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Meng W, Nie Y, Zhang J, Qin L, Liu X, Ma T, Wu J. Enhancing bioactivity and biocompatibility of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for dental and maxillofacial implants: A novel sequential soaking process. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33381. [PMID: 39027560 PMCID: PMC11255662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) exhibits excellent biocompatibility, fatigue resistance, and an elastic modulus similar to bone, presenting broad application prospects in the field of dental and maxillofacial implants. However, the bioinertness of PEEK limits its applications. In this study, we developed a method to generate biocompatible and bioactive PEEK through a simple sequential soaking process, aimed at inducing bone differentiation and enhancing antibacterial properties. Initially, a three-dimensional (3D) porous network was introduced on the PEEK surface by soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid and water. Subsequently, the sulfonated PEEK surface was treated with oxygen plasma, followed by immersion in a dopamine solution to coat a polydopamine (PDA) layer. Finally, polydopamine phosphate ester-modified 3D porous PEEK was obtained through the reaction of phosphoryl chloride with surface phenolic hydroxyl groups. Systematic studies were conducted using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle analysis, cell proliferation and adhesion, osteogenic gene expression detection, alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, and bacterial culture. Overall, compared to unmodified PEEK, the modified PEEK significantly enhanced in vitro cell proliferation and adhesion, osteogenic differentiation, and antibacterial properties. The simple surface modification measures combined in this study may represent a promising technology and could facilitate the application of PEEK in dental and maxillofacial implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Meng
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifei Nie
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ludan Qin
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xueye Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tongtong Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junling Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Wang X, Mu M, Yan J, Han B, Ye R, Guo G. 3D printing materials and 3D printed surgical devices in oral and maxillofacial surgery: design, workflow and effectiveness. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae066. [PMID: 39169972 PMCID: PMC11338467 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a specialized surgical field devoted to diagnosing and managing conditions affecting the oral cavity, jaws, face and related structures. In recent years, the integration of 3D printing technology has revolutionized this field, offering a range of innovative surgical devices such as patient-specific implants, surgical guides, splints, bone models and regenerative scaffolds. In this comprehensive review, we primarily focus on examining the utility of 3D-printed surgical devices in the context of oral and maxillofacial surgery and evaluating their efficiency. Initially, we provide an insightful overview of commonly utilized 3D-printed surgical devices, discussing their innovations and clinical applications. Recognizing the pivotal role of materials, we give consideration to suitable biomaterials and printing technology of each device, while also introducing the emerging fields of regenerative scaffolds and bioprinting. Furthermore, we delve into the transformative impact of 3D-printed surgical devices within specific subdivisions of oral and maxillofacial surgery, placing particular emphasis on their rejuvenating effects in bone reconstruction, orthognathic surgery, temporomandibular joint treatment and other applications. Additionally, we elucidate how the integration of 3D printing technology has reshaped clinical workflows and influenced treatment outcomes in oral and maxillofacial surgery, providing updates on advancements in ensuring accuracy and cost-effectiveness in 3D printing-based procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Min Mu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiazhen Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Bo Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi, 832002, China, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Rui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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3
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Rodzeń K, O’Donnell E, Hasson F, McIlhagger A, Meenan BJ, Ullah J, Strachota B, Strachota A, Duffy S, Boyd A. Advanced 3D Printing of Polyetherketoneketone Hydroxyapatite Composites via Fused Filament Fabrication with Increased Interlayer Connection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3161. [PMID: 38998244 PMCID: PMC11242051 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Additively manufactured implants, surgical guides, and medical devices that would have direct contact with the human body require predictable behaviour when stress is applied during their standard operation. Products built with Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) possess orthotropic characteristics, thus, it is necessary to determine the properties that can be achieved in the XY- and Z-directions of printing. A concentration of 10 wt% of hydroxyapatite (HA) in polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) matrix was selected as the most promising biomaterial supporting cell attachment for medical applications and was characterized with an Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of 78.3 MPa and 43.9 MPa in the XY- and Z-directions of 3D printing, respectively. The effect of the filler on the crystallization kinetics, which is a key parameter for the selection of semicrystalline materials suitable for 3D printing, was explained. This work clearly shows that only in situ crystallization provides the ability to build parts with a more thermodynamically stable primary form of crystallites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rodzeń
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
| | - Eiméar O’Donnell
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
| | - Frances Hasson
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
| | - Alistair McIlhagger
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
| | - Brian J. Meenan
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
| | - Jawad Ullah
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
| | - Beata Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (B.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 00 Praha, Czech Republic; (B.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Sean Duffy
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
| | - Adrian Boyd
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, York St, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK; (E.O.); (F.H.); (A.M.); (B.J.M.); (J.U.); (S.D.)
