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Kommera SP, Kumar A, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Pramlintide an Adjunct to Insulin Therapy: Challenges and Recent Progress in Delivery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:81-90. [PMID: 37863489 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of various glucoregulatory hormones lead to failure of insulin monotherapy in patients with diabetes mellitus due to various reasons, including severe hypoglycemia, glycemic hypervariability, and an increased risk of microvascular complications. However, pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy enhances glucagon suppression and thereby offers improved glycemic control. Clinical studies have shown that pramlintide improves glycemic control, reduces postprandial glucose excursions, and promotes weight loss in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although clinical benefits of pramlintide are well reported, there still exists a high patient resistance for the therapy, as separate injections for pramlintide and insulin must be administered. Although marketed insulin formulations generally demonstrate a peak action in 60-90 minutes, pramlintide elicits its peak concentration at around 20-30 minutes after administration. Thus, owing to the significant differences in pharmacokinetics of exogenously administered pramlintide and insulin, the therapy fails to elicit its action otherwise produced by the endogenous hormones. Hence, strategies such as delaying the release of pramlintide by using inorganic polymers like silica, synthetic polymers like polycaprolactone, and lipids have been employed. Also, approaches like noncovalent conjugation, polyelectrolyte complexation, and use of amphiphilic excipients for codelivery of insulin and pramlintide have been explored to address the issues with pramlintide delivery and improve patient adherence to the therapy. This approach may usher in a new era of diabetes management, offering patients multiple options to tailor their treatment and improve their quality of life. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To our knowledge, this is the first report that summarizes various challenges in insulin and pramlintide codelivery and strategies to overcome them. The paper also provides deeper insights into various novel formulation strategies for pramlintide that could further broaden the reader's understanding of peptide codelivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Pradyuth Kommera
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Varela-Fernández R, Bendicho-Lavilla C, Martin-Pastor M, Herrero Vanrell R, Lema-Gesto MI, González-Barcia M, Otero-Espinar FJ. Design, optimization, and in vitro characterization of idebenone-loaded PLGA microspheres for LHON treatment. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121504. [PMID: 35121045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres (PLGA MSs) are attractive delivery systems for site-specific maintained release of therapeutic active substances into the intravitreal chamber. The design, development, and characterization of idebenone-loaded PLGA microspheres by means of an oil-in-water emulsion/solvent evaporation method enabled the obtention of appropriate production yield, encapsulation efficiency and loading values. MSs revealed spherical shape, with a size range of 10-25 μm and a smooth and non-porous surface. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra demonstrated no chemical interactions between idebenone and polymers. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA) analyses indicated that microencapsulation led to drug amorphization. In vitro release profiles were fitted to a biexponential kinetic profile. Idebenone-loaded PLGA MSs showed no cytotoxic effects in an organotypic tissue model. Results suggest that PLGA MSs could be an alternative intraocular system for long-term idebenone administration, showing potential therapeutic advantages as a new therapeutic approach to the Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) treatment by intravitreal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Varela-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela Zip Code: 15782, Spain; Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n Santiago de Compostela Zip Code: 15706, Spain.
| | - Carlos Bendicho-Lavilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela Zip Code: 15782, Spain; Institute of Materials iMATUS, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela, Zip Code: 15782, Spain; Paraquasil Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n Santiago de Compostela, Zip Code: 15706, Spain.
| | - Manuel Martin-Pastor
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Infrastructure Supporting Network of Research and Technological Development, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela Zip Code: 15782, Spain.
| | - Rocío Herrero Vanrell
- Innoftal Research Group (UCM 920415), Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid Zip Code: 28040, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Lema-Gesto
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n Santiago de Compostela Zip Code: 15706, Spain.
| | - Miguel González-Barcia
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n Santiago de Compostela, Zip Code: 15706, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela Zip Code: 15782, Spain; Institute of Materials iMATUS, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela, Zip Code: 15782, Spain; Paraquasil Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n Santiago de Compostela, Zip Code: 15706, Spain.
