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Hansen N, Bryant A, McCormack R, Johnson H, Lindsay T, Stelck K, Bernards MT. Assessment of the performance of nonfouling polymer hydrogels utilizing citizen scientists. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0261817. [PMID: 34972139 PMCID: PMC8719714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate longer duration space travel, flight crew sickness and disease transmission amongst the crew must be eliminated. High contact surfaces within space vehicles provide an opportunity for bacterial adhesion, which can lead to biofilm formation or disease transmission. This study evaluates the performance of several nonfouling polymers using citizen science, to identify the best performing chemistry for future applications as bacteria resistant coatings. The specific polymer chemistries tested were zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), and polyampholytes composed of [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (TMA/CAA), or TMA and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (TMA/SA). Each polymer chemistry is known to exhibit bacteria resistance, and this study provides a direct side-by-side comparison between the chemistries using a citizen science approach. Nearly 100 citizen scientists returned results comparing the performance of these polymers over repeat exposure to bacteria and 30 total days of growth. The results demonstrate that TMA/CAA polyampholyte hydrogels show the best long-term resistance to bacteria adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hansen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Adriana Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Roslyn McCormack
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Travis Lindsay
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Kael Stelck
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Bernards
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Haag SL, Bernards MT. Enhanced Biocompatibility of Polyampholyte Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3292-3299. [PMID: 32160745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered scaffolds encounter many challenges including poor integration with native tissue. Nonspecific protein adsorption can trigger the foreign body response leading to encapsulation and isolation from the native injured tissue. This concern is mitigated with nonfouling polymer scaffolds. This study investigates the long-term biocompatibility of a nonfouling polyampholyte system composed of positively charged [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride monomers and negatively charged 2-carboxyethyl acrylate monomers, cross-linked with triethylene glycol dimethacrylate. This system has previously shown resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption and short-term cell attachment via conjugated proteins. However, longer-term cell survival has not been evaluated with this system. First, the environmental pH was monitored with varying amounts of counter ions present in the hydrogel synthesis buffer. The lowest level (3 M NaOH) and the level that resulted in pH values closest to physiological conditions (6.7 M NaOH) were chosen for further investigation. These two formulations were then compared in terms of their contact angle, qualitative protein adsorption and conjugation capacity, and quantitative cell adhesion, proliferation, and viability. The 3 M NaOH formulation showed higher initial protein conjugation and cell adhesion compared to the 6.7 M NaOH formulation. However, the 3 M NaOH hydrogels had low cell viability after 24 h due to the acidic component release into the culture environment. The 6.7 M NaOH formulation showed a lower initial conjugation and cell adhesion but overcame this limitation by providing a stable environment that maintained cell viability for over 5 days. The 6.7 M NaOH polyampholyte hydrogel formulation shows increased biocompatibility, while maintaining resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption, as demonstrated by the targeted cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, this polyampholyte formulation demonstrates strong potential as a tissue-engineered scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Haag
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, United States
| | - Matthew T Bernards
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, United States
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3
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Improved anti-biofouling performance of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes modified with a polyampholyte with effective carboxyl anion and quaternary ammonium cation ratio. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Frieler S, Geßmann J, Jettkant B, Ronge JM, Köller M, Schildhauer TA, Baecker H. [Temporary arthrodesis of the knee in two-stage septic prosthesis exchange : In vitro analysis of adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus on steel and carbon fiber rods]. DER ORTHOPADE 2019; 48:130-135. [PMID: 30267124 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-018-3654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In two-stage septic revision arthroplasty of the knee, a temporary intramedullary fixation with an antibiotic-containing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) spacer is often performed in cases of extensive bone defects after endoprosthesis explantation. A common method is the use of conventional steel or carbon fiber rods, which are connected via a tube-to-tube connector and finally reinforced near the joint with bone cement. OBJECTIVE As the surface of foreign materials plays a critical role in the colonization and biofilm formation in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), the steel and carbon fiber rods were examined and compared with respect to bacterial surface adhesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Carbon fiber and steel rods of external fixator systems were used for this experimental study. The sample material was placed in a substrate enriched with S. aureus. The adherent bacteria were examined both by fluorescence microscopy and quantitatively after ultrasonic detachment (sonication) in a smear preparation. In addition, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images were taken to analyze the topography of bacterial adhesions. RESULTS The fluorescence microscopy revealed a uniform surface distribution for both materials. The observation of the SEM images showed that for carbon fiber rods the growth of bacteria ran in unison with the direction of the fiber, while for the steel rods an arbitrary arrangement was found. With the help of sonication a significant difference in the number of adherent micro-organisms between the two materials could not be determined using the Wilcoxon test (significance level p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Both materials can be used to perform PMMA-reinforced intramedullary fixation without fear of sacrificing therapeutic success. From an economic point of view, the use of steel rods seems reasonable as the material costs are significantly lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frieler
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, BG Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - J Geßmann
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, BG Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - B Jettkant
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, BG Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - J M Ronge
- Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften, Fachhochschule Südwestfalen, 58644, Iserlohn, Deutschland
| | - M Köller
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, BG Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - T A Schildhauer
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, BG Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - H Baecker
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, BG Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Deutschland.