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4
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Zhao S, Zhou X, Dang J, Wang Y, Jiang J, Zhao T, Sun D, Chen C, Dai X, Liu Y, Zhang M. Construction of a layer-by-layer self-assembled rosemarinic acid delivery system on the surface of CFRPEEK implants for enhanced anti-inflammatory and osseointegration activities. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3031-3046. [PMID: 38411199 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02599c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced polyether ether ketone (CFRPEEK) implants have attracted widespread attention in the field of clinical bone defect repair. However, the surface bioinertness confines the application of CFRPEEK implants. Inspired by the study of rosmarinic acid (RA)-promoted osteogenic differentiation, a self-assembly surface modification method based on electrostatic interactions, involving deposition of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan and rosmarinic acid layer by layer on the surface of poly-L-lysine modified hydroxy CFRPEEK (SCPP/CC5@RA), is proposed to introduce RA on the surface of CFRPEEK for bioactivation. After layer-by-layer self-assembly (LBL), the surface of SCPP/CC5@RA exhibits weak electrophoresis (11.43 eV), suitable hydrophilicity, and bioactivity. The results of in vitro studies indicate that the RA release behavior of SCPP/CC5@RA effectively regulates the immune-inflammatory response and promotes the differentiation of osteoblasts. The rapid release of RA (0.17 μg mL-1) in the initial stage can downregulate the secretion of inflammation-related cytokines and significantly reduce oxidative stress levels; the sustained release of RA (0.06 μg mL-1) in the late stage can upregulate the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and induce mineralization of osteoblasts. Moreover, the rabbit tibia defect model demonstrates that the LBL technique can enhance the osseointegration of CFRPEEK implants. Compared with the control group, the bone trabecular thickness of the SCPP/CC5@RA group increases by 1.36 times, and the maximum pushing force increases by 2.67 times. In summary, this study provides a promising LBL based RA delivery system for the development of a dual-functional CFRPEEK implant in the field of bone implant biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Junbo Dang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Yilong Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Junhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Tianhao Zhao
- Norman Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Dahui Sun
- Norman Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jilin Province Guoda Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
| | - Xin Dai
- Jilin Province Guoda Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Jilin Province Guoda Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Changchun 130000, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
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Nitschke BM, Beltran FO, Hahn MS, Grunlan MA. Trends in bioactivity: inducing and detecting mineralization of regenerative polymeric scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2720-2736. [PMID: 38410921 PMCID: PMC10935659 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to limitations of biological and alloplastic grafts, regenerative engineering has emerged as a promising alternative to treat bone defects. Bioactive polymeric scaffolds are an integral part of such an approach. Bioactivity importantly induces hydroxyapatite mineralization that promotes osteoinductivity and osseointegration with surrounding bone tissue. Strategies to confer bioactivity to polymeric scaffolds utilize bioceramic fillers, coatings and surface treatments, and additives. These approaches can also favorably impact mechanical and degradation properties. A variety of fabrication methods are utilized to prepare scaffolds with requisite morphological features. The bioactivity of scaffolds may be evaluated with a broad set of techniques, including in vitro (acellular and cellular) and in vivo methods. Herein, we highlight contemporary and emerging approaches to prepare and assess scaffold bioactivity, as well as existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Nitschke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Felipe O Beltran
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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6
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Serino G, Distefano F, Zanetti EM, Pascoletti G, Epasto G. Multiscale Mechanical Characterization of Polyether-2-ketone (PEKK) for Biomedical Application. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:244. [PMID: 38534517 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyether-ether-2-ketone (PEKK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer used in various fields, from aerospace to medical applications, due to its exceptional mechanical and thermal properties. Nonetheless, the mechanical behavior of 3D-printed PEKK still deserves to be more thoroughly investigated, especially in view of its production by 3D printing, where mechanical properties measured at different scales are likely to be correlated to one another and to all play a major role in determining biomechanical properties, which include mechanical strength on one side and osteointegration ability on the other side. This work explores the mechanical behavior of 3D-printed PEKK through a multiscale approach, having performed both nanoindentation tests and standard tensile and compression tests, where a detailed view of strain distribution was achieved through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Furthermore, for specimens tested up to failure, their fractured surfaces were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to clearly outline fracture modes. Additionally, the internal structure of 3D-printed PEKK was explored through Computed Tomography (CT) imaging, providing a three-dimensional view of the internal structure and the presence of voids and other imperfections. Finally, surface morphology was analyzed through confocal microscopy. The multiscale approach adopted in the present work offers information about the global and local behavior of the PEKK, also assessing its material properties down to the nanoscale. Due to its novelty as a polymeric material, no previous studies have approached a multiscale analysis of 3D-printed PEKK. The findings of this study contribute to a comprehensive understanding of 3D-printed PEKK along with criteria for process optimization in order to customize its properties to meet specific application requirements. This research not only advances the knowledge of PEKK as a 3D-printing material but also provides insights into the multifaceted nature of multiscale material characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpaolo Serino
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- PolitoBIOMed Laboratory, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Distefano
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Pascoletti
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Epasto
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Olawumi MA, Oladapo BI, Ikumapayi OM, Akinyoola JO. Waste to wonder to explore possibilities with recycled materials in 3D printing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167109. [PMID: 37717760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In a world grappling with environmental challenges and the need for sustainable manufacturing practices, the convergence of 3D printing and recycling emerges as a promising solution. This research paper explores the potential of combining these two technologies and comprehensively analyses their synergistic effects. The study delves into the printability of recycled materials, evaluating their suitability for 3D printing and comparing their performance with conventional materials. The environmental impact of 3D printing with recycled materials is examined through a sustainability analysis and a life cycle assessment of recycled 3D printed objects. The findings reveal significant benefits, including enhanced resource efficiency, waste reduction, and customisation possibilities. The research also identifies challenges and opportunities for scaling up the use of recycled materials in 3D printing, highlighting the importance of collaboration, innovation, and regulations. With potential applications spanning various industries, from prototyping to construction and healthcare, the implications of this research are far-reaching. By embracing sustainable practices, industry collaboration, and innovation, the integration of 3D printing and recycling can pave the way for a more sustainable future, where resource conservation, circularity, and customised production are at the forefront of manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattew A Olawumi
- School of Engineering and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Bankole I Oladapo
- School of Engineering and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom; School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, United Kingdom.
| | - Omolayo M Ikumapayi
- Mechanical Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - John O Akinyoola
- Mechanical Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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8
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S S, R G AP, Bajaj G, John AE, Chandran S, Kumar VV, Ramakrishna S. A review on the recent applications of synthetic biopolymers in 3D printing for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:62. [PMID: 37982917 PMCID: PMC10661719 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technology is an emerging method that gained extensive attention from researchers worldwide, especially in the health and medical fields. Biopolymers are an emerging class of materials offering excellent properties and flexibility for additive manufacturing. Biopolymers are widely used in biomedical applications in biosensing, immunotherapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering and regeneration, implants, and medical devices. Various biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymeric materials are considered as bio-ink for 3d printing. Here, we offer an extensive literature review on the current applications of synthetic biopolymers in the field of 3D printing. A trend in the publication of biopolymers in the last 10 years are focused on the review by analyzing more than 100 publications. Their application and classification based on biodegradability are discussed. The various studies, along with their practical applications, are elaborated in the subsequent sections for polyethylene, polypropylene, polycaprolactone, polylactide, etc. for biomedical applications. The disadvantages of various biopolymers are discussed, and future perspectives like combating biocompatibility problems using 3D printed biomaterials to build compatible prosthetics are also discussed and the potential application of using resin with the combination of biopolymers to build customized implants, personalized drug delivery systems and organ on a chip technologies are expected to open a new set of chances for the development of healthcare and regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva S
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Asuwin Prabu R G
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Gauri Bajaj
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Amy Elsa John
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sharan Chandran
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Vishnu Vijay Kumar
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Jain deemed to be University, Bangalore, India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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9
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Gil-Albarova J, Martínez-Morlanes MJ, Fernández JM, Castell P, Gracia L, Puértolas JA. Evaluation of Cytocompatibility of PEEK-Based Composites as a Function of Manufacturing Processes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1327. [PMID: 38002451 PMCID: PMC10669029 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The biocompatible polymer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a suitable candidate to be part of potential all-polymer total joint replacements, provided its use is associated with better osseointegration, mechanical performance, and wear resistance. Seeking to meet the aforementioned requirements, respectively, we have manufactured a PEEK composite with different fillers: carbon fibers (CF), hydroxyapatite particles (HA) and graphene platelets (GNP). The mechanical outcomes of the composites with combinations of 0, 1.5, 3.0 wt% GNP, 5 and 15 wt% HA and 30% of wt% CF concentrations pointed out that one of the best filler combinations to achieve the previous objectives was 30 wt% CF, 8 wt% HA and 2 wt% of GNP. The study compares the bioactivity of human osteoblasts on this composite prepared by injection molding with that on the material manufactured by the Fused Filament Fabrication 3D additive technique. The results indicate that the surface adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblasts over time are better with the composite obtained by injection molding than that obtained by 3D printing. This result is more closely correlated with morphological parameters of the composite surface than its wettability behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gil-Albarova
- Department of Surgery, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón, I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.M.-M.); (L.G.); (J.A.P.)
