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Ferdaus J, Rochy EA, Biswas U, Tiang JJ, Nahid AA. Analyzing Diabetes Detection and Classification: A Bibliometric Review (2000-2023). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5346. [PMID: 39205040 PMCID: PMC11359783 DOI: 10.3390/s24165346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bibliometric analysis is a rigorous method to analyze significant quantities of bibliometric data to assess their impact on a particular field. This study used bibliometric analysis to investigate the academic research on diabetes detection and classification from 2000 to 2023. The PRISMA 2020 framework was followed to identify, filter, and select relevant papers. This study used the Web of Science database to determine relevant publications concerning diabetes detection and classification using the keywords "diabetes detection", "diabetes classification", and "diabetes detection and classification". A total of 863 publications were selected for analysis. The research applied two bibliometric techniques: performance analysis and science mapping. Various bibliometric parameters, including publication analysis, trend analysis, citation analysis, and networking analysis, were used to assess the performance of these articles. The analysis findings showed that India, China, and the United States are the top three countries with the highest number of publications and citations on diabetes detection and classification. The most frequently used keywords are machine learning, diabetic retinopathy, and deep learning. Additionally, the study identified "classification", "diagnosis", and "validation" as the prevailing topics for diabetes identification. This research contributes valuable insights into the academic landscape of diabetes detection and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Ferdaus
- Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; (J.F.), (E.A.R.)
| | - Esmay Azam Rochy
- Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; (J.F.), (E.A.R.)
| | - Uzzal Biswas
- Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; (J.F.), (E.A.R.)
| | - Jun Jiat Tiang
- Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah-Al Nahid
- Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh; (J.F.), (E.A.R.)
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Weatherall T, Avsar P, Nugent L, Moore Z, McDermott JH, Sreenan S, Wilson H, McEvoy NL, Derwin R, Chadwick P, Patton D. The impact of machine learning on the prediction of diabetic foot ulcers - A systematic review. J Tissue Viability 2024:S0965-206X(24)00109-8. [PMID: 39019690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, diabetes mellitus poses a significant health challenge as well as the associated complications of diabetes, such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The early detection of DFUs is important in the healing process and machine learning may be able to help inform clinical staff during the treatment process. METHODS A PRISMA-informed search of the literature was completed via the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, CINAHL Plus and Scopus databases for reports published in English and in the last ten years. The primary outcome of interest was the impact of machine learning on the prediction of DFUs. The secondary outcome was the statistical performance measures reported. Data were extracted using a predesigned data extraction tool. Quality appraisal was undertaken using the evidence-based librarianship critical appraisal tool. RESULTS A total of 18 reports met the inclusion criteria. Nine reports proposed models to identify two classes, either healthy skin or a DFU. Nine reports proposed models to predict the progress of DFUs, for example, classing infection versus non-infection, or using wound characteristics to predict healing. A variety of machine learning techniques were proposed. Where reported, sensitivity = 74.53-98 %, accuracy = 64.6-99.32 %, precision = 62.9-99 %, and the F-measure = 52.05-99.0 %. CONCLUSIONS A variety of machine learning models were suggested to successfully classify DFUs from healthy skin, or to inform the prediction of DFUs. The proposed machine learning models may have the potential to inform the clinical practice of managing DFUs and may help to improve outcomes for individuals with DFUs. Future research may benefit from the development of a standard device and algorithm that detects, diagnoses and predicts the progress of DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagan Weatherall
- Skin Wounds and Trauma (SWaT) Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Pinar Avsar
- Skin Wounds and Trauma (SWaT) Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Linda Nugent
- Skin Wounds and Trauma (SWaT) Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zena Moore
- Skin Wounds and Trauma (SWaT) Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia; Lida Institute, Shanghai, China; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; University of Wales, Cardiff, UK; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Wiser Wound Care, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - John H McDermott
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Seamus Sreenan
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Hannah Wilson
- Skin Wounds and Trauma (SWaT) Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Natalie L McEvoy
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Rosemarie Derwin
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Paul Chadwick
- Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK; Spectral MD, London, UK.
| | - Declan Patton
- Skin Wounds and Trauma (SWaT) Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; School of Nursing and Midwifery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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Guo H, Xiao K, Zheng Y, Zong J. Integrating bioinformatics and multiple machine learning to identify mitophagy-related targets for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: evidence from transcriptome analysis and drug docking. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1420136. [PMID: 39044840 PMCID: PMC11263085 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1420136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot ulcers are the most common and serious complication of diabetes mellitus, the high morbidity, mortality, and disability of which greatly diminish the quality of life of patients and impose a heavy socioeconomic burden. Thus, it is urgent to identify potential biomarkers and targeted drugs for diabetic foot ulcers. Methods In this study, we downloaded datasets related to diabetic foot ulcers from gene expression omnibus. Dysregulation of mitophagy-related genes was identified by differential analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Multiple machine algorithms were utilized to identify hub mitophagy-related genes, and a novel artificial neural network model for assisting in the diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers was constructed based on their transcriptome expression patterns. Finally, potential drugs that can target hub mitophagy-related genes were identified using the Enrichr platform and molecular docking methods. Results In this study, we identified 702 differentially expressed genes related to diabetic foot ulcers, and enrichment analysis showed that these genes were associated with mitochondria and energy metabolism. Subsequently, we identified hexokinase-2, small ribosomal subunit protein us3, and l-lactate dehydrogenase A chain as hub mitophagy-related genes of diabetic foot ulcers using multiple machine learning algorithms and validated their diagnostic performance in a validation cohort independent of the present study (The areas under roc curve of hexokinase-2, small ribosomal subunit protein us3, and l-lactate dehydrogenase A chain are 0.671, 0.870, and 0.739, respectively). Next, we constructed a novel artificial neural network model for the molecular diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers, and the diagnostic performance of the training cohort and validation cohort was good, with areas under roc curve of 0.924 and 0.840, respectively. Finally, we identified retinoic acid and estradiol as promising anti-diabetic foot ulcers by targeting hexokinase-2 (-6.6 and -7.2 kcal/mol), small ribosomal subunit protein us3 (-7.5 and -8.3 kcal/mol), and l-lactate dehydrogenase A chain (-7.6 and -8.5 kcal/mol). Conclusion The present study identified hexokinase-2, small ribosomal subunit protein us3 and l-lactate dehydrogenase A chain, and emphasized their critical roles in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers through multiple dimensions, providing promising diagnostic biomarkers and targeted drugs for diabetic foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kui Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Zheng
- Department of Critical Medicine, Wusong Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchun Zong
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Thirunavukkarasu U, Umapathy S, Ravi V, Alahmadi TJ. Tongue image fusion and analysis of thermal and visible images in diabetes mellitus using machine learning techniques. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14571. [PMID: 38914599 PMCID: PMC11196274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to achieve the following objectives: (1) to perform the fusion of thermal and visible tongue images with various fusion rules of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to classify diabetes and normal subjects; (2) to obtain the statistical features in the required region of interest from the tongue image before and after fusion; (3) to distinguish the healthy and diabetes using fused tongue images based on deep and machine learning algorithms. The study participants comprised of 80 normal subjects and age- and sex-matched 80 diabetes patients. The biochemical tests such as fasting glucose, postprandial, Hba1c are taken for all the participants. The visible and thermal tongue images are acquired using digital single lens reference camera and thermal infrared cameras, respectively. The digital and thermal tongue images are fused based on the wavelet transform method. Then Gray level co-occurrence matrix features are extracted individually from the visible, thermal, and fused tongue images. The machine learning classifiers and deep learning networks such as VGG16 and ResNet50 was used to classify the normal and diabetes mellitus. Image quality metrics are implemented to compare the classifiers' performance before and after fusion. Support vector machine outperformed the machine learning classifiers, well after fusion with an accuracy of 88.12% compared to before the fusion process (Thermal-84.37%; Visible-63.1%). VGG16 produced the classification accuracy of 94.37% after fusion and attained 90.62% and 85% before fusion of individual thermal and visible tongue images, respectively. Therefore, this study results indicates that fused tongue images might be used as a non-contact elemental tool for pre-screening type II diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Snekhalatha Umapathy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
- College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts, Batangas University, Batangas City, Philippines.