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Grinberg VY, Burova TV, Grinberg NV, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Khokhlov AR. Protein-like energetics of conformational transitions in a polyampholyte hydrogel. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Thorson TJ, Gurlin RE, Botvinick EL, Mohraz A. Bijel-templated implantable biomaterials for enhancing tissue integration and vascularization. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:173-182. [PMID: 31233892 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitigation of the foreign body response (FBR) and successful tissue integration are essential to ensuring the longevity of implanted devices and biomaterials. The use of porous materials and coatings has been shown to have an impact, as the textured surfaces can mediate macrophage interactions with the implant and influence the FBR, and the pores can provide space for vascularization and tissue integration. In this study, we use a new class of implantable porous biomaterials templated from bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels), which offer a fully percolating, non-constricting porous network with a uniform pore diameter on the order of tens of micrometers, and surfaces with consistent curvature. We demonstrate that these unique morphological features, inherent to bijel-templated materials (BTMs), can enhance tissue integration and vascularization, and reduce the FBR. Cylindrical polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) BTMs, along with PEGDA particle-templated materials (PTMs), and non-templated materials (NTMs), were implanted into the subcutaneous space of athymic nude mice. After 28 days, implants were retrieved and analyzed via histological techniques. Within BTMs, blood vessels of increased size and depth, changes in collagen deposition, and increased presence of pro-healing macrophages were observed compared to that of PTM and NTM implants. Bijel templating offers a new route to biomaterials that can improve the function and longevity of implantable devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: All implanted biomaterials are subject to the foreign body response (FBR) which can have a detrimental effect on their efficacy. Altering the surface chemistry can decrease the FBR by limiting the amount of proteins adsorbed to the implant. This effect can be enhanced by including pores in the biomaterial to allow new tissue growth as the implant becomes integrated in the body. Here, we introduce a new class of self-assembled biomaterials comprising a fully penetrating, non-constricting pore phase with hyperbolic (saddle) surfaces for enhanced tissue integration. These unique morphological characteristics result in dense blood vessel formation and favorable tissue response properties demonstrated in a four-week implantation study.