| | - María José Martínez-Morlanes
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón, I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.M.-M.); (L.G.); (J.A.P.)
- Department of Materials Science and Technology-EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Pere Castell
- AITIIP Technological Center, 50720 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.M.F.); (P.C.)
| | - Luis Gracia
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón, I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.M.-M.); (L.G.); (J.A.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Puértolas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón, I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.M.-M.); (L.G.); (J.A.P.)
- Department of Materials Science and Technology-EINA, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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Baecher H, Hoch CC, Knoedler S, Maheta BJ, Kauke-Navarro M, Safi AF, Alfertshofer M, Knoedler L. From bench to bedside - current clinical and translational challenges in fibula free flap reconstruction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1246690. [PMID: 37886365 PMCID: PMC10598714 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1246690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibula free flaps (FFF) represent a working horse for different reconstructive scenarios in facial surgery. While FFF were initially established for mandible reconstruction, advancements in planning for microsurgical techniques have paved the way toward a broader spectrum of indications, including maxillary defects. Essential factors to improve patient outcomes following FFF include minimal donor site morbidity, adequate bone length, and dual blood supply. Yet, persisting clinical and translational challenges hamper the effectiveness of FFF. In the preoperative phase, virtual surgical planning and artificial intelligence tools carry untapped potential, while the intraoperative role of individualized surgical templates and bioprinted prostheses remains to be summarized. Further, the integration of novel flap monitoring technologies into postoperative patient management has been subject to translational and clinical research efforts. Overall, there is a paucity of studies condensing the body of knowledge on emerging technologies and techniques in FFF surgery. Herein, we aim to review current challenges and solution possibilities in FFF. This line of research may serve as a pocket guide on cutting-edge developments and facilitate future targeted research in FFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Baecher
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cosima C. Hoch
- Medical Faculty, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bhagvat J. Maheta
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ali-Farid Safi
- Craniologicum, Center for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Alfertshofer
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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11
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Zhou J, See CW, Sreenivasamurthy S, Zhu D. Customized Additive Manufacturing in Bone Scaffolds-The Gateway to Precise Bone Defect Treatment. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0239. [PMID: 37818034 PMCID: PMC10561823 DOI: 10.34133/research.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In the advancing landscape of technology and novel material development, additive manufacturing (AM) is steadily making strides within the biomedical sector. Moving away from traditional, one-size-fits-all implant solutions, the advent of AM technology allows for patient-specific scaffolds that could improve integration and enhance wound healing. These scaffolds, meticulously designed with a myriad of geometries, mechanical properties, and biological responses, are made possible through the vast selection of materials and fabrication methods at our disposal. Recognizing the importance of precision in the treatment of bone defects, which display variability from macroscopic to microscopic scales in each case, a tailored treatment strategy is required. A patient-specific AM bone scaffold perfectly addresses this necessity. This review elucidates the pivotal role that customized AM bone scaffolds play in bone defect treatment, while offering comprehensive guidelines for their customization. This includes aspects such as bone defect imaging, material selection, topography design, and fabrication methodology. Additionally, we propose a cooperative model involving the patient, clinician, and engineer, thereby underscoring the interdisciplinary approach necessary for the effective design and clinical application of these customized AM bone scaffolds. This collaboration promises to usher in a new era of bioactive medical materials, responsive to individualized needs and capable of pushing boundaries in personalized medicine beyond those set by traditional medical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Carmine Wang See
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sai Sreenivasamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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12
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Cao J, Yang S, Liao Y, Wang Y, He J, Xiong C, Shi K, Hu X. Evaluation of polyetheretherketone composites modified by calcium silicate and carbon nanotubes for bone regeneration: mechanical properties, biomineralization and induction of osteoblasts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1271140. [PMID: 37711454 PMCID: PMC10497740 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1271140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Desired orthopedic implant materials must have a good biological activity and possess appropriate mechanical property that correspond to those of human bone. Although polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has displayed a promising application prospect in musculoskeletal and dentistry reconstruction thanks to its non-biodegradability and good biocompatibility in the body, the poor osseointegration and insufficient mechanical strength have significantly limited its application in the repair of load-bearing bones and surgical operations. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNT)/calcium silicate (CS)/polyetheretherketone ternary composites were fabricated for the first time. The addition of CS was mainly aimed at improving biological activities and surface hydrophilicity, but it inevitably compromised the mechanical strength of PEEK. CNT can reinforce the composites even when brittle CS was introduced and further upgraded the biocompatibility of PEEK. The CNT/CS/PEEK composites exhibited higher mechanical strengths in tensile and bending tests, 64% and 90% higher than those of brittle CS/PEEK binary composites. Besides, after incorporation of CNT and CS into PEEK, the hydrophilicity, surface roughness and ability to induce apatite-layer deposition were significantly enhanced. More importantly, the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryo osteoblasts were effectively promoted on CNT/CS/PEEK composites. In contrast to PEEK, these composites exhibited a more satisfactory biocompatibility and osteoinductive activity. Overall, these results demonstrate that ternary CNT/CS/PEEK composites have the potential to serve as a feasible substitute to conventional metal alloys in musculoskeletal regeneration and orthopedic implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Cao
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhao Yang
- Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijun Liao
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian He
- College of Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Chengdong Xiong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xulin Hu
- Clinical Medical College and Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Zhang Z, Shao J, Gao Y, Li Y, Liu T, Yang M. Research progress and future prospects of antimicrobial modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for the treatment of bone infections. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1244184. [PMID: 37600311 PMCID: PMC10436002 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1244184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the bone is a difficult problem in orthopedic diseases. The key and basis of the treatment of bone infection is the effective control of local infection, as well as the elimination of infection focus and dead cavities. The most commonly used approach utilized for the prevention and management of bone infection is the application of antibiotic bone cement. However, the incorporation of antibiotics into the cement matrix has been found to considerably compromise the mechanical characteristics of bone cement. Moreover, some investigations have indicated that the antibiotic release rate of antibiotic bone cement is relatively low. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its composites have been considered to perfectly address the challenges above, according to its favorable biomechanical characteristics and diverse surface functionalizations. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the antimicrobial modification of PEEK composites in the field of antibacterial therapy of bone infection. Furthermore, the potential application of PEEK-modified materials in clinical treatment was discussed and predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junxing Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Te Liu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Modi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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14
