biofilm and posed a risk of biofilm dispersal, (iv) controlled pyrolysis (carbonization) of the biofilm led to the formation of a stable heteroatom-doped carbon-palladium (C-Pd) nanocomposite catalyst, and (v) the biofilm-templated C-Pd nanocomposite catalyst exhibited a high Cr(VI) reduction activity and maintained a high reduction rate over multiple catalytic cycles. Considering that bacteria are capable of synthesizing a wide range of metal and metalloid nanoparticles, the biofilm-templated approach for the fabrication of the catalytic C-Pd nanocomposite we have demonstrated here should prove to be widely applicable for the production of different nanocomposites that are of importance to various environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kiat Ng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Technological University , 637551 Singapore
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3PJ , United Kingdom
| | - H Enis Karahan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637459 Singapore
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Technological University , 637551 Singapore
| | - Yuan Chen
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Bin Cao
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Technological University , 637551 Singapore
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Chen Y, Hu K, Chen Y. The effect of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on Pd(II) adsorption and reduction by Bacillus megaterium Y-4. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:1058-1066. [PMID: 33395792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we screened a new aerobic bacterium (Bacillus megaterium Y-4) that can efficiently reduce Pd(II) with different electron donors. The best electron donor was sodium formate and the best reduction of Pd(II) were by log growth phase cells. The high removal capacity of Pd(II) (1658.3 mg/g) was obtained with 30 mg/L dry cell weight and 50 mg/L Pd (II) in the presence of 5 mM sodium formate. The removal amount of Pd(II) increased with initial Pd(II) concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/L with 100 mg/L Pd(II) being completely removed by 148 mg/L dry cell weight in 6 h. The cell wall, periplasmic space and intracellular contents of B. megaterium Y-4 contains different kinds of enzymes for reducing Pd(II). In addition, the activity of extracellular and periplasmic enzymes was more sensitive to temperature than intracellular enzymes. XRD and XPS analysis revealed that the enzyme for reducing Pd(II) in B. megaterium Y-4 can tolerate a broad range of temperatures (20-60 °C) and pH (2.0-7.0) but was sensitive to oxygen. TEM analysis showed that biogenic palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) were mainly distributed evenly in the periplasmic space of the live cells and were released from cells into aqueous solution, which reduced the toxicity of Pd(II), allowing Pd-NP recovery without cell destruction. B. megaterium Y-4 is a potential bacterium for efficient treatment and reclamation of Pd(II) pollution and formation of Pd-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Keqiang Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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8
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Chen Y, Chen Y, Wu J, Zhang J. The effect of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on Pd(II) adsorption and reduction by Bacillus wiedmannii MSM. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:546-553. [PMID: 30029100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we found a bacteria (Bacillus wiedmannii MSM) that could not only culture quickly under aerobic condition, but also can biological reduction of Pd (II) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. For reducing Pd (II) by Bacillus wiedmannii MSM, the best electron donor was sodium formate and the best growth time was 24 h (mid-log growth phase cells). TEM indicated that a lot of palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) were mainly located in the periplasmic space of the live cells. However, the autoclaved cells could not synthesize Pd-NPs, which proved the role of enzyme in the reduction of Pd (II). A few of Pd-NPs were only formed on the surface of Cu2+-treated cells, which proved the main but not the only role of periplasmic hydrogenase in the reduction of Pd (II). XRD and XPS also proved that Pd-NPs could be synthesized by live cells over broad ranges of temperature (20-40 °C) and pH (pH 3.0-7.0). This may be especially useful for in situ reduction and remediation of Pd (II) for both anaerobic and aerobic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Niu Z, Jia Y, Chen Y, Hu Y, Chen J, Lv Y. Positive effects of bio-nano Pd (0) toward direct electron transfer in Pseudomona putida and phenol biodegradation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:356-363. [PMID: 29890437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study constructed a biological-inorganic hybrid system including Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) and bioreduced Pd (0) nanoparticles (NPs), and inspected the influence of bio-nano Pd (0) on the direct electron transfer and phenol biodegradation. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) showed that bio-nano Pd (0) (~10 nm) were evenly dispersed on the surface and in the periplasm of P. putida. With the incorporation of bio-nano Pd (0), the redox currents of bacteria in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) became higher and the oxidation current increased as the addition of lactate, while the highest increase rates of two electron transfer system (ETS) rates were 63.97% and 33.79%, respectively. These results indicated that bio-nano Pd (0) could directly promote the electron transfer of P. putida. In phenol biodegradation process, P. putida-Pd (0)- 2 showed the highest k (0.2992 h-1), μm (0.035 h-1) and Ki (714.29 mg/L) and the lowest apparent Ks (76.39 mg/L). The results of kinetic analysis indicated that bio-nano Pd (0) markedly enhanced the biocatalytic efficiency, substrate affinity and the growth of cells compared to native P. putida. The positive effects of bio-nano Pd (0) to the electron transfer of P. putida would promote the biodegradation of phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Niu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yating Jia
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yuancai Chen
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Yongyou Hu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yuancai Lv
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
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Tuo Y, Liu G, Dong B, Yu H, Zhou J, Wang J, Jin R. Microbial synthesis of bimetallic PdPt nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5249-5258. [PMID: 28004366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles are generally believed to have improved catalytic activity and stability due to geometric and electronic changes. In this work, biogenic-Pd (bio-Pd), biogenic-Pt (bio-Pt), and biogenic-PdPt (bio-PdPt) nanoparticles were synthesized by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the absence or presence of quinone. Compared with direct microbial reduction process, the addition of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) could promote the reduction efficiency of Pd(II) or/and Pt(IV) and result in decrease of particles size. All kinds of nanoparticles could catalyze 4-nitrophenol reduction by NaBH4 and their catalytic activities took the following order: bio-PdPt (AQDS) ∼ bio-PdPt > bio-Pd (AQDS) > bio-Pd > bio-Pt (AQDS) ∼ bio-Pt. Moreover, the bio-PdPt (AQDS) nanoparticles could be reused for 6 cycles. We believe that this simple and efficient biosynthesis approach for synthesizing bimetallic bio-PdPt nanocatalysts is important for preparing active and stable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Guangfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Bin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huali Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiti Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ruofei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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11
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Tanzil AH, Sultana ST, Saunders SR, Shi L, Marsili E, Beyenal H. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles in biofilms. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 95:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Courtney J, Deplanche K, Rees NV, Macaskie LE. Biomanufacture of nano-Pd(0) by Escherichia coli and electrochemical activity of bio-Pd(0) made at the expense of H 2 and formate as electron donors. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1903-1910. [PMID: 27502834 PMCID: PMC5055570 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Palladised cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Shewanella oneidensis have been reported as fuel cell electrocatalysts but growth at scale may be unattractive/costly; we have evaluated the potential of using E. coli, using H2/formate for Pd-nanoparticle manufacture. Results Using ‘bio-Pd’ made under H2 (20 wt%) cyclic voltammograms suggested electrochemical activity of bio-NPs in a native state, attributed to proton adsorption/desorption. Bio-Pd prepared using formate as the electron donor gave smaller, well separated NPs; this material showed no electrochemical properties, and hence little potential for fuel cell use using a simple preparation technique. Bio-Pd on S. oneidensis gave similar results to those obtained using E. coli. Conclusion Bio-Pd is sufficiently conductive to make an E. coli-derived electrochemically active material on intact, unprocessed bacterial cells if prepared at the expense of H2, showing potential for fuel cell applications using a simple one-step preparation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Courtney
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - K Deplanche
- Finovatis, 68 Cours Lafayette, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - N V Rees
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - L E Macaskie
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Huang J, Lin L, Sun D, Chen H, Yang D, Li Q. Bio-inspired synthesis of metal nanomaterials and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6330-74. [PMID: 26083903 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This critical review focuses on recent advances in the bio-inspired synthesis of metal nanomaterials (MNMs) using microorganisms, viruses, plants, proteins and DNA molecules as well as their applications in various fields. Prospects in the design of bio-inspired MNMs for novel applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and National Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers, and Esters, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.