| | - Vinayakumar Ravi
- Center for Artificial Intelligence, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahani Jaser Alahmadi
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Silva DFB, Firmino RT, Fugolin APP, Melo SLS, Nóbrega MTC, de Melo DP. Is thermography an effective screening tool for differentiating benign and malignant skin lesions in the head and neck? A systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:404. [PMID: 38878184 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess, through a systematic review, the status of infrared thermography (IRT) as a diagnostic tool for skin neoplasms of the head and neck region and in order to validate its effectiveness in differentiating benign and malignant lesions. A search was carried out in the LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science and EMBASE databases including studies published between 2004 and 2024, written in the Latin-Roman alphabet. Accuracy studies with patients aged 18 years or over presenting benign and malignant lesions in the head and neck region that evaluated the performance of IRT in differentiating these lesions were included. Lesions of mesenchymal origin and studies that did not mention histopathological diagnosis were excluded. The systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023416079). Reviewers independently analyzed titles, abstracts, and full-texts. After extracting data, the risk of bias of the selected studies was assessed using the QUADAS - 2 tool. Results were narratively synthesized and the certainty of evidence was measured using the GRADE approach. The search resulted in 1,587 records and three studies were included. Only one of the assessed studies used static IRT, while the other two studies used cold thermal stress. All studies had an uncertain risk of bias. In general, studies have shown wide variation in the accuracy of IRT for differentiating between malignant and benign lesions, with a low level of certainty in the evidence for both specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Filipe Bezerra Silva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Paraíba, Bairro Universitário, R. Baraúnas, 351, Campina Grande, 58429-500, PB, Brazil.
| | - Ramon Targino Firmino
- Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, 58700-970, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo L Sousa Melo
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Marina Tavares Costa Nóbrega
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Paraíba, Bairro Universitário, R. Baraúnas, 351, Campina Grande, 58429-500, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pita de Melo
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Guan H, Wang Y, Niu P, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Miao R, Fang X, Yin R, Zhao S, Liu J, Tian J. The role of machine learning in advancing diabetic foot: a review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1325434. [PMID: 38742201 PMCID: PMC11089132 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1325434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot complications impose a significant strain on healthcare systems worldwide, acting as a principal cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. While traditional methods in diagnosing and treating these conditions have faced limitations, the emergence of Machine Learning (ML) technologies heralds a new era, offering the promise of revolutionizing diabetic foot care through enhanced precision and tailored treatment strategies. Objective This review aims to explore the transformative impact of ML on managing diabetic foot complications, highlighting its potential to advance diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic approaches by leveraging developments in medical imaging, biomarker detection, and clinical biomechanics. Methods A meticulous literature search was executed across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to identify pertinent articles published up to March 2024. The search strategy was carefully crafted, employing a combination of keywords such as "Machine Learning," "Diabetic Foot," "Diabetic Foot Ulcers," "Diabetic Foot Care," "Artificial Intelligence," and "Predictive Modeling." This review offers an in-depth analysis of the foundational principles and algorithms that constitute ML, placing a special emphasis on their relevance to the medical sciences, particularly within the specialized domain of diabetic foot pathology. Through the incorporation of illustrative case studies and schematic diagrams, the review endeavors to elucidate the intricate computational methodologies involved. Results ML has proven to be invaluable in deriving critical insights from complex datasets, enhancing both the diagnostic precision and therapeutic planning for diabetic foot management. This review highlights the efficacy of ML in clinical decision-making, underscored by comparative analyses of ML algorithms in prognostic assessments and diagnostic applications within diabetic foot care. Conclusion The review culminates in a prospective assessment of the trajectory of ML applications in the realm of diabetic foot care. We believe that despite challenges such as computational limitations and ethical considerations, ML remains at the forefront of revolutionizing treatment paradigms for the management of diabetic foot complications that are globally applicable and precision-oriented. This technological evolution heralds unprecedented possibilities for treatment and opportunities for enhancing patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Guan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Niu
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runyu Miao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Fang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyang Yin
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxing Tian
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hossen MM, Ashraf A, Hasan M, Majid ME, Nashbat M, Kashem SBA, Kunju AKA, Khandakar A, Mahmud S, Chowdhury MEH. GCDN-Net: Garbage classifier deep neural network for recyclable urban waste management. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:439-450. [PMID: 38113669 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The escalating waste volume due to urbanization and population growth has underscored the need for advanced waste sorting and recycling methods to ensure sustainable waste management. Deep learning models, adept at image recognition tasks, offer potential solutions for waste sorting applications. These models, trained on extensive waste image datasets, possess the ability to discern unique features of diverse waste types. Automating waste sorting hinges on robust deep learning models capable of accurately categorizing a wide range of waste types. In this study, a multi-stage machine learning approach is proposed to classify different waste categories using the "Garbage In, Garbage Out" (GIGO) dataset of 25,000 images. The novel Garbage Classifier Deep Neural Network (GCDN-Net) is introduced as a comprehensive solution, adept in both single-label and multi-label classification tasks. Single-label classification distinguishes between garbage and non-garbage images, while multi-label classification identifies distinct garbage categories within single or multiple images. The performance of GCDN-Net is rigorously evaluated and compared against state-of-the-art waste classification methods. Results demonstrate GCDN-Net's excellence, achieving 95.77% accuracy, 95.78% precision, 95.77% recall, 95.77% F1-score, and 95.54% specificity when classifying waste images, outperforming existing models in single-label classification. In multi-label classification, GCDN-Net attains an overall Mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.69 and an F1-score of 75.01%. The reliability of network performance is affirmed through saliency map-based visualization generated by Score-CAM (class activation mapping). In conclusion, deep learning-based models exhibit efficacy in categorizing diverse waste types, paving the way for automated waste sorting and recycling systems that can mitigate costs and processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mosarrof Hossen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Azad Ashraf
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mazhar Hasan
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Molla E Majid
- Computer Applications Department, Academic Bridge Program, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mohammad Nashbat
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Saad Bin Abul Kashem
- Department of Computing Science, AFG College with the University of Aberdeen, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ali K Ansaruddin Kunju
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sakib Mahmud
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Sulaiman R, Azeman NH, Mokhtar MHH, Mobarak NN, Abu Bakar MH, Bakar AAA. Hybrid ensemble-based machine learning model for predicting phosphorus concentrations in hydroponic solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123327. [PMID: 37708761 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, label-free, and rapid methods for measuring phosphorus concentrations are essential in a hydroponic system, as excessive or insufficient phosphorus levels can adversely affect plant growth, human health, and environmental sustainability. In this study, we demonstrate the advantages of hybrid machine learning models compared to single machine learning models in predicting phosphorus concentration based on the absorbance dataset. Three machine learning classifiers- Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)- were employed as bases for single and hybrid machine learning models. Three ensemble techniques (voting, bagging, and stacking) were used to hybridize the classifiers. Among the single models, KNN demonstrated the fastest computational time of 18.07 s, while SVM achieved the highest accuracy of 99.6%. The hybrid SVM/KNN model using a voting classifier showed a significant increase in accuracy for KNN with only a slight increase in computational time. Bagging techniques increased the accuracy but at a longer computational time. The stacking technique, which combined SVM, KNN, and RF, achieved the highest accuracy of 99.73% with a short computational time of 36.18 s compared to the bagging and voting technique. This study demonstrates that the machine learning method can effectively distinguish phosphorus concentrations. In contrast, hybrid machine learning techniques can improve accuracy for predicting phosphorus without using labels, despite requiring longer computational time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Sulaiman
- Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Hidayah Azeman
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar
- Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Nadhratun Naiim Mobarak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Abu Bakar
- Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- Photonics Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia; Institute of Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
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Carro GV, Noli ML, Rodriguez MG, Ticona M, Fuentes M, Llanos MDLÁ, Caporaso F, Marciales G, Turco SLE. Plantar Thermography in High-Risk Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Compared to Nondiabetic Individuals. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2023:15347346231218034. [PMID: 38112384 DOI: 10.1177/15347346231218034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot (DF) is one of the most devastating complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Infrared thermography has been studied for its potential in early diagnosis and preventive measures against DF ulcers, although its role in the management and prevention of DF complications remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the average temperatures of different points of the plantar foot using infrared thermography in patients with DM and history of DF (DFa group, at the highest risk of developing foot ulcers) and compare them to people without DM (NoDM group). One hundred and twenty-three feet were included, 63 of them belonged to DFa Group and the other 60 to NoDM Group. The average temperature in the NoDM Group was 27.4 (26.3-28.5) versus 28.6 (26.8-30.3) in the DFa Group (p = .002). There were differences between both groups in temperatures at the metatarsal heads and heels, but not in the arch. Average foot temperatures did not relate to sex, ankle-brachial index, and age, and had a mild correlation with daily temperature (Spearman 0.51, p < .001). Data provided in our study could be useful in establishing a parameter of normal temperatures for high-risk patients. This could serve as a foundational framework for future research and provide reference values, not only for preventative purposes, as commonly addressed in most studies, but also to assess the applicability of thermography in clinical scenarios particularly when one foot cannot serve as a reference, suspected osteomyelitis of the remaining bone, or instances of increased temperature in specific areas which may necessitate adjustments to the insoles in secondary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Laura Noli