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Smith JA, Petersmann S, Arbeiter F, Schäfer U. Optimization and manufacture of polyetheretherketone patient specific cranial implants by material extrusion - A clinical perspective. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 144:105965. [PMID: 37343357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high performing thermoplastic that has established itself as a 'gold-standard' material for cranial reconstruction. Traditionally, milled PEEK patient specific cranial implants (PSCIs) exhibit uniform levels of smoothness (excusing suture/drainage holes) to the touch (<1 μm) and homogenous coloration throughout. They also demonstrate predictable and repeatable levels of mechanical performance, as they are machined from isotropic material blocks. The combination of such factors inspires confidence from the surgeon and in turn, approval for implantation. However, manufacturing lead-times and affiliated costs to fabricate a PSCI are high. To simplify their production and reduce expenditure, hospitals are exploring the production of in-house PEEK PSCIs by material extrusion-based additive manufacturing. From a geometrical and morphological perspective, such implants have been produced with good-to-satisfactory clinical results. However, lack of clinical adoption persists. To determine the reasoning behind this, it was necessary to assess the benefits and limitations of current printed PEEK PSCIs in order to establish the status quo. Afterwards, a review on individual PEEK printing variables was performed in order to identify a combination of parameters that could enhance the aesthetics and performance of the PSCIs to that of milled implants/cranial bone. The findings from this review could be used as a baseline to help standardize the production of PEEK PSCIs by material extrusion in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Smith
- Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2(9), 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sandra Petersmann
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Florian Arbeiter
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 2(9), 8036, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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15
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Karapidakis E. Box-Behnken modeling to quantify the impact of control parameters on the energy and tensile efficiency of PEEK in MEX 3D-printing. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18363. [PMID: 37539218 PMCID: PMC10395642 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, energy efficiency and saving in production engineering, including Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing, are of key importance to ensure process sustainability and cost-effectiveness. The functionality of parts made with MEX 3D-printing remains solid, especially for expensive high-performance polymers, for biomedical, automotive, and aerospace industries. Herein, the energy and tensile strength metrics are investigated over three key process control parameters (Nozzle Temperature, Layer Thickness, and Printing Speed), with the aid of laboratory-scale PEEK filaments fabricated with melt extrusion. A double optimization is attempted for the production by consuming minimum energy, of PEEK parts with improved strength. A three-level Box-Behnken design with five replicas for each experimental run was employed. Statistical analysis of the experimental findings proved that LT is the most decisive control setting for mechanical strength. An LT of 0.1 mm maximized the tensile endurance (∼74 MPa), but at the same time, it was responsible for the worst energy (∼0.58 MJ) and printing time (∼900 s) expenditure. The experimental and statistical findings are further discussed and interpreted using fractographic SEM and optical microscopy, revealing the 3D printing quality and the fracture mechanisms in the samples. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed. The findings hold measurable engineering and industrial merit, since they may be utilized to achieve an optimum case-dependent compromise between the usually contradictory goals of productivity, energy performance, and mechanical functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Karapidakis
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece
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16
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Zhen H, Zhao B, Quan L, Fu J. Effect of 3D Printing Process Parameters and Heat Treatment Conditions on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of PEEK Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092209. [PMID: 37177355 PMCID: PMC10181140 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) processed Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials are widely used in aerospace, automobile, biomedical, and electronics industries and other industries due to their excellent mechanical properties, thermal properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance, and biocompatibility, etc. However, the manufacture of PEEK materials and parts utilizing the FDM process faces the challenge of fine-tuning a list of process parameters and heat treatment conditions to reach the best-suiting mechanical properties and microstructures. It is non-trivial to make the selection only according to theoretical analysis while counting on a vast number of experiments is the general situation. Therefore, in this paper, the extrusion rate, filling angle, and printing orientation are investigated to adjust the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK parts; then, a variety of heat treatment conditions were applied to tune the crystallinity and strength. The results show that the best mechanical performance is achieved at 1.0 times the extrusion rate, varied angle cross-fillings with ±10° intervals, and vertical printing. Horizontal printing performs better with reduced warpage. Additionally, both crystallinity and mechanical properties are significantly improved after heat treatment, and the best state is achieved after holding at 300 °C for 2 h. The resulting tensile strength is close to 80% of the strength of injection-molded PEEK parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Zhen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Long Quan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Junyu Fu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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17
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Raees S, Ullah F, Javed F, Akil HM, Jadoon Khan M, Safdar M, Din IU, Alotaibi MA, Alharthi AI, Bakht MA, Ahmad A, Nassar AA. Classification, processing, and applications of bioink and 3D bioprinting: A detailed review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123476. [PMID: 36731696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement in 3D bioprinting technology, cell culture methods can design 3D environments which are both, complex and physiologically relevant. The main component in 3D bioprinting, bioink, can be split into various categories depending on the criterion of categorization. Although the choice of bioink and bioprinting process will vary greatly depending on the application, general features such as material properties, biological interaction, gelation, and viscosity are always important to consider. The foundation of 3D bioprinting is the exact layer-by-layer implantation of biological elements, biochemicals, and living cells with the spatial control of the implantation of functional elements onto the biofabricated 3D structure. Three basic strategies underlie the 3D bioprinting process: autonomous self-assembly, micro tissue building blocks, and biomimicry or biomimetics. Tissue engineering can benefit from 3D bioprinting in many ways, but there are still numerous obstacles to overcome before functional tissues can be produced and used in clinical settings. A better comprehension of the physiological characteristics of bioink materials and a higher level of ability to reproduce the intricate biologically mimicked and physiologically relevant 3D structures would be a significant improvement for 3D bioprinting to overcome the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Raees
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, 45520 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Ullah
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, NUMS, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Fatima Javed
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar 25000, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hazizan Md Akil
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Jadoon Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, 45520 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Pharmacy, Gomal University D. I Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 16278 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mshari A Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 16278 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 16278 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Afroz Bakht
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 16278 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 16278 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Nassar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 16278 Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Wu C, Xu F, Wang H, Liu H, Yan F, Ma C. Manufacturing Technologies of Polymer Composites-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030712. [PMID: 36772013 PMCID: PMC9919240 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites have been widely used in the aviation, aerospace, automotive, military, medical, agricultural and industrial fields due to their excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, flame retardant, impact resistance and corrosion resistance. In general, their manufacturing process is one of the key factors affecting the life cycle of polymer composites. This article provides an overview of typical manufacturing technologies, including surface coating, additive manufacturing and magnetic pulse powder compaction, which are normally used to reduce the failure behaviour of polymer composites in service so that the quality of composite products can be improved. Advanced polymer composite powder manufacturing processes, the processing mechanism and experimental methods are described, and the influence of different manufacturing processes on the moulding quality is revealed. This investigation can provide suitable methods for the selection of manufacturing technology to improve the quality of polymer composite products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Fan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing, Anshan 114051, China
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (H.W.)