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Priestley RE, Mansfield A, Bye J, Deplanche K, Jorge AB, Brett D, Macaskie LE, Sharma S. Pd nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene–E. coli hybrid with enhanced crystallinity in bacterial biomass. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic showing the possible electronic interactions betweenE. coli, Pd(ii) and GO during the simultaneous reduction process leading to enhanced crystallinity in bacterial biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Priestley
- Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Alexander Mansfield
- Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Joshua Bye
- Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Kevin Deplanche
- Unit of Functional Bionanomaterials
- School of Bioscience
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Ana B. Jorge
- UCL Chemical Engineering Department
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab
- London
- UK
| | - Dan Brett
- UCL Chemical Engineering Department
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab
- London
- UK
| | - Lynne E. Macaskie
- Unit of Functional Bionanomaterials
- School of Bioscience
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Surbhi Sharma
- Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
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15
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Suja E, Nancharaiah YV, Venugopalan VP. Biogenic nanopalladium production by self-immobilized granular biomass: application for contaminant remediation. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 65:395-401. [PMID: 25223898 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial granules cultivated in an aerobic bubble column sequencing batch reactor were used for reduction of Pd(II) and formation of biomass associated Pd(0) nanoparticles (Bio-Pd) for reductive transformation of organic and inorganic contaminants. Addition of Pd(II) to microbial granules incubated under fermentative conditions resulted in rapid formation of Bio-Pd. The reduction of soluble Pd(II) to biomass associated Pd(0) was predominantly mediated by H2 produced through fermentation. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the produced Pd nanoparticles were associated with the microbial granules. The catalytic activity of Bio-Pd was determined using p-nitrophenol and Cr(VI) as model compounds. Reductive transformation of p-nitrophenol by Bio-Pd was ∼20 times higher in comparison to microbial granules without Pd. Complete reduction of up to 0.25 mM of Cr(VI) by Bio-Pd was achieved in 24 h. Bio-Pd synthesis using self-immobilized microbial granules is advantageous and obviates the need for nanoparticle encapsulation or use of barrier membranes for retaining Bio-Pd in practical applications. In short, microbial granules offer a dual purpose system for Bio-Pd production and retention, wherein in situ generated H2 serves as electron donor powering biotransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suja
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Chemistry Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Y V Nancharaiah
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Chemistry Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Chemistry Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India.
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16
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Facile fabrication of Pd nanoparticle/ Pichia pastoris catalysts through adsorption–reduction method: A study into effect of chemical pretreatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 433:204-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Schröfel A, Kratošová G, Šafařík I, Šafaříková M, Raška I, Shor LM. Applications of biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles - a review. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4023-42. [PMID: 24925045 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive review of the applications of biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles (NPs). The biosynthesis of metallic NPs is the subject of a number of recent reviews, which focus on the various "bottom-up" biofabrication methods and characterization of the final products. Numerous applications exploit the advantages of biosynthesis over chemical or physical NP syntheses, including lower capital and operating expenses, reduced environmental impacts, and superior biocompatibility and stability of the NP products. The key applications reviewed here include biomedical applications, especially antimicrobial applications, but also imaging applications, catalytic applications such as reduction of environmental contaminants, and electrochemical applications including sensing. The discussion of each application is augmented with a critical review of the potential for continued development.
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18
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Ilyas S, Lee JC. Biometallurgical Recovery of Metals from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: a Review. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Pat-Espadas AM, Razo-Flores E, Rangel-Mendez JR, Cervantes FJ. Direct and quinone-mediated palladium reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens: mechanisms and modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2910-2919. [PMID: 24494981 DOI: 10.1021/es403968e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Palladium(II) reduction to Pd(0) nanoparticles by Geobacter sulfurreducens was explored under conditions of neutral pH, 30 °C and concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg of Pd(II)/L aiming to investigate the effect of solid species of palladium on their microbial reduction. The influence of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate was reported to enhance the palladium reaction rate in an average of 1.7-fold and its addition is determining to achieve the reduction of solid species of palladium. Based on the obtained results two mechanisms are proposed: (1) direct, which is fully described considering interactions of amide, sulfur, and phosphoryl groups associated to proteins from bacteria on palladium reduction reaction, and (2) quinone-mediated, which implies multiheme c-type cytochromes participation. Speciation analysis and kinetic results were considered and integrated into a model to fit the experimental data that explain both mechanisms. This work provides elements for a better understanding of direct and quinone-mediated palladium reduction by G. sulfurreducens, which could facilitate metal recovery with concomitant formation of valuable palladium nanoparticles in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora M Pat-Espadas
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. Sección, C. P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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20