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Hospital Nacional Prof A. Posadas. El Palomar, Argentina
| | | | - Miguel Ticona
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Hospital Nacional Prof A. Posadas. El Palomar, Argentina
| | - Mariana Fuentes
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Hospital Nacional Prof A. Posadas. El Palomar, Argentina
| | | | - Federico Caporaso
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Hospital Nacional Prof A. Posadas. El Palomar, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Marciales
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Hospital Nacional Prof A. Posadas. El Palomar, Argentina
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Sharma N, Mirza S, Rastogi A, Singh S, Mahapatra PK. Region-wise severity analysis of diabetic plantar foot thermograms. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2023; 68:607-615. [PMID: 37285511 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2022-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) can be avoided if symptoms of diabetic foot complications are detected early and treated promptly. Early detection requires regular examination, which might be limited for many reasons. To identify affected or potentially affected regions in the diabetic plantar foot, the region-wise severity of the plantar foot must be known. METHODS A novel thermal diabetic foot dataset of 104 subjects was developed that is suitable for Indian healthcare conditions. The entire plantar foot thermogram is divided into three parts, i.e., forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. The division of plantar foot is based on the prevalence of foot ulcers and the load on the foot. To classify the severity levels, conventional machine learning (CML) techniques like logistic regression, decision tree, KNN, SVM, random forest, etc., and convolutional neural networks (CNN), such as EfficientNetB1, VGG-16, VGG-19, AlexNet, InceptionV3, etc., were applied and compared for robust outcomes. RESULTS The study successfully developed a thermal diabetic foot dataset, allowing for effective classification of diabetic foot ulcer severity using the CML and CNN techniques. The comparison of different methods revealed variations in performance, with certain approaches outperforming others. CONCLUSIONS The region-based severity analysis offers valuable insights for targeted interventions and preventive measures, contributing to a comprehensive assessment of diabetic foot ulcer severity. Further research and development in these techniques can enhance the detection and management of diabetic foot complications, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sarfaraj Mirza
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashu Rastogi
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Satbir Singh
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India
| | - Prasant K Mahapatra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
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11
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Cao Z, Zeng Z, Xie J, Zhai H, Yin Y, Ma Y, Tian Y. Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8511. [PMID: 37896605 PMCID: PMC10610917 DOI: 10.3390/s23208511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathological conditions in diabetic feet cause surface temperature variations, which can be captured quantitatively using infrared thermography. Thermal images captured during recovery of diabetic feet after active cooling may reveal richer information than those from passive thermography, but diseased foot regions may exhibit very small temperature differences compared with the surrounding area, complicating plantar foot segmentation in such cold-stressed active thermography. In this study, we investigate new plantar foot segmentation methods for thermal images obtained via cold-stressed active thermography without the complementary information from color or depth channels. To better deal with the temporal variations in thermal image contrast when planar feet are recovering from cold immersion, we propose an image pre-processing method using a two-stage adaptive gamma transform to alleviate the impact of such contrast variations. To improve upon existing deep neural networks for segmenting planar feet from cold-stressed infrared thermograms, a new deep neural network, the Plantar Foot Segmentation Network (PFSNet), is proposed to better extract foot contours. It combines the fundamental U-shaped network structure, a multi-scale feature extraction module, and a convolutional block attention module with a feature fusion network. The PFSNet, in combination with the two-stage adaptive gamma transform, outperforms multiple existing deep neural networks in plantar foot segmentation for single-channel infrared images from cold-stressed infrared thermography, achieving an accuracy of 97.3% and 95.4% as measured by Intersection over Union (IOU) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Cao
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Z.C.); (Y.M.)
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhi Zeng
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jinfang Xie
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhai
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China;
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Z.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yibin Tian
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Z.C.); (Y.M.)
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12
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Alqahtani A, Alsubai S, Rahamathulla MP, Gumaei A, Sha M, Zhang YD, Khan MA. Empowering Foot Health: Harnessing the Adaptive Weighted Sub-Gradient Convolutional Neural Network for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Classification. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2831. [PMID: 37685369 PMCID: PMC10486793 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, DFU (diabetic foot ulcer) has become a universal health problem that affects many diabetes patients severely. DFU requires immediate proper treatment to avert amputation. Clinical examination of DFU is a tedious process and complex in nature. Concurrently, DL (deep learning) methodologies can show prominent outcomes in the classification of DFU because of their efficient learning capacity. Though traditional systems have tried using DL-based models to procure better performance, there is room for enhancement in accuracy. Therefore, the present study uses the AWSg-CNN (Adaptive Weighted Sub-gradient Convolutional Neural Network) method to classify DFU. A DFUC dataset is considered, and several processes are involved in the present study. Initially, the proposed method starts with pre-processing, excluding inconsistent and missing data, to enhance dataset quality and accuracy. Further, for classification, the proposed method utilizes the process of RIW (random initialization of weights) and log softmax with the ASGO (Adaptive Sub-gradient Optimizer) for effective performance. In this process, RIW efficiently learns the shift of feature space between the convolutional layers. To evade the underflow of gradients, the log softmax function is used. When logging softmax with the ASGO is used for the activation function, the gradient steps are controlled. An adaptive modification of the proximal function simplifies the learning rate significantly, and optimal proximal functions are produced. Due to such merits, the proposed method can perform better classification. The predicted results are displayed on the webpage through the HTML, CSS, and Flask frameworks. The effectiveness of the proposed system is evaluated with accuracy, recall, F1-score, and precision to confirm its effectual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alqahtani
- Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shtwai Alsubai
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Mohamudha Parveen Rahamathulla
- School of Podiatric Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX 78550, USA;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdu Gumaei
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Mohemmed Sha
- Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yu-Dong Zhang
- School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Muhammad Attique Khan
- Department of CS, HITEC University, Taxila 47080, Pakistan;
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
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13
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Mostafa Abd El-Aal El-Kady A, Mostafa M, Hamdy Ali Hussien H, Ali Moussa F. Comparative Analysis: Deep vs. Machine Learning for Early DFU Detection in Medical Imaging. 2023 INTELLIGENT METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICATIONS (IMSA) 2023. [DOI: 10.1109/imsa58542.2023.10217437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Mostafa
- Beni-suef University,Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence,Information Technology Dept.,Beni-suef,Egypt
| | - Heba Hamdy Ali Hussien
- Beni-suef University,Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence,Assistant Professor Multimedia Dept.,Beni-suef,Egypt
| | - Farid Ali Moussa
- Beni-suef University,Faculty of Computers & Artificial Intelligence,Information Technology Dept.,Beni-suef,Egypt
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14
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Ferreira ACBH, Ferreira DD, Barbosa BHG, Aline de Oliveira U, Aparecida Padua E, Oliveira Chiarini F, Baena de Moraes Lopes MH. Neural network-based method to stratify people at risk for developing diabetic foot: A support system for health professionals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288466. [PMID: 37440514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with a high worldwide prevalence. Diabetic foot is one of the DM complications and compromises health and quality of life, due to the risk of lower limb amputation. This work aimed to build a risk classification system for the evolution of diabetic foot, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). METHODS This methodological study used two databases, one for system design (training and validation) containing 250 participants with DM and another for testing, containing 141 participants. Each subject answered a questionnaire with 54 questions about foot care and sociodemographic information. Participants from both databases were classified by specialists as high or low risk for diabetic foot. Supervised ANN (multi-layer Perceptron-MLP) models were exploited and a smartphone app was built. The app returns a personalized report indicating self-care for each user. The System Usability Scale (SUS) was used for the usability evaluation. RESULTS MLP models were built and, based on the principle of parsimony, the simplest model was chosen to be implemented in the application. The model achieved accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 85%, 76%, 91%, 89%, and 79%, respectively, for the test data. The app presented good usability (93.33 points on a scale from 0 to 100). CONCLUSIONS The study showed that the proposed model has satisfactory performance and is simple, considering that it requires only 10 variables. This simplicity facilitates its use by health professionals and patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Barbosa Honório Ferreira
- School of Nursing, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- University Center of Lavras, Unilavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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An Ensemble of Light Gradient Boosting Machine and Adaptive Boosting for Prediction of Type-2 Diabetes. INT J COMPUT INT SYS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s44196-023-00184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMachine learning helps construct predictive models in clinical data analysis, predicting stock prices, picture recognition, financial modelling, disease prediction, and diagnostics. This paper proposes machine learning ensemble algorithms to forecast diabetes. The ensemble combines k-NN, Naive Bayes (Gaussian), Random Forest (RF), Adaboost, and a recently designed Light Gradient Boosting Machine. The proposed ensembles inherit detection ability of LightGBM to boost accuracy. Under fivefold cross-validation, the proposed ensemble models perform better than other recent models. The k-NN, Adaboost, and LightGBM jointly achieve 90.76% detection accuracy. The receiver operating curve analysis shows that $$k$$
k
-NN, RF, and LightGBM successfully solve class imbalance issue of the underlying dataset.