| | - Huixiong Wang
- Ningbo Sunny Optoelectronic Information Co., Ltd., Yuyao, Ningbo 315400, China
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (H.W.)
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Mechanical and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210061, China
| | - Feng Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing, Anshan 114051, China
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19
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M’Bengue MS, Mesnard T, Chai F, Maton M, Gaucher V, Tabary N, García-Fernandez MJ, Sobocinski J, Martel B, Blanchemain N. Evaluation of a Medical Grade Thermoplastic Polyurethane for the Manufacture of an Implantable Medical Device: The Impact of FDM 3D-Printing and Gamma Sterilization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020456. [PMID: 36839778 PMCID: PMC9960613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is gaining interest in the medical industry thanks to the combination of tunable properties that TPU exhibits and the possibilities that 3DP processes offer concerning precision, time, and cost of fabrication. We investigated the implementation of a medical grade TPU by fused deposition modelling (FDM) for the manufacturing of an implantable medical device from the raw pellets to the gamma (γ) sterilized 3DP constructs. To the authors' knowledge, there is no such guide/study implicating TPU, FDM 3D-printing and gamma sterilization. Thermal properties analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and molecular weights measured by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were used as monitoring indicators through the fabrication process. After gamma sterilization, surface chemistry was assessed by water contact angle (WCA) measurement and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile testing. Biocompatibility was assessed by means of cytotoxicity (ISO 10993-5) and hemocompatibility assays (ISO 10993-4). Results showed that TPU underwent degradation through the fabrication process as both the number-averaged (Mn) and weight-averaged (Mw) molecular weights decreased (7% Mn loss, 30% Mw loss, p < 0.05). After gamma sterilization, Mw increased by 8% (p < 0.05) indicating that crosslinking may have occurred. However, tensile properties were not impacted by irradiation. Cytotoxicity (ISO 10993-5) and hemocompatibility (ISO 10993-4) assessments after sterilization showed vitality of cells (132% ± 3%, p < 0.05) and no red blood cell lysis. We concluded that gamma sterilization does not highly impact TPU regarding our application. Our study demonstrates the processability of TPU by FDM followed by gamma sterilization and can be used as a guide for the preliminary evaluation of a polymeric raw material in the manufacturing of a blood contacting implantable medical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Stella M’Bengue
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Mesnard
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut Coeur Poumon, Regional Hospital Center University of Lille (CHRU Lille), 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Feng Chai
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mickaël Maton
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Gaucher
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Tabary
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maria-José García-Fernandez
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Sobocinski
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut Coeur Poumon, Regional Hospital Center University of Lille (CHRU Lille), 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernard Martel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchemain
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1008—Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-320-626-975
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20
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Li Z, Li Y, Xu W, Yu J, Tong S, Zhang X, Ye X. 3D-printed polyether-ether-ketone/n-TiO 2 composite enhances the cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by downregulating miR-154-5p. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230636. [PMID: 36760721 PMCID: PMC9885016 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The object was to enhance the bioactivity of pure polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) by incorporating nano-TiO2 (n-TiO2) and investigate its potential mechanism. PEEK/n-TiO2 composite was manufactured using a 3D PEEK printer and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D profiler, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses. Cytocompatibility was tested using SEM, fluorescence, and cell counting kit-8 assays. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by osteogenic gene and mineralized nodule levels. The expression of the candidate miRNAs were detected in composite group, and its role in osteogenic differentiation was studied. As a results the 3D-printed PEEK/n-TiO2 composite (Φ = 25 mm, H = 2 mm) was successfully fabricated, and the TiO2 nanoparticles were well distributed and retained the nanoscale size of the powder. The Ra value of the composite surface was 2.69 ± 0.29, and Ti accounted for 22.29 ± 12.09% (in weight), and FT-IR analysis confirmed the characteristic peaks of TiO2. The cells in the composite group possessed better proliferation and osteogenic differentiation abilities than those in the PEEK group. miR-154-5p expression was decreased in the composite group, and the inhibition of miR-154-5p significantly enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation abilities. In conclusion, 3D-printed PEEK/n-TiO2 composite enhanced cytocompatibility and osteogenic induction ability by downregulating miR-154-5p, which provides a promising solution for improving the osteointegration of PEEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1111 XianXia Road, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jimin Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shichao Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200336, People’s Republic of China
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Ma T, Zhang J, Sun S, Meng W, Zhang Y, Wu J. Current treatment methods to improve the bioactivity and bonding strength of PEEK for dental application: A systematic review. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Limaye N, Veschini L, Coward T. Assessing biocompatibility & mechanical testing of 3D-printed PEEK versus milled PEEK. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12314. [PMID: 36590483 PMCID: PMC9800332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare mechanical properties of 3D-printed and milled poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials. To define post-production treatments to enhance biocompatibility of 3D-printed PEEK. Methods Standardised PEEK samples were produced via milling and fused-deposition-modelling 3D-printing. To evaluate mechanical properties, tensile strength, maximum flexural strength, fracture toughness, and micro-hardness were measured.3D printed samples were sandblasted with 50 or 125 μm aluminium oxide beads to increase biocompatibility.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated microstructure of 3D-printed and sandblasted samples, estimating surface roughness at scales from 1mm-1μm.Cell adhesion on 3D printed and sandblasted materials was evaluated by culturing primary human endothelial cells and osteoblasts (HUVEC, HOBS) and evaluating cell growth over 48 h. Results 3D printed materials had lower tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness, but higher micro-hardness.SEM analysis of 3D-printed surfaces showed sandblasting with 125 and 50 μm silica particles removed printing defects and created roughened surfaces for increased HUVEC and HOBs uniform cell adhesion and distribution. No cytotoxicity was observed over a 48h period, and all cells demonstrated >95% viability. Clinical significance 3D-printing of PEEK is an emerging technology with clear advantages over milling in maxillofacial implant production. Nonetheless, this manufacturing modality may produce 3D printed PEEK devices with lower mechanical resistance parameters compared to milled PEEK but with values compatible with natural bone. PEEK has poor osteoconductivity and ability to osseointegrate. Sandblasting is an inexpensive modality to remove irregular surface defects and create uniform micro-rough surfaces supporting cell attachment and potentially enhancing integration of PEEK implants with host tissue.