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Liu Y, Zeng S, Ji W, Yao H, Lin L, Cui H, Santos HA, Pan G. Emerging Theranostic Nanomaterials in Diabetes and Its Complications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102466. [PMID: 34825525 PMCID: PMC8787437 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia. Oral subcutaneously administered antidiabetic drugs such as insulin, glipalamide, and metformin can temporarily balance blood sugar levels, however, long-term administration of these therapies is associated with undesirable side effects on the kidney and liver. In addition, due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species and hyperglycemia-induced macrovascular system damage, diabetics have an increased risk of complications. Fortunately, recent advances in nanomaterials have provided new opportunities for diabetes therapy and diagnosis. This review provides a panoramic overview of the current nanomaterials for the detection of diabetic biomarkers and diabetes treatment. Apart from diabetic sensing mechanisms and antidiabetic activities, the applications of these bioengineered nanoparticles for preventing several diabetic complications are elucidated. This review provides an overall perspective in this field, including current challenges and future trends, which may be helpful in informing the development of novel nanomaterials with new functions and properties for diabetes diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Liu
- School of Food & Biological EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013China
- College of Food ScienceSichuan Agricultural UniversityYaan625014China
| | - Siqi Zeng
- College of Food ScienceSichuan Agricultural UniversityYaan625014China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Huan Yao
- Sichuan Institute of Food InspectionChengdu610097China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Food & Biological EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013China
| | - Haiying Cui
- School of Food & Biological EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiang212013China
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research ProgramDivision of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and TechnologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials ScienceUniversity of Groningen/University Medical Center GroningenAnt. Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Institute for Advanced MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
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Varela-Fernández R, Lema-Gesto MI, González-Barcia M, Otero-Espinar FJ. Design, development, and characterization of an idebenone-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone intravitreal implant as a new therapeutic approach for LHON treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:195-207. [PMID: 34500025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a hereditary mitochondrial neurodegenerative disease of unclear etiology and lack of available therapeutic alternatives. The main goal of the current pilot study was based on the evaluation of the feasibility and characteristics of prolonged and controlled idebenone release from a PCL intravitreal implant. The design, development, and characterization of idebenone-loaded PCL implants prepared by an homogenization/extrusion/solvent evaporation method allowed the obtention of high PY, EE and LC values. In vitro characterization was completed by the assessment of mechanical and instrumental properties. The in vitro release of idebenone from the PCL implants was assessed and the implant erosion was monitored by the mass loss and surface morphology changes. DSC was used to estimate stability and interaction among implant's components. The present work demonstrated the controlled and prolonged idebenone delivery from the PCL implants in an in vitro model. A consistent preclinical base was established, supporting the idea of idebenone-loaded PCL implants as a new strategy of long-term sustained intraocular delivery for the LHON treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Varela-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - María Isabel Lema-Gesto
- Clinical Neurosciences Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Miguel González-Barcia