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Xu X, Billing M, Ruths M, Klok HA, Yu J. Structure and Functionality of Polyelectrolyte Brushes: A Surface Force Perspective. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3411-3436. [PMID: 30080310 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique functionality of polyelectrolyte brushes depends on several types of specific interactions, including solvent structure effects, hydrophobic forces, electrostatic interactions, and specific ion interactions. Subtle variations in the solution environment can lead to conformational and surface structural changes of the polyelectrolyte brushes, which are mainly discussed from a surface-interaction perspective in this Focus Review. A brief overview is given of recent theoretical and experimental progress in the structure of polyelectrolyte brushes in various environments. Two important techniques for surface-force measurements are described, the surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and some recent results on polyelectrolyte brushes are shown. Lastly, this Focus Review highlights the use of these surface-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes in the creation of functional surfaces for various applications, including nonfouling surfaces, boundary lubricants, and stimuli-responsive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Mark Billing
- Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marina Ruths
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Carbodiimide-mediated immobilization of acidic biomolecules on reversed-charge zwitterionic sensor chip surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4109-4122. [PMID: 29707751 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The carbodiimide-mediated amine coupling of protein ligands to sensor chips coated with anionic polycarboxylate hydrogels, such as carboxymethyl dextran, is the predominant covalent immobilization procedure utilized in optical biosensors, namely surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. Usually, electrostatic interactions at a slightly acidic pH and low ionic strength are employed to efficiently accumulate neutral and basic ligands on the chip surface, which are then covalently coupled by surface-bound active N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters. Unfortunately, this approach is not suitable for acidic proteins or other ligands with low isoelectric points (IEPs), such as nucleic acids, because the charge density of the polycarboxylates is greatly reduced at acidic pH or because electrostatic attraction cannot be achieved. To overcome these drawbacks, we have established a charge-reversal approach that allows the preconcentration of acidic proteins above their IEPs. A precisely controlled amount of tertiary amines is applied to reverse the previous anionic surface charge while maintaining carbodiimide compatibility with future protein immobilization. The mechanism of this reversed-charge immobilization approach was demonstrated employing protein A as a model protein and using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic contact angle measurements, colorimetric quantification, and SPR analysis to characterize surface derivatization. Furthermore, even though it had previously proven impossible to preconcentrate DNA electrostatically and to covalently couple it to polyanionic chip surfaces, we demonstrated that our approach allowed DNA to be preconcentrated and immobilized in good yields. Graphical abstract Principle of the covalent immobilization of acidic ligands on reversed-charge zwitterionic sensor chip surfaces.
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Fan XL, Hu M, Qin ZH, Wang J, Chen XC, Lei WX, Ye WY, Jin Q, Ren KF, Ji J. Bactericidal and Hemocompatible Coating via the Mixed-Charged Copolymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10428-10436. [PMID: 29508992 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antibacterial coating based on quaternary ammonium compounds, with an efficient and broad spectrum bactericidal property, has been widely used in various fields. However, the high density of positive charges tends to induce weak hemocompatibility, which hinders the application of the cationic antibacterial coating in blood-contacting devices and implants. It has been reported that a negatively charged surface can reduce blood coagulation, showing improved hemocompatibility. Here, we describe a strategy to combine the cationic and anionic groups by using mixed-charged copolymers. The copolymers of poly (quaternized vinyl pyridine- co- n-butyl methacrylate- co-methacrylate acid) [P(QVP- co- nBMA- co-MAA)] were synthesized through free radical copolymerization. The cationic group of QVP, the anionic group of MAA, and the hydrophobic group of nBMA were designed to provide bactericidal capability, hemocompatibility, and coating stability, respectively. Our findings show that the hydrophilicity of the copolymer coating increased, and its zeta potential decreased from positive charge to negative charge with the increase of the anionic/cationic ratio. Meanwhile, the bactericidal property of the copolymer coating was kept around a similar level compared with the pure quaternary ammonium copolymer coating. Furthermore, the coagulation time, platelet adhesion, and hemolysis tests revealed that the hemocompatibility of the copolymer coating improved with the addition of the anionic group. The mixed-charged copolymer combined both bactericidal property and hemocompatibility and has a promising potential in blood-contacting antibacterial devices and implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Mi Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Zhi-Hui Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Xia-Chao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Wen-Xi Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Wan-Ying Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Qiao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Ke-Feng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
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Haag SL, Bernards MT. Polyampholyte Hydrogels in Biomedical Applications. Gels 2017; 3:E41. [PMID: 30920536 PMCID: PMC6318660 DOI: 10.3390/gels3040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyampholytes are a class of polymers made up of positively and negatively charged monomer subunits. Polyampholytes offer a unique tunable set of properties driven by the interactions between the charged monomer subunits. Some tunable properties of polyampholytes include mechanical properties, nonfouling characteristics, swelling due to changes in pH or salt concentration, and drug delivery capability. These characteristics lend themselves to multiple biomedical applications, and this review paper will summarize applications of polyampholyte polymers demonstrated over the last five years in tissue engineering, cryopreservation and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Haag
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA.
| | - Matthew T Bernards
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA.