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Wang J, Lei J, Hu Y, Meng L, Li W, Zhu F, Xie B, Wang Y, Yang C, Wu Q. Calcium Silicate Whiskers-Enforced Poly(Ether-Ether-Ketone) Composites with Improved Mechanical Properties and Biological Activities for Bearing Bone Reconstruction. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200321. [PMID: 36057971 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) displays promising potential application in bone tissue repair and orthopedic surgery due to its good biocompatibility and chemical stability. However, the bio-inertness and poor mechanical strength of PEEK greatly limit its application in load-bearing bones. In this study, calcium silicate whiskers (CSws) are synthesized and then compounded with PEEK to fabricate the PEEK/CSw composites with excellent mechanical properties, biological activity. Compared with PEEK, the PEEK/CSw composites exhibited higher hydrophilicity and ability to deposit hydroxyapatite on the surface. CSws are evenly dispersed in the PEEK matrix at 10 wt% content and the mechanical strength of the PEEK/CSw composite is ≈96.9 ± 2.4 MPa, 136.3 ± 2.4 MPa, and 266.0 ± 3.2 MPa, corresponding to tensile strength, compressive strength, and bending strength, respectively, which is 20%, 18%, and 52% higher than that of pure PEEK. The composites improve the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, PEEK/CSw composite remarkably improves bone formation and osteointegration, which has higher bone repair capacity than PEEK. These results demonstrate that the PEEK/CSw scaffolds display superior abilities to integrate with the host bone and promising potential in the field of load bearing bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Lihui Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Youfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Material and Engineering Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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Biocompatibility of 3D-printed PLA, PEEK and PETG: Adhesion of Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Lavage Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193958. [PMID: 36235903 PMCID: PMC9571806 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples in the form of cylindrical plates, additively manufactured using the fused deposition modelling (or filament freeform fabrication, FDM/FFF) technology from polylactide (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK), were studied in series of in-vitro experiments on the adhesion of rat bone-marrow cells and rat peritoneal cells. Methods of estimation of the absolute number of cells and polymer samples’ mass change were used for the evaluation of cells adhesion, followed by the evaluation of cell-culture supernatants. The results of experiments for both types of cells demonstrated a statistically significant change in the absolute number of cells (variation from 44 to 119%) and the weight of the polymer samples (variation from 0.61 to 2.18%), depending on roughness of sample surface, controlled by a nozzle diameter of a 3D printer as well as printing layer height. It was found that more cells adhere to PLA samples with a larger nozzle diameter and layer height. For PETG samples, the results did not show a clear relationship between cell adhesion and printing parameters. For PEEK samples, on the contrary, adhesion to samples printed with a lower nozzle diameter (higher resolution) is better than to samples printed with a larger nozzle diameter (lower resolution). The difference in results for various polymers can be explained by their chemical structure.
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Zhang S, Long J, Chen L, Zhang J, Fan Y, Shi J, Huang Y. Treatment methods toward improving the anti-infection ability of poly(etheretherketone) implants for medical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112769. [PMID: 35994991 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to its favorable chemical stability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) is a promising material for repairing bone and dental hard tissue defects. However, there are critical disadvantages: PEEK is biologically and chemically inert, which influences osseointegration of implants and bonding strength of prostheses, and its mechanical properties still cannot meet the requirements for some medical applications. Furthermore, bacterial infections and inflammatory reactions often accompany bone defects caused by trauma or inflammation or teeth loss caused by periodontitis. Previous studies mainly focused on enhancing PEEK's bioactivity and mechanical performance, but PEEK also lacks effective anti-infection ability. Thus, it is necessary to improve its anti-infection ability, and this is considered in this paper from two aspects. The first is to inhibit the attachment and growth of bacteria on the material, and the second is to endow the material with immunoregulatory ability, which means mobilizing the host immune system to protect tissue from inflammation. In this review, we analyze and discuss the existing treatment methods to improve the antibacterial and immunomodulatory abilities of PEEK addressing their limitations, relevant future challenges, and required research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Jiazhen Long
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Yunjian Fan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Yuanjin Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, S366 Jiangnan Boulvard, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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Oladapo BI, Ismail SO, Ikumapayi OM, Karagiannidis PG. Impact of rGO-coated PEEK and lattice on bone implant. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112583. [PMID: 35662072 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The composite coating can effectively inhibit bacterial proliferation and promote the expression of bone-building genes in-vitro. Therefore, a novel production was used to produce poly-ether-ether-ketone, and reduced graphene oxide (PEEK-rGO) scaffolds with ratios of 1-3%, combining a different lattice for a bone implant. An inexpensive method was developed to prepare the new coatings on the PEEK scaffold with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Mechanical testing, data analysis and cell culture tests for in-vitro biocompatibility scaffold characterisation for the PEEK composite were conducted. Novel computation microanalysis of four-dimensional (4D) printing of microstructure of PEEK-rGO concerning the grain size and three dimensional (3D) morphology was influenced by furrow segmentation of grains cell growth on the composite, which was reduced from an average of 216-155 grains and increased to 253 grains on the last day. The proposed spherical nanoparticles cell grew with time after dispersed PEEK nanoparticles in calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) grains. Also, the mechanical tests were carried out to validate the strength of the new composites and compare them to that of a natural bone. The established 3D-printed PEEK composite scaffolds significantly exhibited the potential of bone implants for biomimetic heterogeneous bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankole I Oladapo
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Sunderland, UK; Sustainable Development, De Montfort University Leicester, UK.