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Campus vida, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Brunacci N, Wischke C, Naolou T, Patzelt A, Lademann J, Neffe AT, Lendlein A. Formulation of drug-loaded oligodepsipeptide particles with submicron size. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 77:201-219. [PMID: 33185590 DOI: 10.3233/ch-200977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The size of particulate carriers is key to their transport and distribution in biological systems, and needs to be tailored in the higher submicron range to enable follicular uptake for dermal treatment. Oligodepsipeptides are promising nanoparticulate carrier systems as they can be designed to exhibit enhanced interaction with drug molecules. Here, a fabrication scheme for drug-loaded submicron particles from oligo[3-(S)-sec-butylmorpholine-2,5-dione]diol (OBMD) is presented based on an emulsion solvent evaporation method with cosolvent, surfactant, and polymer concentration as variable process parameters. The particle size (300-950 nm) increased with lower surfactant concentration and higher oligomer concentration. The addition of acetone increased the particle size at low surfactant concentration. Particle size remained stable upon the encapsulation of models compounds dexamethasone (DXM) and Nile red (NR), having different physicochemical properties. DXM was released faster compared to NR due to its higher water solubility. Overall, the results indicated that both drug-loading and size control of OBMD submicron particles can be achieved. When applied on porcine ear skin samples, the NR-loaded particles have been shown to allow NR penetration into the hair follicle and the depth reached with the 300 nm particles was comparable to the one reached with the cream formulation. A potential benefit of the particles compared to a cream is their sustained release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Brunacci
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Wischke
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Toufik Naolou
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Alexa Patzelt
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel T Neffe
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Flandez K, Bonardd S, Soto-Arriaza M. Physicochemical properties of L-alpha dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles: Effect of hydrophobic block (PLA/PCL) of amphipathic diblock copolymers. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 230:104927. [PMID: 32454007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we show how amphipathic diblock copolymers affect the physicochemical properties of the lipid bilayer of DPPC liposome. Diblock copolymers proposed for this study are focused in the difference between PLA and PCL hydrophobic block, because PLA and PCL differ in their glass transition temperature, where a higher ratio of PLA, lowers the flexibility of the diblock copolymer. On the contrary, a greater proportion of PCL makes the diblock copolymer more flexible. This flexibility difference between hydrophobic block would affect the physicochemical properties of lipid bilayer of DPPC. The difference of rigidity or flexibility of hydrophobic block and their interaction with DPPC large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) was evaluated at low and high copolymers concentration. The copolymer concentrations used were chosen based on their respective cmc. We measure (a) Thermotropic behavior from GP of Laurdan and fluorescence anisotropy of DPH; (b) Relation between wavelength excitation and generalized polarization of Laurdan; (c) Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of DPH; (d) Water outflow through the lipid bilayer and (e) calcein release from DPPC LUVs. Furthermore, large unilamellar vesicles in the absence and in the presence of different copolymers were characterized by size and zeta-potential. The results show that the diblock copolymer at high PLA/PCL ratio, that is, greater rigidity of hydrophobic block produces an increase of the phase transition temperature (Tm). For DPPC LUVs, Tm increase 3.5 °C at low and about 4.5 °C at high copolymers concentration, sensed by Laurdan and DPH fluorescent probes, although the DPPC/copolymers molar ratio for Cop4 is higher than Cop3, Cop2 and Cop1. In addition, we observed a decrease in the polarity of microenvironments in the bilayer and an increase in the order of the acyl chains in the bilayer to a high proportion of PLA. Furthermore, the presence of diblock copolymer with high proportion of PLA, decreases water outflow from DPPC liposome and water efflux is slower; leading to a decrease in calcein release from DPPC liposomes. Our results clearly show that the greater the stiffness of the hydrophobic block, greater degree of packaging of the lipid bilayer, greater the order of the acyl chains, and greater retention of water and calcein inside the liposome. Therefore, the presence of AB-type diblock copolymers with a more rigid hydrophobic block, stabilizes the lipid bilayer and would allow a more controlled release of water, and encapsulated molecules inside of the DPPC liposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Flandez
- Laboratorio de Biocoloides y Biointerfaces, Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Bonardd
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Pirámide 5750, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Soto-Arriaza
- Laboratorio de Biocoloides y Biointerfaces, Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Casilla 306, Correo 22, C.P. 7820436 Santiago, Chile.