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Liu Y, Sun C, Bolin T, Wu T, Liu Y, Sternberg M, Sun S, Lin XM. Kinetic pathway of palladium nanoparticle sulfidation process at high temperatures. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4893-4901. [PMID: 24067076 DOI: 10.1021/nl402768b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A significant issue related to Palladium (Pd) based catalysts is that sulfur-containing species, such as alkanethiols, can form a PdSx underlayer on nanoparticle surface and subsequently poison the catalysts. Understanding the exact reaction pathway, the degree of sulfidation, the chemical stoichiometry, and the temperature dependence of this process is critically important. Combining energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments at the S K-, Pd K-, and L2,3-edges, we show the kinetic pathway of Pd nanoparticle sulfidation process with the addition of excess amount of octadecanethiol at different temperatures, up to 250 °C. We demonstrate that the initial polycrystalline Pd-oleylamine nanoparticles gradually become amorphous PdSx nanoparticles, with the sulfur atomic concentration eventually saturating at Pd/S = 66:34 at 200 °C. This final chemical stoichiometry of the sulfurized nanoparticles closely matches that of the crystalline P16S7 phase (30.4% S), albeit being structurally amorphous. Sulfur diffusion into the nanoparticle depends strongly on the temperature. At 90 °C, sulfidation remains limited at the surface of nanoparticles even with extended heating time; whereas at higher temperatures beyond 125 °C, sulfidation occurs rapidly in the interior of the particles, far beyond what can be described as a core-shell model. This indicates sulfur diffusion from the surface to the interior of the particle is subject to a diffusion barrier and likely first go through the grain boundaries of the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials and ‡Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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21
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Tuo Y, Liu G, Zhou J, Wang A, Wang J, Jin R, Lv H. Microbial formation of palladium nanoparticles by Geobacter sulfurreducens for chromate reduction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:606-611. [PMID: 23453979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Geobacter sulfurreducens was studied for the reduction of Pd(II) and production of Pd(0) nanoparticles capable of reducing Cr(VI). Transmission electronic microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the nanoscale Pd(0) particles formed were associated with the cell surface and located inside the periplasm. The increase of cell dry weight (CDW):Pd ratio and addition of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) not only stimulated Pd(II) reduction, but also resulted in increase of nanoparticle number, decrease of particle diameter and improvement of Cr(VI) reduction efficiency. The relationship between reduction rate and initial Cr(VI) concentration (150-750 μM) followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Vmax=3.6 μmol h(-1) mg bio-Pd(-1) and Km=891.3 μM). These findings indicated the potential of using G. sulfurreducens cells for reclamation of palladium, formation of Pd(0) nanoparticles and efficient treatment of Cr(VI) pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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22
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Ng CK, Sivakumar K, Liu X, Madhaiyan M, Ji L, Yang L, Tang C, Song H, Kjelleberg S, Cao B. Influence of outer membranec-type cytochromes on particle size and activity of extracellular nanoparticles produced byShewanella oneidensis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1831-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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De Corte S, Bechstein S, Lokanathan AR, Kjems J, Boon N, Meyer RL. Comparison of bacterial cells and amine-functionalized abiotic surfaces as support for Pd nanoparticle synthesis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:898-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Chen H, Sun D, Jiang X, Jing X, Lu F, Odoom-Wubah T, Zheng Y, Huang J, Li Q. Fabrication of Au/Pd alloy nanoparticle/Pichia pastoris composites: a microorganism-mediated approach. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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25
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Slouf M, Hruby M, Bakaeva Z, Vlkova H, Nebesarova J, Philimonenko AA, Hozak P. Preparation of stable Pd nanocubes and their use in biological labeling. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 100:205-8. [PMID: 22771526 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable Pd nanocubes (PdNC) with the average size ~15 nm were prepared by the controlled reduction of sodium tetrachloropalladate with ascorbic acid in water, in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone and potassium bromide. Morphology of the particles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their stability in the colloidal solution was verified by dynamic light scattering (DLS). It has been demonstrated that the Pd nanocubes can be distinguished from commercial Au nanospheres in a standard TEM microscope by means of automated image analysis. In the next step, the PdNC were successfully conjugated to immunoglobulin proteins and used for the detection of a specific protein (nucleophosmin) on ultrathin sections of HeLa cells. Our experiments showed that PdNC can be used for multiple immunolabeling in combination with commercial Au nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Slouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Rotaru AE, Jiang W, Finster K, Skrydstrup T, Meyer RL. Non-enzymatic palladium recovery on microbial and synthetic surfaces. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1889-97. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Hennebel T, De Corte S, Verstraete W, Boon N. Microbial production and environmental applications of Pd nanoparticles for treatment of halogenated compounds. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:555-61. [PMID: 22321940 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New biological inspired methods were recently developed to recover precious metals from waste streams and to concomitantly produce palladium nanoparticles on bacteria, that is, bio-Pd. This technology offers a variety of opportunities, as the process can considered to be green, tunable, affordable and scalable. The nanoparticle formation and the specific role of the bacteria in the reclamation process are highlighted. The effective performance of bio-Pd as catalyst in dehalogenation reactions, as well as in hydrogenation, reduction and CC coupling reactions has been extensively described in literature. Especially dehalogenation of environmental contaminants represents a promising market for application of bio-Pd. Therefore, several treatment technologies based on bio-Pd in the different environmental compartments are considered and domains, in which bio-Pd can be used at full scale are described. Finally, the perspectives for implementation of the bio-Pd technology in the future are set forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hennebel
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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28
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Zhou X, Zheng L, Li R, Li B, Pillai S, Xu P, Zhang Y. Biotemplated fabrication of size controlled palladium nanoparticle chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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