1
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Lee YB, Kim SJ, Kim EM, Byun H, Shin H. Harvest of Cell-Only Muscle Fibers Using Thermally Expandable Hydrogels with Adhesive Patterns. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2023; 29:447-458. [PMID: 37440328 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle tissue engineering has been the focus of extensive research due to its potential for numerous medical applications, including ex vivo actuator development and clinical treatments. In this study, we developed a method for harvesting muscle fiber in a floatable and translocatable manner utilizing thermally expandable hydrogels with a chemically patterned polydopamine (PD) layer generated by microcontact printing (μCP). The μCP of PD on the hydrogel facilitated the formation of stripe patterns with varying widths of printed/nonprinted area (50/50, 100/100, and 200/200 μm). The spatially controlled adhesion of C2C12 myoblasts on the PD patterns produced clearly distinguishable muscle fibers, and translocated muscle fibers exhibited preserved extracellular matrix and junction proteins. Furthermore, the development of anisotropic arrangements and mature myotubes within the fibers suggests the potential for functional control of engineered muscle tissues. Overall, the muscle fiber harvesting method developed herein is suitable for both translocation and floating and is a promising technique for muscle tissue engineering as it mimics the structure-function relationship of natural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jeong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Byun
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Dong X, Jiang Z, Hu Q. A ready‐to‐use fast gelation/liquefying hydrogel towards enzyme free three‐dimensional cell culture. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Zhiqi Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Qiaoling Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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3
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Yao M, Xu W, Meng Y, Chen S, Lu Q. Natural Tissue-Imprinted Biointerface for the Topographical Education of a Biomimetic Cell Sheet. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7921-7928. [PMID: 35732510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell sheet engineering as a cell-based scaffold-free therapy is promising in tissue engineering, allowing precise transforming treatments for various tissue damage. However, the current cutting-edge techniques are still hampered by the difficulty in mimicking the natural tissue organizations and the corresponding physiological functions. In this work, cell-imprinting technology using the natural tissue as a template was proposed to rationally educate the cellular alignment in the cell sheet. Through this technique, we obtained temporary templates with morphological structure complementary to native tissues and then directly transferred the structure on the template to the collagen layer on a photothermally convertible substrate by secondary imprinting replication. The resultant biomimetic interface was used for cell culture and release to obtain a cell sheet with a texture similar to the natural tissue morphology. Different from conventional photolithography, the natural tissue-imprinted biointerface guides the geometry of cell sheets in the way of natural principles instead of stereotyped or overuniform cell organization. Simultaneously, a near-infrared laser (NIR) was used to irradiate the photothermally responsive substrate to obtain complete cell sheets efficiently and nondestructively. The natural tissue-educated myocardium cell sheets exhibited good physiological activity and biomimetic biofunctions, such as mechanical properties and physiological performances. This approach might open an inspiring prospect in regenerative medicine and offer a new approach to realizing the biomimetic tissue construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | | | - Shuangshuang Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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4
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Sargur Ranganath A, Vellingiri S, Low HY. Tuning response amplitude in nanoimprinted thermoresponsive polymer blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sargur Ranganath
- Engineering and Product Development (EPD) Singapore University of Technology & Design (SUTD) Singapore
| | - Suganya Vellingiri
- Engineering and Product Development (EPD) Singapore University of Technology & Design (SUTD) Singapore
| | - Hong Yee Low
- Engineering and Product Development (EPD) Singapore University of Technology & Design (SUTD) Singapore
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5
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Scaffold-free cell-based tissue engineering therapies: advances, shortfalls and forecast. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:18. [PMID: 33782415 PMCID: PMC8007731 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based scaffold-free therapies seek to develop in vitro organotypic three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like surrogates, capitalising upon the inherent capacity of cells to create tissues with efficiency and sophistication that is still unparalleled by human-made devices. Although automation systems have been realised and (some) success stories have been witnessed over the years in clinical and commercial arenas, in vitro organogenesis is far from becoming a standard way of care. This limited technology transfer is largely attributed to scalability-associated costs, considering that the development of a borderline 3D implantable device requires very high number of functional cells and prolonged ex vivo culture periods. Herein, we critically discuss advancements and shortfalls of scaffold-free cell-based tissue engineering strategies, along with pioneering concepts that have the potential to transform regenerative and reparative medicine.