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da Silva DC, Lima LMTR. Physico-chemical properties of co-formulated fast-acting insulin with pramlintide. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:621-629. [PMID: 29928940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of amylin its use has been discouraged by the inadequacy of the protocol involving multiple injections in addition to insulin. We aimed here to develop a combined fixed-dose formulation of pramlintide with fast-acting insulin. We have investigated the compatibility of regular and fast-acting insulin analogues (Aspart, AspB28, and LisPro, LysB28ProB29) with the amylin analogue pramlintide by using electrospray ionization - ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (ESI-IMS-MS), kinetic aggregation assays monitored by thioflavin T, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the evaluation of the aggregation product. Insulin interacts with pramlintide, forming heterodimers as probed by ESI-IMS-MS. While their interaction is likely to delay the amyloid aggregation of pramlintide in phosphate-buffered solution pH 7.0, they do not prevent aggregation at this condition. At acidic sodium acetate solution pH 5.0, combination of pramlintide and the fast-acting insulin analogues become stable against amyloid aggregation. The co-formulated product at high concentration of both pramlintide (600 μg/mL,150 μM) and LisPro insulin (50 IU/mL, 300 μM) showed also stability against amyloid aggregation. These data indicate the physico-chemical short-term stability of the co-formulated preparation of LisPro insulin with pramlintide, which could bring benefits for the combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Cabral da Silva
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - pbiotech. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB-INCT), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
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Paulo F, Santos L. Design of experiments for microencapsulation applications: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1327-1340. [PMID: 28532010 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation techniques have been intensively explored by many research sectors such as pharmaceutical and food industries. Microencapsulation allows to protect the active ingredient from the external environment, mask undesired flavours, a possible controlled release of compounds among others. The purpose of this review is to provide a background of design of experiments in microencapsulation research context. Optimization processes are required for an accurate research in these fields and therefore, the right implementation of micro-sized techniques at industrial scale. This article critically reviews the use of the response surface methodologies in pharmaceutical and food microencapsulation research areas. A survey of optimization procedures in the literature, in the last few years is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Paulo
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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de Abreu LCL, Todaro V, Sathler PC, da Silva LCRP, do Carmo FA, Costa CM, Toma HK, Castro HC, Rodrigues CR, de Sousa VP, Cabral LM. Development and Characterization of Nisin Nanoparticles as Potential Alternative for the Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1421-1427. [PMID: 26810491 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was the development and characterization of nisin-loaded nanoparticles and the evaluation of its potential antifungal activity. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida sp. considered as one of the major public health problem currently. The discovery of antifungal agents that present a reduced or null resistance of Candida sp. and the development of more efficient drug release mechanisms are necessary for the improvement of candidiasis treatment. Nisin, a bacteriocin commercially available for more than 50 years, exhibits antibacterial action in food products with potential antifungal activity. Among several alternatives used to modulate antifungal activity of bacteriocins, polymeric nanoparticles have received great attention due to an effective drug release control and reduction of therapeutic dose, besides the minimization of adverse effects by the preferential accumulation in specific tissues. The nisin nanoparticles were prepared by double emulsification and solvent evaporation methods. Nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Antifungal activity was accessed by pour plate method and cell counting using Candida albicans strains. The in vitro release profile and in vitro permeation studies were performed using dialysis bag method and pig vaginal mucosa in Franz diffusion cell, respectively. The results revealed nisin nanoparticles (300 nm) with spherical shape and high loading efficiency (93.88 ± 3.26%). In vitro test results suggest a promising application of these nanosystems as a prophylactic agent in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and other gynecological diseases.