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Chen WL, Cordero R, Tran H, Ober CK. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Polymer Brushes: Novel Surfaces for Future Materials. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roselynn Cordero
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hai Tran
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cao S, Barcellona MN, Pfeiffer F, Bernards MT. Tunable multifunctional tissue engineering scaffolds composed of three-component polyampholyte polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | | | - Ferris Pfeiffer
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Matthew T. Bernards
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
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Abdilla A, Shi S, Burke NAD, Stöver HDH. Multistimuli responsive ternary polyampholytes: Formation and crosslinking of coacervates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Abdilla
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Shanna Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Nicholas A. D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Harald D. H. Stöver
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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Barcellona MN, Johnson N, Bernards MT. Characterizing Drug Release from Nonfouling Polyampholyte Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13402-13409. [PMID: 26606238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlled delivery of bioactive signaling molecules and drugs is essential for the development of the next generation of tissue regeneration scaffolds. However, these molecules must be delivered from a nonfouling platform, so that the therapeutic role is not masked by the naturally occurring foreign body response. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to characterize the release profiles of three pseudodrug molecules from a nonfouling polyampholyte hydrogel to gain insight into the potential for this platform to serve as a tissue regeneration scaffold. Hydrogels composed of equimolar concentrations of [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (TMA) and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CAA) monomers were synthesized in the presence of caffeine, methylene blue, or metanil yellow. Then the release of these three molecules was tracked as a function of the hydrogel cross-linker density, the solution pH, and the solution ionic strength. The results suggest that the release of the neutral caffeine molecule is dictated by diffusion alone, while the release of the two charged pseudodrug molecules are controlled by their interactions with the charged regions of the TMA and CAA monomer subunits. These interactions are clearly impacted by solution pH and ionic strength leading to clear changes in the rate of release and extent of release for metanil yellow and methylene blue. Additionally, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to confirm that the TMA:CAA hydrogels retain their nonfouling characteristics following the release of the pseudodrug molecules. When these results are combined with the literature related to TMA:CAA hydrogels, it is concluded that this system represents a promising multifunctional platform for both short-term and long-term delivery of bioactive molecules for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos N Barcellona
- Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Matthew T Bernards
- Department of Bioengineering and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Nehache S, Yeh CC, Semsarilar M, Deratani A, Chang Y, Quemener D. Anti-Bioadhesive Coating Based on Easy to Make Pseudozwitterionic RAFT Block Copolymers for Blood-Contacting Applications. Macromol Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Nehache
- IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes); UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2); Universite Montpellier, CC047, Place E. Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Chin-Cheng Yeh
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering; Chung Yuan Christian University; Jhong-Li Taoyuan 320 Taiwan
| | - Mona Semsarilar
- IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes); UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2); Universite Montpellier, CC047, Place E. Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier France
| | - André Deratani
- IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes); UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2); Universite Montpellier, CC047, Place E. Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Yung Chang
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering; Chung Yuan Christian University; Jhong-Li Taoyuan 320 Taiwan
| | - Damien Quemener
- IEM (Institut Europeen des Membranes); UMR 5635 (CNRS-ENSCM-UM2); Universite Montpellier, CC047, Place E. Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier France
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17
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Hu Y, Yang G, Liang B, Fang L, Ma G, Zhu Q, Chen S, Ye X. The fabrication of superlow protein absorption zwitterionic coating by electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization and its application. Acta Biomater 2015; 13:142-9. [PMID: 25463508 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A well-controllable electrochemically mediated surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (e-siATRP) method for the fabrication of superlow protein absorption zwitterionic hydrogel coatings based on poly(sulbetaine methacrylate) (pSBMA) was developed in this work. The effects of the electric condition on polymerization as well as its antifouling performances both in vitro and in vivo were also investigated. Different potentials (-0.08 V, -0.15 V and -0.22 V) and polymerization times (from 8 to 48 h) were chosen to study the polymerization procedure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry measurements were used to characterize the properties of the polymer layers. Ellipsometry measurements showed that a higher potential provided faster polymerization and thicker polymer layers; however, the protein absorption experiments showed that the best polymerization condition was under a constant potential of -0.15 V and 32 h, under which the protein absorption was 0.8% in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (compared to a bare gold electrode). The electrodes with a pSBMA coating effectively deduced the current sensitivity decay both in undiluted serum and in vivo. The usage of the commercially available polymerization monomer of SBMA, the simple convenient synthesis process regardless of the presence of oxygen and the excellent controllability of e-siATRP make it a very promising and universal technique in the preparation of zwitterionic polymer coatings, especially in the development of biocompatible material for implantable devices such as neural and biosensor electrodes.