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6
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Bauman L, Wen Q, Sameoto D, Yap CH, Zhao B. Durable poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted PDMS micropillared surfaces for temperature-modulated wetting. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ham J, Kim Y, An T, Kang S, Ha C, Wufue M, Kim Y, Jeon B, Kim S, Kim J, Choi TH, Seo JH, Kim DW, Park JU, Lee Y. Covalently Grafted 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Networks Inhibit Fibrous Capsule Formation around Silicone Breast Implants in a Porcine Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30198-30212. [PMID: 32574031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The surface of human silicone breast implants is covalently grafted at a high density with a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-based polymer. Addition of cross-linkers is essential for enhancing the density and mechanical durability of the MPC graft. The MPC graft strongly inhibits not only adsorption but also the conformational deformation of fibrinogen, resulting in the exposure of a buried amino acid sequence, γ377-395, which is recognized by inflammatory cells. Furthermore, the numbers of adhered macrophages and the amounts of released cytokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-8, TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-10) are dramatically decreased when the MPC network is introduced at a high density on the silicone surface (cross-linked PMPC-silicone). We insert the MPC-grafted human silicone breast implants into Yorkshire pigs to analyze the in vivo effect of the MPC graft on the capsular formation around the implants. After 6 month implantation, marked reductions of inflammatory cell recruitment, inflammatory-related proteins (TGF-β and myeloperoxidase), a myoblast marker (α-smooth muscle actin), vascularity-related factors (blood vessels and VEGF), and, most importantly, capsular thickness are observed on the cross-linked PMPC-silicone. We propose a mechanism of the MPC grafting effect on fibrous capsular formation around silicone implants on the basis of the in vitro and in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Ham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Stem Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyang An
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Ha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Maierdanjiang Wufue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungjun Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungah Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 5 Gil 20, Boramae-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ung Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, 5 Gil 20, Boramae-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Roberts EG, Kleptsyn VF, Roberts GD, Mossburg KJ, Feng B, Domian IJ, Emani SM, Wong JY. Development of a bio-MEMS device for electrical and mechanical conditioning and characterization of cell sheets for myocardial repair. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3098-3111. [PMID: 31317531 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we propose a bio-MEMS device designed to evaluate contractile force and conduction velocity of cell sheets in response to mechanical and electrical stimulation of the cell source as it grows to form a cellular sheet. Moreover, the design allows for the incorporation of patient-specific data and cell sources. An optimized device would allow cell sheets to be cultured, characterized, and conditioned to be compatible with a specific patient's cardiac environment in vitro, before implantation. This design draws upon existing methods in the literature but makes an important advance by combining the mechanical and electrical stimulation into a single system for optimized cell sheet growth. The device has been designed to achieve cellular alignment, electrical stimulation, mechanical stimulation, conduction velocity readout, contraction force readout, and eventually cell sheet release. The platform is a set of comb electrical contacts consisting of three-dimensional walls made of polydimethylsiloxane and coated with electrically conductive metals on the tops of the walls. Not only do the walls serve as a method for stimulating cells that are attached to the top, but their geometry is tailored such that they are flexible enough to be bent by the cells and used to measure force. The platform can be stretched via a linear actuator setup, allowing for simultaneous electrical and mechanical stimulation that can be derived from patient-specific clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Roberts
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vladimir F Kleptsyn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Bei Feng
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ibrahim J Domian
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Lu Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Yang G, Yin S, Tang T, Yu C, Jiang X. Recent advances in cell sheet technology for bone and cartilage regeneration: from preparation to application. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:17. [PMID: 31110170 PMCID: PMC6527566 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defects caused by trauma, tumour resection, infection and congenital deformities, together with articular cartilage defects and cartilage-subchondral bone complex defects caused by trauma and degenerative diseases, remain great challenges for clinicians. Novel strategies utilising cell sheet technology to enhance bone and cartilage regeneration are being developed. The cell sheet technology has shown great clinical potential in regenerative medicine due to its effective preservation of cell-cell connections and extracellular matrix and its scaffold-free nature. This review will first introduce several widely used cell sheet preparation systems, including traditional approaches and recent improvements, as well as their advantages and shortcomings. Recent advances in utilising cell sheet technology to regenerate bone or cartilage defects and bone-cartilage complex defects will be reviewed. The key challenges and future research directions for the application of cell sheet technology in bone and cartilage regeneration will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Lu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzheng Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Adsorption versus grafting of poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous conditions on the surface of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Scahill SD, Hunt M, Rogers CL, Lau FH. A Microphysiologic Platform for Human Fat: Sandwiched White Adipose Tissue. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30176000 DOI: 10.3791/57909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) plays a crucial role in regulating weight and everyday health. Still, there are significant limitations to available primary culture models, all of which have failed to faithfully recapitulate the adipose microenvironment or extend WAT viability beyond two weeks. The lack of a reliable primary culture model severely impedes research in WAT metabolism and drug development. To this end we have utilized NIH's standards of a microphysiologic system to develop a novel platform for WAT primary culture called 'SWAT' (sandwiched white adipose tissue). We overcome the natural buoyancy of adipocytes by sandwiching minced WAT clusters between sheets of adipose-derived stromal cells. In this construct, WAT samples are viable over eight weeks in culture. SWAT maintains the intact ECM, cell-to-cell contacts, and physical pressures of in vivo WAT conditions; additionally, SWAT maintains a robust transcriptional profile, sensitivity to exogenous chemical signaling, and whole tissue function. SWAT represents a simple, reproducible, and effective method of primary adipose culture. Potentially, it is a broadly applicable platform for research in WAT physiology, pathophysiology, metabolism, and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Scahill
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center;
| | - Maxwell Hunt
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Camille L Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Frank H Lau
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
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12
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Lanzalaco S, Armelin E. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Copolymers: A Review on Recent Progresses in Biomedical Applications. Gels 2017; 3:E36. [PMID: 30920531 PMCID: PMC6318659 DOI: 10.3390/gels3040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate ability of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) thermo-responsive hydrogel to copolymerize and to graft synthetic polymers and biomolecules, in conjunction with the highly controlled methods of radical polymerization which are now available, have expedited the widespread number of papers published in the last decade-especially in the biomedical field. Therefore, PNIPAAm-based hydrogels are extensively investigated for applications on the controlled delivery of active molecules, in self-healing materials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, or in the smart encapsulation of cells. The most promising polymers for biodegradability enhancement of PNIPAAm hydrogels are probably poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and/or poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), whereas the biocompatibility is mostly achieved with biopolymers. Ultimately, advances in three-dimensional bioprinting technology would contribute to the design of new devices and medical tools with thermal stimuli response needs, fabricated with PNIPAAm hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lanzalaco
- Industrial and Digital Innovation Department (DIID), Chemical Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Building I, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Besòs (EEBE), C/d'Eduard Maristany 10-14, Edifici IS, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Bakirci E, Toprakhisar B, Zeybek MC, Ince GO, Koc B. Cell sheet based bioink for 3D bioprinting applications. Biofabrication 2017; 9:024105. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa764f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Akintewe OO, Roberts EG, Rim NG, Ferguson MA, Wong JY. Design Approaches to Myocardial and Vascular Tissue Engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:389-414. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olukemi O. Akintewe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
| | - Erin G. Roberts
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;,
| | - Nae-Gyune Rim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
| | - Michael A.H. Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
| | - Joyce Y. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;,
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15
