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Kolibaba TJ, Killgore JP, Caplins BW, Higgins CI, Arp U, Miller CC, Poster DL, Zong Y, Broce S, Wang T, Talačka V, Andersson J, Davenport A, Panzer MA, Tumbleston JR, Gonzalez JM, Huffstetler J, Lund BR, Billerbeck K, Clay AM, Fratarcangeli MR, Qi HJ, Porcincula DH, Bezek LB, Kikuta K, Pearlson MN, Walker DA, Long CJ, Hasa E, Aguirre-Soto A, Celis-Guzman A, Backman DE, Sridhar RL, Cavicchi KA, Viereckl RJ, Tong E, Hansen CJ, Shah DM, Kinane C, Pena-Francesch A, Antonini C, Chaudhary R, Muraca G, Bensouda Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Results of an interlaboratory study on the working curve in vat photopolymerization. Addit Manuf 2024; 84:10.1016/j.addma.2024.104082. [PMID: 38567361 PMCID: PMC10986335 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The working curve informs resin properties and print parameters for stereolithography, digital light processing, and other photopolymer additive manufacturing (PAM) technologies. First demonstrated in 1992, the working curve measurement of cure depth vs radiant exposure of light is now a foundational measurement in the field of PAM. Despite its widespread use in industry and academia, there is no formal method or procedure for performing the working curve measurement, raising questions about the utility of reported working curve parameters. Here, an interlaboratory study (ILS) is described in which 24 individual laboratories performed a working curve measurement on an aliquot from a single batch of PAM resin. The ILS reveals that there is enormous scatter in the working curve data and the key fit parameters derived from it. The measured depth of light penetration Dp varied by as much as 7x between participants, while the critical radiant exposure for gelation Ec varied by as much as 70x. This significant scatter is attributed to a lack of common procedure, variation in light engines, epistemic uncertainties from the Jacobs equation, and the use of measurement tools with insufficient precision. The ILS findings highlight an urgent need for procedural standardization and better hardware characterization in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kolibaba
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Jason P. Killgore
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Caplins
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Callie I. Higgins
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Uwe Arp
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - C. Cameron Miller
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Dianne L. Poster
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Yuqin Zong
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Scott Broce
- 3D Systems, 26600 SW Parkway Ave #300, Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Allnex USA Inc., 9005 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA
| | | | | | - Amelia Davenport
- Arkema, Inc., 1880 S. Flatirons Ct. Suite J, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin R. Lund
- Desktop Metal, 1122 Alma Rd. Ste. 100, Richardson, TX 75081, USA
| | - Kai Billerbeck
- DMG Digital Enterprises SE, Elbgaustraße 248, Hamburg 22547, Germany
| | - Anthony M. Clay
- DEVCOM-Army Research Laboratory, FCDD-RLW-M, Manufacturing Science and Technology Branch, 6300 Roadman Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA
| | - Marcus R. Fratarcangeli
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Lindsey B. Bezek
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kenji Kikuta
- Osaka Organic Chemical Industry, Ltd., 1-7-2, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | | | | | - Corey J. Long
- Sartomer, 502 Thomas Jones Way, Exton, PA 19341, USA
| | - Erion Hasa
- Stratasys, Inc., 1122 Saint Charles St, Elgin, IL 60120, USA
| | - Alan Aguirre-Soto
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Colonia Tecnológico, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | - Angel Celis-Guzman
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Colonia Tecnológico, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | - Daniel E. Backman
- Lung Biotechnology, PBC., 1000 Sprint Street, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Cavicchi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron., 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - RJ Viereckl
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron., 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Elliott Tong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron., 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hansen
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Darshil M. Shah
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Cecelia Kinane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan 20125, Italy
| | - Rajat Chaudhary
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan 20125, Italy
| | - Gabriele Muraca
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan 20125, Italy
| | - Yousra Bensouda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700O′Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700O′Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiayun Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700O′Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Backman DE, LeSavage BL, Shah SB, Wong JY. A Robust Method to Generate Mechanically Anisotropic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Sheets for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17:10.1002/mabi.201600434. [PMID: 28207187 PMCID: PMC5568633 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In arterial tissue engineering, mimicking native structure and mechanical properties is essential because compliance mismatch can lead to graft failure and further disease. With bottom-up tissue engineering approaches, designing tissue components with proper microscale mechanical properties is crucial to achieve the necessary macroscale properties in the final implant. This study develops a thermoresponsive cell culture platform for growing aligned vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) sheets by photografting N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) onto micropatterned poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS). The grafting process is experimentally and computationally optimized to produce PNIPAAm-PDMS substrates optimal for VSMC attachment. To allow long-term VSMC sheet culture and increase the rate of VSMC sheet formation, PNIPAAm-PDMS surfaces were further modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane yielding a robust, thermoresponsive cell culture platform for culturing VSMC sheets. VSMC cell sheets cultured on patterned thermoresponsive substrates exhibit cellular and collagen alignment in the direction of the micropattern. Mechanical characterization of patterned, single-layer VSMC sheets reveals increased stiffness in the aligned direction compared to the perpendicular direction whereas nonpatterned cell sheets exhibit no directional dependence. Structural and mechanical anisotropy of aligned, single-layer VSMC sheets makes this platform an attractive microstructural building block for engineering a vascular graft to match the in vivo mechanical properties of native arterial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bauer L LeSavage
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shivem B Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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