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16
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A Deep Learning Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Classification and Recognition. INFORMATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/info14010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the major complications of diabetes and results in the amputation of lower limb if not treated timely and properly. Despite the traditional clinical approaches used in DFU classification, automatic methods based on a deep learning framework show promising results. In this paper, we present several end-to-end CNN-based deep learning architectures, i.e., AlexNet, VGG16/19, GoogLeNet, ResNet50.101, MobileNet, SqueezeNet, and DenseNet, for infection and ischemia categorization using the benchmark dataset DFU2020. We fine-tune the weight to overcome a lack of data and reduce the computational cost. Affine transform techniques are used for the augmentation of input data. The results indicate that the ResNet50 achieves the highest accuracy of 99.49% and 84.76% for Ischaemia and infection, respectively.
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17
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Early detection of diabetic foot ulcers from thermal images using the bag of features technique. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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An Efficient Processing Strategy to Improve the Flavor Profile of Egg Yolk: Ozone-Mediated Oxidation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010124. [PMID: 36615317 PMCID: PMC9822375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ozone treatment on egg yolk volatiles and fatty acids. The composition and content of volatile substances and the fatty acid content of the egg yolk were changed significantly after ozonation. With proper ozone treatment (30 min), the aldehyde content in the egg yolk increased from 78.08% to 94.63%, and the relative content of dibutyl amine decreased from 1.50% to 0.00%. There were no significant differences among the types of fatty acids in the egg yolks after being treated with ozone, but there were differences in their relative contents. The results of SDS-PAGE showed no significant difference in yolk protein composition and contents among the groups. SEM results showed that moderate ozone treatment (20 min and 30 min) led to a regular and dense network structure of egg yolk. These results provided a theoretical basis for expanding the application of ozone technology in the egg yolk processing industry.
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19
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Wang S, Wang J, Zhu MX, Tan Q. Machine learning for the prediction of minor amputation in University of Texas grade 3 diabetic foot ulcers. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278445. [PMID: 36472981 PMCID: PMC9725167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor amputations are performed in a large proportion of patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and early identification of the outcome of minor amputations facilitates medical decision-making and ultimately reduces major amputations and deaths. However, there are currently no clinical predictive tools for minor amputations in patients with DFU. We aim to establish a predictive model based on machine learning to quickly identify patients requiring minor amputation among newly admitted patients with DFU. Overall, 362 cases with University of Texas grade (UT) 3 DFU were screened from tertiary care hospitals in East China. We utilized the synthetic minority oversampling strategy to compensate for the disparity in the initial dataset. A univariable analysis revealed nine variables to be included in the model: random blood glucose, years with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, peripheral arterial diseases, DFU history, smoking history, albumin, creatinine, and C-reactive protein. Then, risk prediction models based on five machine learning algorithms: decision tree, random forest, logistic regression, support vector machine, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) were independently developed with these variables. After evaluation, XGBoost earned the highest score (accuracy 0.814, precision 0.846, recall 0.767, F1-score 0.805, and AUC 0.881). For convenience, a web-based calculator based on our data and the XGBoost algorithm was established (https://dfuprediction.azurewebsites.net/). These findings imply that XGBoost can be used to develop a reliable prediction model for minor amputations in patients with UT3 DFU, and that our online calculator will make it easier for clinicians to assess the risk of minor amputations and make proactive decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinwan Wang
- School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mark Xuefang Zhu
- School of Information Management, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MXZ); (QT)
| | - Qian Tan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (MXZ); (QT)
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20
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Khanna NN, Maindarkar MA, Viswanathan V, Puvvula A, Paul S, Bhagawati M, Ahluwalia P, Ruzsa Z, Sharma A, Kolluri R, Krishnan PR, Singh IM, Laird JR, Fatemi M, Alizad A, Dhanjil SK, Saba L, Balestrieri A, Faa G, Paraskevas KI, Misra DP, Agarwal V, Sharma A, Teji JS, Al-Maini M, Nicolaides A, Rathore V, Naidu S, Liblik K, Johri AM, Turk M, Sobel DW, Miner M, Viskovic K, Tsoulfas G, Protogerou AD, Mavrogeni S, Kitas GD, Fouda MM, Kalra MK, Suri JS. Cardiovascular/Stroke Risk Stratification in Diabetic Foot Infection Patients Using Deep Learning-Based Artificial Intelligence: An Investigative Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6844. [PMID: 36431321 PMCID: PMC9693632 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A diabetic foot infection (DFI) is among the most serious, incurable, and costly to treat conditions. The presence of a DFI renders machine learning (ML) systems extremely nonlinear, posing difficulties in CVD/stroke risk stratification. In addition, there is a limited number of well-explained ML paradigms due to comorbidity, sample size limits, and weak scientific and clinical validation methodologies. Deep neural networks (DNN) are potent machines for learning that generalize nonlinear situations. The objective of this article is to propose a novel investigation of deep learning (DL) solutions for predicting CVD/stroke risk in DFI patients. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) search strategy was used for the selection of 207 studies. We hypothesize that a DFI is responsible for increased morbidity and mortality due to the worsening of atherosclerotic disease and affecting coronary artery disease (CAD). Since surrogate biomarkers for CAD, such as carotid artery disease, can be used for monitoring CVD, we can thus use a DL-based model, namely, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for CVD/stroke risk prediction in DFI patients, which combines covariates such as office and laboratory-based biomarkers, carotid ultrasound image phenotype (CUSIP) lesions, along with the DFI severity. We confirmed the viability of CVD/stroke risk stratification in the DFI patients. Strong designs were found in the research of the DL architectures for CVD/stroke risk stratification. Finally, we analyzed the AI bias and proposed strategies for the early diagnosis of CVD/stroke in DFI patients. Since DFI patients have an aggressive atherosclerotic disease, leading to prominent CVD/stroke risk, we, therefore, conclude that the DL paradigm is very effective for predicting the risk of CVD/stroke in DFI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra N. Khanna
- Department of Cardiology, Indraprastha APOLLO Hospitals, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Mahesh A. Maindarkar
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | | | - Anudeep Puvvula
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA
- Annu’s Hospitals for Skin and Diabetes, Nellore 524101, India
| | - Sudip Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Mrinalini Bhagawati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Puneet Ahluwalia
- Max Institute of Cancer Care, Max Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Zoltan Ruzsa
- Invasive Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Raghu Kolluri
- Ohio Health Heart and Vascular, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | | | - Inder M. Singh
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA
| | - John R. Laird
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Adventist Health St. Helena, St Helena, CA 94574, USA
| | - Mostafa Fatemi
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Azra Alizad
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Surinder K. Dhanjil
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 40138 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Balestrieri
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Research Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Immunology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Immunology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Jagjit S. Teji
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mustafa Al-Maini
- Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Institute, Toronto, ON L4Z 4C4, Canada
| | - Andrew Nicolaides
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, University of Nicosia Medical School, Egkomi 2408, Cyprus
| | | | - Subbaram Naidu
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Kiera Liblik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Amer M. Johri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Monika Turk
- The Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute for Advanced Study, 27753 Delmenhorst, Germany
| | - David W. Sobel
- Rheumatology Unit, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Miner
- Men’s Health Centre, Miriam Hospital Providence, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Klaudija Viskovic
- Department of Radiology and Ultrasound, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - George Tsoulfas
- Department of Surgery, Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios D. Protogerou
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Research Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophie Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Clinic, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, 17674 Athens, Greece
| | - George D. Kitas
- Academic Affairs, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley DY1 2HQ, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Manchester University, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mostafa M. Fouda
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | | | - Jasjit S. Suri
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA 95661, USA
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Chemello G, Salvatori B, Morettini M, Tura A. Artificial Intelligence Methodologies Applied to Technologies for Screening, Diagnosis and Care of the Diabetic Foot: A Narrative Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:985. [PMID: 36354494 PMCID: PMC9688674 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot syndrome is a multifactorial pathology with at least three main etiological factors, i.e., peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and infection. In addition to complexity, another distinctive trait of diabetic foot syndrome is its insidiousness, due to a frequent lack of early symptoms. In recent years, it has become clear that the prevalence of diabetic foot syndrome is increasing, and it is among the diabetes complications with a stronger impact on patient's quality of life. Considering the complex nature of this syndrome, artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies appear adequate to address aspects such as timely screening for the identification of the risk for foot ulcers (or, even worse, for amputation), based on appropriate sensor technologies. In this review, we summarize the main findings of the pertinent studies in the field, paying attention to both the AI-based methodological aspects and the main physiological/clinical study outcomes. The analyzed studies show that AI application to data derived by different technologies provides promising results, but in our opinion future studies may benefit from inclusion of quantitative measures based on simple sensors, which are still scarcely exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Chemello