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10
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da Silva DC, Fontes GN, Erthal LCS, Lima LMTR. Amyloidogenesis of the amylin analogue pramlintide. Biophys Chem 2016; 219:1-8. [PMID: 27665170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amylin is a pancreatic peptide hormone co-secreted along with insulin by the β-cells. It is found in amyloid deposits in both type 2 diabetic individuals and elder non-diabetic. The triple proline amylinomimetic compound (25,28,29-Pro-human amylin) named pramlintide was designed aiming to solve the solubility and amyloid characteristics of human amylin. We have found by using ion mobility spectrometry-based mass spectrometry that pramlintide is able to assembly into multimers. Pramlintide formed amyloid fibrils in vitro in a pH-dependent kinetic process within a few hours, as followed by thioflavin T, quantification of soluble peptide and further characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. These data indicate that pramlintide can form amyloid fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Cabral da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Giselle N Fontes
- Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Av. N. Sa. das Graças, 50 - Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza C S Erthal
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luís Maurício T R Lima
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Av. N. Sa. das Graças, 50 - Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB-INCT), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
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11
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Erthal LCS, Marques AF, Almeida FCL, Melo GLM, Carvalho CM, Palmieri LC, Cabral KMS, Fontes GN, Lima LMTR. Regulation of the assembly and amyloid aggregation of murine amylin by zinc. Biophys Chem 2016; 218:58-70. [PMID: 27693831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The secretory granule of the pancreatic β-cells is a zinc-rich environment copopulated with the hormones amylin and insulin. The human amylin is shown to interact with zinc ions with major contribution from the single histidine residue, which is absent in amylin from other species such as cat, rhesus and rodents. We report here the interaction of murine amylin with zinc ions in vitro. The self-assembly of murine amylin is tightly regulated by zinc and pH. Ion mobility mass spectrometry revealed zinc interaction with monomers and oligomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance confirms the binding of zinc to murine amylin. The aggregation process of murine amylin into amyloid fibrils is accelerated by zinc. Collectively these data suggest a general role of zinc in the modulation of amylin variants oligomerization and amyloid fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza C S Erthal
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Marques
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C L Almeida
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L M Melo
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila M Carvalho
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo C Palmieri
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia M S Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle N Fontes
- Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Av. N. Sa. das Graças, 50 - Xerém, Duque de Caxias-RJ, 25250-020 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Maurício T R Lima
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CCS, Bss24, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV), Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Av. N. Sa. das Graças, 50 - Xerém, Duque de Caxias-RJ, 25250-020 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB-INCT), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
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12
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Double emulsion solvent evaporation techniques used for drug encapsulation. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:173-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Monoconjugation of Human Amylin with Methylpolyethyleneglycol. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138803. [PMID: 26448437 PMCID: PMC4598023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylin is a pancreatic hormone cosecreted with insulin that exerts unique roles in metabolism and glucose homeostasis. The therapeutic restoration of postprandial and basal amylin levels is highly desirable in diabetes mellitus. Protein conjugation with the biocompatible polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been shown to extend the biological effects of biopharmaceuticals. We have designed a PEGylated human amylin by using the aminoreactive compound methoxylpolyethylene glycol succinimidyl carbonate (mPEGsc). The synthesis in organic solvent resulted in high yields of monoPEGylated human amylin, which showed large stability against aggregation, an 8 times increase in half-life in vivo compared to the non-conjugated amylin, and pharmacological activity as shown by modulation of cAMP production in MCF–7 cell line, decrease in glucagon and modulation of glycemia following subcutaneous administration in mice. Altogether these data reveal the potential use of PEGylated human amylin for the restoration of fasting amylin levels.
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14
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Braga RR, Almeida L, Guerreiro LH, Tinoco P, Miranda KR, Braga CA, Gadelha AP, Garcia S, Lima LMTR. Molecular confinement of human amylin in lipidic nanoparticles. J Liposome Res 2015; 26:188-98. [PMID: 26340033 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2015.1076462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Amylin is a pancreatic hormone involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Restoration of the post-prandial and basal levels of human amylin in diabetic individuals is a key in controlling glycemia, controlling glucagon, reducing the insulin dose and increasing satiety, among other physiologic functions. Human amylin has a high propensity to aggregate. We have addressed this issue by designing a liposomal human amylin formulation. Nanoparticles of multilamellar liposomes comprising human amylin were obtained with 53% encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro kinetic release assay shows a biphasic profile. The stabilization of the lipidic nanoparticle against freeze-drying was achieved by using mannitol as a cryoprotectant, as evidenced by morphological characterization. The effectiveness of the human amylin entrapped in lipidic nanoparticles was tested by the measurement of its pharmacological effect in vivo after subcutaneous administration in mice. Collectively these results demonstrate the compatibility of human amylin with the lipidic interface as an effective pharmaceutical delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rennó Braga
- a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil .,b Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Luciana Almeida