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Backman DE, LeSavage BL, Shah SB, Wong JY. A Robust Method to Generate Mechanically Anisotropic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Sheets for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17:10.1002/mabi.201600434. [PMID: 28207187 PMCID: PMC5568633 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In arterial tissue engineering, mimicking native structure and mechanical properties is essential because compliance mismatch can lead to graft failure and further disease. With bottom-up tissue engineering approaches, designing tissue components with proper microscale mechanical properties is crucial to achieve the necessary macroscale properties in the final implant. This study develops a thermoresponsive cell culture platform for growing aligned vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) sheets by photografting N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) onto micropatterned poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS). The grafting process is experimentally and computationally optimized to produce PNIPAAm-PDMS substrates optimal for VSMC attachment. To allow long-term VSMC sheet culture and increase the rate of VSMC sheet formation, PNIPAAm-PDMS surfaces were further modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane yielding a robust, thermoresponsive cell culture platform for culturing VSMC sheets. VSMC cell sheets cultured on patterned thermoresponsive substrates exhibit cellular and collagen alignment in the direction of the micropattern. Mechanical characterization of patterned, single-layer VSMC sheets reveals increased stiffness in the aligned direction compared to the perpendicular direction whereas nonpatterned cell sheets exhibit no directional dependence. Structural and mechanical anisotropy of aligned, single-layer VSMC sheets makes this platform an attractive microstructural building block for engineering a vascular graft to match the in vivo mechanical properties of native arterial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bauer L LeSavage
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shivem B Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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16
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Cook MT, Filippov SK, Khutoryanskiy VV. Synthesis and solution properties of a temperature-responsive PNIPAM–b-PDMS–b-PNIPAM triblock copolymer. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Kim MS, Lee B, Kim HN, Bang S, Yang HS, Kang SM, Suh KY, Park SH, Jeon NL. 3D tissue formation by stacking detachable cell sheets formed on nanofiber mesh. Biofabrication 2017; 9:015029. [PMID: 28332479 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa64a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for assembling 3D tissue by layer-by-layer stacking of cell sheets formed on aligned nanofiber mesh. A rigid frame was used to repeatedly collect aligned electrospun PCL (polycaprolactone) nanofiber to form a mesh structure with average distance between fibers 6.4 µm. When human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human foreskin dermal fibroblasts, and skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) were cultured on the nanofiber mesh, they formed confluent monolayers and could be handled as continuous cell sheets with areas 3 × 3 cm2 or larger. Thicker 3D tissues have been formed by stacking multiple cell sheets collected on frames that can be nested (i.e. Matryoshka dolls) without any special tools. When cultured on the nanofiber mesh, skeletal muscle, C2C12 cells oriented along the direction of the nanofibers and differentiated into uniaxially aligned multinucleated myotube. Myotube cell sheets were stacked (upto 3 layers) in alternating or aligned directions to form thicker tissue with ∼50 µm thickness. Sandwiching HUVEC cell sheets with two dermal fibroblast cell sheets resulted in vascularized 3D tissue. HUVECs formed extensive networks and expressed CD31, a marker of endothelial cells. Cell sheets formed on nanofiber mesh have a number of advantages, including manipulation and stacking of multiple cell sheets for constructing 3D tissue and may find applications in a variety of tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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18
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Taylor MJ, Tomlins P, Sahota TS. Thermoresponsive Gels. Gels 2017; 3:E4. [PMID: 30920501 PMCID: PMC6318636 DOI: 10.3390/gels3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoresponsive gelling materials constructed from natural and synthetic polymers can be used to provide triggered action and therefore customised products such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine types as well as for other industries. Some materials give Arrhenius-type viscosity changes based on coil to globule transitions. Others produce more counterintuitive responses to temperature change because of agglomeration induced by enthalpic or entropic drivers. Extensive covalent crosslinking superimposes complexity of response and the upper and lower critical solution temperatures can translate to critical volume temperatures for these swellable but insoluble gels. Their structure and volume response confer advantages for actuation though they lack robustness. Dynamic covalent bonding has created an intermediate category where shape moulding and self-healing variants are useful for several platforms. Developing synthesis methodology-for example, Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) and Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP)-provides an almost infinite range of materials that can be used for many of these gelling systems. For those that self-assemble into micelle systems that can gel, the upper and lower critical solution temperatures (UCST and LCST) are analogous to those for simpler dispersible polymers. However, the tuned hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance plus the introduction of additional pH-sensitivity and, for instance, thermochromic response, open the potential for coupled mechanisms to create complex drug targeting effects at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joan Taylor
- INsmart group, School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Paul Tomlins
- INsmart group, School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Tarsem S Sahota
- INsmart group, School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
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19