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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22
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Khandakar A, Mahmud S, Chowdhury MEH, Reaz MBI, Kiranyaz S, Mahbub ZB, Md Ali SH, Bakar AAA, Ayari MA, Alhatou M, Abdul-Moniem M, Faisal MAA. Design and Implementation of a Smart Insole System to Measure Plantar Pressure and Temperature. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7599. [PMID: 36236697 PMCID: PMC9572216 DOI: 10.3390/s22197599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An intelligent insole system may monitor the individual's foot pressure and temperature in real-time from the comfort of their home, which can help capture foot problems in their earliest stages. Constant monitoring for foot complications is essential to avoid potentially devastating outcomes from common diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Inspired by those goals, the authors of this work propose a full design for a wearable insole that can detect both plantar pressure and temperature using off-the-shelf sensors. The design provides details of specific temperature and pressure sensors, circuit configuration for characterizing the sensors, and design considerations for creating a small system with suitable electronics. The procedure also details how, using a low-power communication protocol, data about the individuals' foot pressure and temperatures may be sent wirelessly to a centralized device for storage. This research may aid in the creation of an affordable, practical, and portable foot monitoring system for patients. The solution can be used for continuous, at-home monitoring of foot problems through pressure patterns and temperature differences between the two feet. The generated maps can be used for early detection of diabetic foot complication with the help of artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sakib Mahmud
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Serkan Kiranyaz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Zaid Bin Mahbub
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sawal Hamid Md Ali
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A. Bakar
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Arselene Ayari
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Technology Innovation and Engineering Education, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Alhatou
- Neuromuscular Division, Hamad General Hospital and Department of Neurology; Al Khor Hospital, Doha 3050, Qatar
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Jung JY, Yang CM, Kim JJ. Decision Tree-Based Foot Orthosis Prescription for Patients with Pes Planus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912484. [PMID: 36231782 PMCID: PMC9566258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pes planus, one of the most common foot deformities, includes the loss of the medial arch, misalignment of the rearfoot, and abduction of the forefoot, which negatively affects posture and gait. Foot orthosis, which is effective in normalizing the arch and providing stability during walking, is prescribed for the purpose of treatment and correction. Currently, machine learning technology for classifying and diagnosing foot types is being developed, but it has not yet been applied to the prescription of foot orthosis for the treatment and management of pes planus. Thus, the aim of this study is to propose a model that can prescribe a customized foot orthosis to patients with pes planus by learning from and analyzing various clinical data based on a decision tree algorithm called classification and regressing tree (CART). A total of 8 parameters were selected based on the feature importance, and 15 rules for the prescription of foot orthosis were generated. The proposed model based on the CART algorithm achieved an accuracy of 80.16%. This result suggests that the CART model developed in this study can provide adequate help to clinicians in prescribing foot orthosis easily and accurately for patients with pes planus. In the future, we plan to acquire more clinical data and develop a model that can prescribe more accurate and stable foot orthosis using various machine learning technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yong Jung
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
| | - Chang-Min Yang
- Department of Healthcare Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
| | - Jung-Ja Kim
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
- Research Center of Healthcare & Welfare Instrument for the Aged, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea
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Kim J, Yoo G, Lee T, Kim JH, Seo DM, Kim J. Classification Model for Diabetic Foot, Necrotizing Fasciitis, and Osteomyelitis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091310. [PMID: 36138789 PMCID: PMC9495746 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and osteomyelitis (OM) are severe complications in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Although NF and OM often cause results including limb amputation and death, definite diagnoses of these are challenging. To aid the prompt and proper diagnosis of NF and OM in patients with DFU, we developed and evaluated a novel prediction model based on machine learning technology. In summary, our prediction model appropriately discriminated the NF and OM from diabetic foot. Moreover, this prediction model has advantages in that it is based on the demographic data and routine laboratory results, which requires no additional examinations which are complicated or expensive. Abstract Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and their life-threatening complications, such as necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and osteomyelitis (OM), increase the healthcare cost, morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. While the early recognition of these complications could improve the clinical outcome of diabetic patients, it is not straightforward to achieve in the usual clinical settings. In this study, we proposed a classification model for diabetic foot, NF and OM. To select features for the classification model, multidisciplinary teams were organized and data were collected based on a literature search and automatic platform. A dataset of 1581 patients (728 diabetic foot, 76 NF, and 777 OM) was divided into training and validation datasets at a ratio of 7:3 to be analyzed. The final prediction models based on training dataset exhibited areas under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of the 0.80 and 0.73 for NF model and OM model, respectively, in validation sets. In conclusion, our classification models for NF and OM showed remarkable discriminatory power and easy applicability in patients with DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26411, Korea
| | - Gilsung Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26411, Korea
| | - Taesic Lee
- Division of Data Mining and Computational Biology, Institute of Global Health Care and Development, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju 26411, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26411, Korea
- Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju 26411, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26411, Korea
| | - Dong Min Seo
- Department of Medical Information, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26411, Korea
| | - Juwon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26411, Korea
- Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju 26411, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-741-1596; Fax: +82-33-741-1780
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Islam KR, Kumar J, Tan TL, Reaz MBI, Rahman T, Khandakar A, Abbas T, Hossain MSA, Zughaier SM, Chowdhury MEH. Prognostic Model of ICU Admission Risk in Patients with COVID-19 Infection Using Machine Learning. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2144. [PMID: 36140545 PMCID: PMC9498213 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of critically sick patients in intensive care units (ICUs) has increased worldwide, putting a burden on ICUs. Early prediction of ICU requirement is crucial for efficient resource management and distribution. Early-prediction scoring systems for critically ill patients using mathematical models are available, but are not generalized for COVID-19 and Non-COVID patients. This study aims to develop a generalized and reliable prognostic model for ICU admission for both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients using best feature combination from the patient data at admission. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on a dataset collected from the pulmonology department of Moscow City State Hospital between 20 April 2020 and 5 June 2020. The dataset contains ten clinical features for 231 patients, of whom 100 patients were transferred to ICU and 131 were stable (non-ICU) patients. There were 156 COVID positive patients and 75 non-COVID patients. Different feature selection techniques were investigated, and a stacking machine learning model was proposed and compared with eight different classification algorithms to detect risk of need for ICU admission for both COVID-19 and non-COVID patients combined and COVID patients alone. C-reactive protein (CRP), chest computed tomography (CT), lung tissue affected (%), age, admission to hospital, and fibrinogen parameters at hospital admission were found to be important features for ICU-requirement risk prediction. The best performance was produced by the stacking approach, with weighted precision, sensitivity, F1-score, specificity, and overall accuracy of 84.45%, 84.48%, 83.64%, 84.47%, and 84.48%, respectively, for both types of patients, and 85.34%, 85.35%, 85.11%, 85.34%, and 85.35%, respectively, for COVID-19 patients only. The proposed work can help doctors to improve management through early prediction of the risk of need for ICU admission of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the model can be used for both types of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandaker Reajul Islam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Toh Leong Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Tawsifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Tariq Abbas
- Urology Division, Surgery Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar
| | | | - Susu M. Zughaier
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Holistic multi-class classification & grading of diabetic foot ulcerations from plantar thermal images using deep learning. Health Inf Sci Syst 2022; 10:21. [PMID: 36039095 PMCID: PMC9418397 DOI: 10.1007/s13755-022-00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic foot is a common complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) leading to ulcerations in the feet. Due to diabetic neuropathy, most patients have reduced sensitivity to pain. As a result, minor injuries go unnoticed and progress into ulcers. The timely detection of potential ulceration points and intervention is crucial in preventing amputation. Changes in plantar temperature are one of the early signs of ulceration. Previous studies have focused on either binary classification or grading of DM severity, but neglect the holistic consideration of the problem. Moreover, multi-class studies exhibit severe performance variations between different classes. Methods We propose a new convolutional neural network for discrimination between non-DM and five DM severity grades from plantar thermal images and compare its performance against pre-trained networks such as AlexNet and related works. We address the lack of data and imbalanced class distribution, prevalent in prior work, achieving well-balanced classification performance. Results Our proposed model achieved the best performance with a mean accuracy of 0.9827, mean sensitivity of 0.9684 and mean specificity of 0.9892 in combined diabetic foot detection and grading. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this study sets a new state-of-the-art in plantar foot thermogram detection and grading, while being the first to implement a holistic multi-class classification and grading solution. Reliable automatic thermogram grading is a first step towards the development of smart health devices for DM patients.
