Engineering a curcumol-loaded porphyrinic metal-organic framework for enhanced cancer photodynamic therapy

Recent Advances in Glutathione Depletion-Enhanced Porphyrin-Based nMOFs for Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy has established itself as a clinical treatment for certain superficial cancers by converting oxygen into cytotoxic singlet oxygen to eradicate cancer cells. Porphyrin-based nanoscale metal-organic frameworks have emerged as promising photosensitive platforms due to their ability to prevent the hydrophobic aggregation quenching of porphyrin molecules and enhance accumulation at the tumor site, thereby becoming a focal point in photodynamic materials research. However, the elevated levels of glutathione and other reductive substances within cancer cells can alleviate the oxidative stress induced by singlet oxygen from the photodynamic therapy process, thus protecting intracellular biomolecular structures from damage. Consequently, it is crucial to design functionalized nanoplatforms that integrate glutathione depletion with porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks to significantly boost photodynamic therapy efficacy. Moreover, the excess glutathione within cells can disrupt the structure of porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks, which not only increases the capacity of porphyrin molecules to generate singlet oxygen upon light exposure but also aids in the recovery of their fluorescence imaging capabilities. Additionally, this specificity minimizes the photosensitizing harm of porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks to other normal tissues. This review compiles recent advancements in developing porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks for enhanced phototherapy through glutathione depletion. It aims to promote the further application of porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks in phototherapy and provide valuable insights for preclinical applications. By highlighting strategies that improve therapeutic outcomes while maintaining safety profiles, this summary seeks to advance the development of more effective and targeted cancer treatments.

The Potential of Photodynamic Therapy Using Solid Lipid Nanoparticles with Aluminum Phthalocyanine Chloride as a Nanocarrier for Modulating Immunogenic Cell Death in Murine Melanoma In Vitro

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill target cells. In cancer treatments, PDT can potentially induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is characterized by a well-controlled exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate dendritic cells (DCs) and consequently modulate the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. However, PDT still has limitations, such as the activity of photosensitizers in aqueous media and poor bioavailability. Therefore, a new photosensitizer system, SLN-AlPc, has been developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. In vitro experiments showed that the light-excited nanocarrier increased ROS production in murine melanoma B16-F10 cells and modulated the profile of DCs. PDT induced cell death accompanied by the exposure of DAMPs and the formation of autophagosomes. In addition, the DCs exposed to PDT-treated B16-F10 cells exhibited morphological changes, increased expression of MHCII, CD86, CD80, and production of IL-12 and IFN-γ, suggesting immune activation towards an antitumor profile. These results indicate that the SLNs-AlPc protocol has the potential to improve PDT efficacy by inducing ICD and activating DCs.

Curcumol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, structure-activity relationships, and potential applications

Curcumol (Cur), a guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid hemiketal, is an important and representative bioactive component extracted from the essential oil of the rhizomes of Curcumae rhizoma which is also known as "Ezhu" in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, Cur has received considerable attention from the research community due to its favorable pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-convulsant, and other activities, and has also exerted therapeutic effect on various cancers, liver diseases, inflammatory diseases, and infectious diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that Cur is rapidly distributed in almost all organs of rats after intragastric administration with high concentrations in the small intestine and colon. Several studies focusing on structure-activity relationship (SAR) of Cur have shown that some Cur derivatives, chemically modified at C-8 or C-14, exhibited more potent anti-cancer activity and lower toxicity than Cur itself. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the latest advances in the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of Cur in the last decade with a focus on its anti-cancer and hepatoprotective potentials, as well as the research progress in drug delivery system and potential applications of Cur to date, to provide researchers with the latest information, to highlighted the limitations of relevant research at the current stage and the aspects that should be addressed in future research. Our results indicate that Cur and its derivatives could serve as potential novel agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases, particularly cancer and liver diseases.

Biomedical application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in cancer therapy: Stimuli-responsive and biomimetic nanocomposites in targeted delivery, phototherapy and diagnosis

The nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that has become a hot topic in cancer therapy. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials and hybrid composites consisted of organic linkers and metal cations. Despite the wide application of MOFs in other fields, the potential of MOFs for purpose of cancer therapy has been revealed by the recent studies. High surface area and porosity, significant drug loading and encapsulation efficiency are among the benefits of using MOFs in drug delivery. MOFs can deliver genes/drugs with selective targeting of tumor cells that can be achieved through functionalization with ligands. The photosensitizers and photo-responsive nanostructures including carbon dots and gold nanoparticles can be loaded in/on MOFs to cause phototherapy-mediated tumor ablation. The immunogenic cell death induction and increased infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells can be accelerated by MOF platforms in providing immunotherapy of tumor cells. The stimuli-responsive MOF platforms responsive to pH, redox, enzyme and ion can accelerate release of therapeutics in tumor site. Moreover, MOF nanocomposites can be modified ligands and green polymers to improve their selectivity and biocompatibility for cancer therapy. The application of MOFs for the detection of cancer-related biomarkers can participate in the early diagnosis of patients.