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Feng K, Li S, Feng L, Feng S. Synthesis of thermo- and photo-responsive polysiloxanes with tunable phase separation viaaza-Michael addition. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two kinds of thermo- and photo-dual-responsive polysiloxanes were synthesized through a facile, effective, and catalyst-free aza-Michael addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Shusheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan
- Jinan
| | - Linglong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
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20
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Kumar P, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Progress in Corneal Stromal Repair: From Tissue Grafts and Biomaterials to Modular Supramolecular Tissue-Like Assemblies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5381-5399. [PMID: 27028373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Corneal injuries and degenerative conditions have major socioeconomic consequences, given that in most cases, they result in blindness. In the quest of the ideal therapy, tissue grafts, biomaterials, and modular engineering approaches are under intense investigation. Herein, advancements and shortfalls are reviewed and future perspectives for these therapeutic strategies discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Center for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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21
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Li S, Feng S. High-sensitivity stimuli-responsive polysiloxane synthesized via catalyst-free aza-Michael addition for ibuprofen loading and controlled release. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-sensitive stimuli-responsive polysiloxanes with high sensitive respond to three changes of thermo-, pH-, and salinity were synthesized via a facile, highly efficient, catalyst-free aza-Michael addition of poly(aminopropylmethylsiloxane) with N-isopropylacrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
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22
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Campbell J, McGuinness I, Wirz H, Sharon A, Sauer-Budge AF. Multimaterial and Multiscale Three-Dimensional Bioprinter. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4031230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting system capable of multimaterial and multiscale deposition to enable the next generation of “bottom-up” tissue engineering. This area of research resides at the interface of engineering and life sciences. As such, it entails the design and implementation of diverse elements: a novel hydrogel-based bioink, a 3D bioprinter, automation software, and mammalian cell culture. Our bioprinter has three components uniquely combined into a comprehensive tool: syringe pumps connected to a selector valve that allow precise application of up to five different materials with varying viscosities and chemistries, a high velocity/high-precision x–y–z stage to accommodate the most rapid speeds allowable by the printed materials, and temperature control of the bioink reservoirs, lines, and printing environment. Our custom-designed bioprinter is able to print multiple materials (or multiple cell types in the same material) concurrently with various feature sizes (100 μm–1 mm wide; 100 μm–1 cm high). One of these materials is a biocompatible, printable bioink that has been used to test for cell survival within the hydrogel following printing. Hand-printed (HP) controls show that our bioprinter does not adversely affect the viability of the printed cells. Here, we report the design and build of the 3D bioprinter, the optimization of the bioink, and the stability and viability of our printed constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Campbell
- Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Fraunhofer USA, Brookline, MA 02446 e-mail:
| | - Ian McGuinness
- Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Fraunhofer USA, Brookline, MA 02446 e-mail:
| | - Holger Wirz
- Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Fraunhofer USA, Brookline, MA 02446 e-mail:
| | - Andre Sharon
- Mem. ASME Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Fraunhofer USA, Brookline, MA 02446
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 e-mail:
| | - Alexis F. Sauer-Budge
- Center for Manufacturing Innovation, Fraunhofer USA, Brookline, MA 02446
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 e-mail:
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23
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Stanton MM, Lambert CR. A thermoresponsive, micro-roughened cell culture surface. Acta Biomater 2015; 15:11-9. [PMID: 25523874 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface topography has been shown to play a major role in cell behavior, but has yet to be seriously exploited in the field of cell surface engineering. In the present work, surface roughness has been used in combination with the thermoresponsive polymer polyisopropylacrylamide (PIPAAm) to generate cell sheets with tailored biochemical properties. Micro-roughened polystyrene (PS) with 1.5-5.5 μm features was derivatized with PIPAAm to form a cell culture surface for the growth of human fibroblast cell sheets that exhibit a modified cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts cell sheets cultured on the rough surfaces had fewer actin stress fibers and twice the average fibronectin (FN) fibril formation when compared to cell sheets on flat substrates. The cell sheets harvested from the roughened PS were collected after only 2 days of culture and detached from the PIPAAm grafted surface in <1h after cooling the culture system. The simple and rapid method for generating cell sheets with increased FN fibril formation has applications in tissue grafts or wound repair and has demonstrated that the thermoresponsive surface can be used for reliable cell sheet formation.