- b Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Guerreiro
- c Department of Chemistry , Institute of Exact Sciences, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ , Seropédica , RJ , Brazil
| | - Priscilla Tinoco
- c Department of Chemistry , Institute of Exact Sciences, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ , Seropédica , RJ , Brazil
| | - Kildare R Miranda
- a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil .,d Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV) , Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil , and
| | - Carolina A Braga
- a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gadelha
- d Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV) , Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil , and
| | - Sheila Garcia
- a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Luis Mauricio T R Lima
- a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil .,d Laboratory for Macromolecules (LAMAC-DIMAV) , Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil , and.,e National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB-INCT), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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15
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Ahmed KK, Geary SM, Salem AK. Applying biodegradable particles to enhance cancer vaccine efficacy. Immunol Res 2015; 59:220-8. [PMID: 24838147 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary goals of our group and our collaborators here at the University of Iowa is to develop therapeutic cancer vaccines using biodegradable and biocompatible polymer-based vectors. A major advantage of using discretely packaged immunogenic cargo over non-encapsulated vaccines is that they promote enhanced cellular immunity, a key requirement in achieving antitumor activity. We discuss the importance of co-encapsulation of tumor antigen and adjuvant, with specific focus on the synthetic oligonucleotide adjuvant, cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides. We also discuss our research using a variety of polymers including poly(α-hydroxy acids) and polyanhydrides, with the aim of determining the effect that parameters, such as size and polymer type, can have on prophylactic and therapeutic tumor vaccine formulation efficacy. Aside from their role as vaccine vectors per se, we also address the research currently underway in our group that utilizes more novel applications of biodegradable polymer-based particles in facilitating other types of immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawther K Ahmed
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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16
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Filipović N, Stevanović M, Nunić J, Cundrič S, Filipič M, Uskoković D. Synthesis of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanospheres in the presence of the protective agent poly(glutamic acid) and their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and ability to induce oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 117:414-24. [PMID: 24681414 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanospheres of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) with sizes smaller than 200 nm were produced by combining the freeze drying method and the physicochemical solvent/non-solvent approach. The influence of various types of cryoprotectants (poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) or sacharose) and their concentrations on the outcome of freeze-dried poly(ɛ-caprolactone) particles was evaluated. The physiochemical properties, structural and morphological characteristics of thereby obtained PCL particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The cytotoxicity of the samples was examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay). The formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species was measured spectrophotometrically using a fluorescent probe (DCFH-DA assay). In addition, the genotoxic response of PCL particles obtained using PGA as a cryoprotectant was investigated by the Comet assay. This paper focuses on the role of PGA in the synthesis of PCL particles and demonstrates that PGA plays a dual role in the synthesis, i.e. it acts as a stabilizer but also as a cryoprotective agent. The sufficient and optimal concentration of PGA for producing uniform, spherical but also biocompatible PCL nanoparticles is established to be 0.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Filipović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Magdalena Stevanović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Jana Nunić
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Cundrič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan Uskoković
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Palmieri LC, Melo-Ferreira B, Braga CA, Fontes GN, Mattos LJ, Lima LMT. Stepwise oligomerization of murine amylin and assembly of amyloid fibrils. Biophys Chem 2013; 180-181:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Guerreiro LH, Guterres MFAN, Melo-Ferreira B, Erthal LCS, da Silva Rosa M, Lourenço D, Tinoco P, Lima LMTR. Preparation and characterization of PEGylated amylin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:1083-97. [PMID: 23818080 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylin is a pancreatic hormone that plays important roles in overall metabolism and in glucose homeostasis. The therapeutic restoration of postprandial and basal amylin levels is highly desirable for patients with diabetes who need to avoid glucose excursions. Protein conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has long been known to be a convenient approach for extending the biological effects of biopharmaceuticals. We have investigated the reactivity of amylin with methoxy polyethylene glycol succinimidyl carbonate and methoxy polyethylene glycol succinimidyl propionate, which have an average molecular weight of 5 kDa. The reaction, which was conducted in both aqueous and organic (dimethyl sulfoxide) solvents, occurred within a few minutes and resulted in at least four detectable products with distinct kinetic phases. These results suggest a kinetic selectivity for PEGylation by succinimidyl derivatives; these derivatives exhibit enhanced reactivity with primary amine groups, as indicated by an evaluation of the remaining amino groups using fluorescamine. The analysis of tryptic fragments from mono- and diPEGylated amylin revealed that conjugation occurred within the 1-11 amino acid region, most likely at the two amine groups of Lys(1). The reaction products were efficiently separated by C-18 reversed phase chromatography. Binding assays confirmed the ability of mono- and diPEGylated amylin to interact with the amylin co-receptor receptor activity-modifying protein 2. Subcutaneous administration in mice revealed the effectiveness of monoPEG-amylin and diPEG-amylin in reducing glycemia; both compounds exhibited prolonged action compared to unmodified amylin. These features suggest the potential use of PEGylated amylin to restore basal amylin levels.