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18
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Ginic-Markovic M, Barclay T, Constantopoulos KT, Al-Ghamdi T, Blok A, Markovic E, Ellis AV. A versatile approach to grafting biofouling resistant coatings from polymeric membrane surfaces using an adhesive macroinitiator. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09370h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a polydopamine-based macroinitiator provides a flexible attachment method that is virtually independent of membrane substrate. The subsequent ARGET-ATRP controllably grafts the stable biofouling resistant polyzwitterion coating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina T. Constantopoulos
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- Flinders University
- Australia
| | - Tawfiq Al-Ghamdi
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- Flinders University
- Australia
| | - Andrew Blok
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- Flinders University
- Australia
| | - Elda Markovic
- Mawson Institute
- University of South Australia
- Australia
| | - Amanda V. Ellis
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences
- Flinders University
- Australia
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19
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Blaszykowski C, Sheikh S, Thompson M. A survey of state-of-the-art surface chemistries to minimize fouling from human and animal biofluids. Biomater Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fouling of artificial surfaces by biofluids is a plague Biotechnology deeply suffers from. Herein, we inventory the state-of-the-art surface chemistries developed to minimize this effect from both human and animal biosamples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Sheikh
- University of Toronto
- Department of Chemistry – St. George campus
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Michael Thompson
- Econous Systems Inc
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
- University of Toronto
- Department of Chemistry – St. George campus
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20
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Bazaka K, Jacob MV, Chrzanowski W, Ostrikov K. Anti-bacterial surfaces: natural agents, mechanisms of action, and plasma surface modification. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews antibacterial surface strategies based on reactive plasma chemistry, focusing on how plasma-assisted processing of natural antimicrobial agents can produce antifouling and antibacterial materials for biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Bazaka
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - M. V. Jacob
- College of Science, Technology and Engineering
- James Cook University
- Townsville
- Australia
| | | | - K. Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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21
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Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE. Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10976-1026. [PMID: 25353708 DOI: 10.1021/cr500252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahentha Krishnamoorthy
- Institute of Bioengineering and ‡School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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22
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Dahmen JL, Yang Y, Greenlief CM, Stacey G, Hunt HK. Interfacing Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Microresonator Biosensors with the Plant Defense Elicitor Chitin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:241-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Bernards M, He Y. Polyampholyte polymers as a versatile zwitterionic biomaterial platform. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1479-88. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.938976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Liu Q, Li W, Singh A, Cheng G, Liu L. Two amino acid-based superlow fouling polymers: poly(lysine methacrylamide) and poly(ornithine methacrylamide). Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2956-64. [PMID: 24613545 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We developed and investigated two new antifouling zwitterionic polymers, poly(lysine methacrylamide) (pLysAA) and poly(ornithine methacrylamide) (pOrnAA), both derived from natural amino acids - lysine and ornithine, respectively. The pLysAA and pOrnAA brushes were grafted on gold via the surface-initiated photoiniferter-mediated polymerization, with the polymer film thickness controlled by the UV-irradiation time. Nonspecific adsorption from human blood serum and plasma was investigated by surface plasmon resonance. Results show that the adsorption level decreased with the increasing film thickness. With the thin films of ∼14.5 nm, the minimal adsorption on pLysAA was 3.9 ng cm(-2) from serum and 5.4 ng cm(-2) from plasma, whereas the lowest adsorption on pOrnAA was 1.8 and 3.2 ng cm(-2), from serum and plasma, respectively. Such protein resistance is comparable to other widely reported antifouling surfaces such as poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) and polyacrylamide, with a much thinner polymer film thickness. Both pLysAA and pOrnAA showed better protein resistance than the previously reported serine-based poly(serine methacrylate), whereas the pOrnAA is the best among three. The pLysAA- and pOrnAA-grafted surfaces also highly resisted the endothelial cell attachment and Escherichia coli K12 bacterial adhesion. Nanogels made of pLysAA and pOrnAA were found to be ultrastable in undiluted serum, with no aggregation observed after culturing for 24h. Dextran labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-dextran) was encapsulated in nanogels as a model drug. The encapsulated FITC-dextran exhibited controlled release from the pOrnAA nanogels. The superlow fouling, biomimetic and multifunctional properties of pLysAA and pOrnAA make them promising materials for a wide range of applications, such as implant coating, drug delivery and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Wenchen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Lingyun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States.