| | - Sikiru O Ismail
- Centre for Engineering Research, Department of Engineering, University of Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Omolayo M Ikumapayi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Wang B, Huang M, Dang P, Xie J, Zhang X, Yan X. PEEK in Fixed Dental Prostheses: Application and Adhesion Improvement. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122323. [PMID: 35745900 PMCID: PMC9228596 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been widely applied in fixed dental prostheses, comprising crowns, fixed partial dentures, and post-and-core. PEEK’s excellent mechanical properties facilitate better stress distribution than conventional materials, protecting the abutment teeth. However, the stiffness of PEEK is not sufficient, which can be improved via fiber reinforcement. PEEK is biocompatible. It is nonmutagenic, noncytotoxic, and nonallergenic. However, the chemical stability of PEEK is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, PEEK is nondegradable and intraoral corrosion is minimized. On the other hand, the inert surface makes adhesive bonding difficult. Numerous strategies for improving the adhesive properties of PEEK have been explored, including acid etching, plasma treatment, airborne particle abrasion, laser treatment, and adhesive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyao Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Minghao Huang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China;
| | - Pengrui Dang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiahui Xie
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-024-31927731 (X.Z.); +86-024-31927715 (X.Y.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, No. 117 North Street Nanjing Road, Shenyang 110002, China; (B.W.); (P.D.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86-024-31927731 (X.Z.); +86-024-31927715 (X.Y.)
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Biomimetic glycopeptide hydrogel coated PCL/nHA scaffold for enhanced cranial bone regeneration via macrophage M2 polarization-induced osteo-immunomodulation. Biomaterials 2022; 285:121538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Feng Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, He X, Khan Y, Hu H, Lan P, Li Y, Wang X, Li G, Kaplan D. Intestinal stents: Structure, functionalization and advanced engineering innovation. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212810. [PMID: 35929235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stents are a palliative treatment option that solves many shortcomings of traditional surgeries for cancer-induced intestinal obstructions. The present review provides an overview of the incidence, clinical manifestations and limitations in the treatment of intestinal cancers. The paper also discusses material property requirements, indications, complications and the future of stent-assisted therapy. The advantages and disadvantages of different materials and processing techniques for intestinal stents are reviewed along with new stent treatment combinations for colorectal cancer. Challenges that require further cooperative studies are also detailed. The future development of intestinal stents will depend on innovation in material designs as well as the utilization of multi-functional strategies and innovative engineering solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Xiaowen He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Yousef Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Hong Hu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - David Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Nie B, Qu X, Yue B. Approaches to Biofunctionalize Polyetheretherketone for Antibacterial: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:895288. [PMID: 35646862 PMCID: PMC9136111 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.895288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to excellent mechanical properties and similar elastic modulus compared with human cortical bone, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has become one of the most promising orthopedic implant materials. However, implant-associated infections (IAIs) remain a challenging issue since PEEK is bio-inert. In order to fabricate an antibacterial bio-functional surface, modifications of PEEK had been widely investigated. This review summarizes the modification strategies to biofunctionalize PEEK for antibacterial. We will begin with reviewing different approaches, such as surface-coating modifications and controlled release of antimicrobials. Furthermore, blending modifications and 3D printing technology were discussed. Finally, we compare the effects among different approaches. We aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the antibacterial modification and optimize the design of the PEEK orthopedic implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shutao Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin’en Nie
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Yue,
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A Comprehensive Study on the Applications of Clays into Advanced Technologies, with a Particular Attention on Biomedicine and Environmental Remediation. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a great interest has arisen around the integration of naturally occurring clays into a plethora of advanced technological applications, quite far from the typical fabrication of traditional ceramics. This “second (technological) life” of clays into fields of emerging interest is mainly due to clays’ peculiar properties, in particular their ability to exchange (capture) ions, their layered structure, surface area and reactivity, and their biocompatibility. Since the maximization of clay performances/exploitations passes through the comprehension of the mechanisms involved, this review aims at providing a useful text that analyzes the main goals reached by clays in different fields coupled with the analysis of the structure-property correlations. After providing an introduction mainly focused on the economic analysis of clays global trading, clays are classified basing on their structural/chemical composition. The main relevant physicochemical properties are discussed (particular attention has been dedicated to the influence of interlayer composition on clay properties). Lastly, a deep analysis of the main relevant nonconventional applications of clays is presented. Several case studies describing the use of clays in biomedicine, environmental remediation, membrane technology, additive manufacturing, and sol-gel processes are presented, and results critically discussed.
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Panin SV, Alexenko VO, Buslovich DG. High Performance Polymer Composites: A Role of Transfer Films in Ensuring Tribological Properties-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050975. [PMID: 35267795 PMCID: PMC8912496 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize data on the structure, mechanical and tribological properties, and wear patterns of composites based on high-performance polymers (HPPs) intended for use in friction units. The review includes three key sections, divided according to the tribological contact schemes regardless of the polymer matrix. In the second part, the analysis of composites is carried out in point contacts. The third section is devoted to the results of studies of HPP-based composites in linear ones. The fourth section summarizes information on flat contacts. Particular attention is paid to the formation of transfer films (TFs) in the contacts and their influence on the tribological patterns of the studied rubbing materials. As a conclusion, it is noted that the challenge of experimental methods for analyzing TFs, stated by K. Friedrich, is effectively solved in recent studies by the XPS method, which enables us to accurately determine their composition. Although this determination is completed after the tribological tests, it allows not only a more accurate interpretation of their results considering specific conditions and loading schemes, but also the ability to design HPP-based composites that form required TFs performing their preset functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Panin
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymer Composite Materials, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (V.O.A.); (D.G.B.)
- Department of Materials Science, Engineering School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladislav O. Alexenko
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymer Composite Materials, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (V.O.A.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Dmitry G. Buslovich
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Polymer Composite Materials, Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (V.O.A.); (D.G.B.)