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A Deep Learning Method for Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Using Decision Fusion and Thermal Images. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major diseases that cause death worldwide and lead to complications of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Improper and late handling of a diabetic foot patient can result in an amputation of the patient’s foot. Early detection of DFU symptoms can be observed using thermal imaging with a computer-assisted classifier. Previous study of DFU detection using thermal image only achieved 97% of accuracy, and it has to be improved. This article proposes a novel framework for DFU classification based on thermal imaging using deep neural networks and decision fusion. Here, decision fusion combines the classification result from a parallel classifier. We used the convolutional neural network (CNN) model of ShuffleNet and MobileNetV2 as the baseline classifier. In developing the classifier model, firstly, the MobileNetV2 and ShuffleNet were trained using plantar thermogram datasets. Then, the classification results of those two models were fused using a novel decision fusion method to increase the accuracy rate. The proposed framework achieved 100% accuracy in classifying the DFU thermal images in binary classes of positive and negative cases. The accuracy of the proposed Decision Fusion (DF) was increased by about 3.4% from baseline ShuffleNet and MobileNetV2. Overall, the proposed framework outperformed in classifying the images compared with the state-of-the-art deep learning and the traditional machine-learning-based classifier.
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Automatic Classification of Foot Thermograms Using Machine Learning Techniques. ALGORITHMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/a15070236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot is one of the main complications observed in diabetic patients; it is associated with the development of foot ulcers and can lead to amputation. In order to diagnose these complications, specialists have to analyze several factors. To aid their decisions and help prevent mistakes, the resort to computer-assisted diagnostic systems using artificial intelligence techniques is gradually increasing. In this paper, two different models for the classification of thermograms of the feet of diabetic and healthy individuals are proposed and compared. In order to detect and classify abnormal changes in the plantar temperature, machine learning algorithms are used in both models. In the first model, the foot thermograms are classified into four classes: healthy and three categories for diabetics. The second model has two stages: in the first stage, the foot is classified as belonging to a diabetic or healthy individual, while, in the second stage, a classification refinement is conducted, classifying diabetic foot into three classes of progressive severity. The results show that both proposed models proved to be efficient, allowing us to classify a foot thermogram as belonging to a healthy or diabetic individual, with the diabetic ones divided into three classes; however, when compared, Model 2 outperforms Model 1 and allows for a better performance classification concerning the healthy category and the first class of diabetic individuals. These results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be a tool to aid medical diagnosis.
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Khandakar A, Chowdhury MEH, Reaz MBI, Ali SHM, Kiranyaz S, Rahman T, Chowdhury MH, Ayari MA, Alfkey R, Bakar AAA, Malik RA, Hasan A. A Novel Machine Learning Approach for Severity Classification of Diabetic Foot Complications Using Thermogram Images. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22114249. [PMID: 35684870 PMCID: PMC9185274 DOI: 10.3390/s22114249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, and is correlated to a high index of mortality. One of its major complications is diabetic foot, leading to plantar ulcers, amputation, and death. Several studies report that a thermogram helps to detect changes in the plantar temperature of the foot, which may lead to a higher risk of ulceration. However, in diabetic patients, the distribution of plantar temperature does not follow a standard pattern, thereby making it difficult to quantify the changes. The abnormal temperature distribution in infrared (IR) foot thermogram images can be used for the early detection of diabetic foot before ulceration to avoid complications. There is no machine learning-based technique reported in the literature to classify these thermograms based on the severity of diabetic foot complications. This paper uses an available labeled diabetic thermogram dataset and uses the k-mean clustering technique to cluster the severity risk of diabetic foot ulcers using an unsupervised approach. Using the plantar foot temperature, the new clustered dataset is verified by expert medical doctors in terms of risk for the development of foot ulcers. The newly labeled dataset is then investigated in terms of robustness to be classified by any machine learning network. Classical machine learning algorithms with feature engineering and a convolutional neural network (CNN) with image-enhancement techniques are investigated to provide the best-performing network in classifying thermograms based on severity. It is found that the popular VGG 19 CNN model shows an accuracy, precision, sensitivity, F1-score, and specificity of 95.08%, 95.08%, 95.09%, 95.08%, and 97.2%, respectively, in the stratification of severity. A stacking classifier is proposed using extracted features of the thermogram, which is created using the trained gradient boost classifier, XGBoost classifier, and random forest classifier. This provides a comparable performance of 94.47%, 94.45%, 94.47%, 94.43%, and 93.25% for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, F1-score, and specificity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.K.); (S.K.); (T.R.)
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.H.M.A.); (M.H.C.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.K.); (S.K.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.H.C.); (M.B.I.R.)
| | - Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.H.M.A.); (M.H.C.); (A.A.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.H.C.); (M.B.I.R.)