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19
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Zhang M, Mao X, Yu Y, Wang CX, Yang YL, Wang C. Nanomaterials for reducing amyloid cytotoxicity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3780-801. [PMID: 23722464 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is intended to reflect the recent progress on therapeutic applications of nanomaterials in amyloid diseases. The progress on anti-amyloid functions of various nanomaterials including inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials and biomolecular aggregates, is reviewed and discussed. The main functionalization strategies for general nanoparticle modifications are reviewed for potential applications of targeted therapeutics. The interaction mechanisms between amyloid peptides and nanomaterials are discussed from the perspectives of dominant interactions and kinetics. The encapsulation of anti-amyloid drugs, targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release and drug delivery crossing blood brain barrier by application of nanomaterials would also improve the therapeutics of amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Structural meta-analysis of regular human insulin in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:1112-21. [PMID: 23692694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have studied regular acting, wild-type human insulin at potency of 100 U/mL from four different pharmaceutical products directly from their final finished formulation by the combined use of mass spectrometry (MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and single-crystal protein crystallography (PX). All products showed similar oligomeric assembly in solution as judged by DLS and SAXS measurements. The NMR spectra were compatible with well folded proteins, showing close conformational identity for the human insulin in the four products. Crystallographic assays conducted with the final formulated products resulted in all insulin crystals belonging to the R3 space group with two a dimer in the asymmetric unit, both with the B-chain in the T configuration. Meta-analysis of the 24 crystal structures solved from the four distinct insulin products revealed close similarity between them regardless of variables such as biological origin, product batch, country origin of the product, and analytical approach, revealing a low conformational variability for the converging insulin structural ensemble. We propose the use of MS, SAXS, NMR fingerprint, and PX as a precise chemical and structural proof of folding identity of regular insulin in the final, formulated product.
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21
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Guerreiro LH, Da Silva D, Sola-Penna M, Mizurini DM, Lima LMTR. Amylin induces hypoglycemia in mice. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:349-54. [PMID: 23460444 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013005000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylin is a 37-aminoacid pancreatic protein that exerts control over several metabolic events such as glycemia and lacticemia. Amylin has long been shown to induce increases in arterial plasma glucose. We decided to investigate whether amylin plays additional roles in the glucose metabolism. We evaluated glucose homeostasis using whole blood from the tail tip of fasting, conscious, unrestrained normal and streptozotocyn-induced diabetic mice following subcutaneous administration of mouse amylin. Subcutaneous injection of 1 μg mouse amylin caused a transient decrease in whole blood glucose in both normal and diabetic mice in the absence of insulin. The blood glucose levels were lowest approximately 2 hours after amylin administration, after that they gradually recovered to the levels of the control group. The hypoglycemic effect followed a dose-dependent response ranging from 0.1 to 50 µg / mouse. These results reveal the ability for amylin in the direct control of glycemia at low doses in the absence of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Guerreiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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