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Fabrication, Characterization and In Vitro Assessment of Laevistrombus canarium-Derived Hydroxyapatite Particulate-Filled Polymer Composite for Implant Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050872. [PMID: 35267694 PMCID: PMC8912798 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the formulation, characterization, and in vitro studies of polymer composite material impregnated with naturally derived hydroxyapatite (HA) particulates for biomedical implant applications. Laevistrombus canarium (LC) seashells (SS) were collected, washed and cleaned, sun-dried for 24 h, and ground into powder particulates. The SS particulates of different weight percentages (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%)-loaded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were fabricated by compression molding for comparative in vitro assessment. A temperature-controlled compression molding technique was used with the operating pressure of 2 to 3 bars for particulate retention in the HDPE matrix during molding. The HDPE/LC composite was fabricated and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and TGA. Mechanical properties such as tensile, compression, flexural, hardness, and also surface roughness were tested as per ASTM standards. Mass degradation and thermal stability of the HDPE/LC composite were evaluated at different temperatures ranging from 10 to 700 °C using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The maximum tensile strength was found to be 27 ± 0.5 MPa for 30 wt% HDPE/LC composite. The thermal energy absorbed during endothermic processes was recorded as 71.24 J/g and the peak melting temperature (Tm) was found to be 128.4 °C for the same 30 wt% of HDPE/LC composite specimen. Excellent cell viability was observed during the in vitro biocompatibility study for EtO-sterilized 30 wt% of HDPE/LC composite specimen, except for a report of mild cytotoxicity in the case of higher concentration (50 µL) of the MG-63 cell line. The results demonstrate the potential of the fabricated composite as a suitable biomaterial for medical implant applications.
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Hu G, Zhu Y, Xu F, Ye J, Guan J, Jiang Y, Di M, Li Z, Guan H, Yao X. Comparison of surface properties, cell behaviors, bone regeneration and osseointegration between nano tantalum/PEEK composite and nano silicon nitride/PEEK composite. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:35-56. [PMID: 34464239 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1974812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Both tantalum (Ta) and silicon nitride (SN) exhibit osteogenic bioactivity and antibacterial property. In addition, as a biomaterial for bone repair, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has outstanding biocompatibility and mechanical performances while it is biologically inert. In this study, by blending PEEK with Ta and SN nanoparticles, respectively, Ta/PEEK composite (TPC) and SN/PEEK composite (SPC) were fabricated for load-bearing bone repair. The surface roughness, hydrophilicity and surface energy of TPC containing Ta nanoparticles were higher than SPC containing SN nanoparticles and PEEK. In addition, TPC with Ta nanoparticles exhibited low antibacterial property while SPC with SN nanoparticles showed high bacterial property. Moreover, the MC3T3-E1 cells responses (e.g. proliferation and differentiation) to TPC was the highest while PEEK was the lowest in vitro. Furthermore, new bone formation and osseointegration for TPC was the highest while PEEK was the lowest in vivo. In conclusion, compared with PEEK, addition of Ta and SN nanoparticles into PEEK fabricated bioactive composites of TPC and SPC with optimized surface property, which played crucial roles in inducing cellular response/bone regeneration. Although the osteogenic activity of SPC was lower than TPC, SPC exhibited osteogenic activity and good antibacterial property, which could prevent infection from bacterial. Therefore, SPC would have better potential for bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangqi Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiakuan Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqian Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meijuan Di
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhennan Li
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Guan
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocong Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Guo C, Lu R, Wang X, Chen S. Antibacterial activity, bio-compatibility and osteogenic differentiation of graphene oxide coating on 3D-network poly-ether-ether-ketone for orthopaedic implants. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:135. [PMID: 34704134 PMCID: PMC8550550 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) has attracted increasing attention as a promising orthopaedic implant material owing to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, its antibacterial properties must be improved as an implant material. In this study, PEEK was sulfonated to obtain a porous surface, and graphene oxide (GO) was deposited to form a coating with antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. After PEEK was sulfonated for different durations, GO was deposited on the surface to prepare the coating (SPEEK-GO), which was then characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. The in vitro study included antimicrobial and cellular tests. The results showed that the PEEK sulfonated using a 10-min treatment exhibited a uniform porous structure and provided a better basal surface for the deposition of GO. The SPEEK-GO coating displayed strong antibacterial activity against two common dental pathogens. It exhibited good adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1. Moreover, it showed osteogenic differentiation as bone implant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Guo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Lu
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Chen
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili No.4, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Yi Y, Wang C, Ding L, Wang R, Wu G. Effect of Acid-Etching Duration on the Adhesive Performance of Printed Polyetheretherketone to Veneering Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203509. [PMID: 34685268 PMCID: PMC8538367 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing polyetheretherketone (PEEK) provides a new choice for dental prostheses, while its appropriate bonding procedure and adhesive performance are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the adhesive performance of printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) after acid etching to veneering resin. In total, 182 PEEK specimens (including 91 printed and 91 milled specimens) were distributed to 14 subgroups (n = 13/subgroup), according to the manufacturing process and surface treatment. The specimens were polished and etched with sulfuric acid for 0, 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 300 s, respectively. Two specimens in each subgroup were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface and cross-section morphology separately. Then, the specimens were treated with a bonding primer, and one specimen in each subgroup was prepared for cross-sectional observation under SEM. The residual 10 specimens of each subgroup bonded with veneering resin were tested with the shear bond strength tests (SBS) and failure modes analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the SNK-q post hoc test (p < 0.05). The etched pores on the PEEK surface were broadened and deepened under SEM over time. Printed PEEK etched for 30 s obtained the best SBS-to-veneering-resin ratio (27.90 ± 3.48 MPa) among the printed subgroups (p < 0.05) and had no statistical differences compared with milled PEEK etched for 30 s. The SBS of the milled subgroups etched from 5 to 120 s were over 29 MPa without significant between-group statistical differences. Hence, printed PEEK can be coarsened effectively by 30 s of sulfuric acid etching. The adhesion efficacy of printed PEEK to veneering resin was qualified for clinical requirements of polymer-based fixed dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Yingjie Yi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruijin Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (R.W.)
- Digital Engineering Center of Stomatology and Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
- Correspondence:
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Nanostructural interface and strength of polymer composite scaffolds applied to intervertebral bone. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fabrication of Mg Coating on PEEK and Antibacterial Evaluation for Bone Application. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an alternative biomedical polymer material to traditional metal and ceramic biomaterials. However, as a bioinert material, its wide application in the medical field is seriously restricted due to its lack of bioactivity. In this research, pure Mg was successfully deposited on a PEEK substrate by vapor deposition to improve the antibacterial properties of PEEK implants. The morphology and elemental composition of the coating were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The higher the deposition temperature, the larger the Mg particle size. The Mg coating possesses a hydrophilic surface and a higher surface free energy that create its good biocompatibility. The Mg coating on a PEEK substrate withstands up to 56 days’ immersion. The antibacterial test showed that the antibacterial rate of coated PEEK is 99%. Mg-coated PEEK demonstrates promising antibacterial properties.
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