| | - Sawal Hamid Md Ali
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.H.M.A.); (M.H.C.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Serkan Kiranyaz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.K.); (S.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Tawsifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.K.); (S.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Moajjem Hossain Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.H.M.A.); (M.H.C.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Mohamed Arselene Ayari
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Technology Innovation and Engineering Education Unit, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Rashad Alfkey
- Acute Care Surgery and General Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar;
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A. Bakar
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.H.M.A.); (M.H.C.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
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Rahman T, Ibtehaz N, Khandakar A, Hossain MSA, Mekki YMS, Ezeddin M, Bhuiyan EH, Ayari MA, Tahir A, Qiblawey Y, Mahmud S, Zughaier SM, Abbas T, Al-Maadeed S, Chowdhury MEH. QUCoughScope: An Intelligent Application to Detect COVID-19 Patients Using Cough and Breath Sounds. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:920. [PMID: 35453968 PMCID: PMC9028864 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem-Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, mass testing has become essential to reduce the spread of the virus. Several recent studies suggest that a significant number of COVID-19 patients display no physical symptoms whatsoever. Therefore, it is unlikely that these patients will undergo COVID-19 testing, which increases their chances of unintentionally spreading the virus. Currently, the primary diagnostic tool to detect COVID-19 is a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test from the respiratory specimens of the suspected patient, which is invasive and a resource-dependent technique. It is evident from recent researches that asymptomatic COVID-19 patients cough and breathe in a different way than healthy people. Aim-This paper aims to use a novel machine learning approach to detect COVID-19 (symptomatic and asymptomatic) patients from the convenience of their homes so that they do not overburden the healthcare system and also do not spread the virus unknowingly by continuously monitoring themselves. Method-A Cambridge University research group shared such a dataset of cough and breath sound samples from 582 healthy and 141 COVID-19 patients. Among the COVID-19 patients, 87 were asymptomatic while 54 were symptomatic (had a dry or wet cough). In addition to the available dataset, the proposed work deployed a real-time deep learning-based backend server with a web application to crowdsource cough and breath datasets and also screen for COVID-19 infection from the comfort of the user's home. The collected dataset includes data from 245 healthy individuals and 78 asymptomatic and 18 symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Users can simply use the application from any web browser without installation and enter their symptoms, record audio clips of their cough and breath sounds, and upload the data anonymously. Two different pipelines for screening were developed based on the symptoms reported by the users: asymptomatic and symptomatic. An innovative and novel stacking CNN model was developed using three base learners from of eight state-of-the-art deep learning CNN algorithms. The stacking CNN model is based on a logistic regression classifier meta-learner that uses the spectrograms generated from the breath and cough sounds of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients as input using the combined (Cambridge and collected) dataset. Results-The stacking model outperformed the other eight CNN networks with the best classification performance for binary classification using cough sound spectrogram images. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were 96.5%, 96.42%, and 95.47% and 98.85%, 97.01%, and 99.6%, respectively. For breath sound spectrogram images, the metrics for binary classification of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were 91.03%, 88.9%, and 91.5% and 80.01%, 72.04%, and 82.67%, respectively. Conclusion-The web-application QUCoughScope records coughing and breathing sounds, converts them to a spectrogram, and applies the best-performing machine learning model to classify the COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. The result is then reported back to the test user in the application interface. Therefore, this novel system can be used by patients in their premises as a pre-screening method to aid COVID-19 diagnosis by prioritizing the patients for RT-PCR testing and thereby reducing the risk of spreading of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawsifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Nabil Ibtehaz
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Md Sakib Abrar Hossain
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Maymouna Ezeddin
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Enamul Haque Bhuiyan
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute (BMEII), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Mohamed Arselene Ayari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Anas Tahir
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Yazan Qiblawey
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Sakib Mahmud
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
| | - Susu M. Zughaier
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (Y.M.S.M.); (S.M.Z.)
| | - Tariq Abbas
- Urology Division, Surgery Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar;
| | - Somaya Al-Maadeed
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (N.I.); (A.K.); (M.S.A.H.); (M.E.); (A.T.); (Y.Q.); (S.M.)
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Rahman T, Khandakar A, Abir FF, Faisal MAA, Hossain MS, Podder KK, Abbas TO, Alam MF, Kashem SB, Islam MT, Zughaier SM, Chowdhury MEH. QCovSML: A reliable COVID-19 detection system using CBC biomarkers by a stacking machine learning model. Comput Biol Med 2022; 143:105284. [PMID: 35180500 PMCID: PMC8839805 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test is considered the current gold standard for the detection of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), although it suffers from some shortcomings, namely comparatively longer turnaround time, higher false-negative rates around 20-25%, and higher cost equipment. Therefore, finding an efficient, robust, accurate, and widely available, and accessible alternative to RT-PCR for COVID-19 diagnosis is a matter of utmost importance. This study proposes a complete blood count (CBC) biomarkers-based COVID-19 detection system using a stacking machine learning (SML) model, which could be a fast and less expensive alternative. This study used seven different publicly available datasets, where the largest one consisting of fifteen CBC biomarkers collected from 1624 patients (52% COVID-19 positive) admitted at San Raphael Hospital, Italy from February to May 2020 was used to train and validate the proposed model. White blood cell count, monocytes (%), lymphocyte (%), and age parameters collected from the patients during hospital admission were found to be important biomarkers for COVID-19 disease prediction using five different feature selection techniques. Our stacking model produced the best performance with weighted precision, sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, and F1-score of 91.44%, 91.44%, 91.44%, 91.45%, and 91.45%, respectively. The stacking machine learning model improved the performance in comparison to other state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers. Finally, a nomogram-based scoring system (QCovSML) was constructed using this stacking approach to predict the COVID-19 patients. The cut-off value of the QCovSML system for classifying COVID-19 and Non-COVID patients was 4.8. Six datasets from three different countries were used to externally validate the proposed model to evaluate its generalizability and robustness. The nomogram demonstrated good calibration and discrimination with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.961 for the internal cohort and average AUC of 0.967 for all external validation cohort, respectively. The external validation shows an average weighted precision, sensitivity, F1-score, specificity, and overall accuracy of 92.02%, 95.59%, 93.73%, 90.54%, and 93.34%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawsifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Farhan Fuad Abir
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahasan Atick Faisal
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafayet Hossain
- Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Kanchon Kanti Podder
- Department of Biomedical Physics & Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tariq O Abbas
- Urology Division, Surgery Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, 26999, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Fasihul Alam
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Saad Bin Kashem
- Department of Computing Science, AFG College with the University of Aberdeen, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Susu M Zughaier
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
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Chemical Constituents and Molecular Mechanism of the Yellow Phenotype of Yellow Mushroom (Floccularia luteovirens). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030314. [PMID: 35330317 PMCID: PMC8949800 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Yellow mushroom (Floccularia luteovirens) is a natural resource that is highly nutritional, has a high economic value, and is found in Northwest China. Despite its value, the chemical and molecular mechanisms of yellow phenotype formation are still unclear. (2) Methods: This study uses the combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome to explain the molecular mechanism of the formation of yellow mushroom. Subcellular localization and transgene overexpression techniques were used to verify the function of the candidate gene. (3) Results: 112 compounds had a higher expression in yellow mushroom; riboflavin was the ninth most-expressed compound. HPLC showed that a key target peak at 23.128 min under visible light at 444 nm was Vb2. All proteins exhibited the closest relationship with Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus H97. One riboflavin transporter, CL911.Contig3_All (FlMCH5), was highly expressed in yellow mushrooms with a different value (log2 fold change) of −12.98, whereas it was not detected in white mushrooms. FlMCH5 was homologous to the riboflavin transporter MCH5 or MFS transporter in other strains, and the FlMCH5-GFP fusion protein was mainly located in the cell membrane. Overexpression of FlMCH5 in tobacco increased the content of riboflavin in three transgenic plants to 26 μg/g, 26.52 μg/g, and 36.94 μg/g, respectively. (4) Conclusions: In this study, it is clear that riboflavin is the main coloring compound of yellow mushrooms, and FlMCH5 is the key transport regulatory gene that produces the yellow phenotype.
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Fourier transform-based data augmentation in deep learning for diabetic foot thermograph classification. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thermal Change Index-Based Diabetic Foot Thermogram Image Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051793. [PMID: 35270938 PMCID: PMC8915003 DOI: 10.3390/s22051793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to plantar ulcers, amputation and death. Plantar foot thermogram images acquired using an infrared camera have been shown to detect changes in temperature distribution associated with a higher risk of foot ulceration. Machine learning approaches applied to such infrared images may have utility in the early diagnosis of diabetic foot complications. In this work, a publicly available dataset was categorized into different classes, which were corroborated by domain experts, based on a temperature distribution parameter—the thermal change index (TCI). We then explored different machine-learning approaches for classifying thermograms of the TCI-labeled dataset. Classical machine learning algorithms with feature engineering and the convolutional neural network (CNN) with image enhancement techniques were extensively investigated to identify the best performing network for classifying thermograms. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier along with the features extracted from thermogram images showed an accuracy of 90.1% in multi-class classification, which outperformed the literature-reported performance metrics on this dataset.