Essential oils and their nanoformulations for breast cancer therapy

Breast Cancer (BC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world. Current treatments include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy but often are associated with high toxicity to normal tissues, chemoresistance, and relapse. Thus, developing novel therapies which could combat these limitations is essential for effective treatment. In this context, phytochemicals are increasingly getting popular due to their safety profile, ability to efficiently target tumors, and circumvent limitations of existing treatments. Essential Oils (EOs) are mixtures of various phytochemicals which have shown potential anticancer activity in preclinical BC models. However, their clinical translation is limited by factors such as high volatility, low stability, and poor solubility. Nanotechnology has facilitated their encapsulation in a variety of nanostructures and proven to overcome these limitations. In this review, we have efficiently summarized the current knowledge on the anticancer effect of EOs and constituents in both in in vitro and in in vivo BC models. Further, we also provide a descriptive account on the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing the anti-BC activity of EOs and their constituents. The papers discussed in this review were selected using the keywords "antiproliferative Essential Oils in breast cancer," "anticancer activity of Essential Oil in breast cancer," and "cytotoxicity of Essential Oils in breast cancer" performed in PubMed and ScienceDirect databases.

Research development of porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks: targeting modalities and cancer therapeutic applications

Porphyrins are naturally occurring organic molecules that have attracted widespread attention for their potential in the field of biomedical research. Porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that utilize porphyrin molecules as organic ligands have gained attention from researchers due to their excellent results as photosensitizers in tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT). Additionally, MOFs hold significant promise and potential for other tumor therapeutic approaches due to their tunable size and pore size, excellent porosity, and ultra-high specific surface area. Active delivery of nanomaterials via targeted molecules for tumor therapy has demonstrated greater accumulation, lower drug doses, higher therapeutic efficacy, and reduced side effects relative to passive targeting through the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the targeting methods employed by porphyrin-based MOFs in tumor targeting therapy over the past few years. It further discusses the applications of porphyrin-based MOFs for targeted cancer therapy through various therapeutic methods. The objective of this paper is to provide a valuable reference and source of ideas for targeted therapy using porphyrin-based MOF materials and to inspire further exploration of their potential in the field of cancer therapy.

Hybrid Nanomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapy

Nano-immunotherapy has been recognized as a highly promising strategy for cancer treatment in recent decades, which combines nanotechnology and immunotherapy to combat against tumors. Hybrid nanomaterials consisting of at least two constituents with distinct compositions and properties, usually organic and inorganic, have been engineered with integrated functions and enormous potential in boosting cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a summary of hybrid nanomaterials reported for cancer immunotherapy, including nanoscale metal-organic frameworks, metal-phenolic networks, mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles, metallofullerene nanomaterials, polymer-lipid, and biomacromolecule-based hybrid nanomaterials. The combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, radiodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and sonodynamic therapy based on hybrid nanomaterials is also discussed. Finally, the current challenges and the prospects for designing hybrid nanomaterials and their application in cancer immunotherapy are outlined.

Targeted implementation strategies of precise photodynamic therapy based on clinical and technical demands

With the development of materials science, photodynamic-based treatments have gradually entered clinics. Photodynamic therapy is ideal for cancer treatment due to its non-invasive and spatiotemporal properties and is the first to be widely promoted in clinical practice. However, the shortcomings resulting from the gap between technical and clinical demands, such as phototoxicity, low tissue permeability, and tissue hypoxia, limit its wide applications. This article reviews the available data regarding the pharmacological and clinical factors affecting the efficacy of photodynamic therapy, such as photosensitizers and oxygen supply, disease diagnosis, and other aspects of photodynamic therapy. In addition, the synergistic treatment of photodynamic therapy with surgery and nanotechnology is also discussed, which is expected to provide inspiration for the design of photodynamic therapy strategies.

Chinese Medicine Enhancing Response Rates to Immunosuppressant PD-L1 Inhibitor and Improving the Quality of Life of Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Bearing Mice

Background

Malignant tumors are a significant disease endangering human health. Chinese Medicine (CM) plays an important role in comprehensive and holistic tumor treatment.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate whether CM combined with the immunosuppressant PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor has a good synergistic effect and can significantly improve response rates for the immunosuppressant.

Methods

We combined CM with immunosuppressant in treating six-week-old hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mice and compared the outcomes of groups undergoing different interventions: blank group, control group, CM group, PD-L1 inhibitor group, and CM + PD-L1 inhibitor group, with ten mice in each group. The quality of life was evaluated along with the tumor inhibition effects and growth rates.

Results

CM significantly reduced tumor load and improved the quality of life of cancer-bearing mice. The survival rate was 81.8% in the control group, 100% in the CM group, 90.9% in the PD-L1 inhibitor group, and 100% in the combined group in the first week. The survival rate was 45.5% in the control group, 54.5% in the CM group, 81.8% in the PD-L1 inhibitor group, and 81.8% in the combined group in the second week. 38% mice in the CM+PD-L1 inhibitor group with smaller tumor size than the average of the control group, which was much higher than other treatment groups. CM also reduced the expression of JAK2 mRNA and STAT3 mRNA, although not significantly (P > 0.05), and reduced PD-L1 mRNA in tumor tissue compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

CM had a synergistic effect on PD-L1 inhibitors and increased response rates to PD-L1 inhibitor treatment.