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24
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Cheng K, Wan HP, Weng WJ. A facile approach to improve light induced cell sheet harvesting through nanostructure optimization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of nanostructure on the light-induced cell detachment property of anatase TiO2 films are investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - H. P. Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - W. J. Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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25
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Roberts EG, Lee EL, Backman D, Buczek-Thomas JA, Emani S, Wong JY. Engineering myocardial tissue patches with hierarchical structure-function. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:762-73. [PMID: 25515314 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex hierarchical organization is a hallmark of tissues and their subsequent integration into organs. A major challenge in tissue engineering is to generate arrays of cells with defined structural organization that display appropriate functional properties. Given what is known about cellular responses to physiochemical cues from the surrounding environment, we can build tissue structures that mimic these microenvironments and validate these platforms using both experimental and computational approaches. Tissue generation encompasses many methods and tissue types, but here we review layering cell sheets to create scaffold-less myocardial patches. We discuss surgical criteria that can drive the design of myocardial cell sheets and the methods used to fabricate, mechanically condition, and functionally test them. We also focus on how computational and experimental approaches could be integrated to optimize tissue mechanical properties by using measurements of biomechanical properties and tissue anisotropy to create predictive computational models. Tissue anisotropy and dynamic mechanical stimuli affect cell phenotype in terms of protein expression and secretion, which in turn, leads to compositional and structural changes that ultimately impact tissue function. Therefore, a combinatorial approach of design, fabrication, testing, and modeling can be carried out iteratively to optimize engineered tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Roberts
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 St. Mary's St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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26
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Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE. Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10976-1026. [PMID: 25353708 DOI: 10.1021/cr500252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahentha Krishnamoorthy
- Institute of Bioengineering and ‡School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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27
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Silva CS, Lansalot M, Garcia JQ, Taipa MÂ, Martinho JM. Synthesis and characterization of biomimetic nanogels for immunorecognition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:264-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Zorlutuna P, Vrana NE, Khademhosseini A. The expanding world of tissue engineering: the building blocks and new applications of tissue engineered constructs. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 6:47-62. [PMID: 23268388 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2012.2233468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has been growing in the recent years as more products have made it to the market and as new uses for the engineered tissues have emerged, motivating many researchers to engage in this multidisciplinary field of research. Engineered tissues are now not only considered as end products for regenerative medicine, but also have emerged as enabling technologies for other fields of research ranging from drug discovery to biorobotics. This widespread use necessitates a variety of methodologies for production of tissue engineered constructs. In this review, these methods together with their non-clinical applications will be described. First, we will focus on novel materials used in tissue engineering scaffolds; such as recombinant proteins and synthetic, self assembling polypeptides. The recent advances in the modular tissue engineering area will be discussed. Then scaffold-free production methods, based on either cell sheets or cell aggregates will be described. Cell sources used in tissue engineering and new methods that provide improved control over cell behavior such as pathway engineering and biomimetic microenvironments for directing cell differentiation will be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the emerging uses of engineered constructs such as model tissues for drug discovery, cancer research and biorobotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Zorlutuna
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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29
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Choi S, Choi BC, Xue C, Leckband D. Protein Adsorption Mechanisms Determine the Efficiency of Thermally Controlled Cell Adhesion on Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) Brushes. Biomacromolecules 2012; 14:92-100. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301390q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changying Xue
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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