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25
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Liu L, Li W, Liu Q. Recent development of antifouling polymers: structure, evaluation, and biomedical applications in nano/micro-structures. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:599-614. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Wenchen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
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26
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Highly hemocompatible zwitterionic micelles stabilized by reversible cross-linkage for anti-cancer drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 115:384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Zurick
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Matthew Bernards
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri 65211
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28
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Schroeder ME, Zurick KM, McGrath DE, Bernards MT. Multifunctional polyampholyte hydrogels with fouling resistance and protein conjugation capacity. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3112-22. [PMID: 23947943 DOI: 10.1021/bm4007369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Materials that are resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption are critical in the biomedical community. Specifically, nonfouling implantable biomaterials are necessary to reduce the undesirable, but natural foreign body response. The focus of this investigation is to demonstrate that polyampholyte hydrogels prepared with equimolar quantities of positively charged [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (TMA) and negatively charged 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CAA) monomers are a viable solution to this problem. TMA/CAA hydrogels were prepared and their physical and chemical properties were characterized. The fouling resistance of the TMA/CAA hydrogels were assessed at varying cross-linker densities using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs). The results clearly demonstrate that TMA/CAA hydrogels are resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption. A unique advantage of the fouling resistant TMA/CAA system is that bioactive proteins can be covalently attached to these materials using standard conjugation chemistry. This was demonstrated in this study through a combination of ELISA investigations and short-term cell adhesion assays. The multifunctional properties of the TMA/CAA polyampholyte hydrogels shown in this work clearly demonstrate the potential for these materials for use as tissue regeneration scaffolds for many biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schroeder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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29
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Dobbins SC, McGrath DE, Bernards MT. Nonfouling hydrogels formed from charged monomer subunits. J Phys Chem B 2012. [PMID: 23189949 DOI: 10.1021/jp307588b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A critical challenge in the field of biomaterials is the often undesirable, but immediate, coating of implants with nonspecifically adsorbed proteins upon contact with bodily fluids. Prior research has shown that overall neutral materials containing a homologous arrangement of mixed charges exhibit nonfouling properties. This has been widely demonstrated for zwitterionic materials and more recently for coatings containing an equimolar mixture of positively and negatively charged monomer subunits. In this investigation it is demonstrated that nonfouling hydrogels can be formed through this approach, and the physical properties of the resulting materials are thoroughly characterized. In particular, hydrogels were formed from mixtures of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (TM) and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SA) monomers with varying concentrations of a triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) cross-linker. The swelling, weight percentage water, surface zeta potential, and compressional properties of the gels were characterized, and the nonfouling properties were demonstrated using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays for both negatively charged fibrinogen and positively charged lysozyme. The results confirm that the TM:SA hydrogel systems have nonfouling properties that are equivalent to established nonfouling controls. Additionally, even though the gels were resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption, a composition analysis suggests that there is room to further improve the nonfouling performance because there is a slight enrichment of the SA monomer relative to the TM monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Dobbins
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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30
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Blaszykowski C, Sheikh S, Thompson M. Surface chemistry to minimize fouling from blood-based fluids. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5599-612. [PMID: 22772072 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon contact with bodily fluids/tissues, exogenous materials spontaneously develop a layer of proteins on their surface. In the case of biomedical implants and equipment, biological processes with deleterious effects may ensue. For biosensing platforms, it is synonymous with an overwhelming background signal that prevents the detection/quantification of target analytes present in considerably lower concentrations. To address this ubiquitous problem, tremendous efforts have been dedicated over the years to engineer protein-resistant coatings. There is now extensive literature available on stealth organic adlayers able to minimize fouling down to a few ng cm(-2), however from technologically irrelevant single-protein buffered solutions. Unfortunately, few coatings have been reported to present such level of performance when exposed to highly complex proteinaceous, real-world media such as blood serum and plasma, even diluted. Herein, we concisely review the surface chemistry developed to date to minimize fouling from these considerably more challenging blood-based fluids. Adsorption dynamics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Blaszykowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
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