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Wang J, Ayari MA, Khandakar A, Chowdhury MEH, Uz Zaman SA, Rahman T, Vaferi B. Estimating the Relative Crystallinity of Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Polyglycolide Polymer Composites by Machine Learning Methodologies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030527. [PMID: 35160516 PMCID: PMC8840207 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have recently found significant applications in pharmaceutics processing and drug release/delivery. Composites based on poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) have been suggested to enhance the crystallization rate and relative crystallinity of pure PLLA polymers. Despite the large amount of experimental research that has taken place to date, the theoretical aspects of relative crystallinity have not been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, this research uses machine learning methods to estimate the relative crystallinity of biodegradable PLLA/PGA (polyglycolide) composites. Six different artificial intelligent classes were employed to estimate the relative crystallinity of PLLA/PGA polymer composites as a function of crystallization time, temperature, and PGA content. Cumulatively, 1510 machine learning topologies, including 200 multilayer perceptron neural networks, 200 cascade feedforward neural networks (CFFNN), 160 recurrent neural networks, 800 adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, and 150 least-squares support vector regressions, were developed, and their prediction accuracy compared. The modeling results show that a single hidden layer CFFNN with 9 neurons is the most accurate method for estimating 431 experimentally measured datasets. This model predicts an experimental database with an average absolute percentage difference of 8.84%, root mean squared errors of 4.67%, and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.999008. The modeling results and relevancy studies show that relative crystallinity increases based on the PGA content and crystallization time. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on relative crystallinity is too complex to be easily explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Energy Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Arselene Ayari
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Technology Innovation and Engineering Education, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.K.); (M.E.H.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.K.); (M.E.H.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Sm Ashfaq Uz Zaman
- Department of Information Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Tawsifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.K.); (M.E.H.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Behzad Vaferi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz 7473171987, Iran;
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Wang YP, Cheng RH, He Y, Mu LZ. Thermal Analysis of Blood Flow Alterations in Human Hand and Foot Based on Vascular-Porous Media Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:786615. [PMID: 35155402 PMCID: PMC8831761 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.786615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular and Macrovascular diseases are serious complications of diabetic mellitus, which significantly affect the life quality of diabetic patients. Quantitative description of the relationship between temperature and blood flow is considerably important for non-invasive detection of blood vessel structural and functional lesions. In this study, thermal analysis has been employed to predict blood flow alterations in a foot and a cubic skin model successively by using a discrete vessel-porous media model and further compared the blood flows in 31 diabetic patients. The tissue is regarded as porous media whose liquid phase represents the blood flow in capillaries and solid phase refers to the tissue part. Discrete vascular segments composed of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules were embedded in the foot model. In the foot thermal analysis, the temperature distributions with different inlet vascular stenosis were simulated. The local temperature area sensitive to the reduction of perfusion was obtained under different inlet blood flow conditions. The discrete vascular-porous media model was further applied in the assessment of the skin blood flow by coupling the measured skin temperatures of diabetic patients and an inverse method. In comparison with the estimated blood flows among the diabetic patients, delayed blood flow regulation was found in some of diabetic patients, implying that there may be some vascular disorders in these patients. The conclusion confirms the one in our previous experiment on diabetic rats. Most of the patients predicted to be with vascular disorders were diagnosed as vascular complication in clinical settings as well, suggesting the potential applications of the vascular-porous media model in health management of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying He
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Podder KK, Chowdhury MEH, Tahir AM, Mahbub ZB, Khandakar A, Hossain MS, Kadir MA. Bangla Sign Language (BdSL) Alphabets and Numerals Classification Using a Deep Learning Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:574. [PMID: 35062533 PMCID: PMC8780505 DOI: 10.3390/s22020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A real-time Bangla Sign Language interpreter can enable more than 200 k hearing and speech-impaired people to the mainstream workforce in Bangladesh. Bangla Sign Language (BdSL) recognition and detection is a challenging topic in computer vision and deep learning research because sign language recognition accuracy may vary on the skin tone, hand orientation, and background. This research has used deep machine learning models for accurate and reliable BdSL Alphabets and Numerals using two well-suited and robust datasets. The dataset prepared in this study comprises of the largest image database for BdSL Alphabets and Numerals in order to reduce inter-class similarity while dealing with diverse image data, which comprises various backgrounds and skin tones. The papers compared classification with and without background images to determine the best working model for BdSL Alphabets and Numerals interpretation. The CNN model trained with the images that had a background was found to be more effective than without background. The hand detection portion in the segmentation approach must be more accurate in the hand detection process to boost the overall accuracy in the sign recognition. It was found that ResNet18 performed best with 99.99% accuracy, precision, F1 score, sensitivity, and 100% specificity, which outperforms the works in the literature for BdSL Alphabets and Numerals recognition. This dataset is made publicly available for researchers to support and encourage further research on Bangla Sign Language Interpretation so that the hearing and speech-impaired individuals can benefit from this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchon Kanti Podder
- Department of Biomedical Physics & Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (K.K.P.); (M.A.K.)
| | | | - Anas M. Tahir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Zaid Bin Mahbub
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (A.M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Md Shafayet Hossain
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biomedical Physics & Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (K.K.P.); (M.A.K.)
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Faisal MAA, Chowdhury MEH, Khandakar A, Hossain MS, Alhatou M, Mahmud S, Ara I, Sheikh SI, Ahmed MU. An investigation to study the effects of Tai Chi on human gait dynamics using classical machine learning. Comput Biol Med 2022; 142:105184. [PMID: 35016098 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tai Chi has been proven effective in preventing falls in older adults, improving the joint function of knee osteoarthritis patients, and improving the balance of stroke survivors. However, the effect of Tai Chi on human gait dynamics is still less understood. Studies conducted in this domain only relied on statistical and clinical measurements on the time-series gait data. In recent years machine learning has proven its ability in recognizing complex patterns from time-series data. In this research work, we have evaluated the performance of several machine learning algorithms in classifying the walking gait of Tai Chi masters (people expert on Tai Chi) from the normal subjects. The study is designed in a longitudinal manner where the Tai Chi naive subjects received 6 months of Tai Chi training and the data was recorded during the initial and follow-up sessions. A total of 57 subjects participated in the experiment among which 27 were Tai Chi masters. We have introduced a gender, BMI-based scaling of the features to mitigate their effects from the gait parameters. A hybrid feature ranking technique has also been proposed for selecting the best features for classification. The research reports 88.17% accuracy and 93.10% ROC AUC values from subject-wise 5-fold cross-validation for the Tai Chi masters' vs normal subjects' walking gait classification for the "Single-task" walking scenarios. We have also got fairly good accuracy for the "Dual-task" walking scenarios (82.62% accuracy and 84.11% ROC AUC values). The results indicate that Tai Chi clearly has an effect on the walking gait dynamics. The findings and methodology of this study could provide preliminary guidance for applying machine learning-based approaches to similar gait kinematics analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahasan Atick Faisal
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Md Shafayet Hossain
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Alhatou
- Neuromuscular Division, Hamad General Hospital and Department of Neurology, Alkhor Hospital, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Sakib Mahmud
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Iffat Ara
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Shah Imran Sheikh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Mosabber Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Wang S, Xia C, Zheng Q, Wang A, Tan Q. Machine Learning Models for Predicting the Risk of Hard-to-Heal Diabetic Foot Ulcers in a Chinese Population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:3347-3359. [PMID: 36341229 PMCID: PMC9628710 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s383960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of hard-to-heal diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is vital to prevent a poor prognosis. The purpose of this work was to employ clinical characteristics to create an optimal predictive model of hard-to-heal DFUs (failing to decrease by >50% at 4 weeks) based on machine learning algorithms. METHODS A total of 362 DFU patients hospitalized in two tertiary hospitals in eastern China were enrolled in this study. The training dataset and validation dataset were split at a ratio of 7:3. Univariate logistic analysis and clinical experience were utilized to screen clinical characteristics as predictive features. The following six machine learning algorithms were used to build prediction models for differentiating hard-to-heal DFUs: support vector machine, the naïve Bayesian (NB) model, k-nearest neighbor, general linear regression, adaptive boosting, and random forest. Five cross-validations were employed to realize the model's parameters. Accuracy, precision, recall, F1-scores, and AUCs were utilized to compare and evaluate the models' efficacy. On the basis of the best model identified, the significance of each characteristic was evaluated, and then an online calculator was developed. RESULTS Independent predictors for model establishment included sex, insulin use, random blood glucose, wound area, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease, smoking history, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and C-reactive protein. After evaluation, the NB model was identified as the most generalizable model, with an AUC of 0.864, a recall of 0.907, and an F1-score of 0.744. Random blood glucose, C-reactive protein, and wound area were determined to be the three most important influencing factors. A corresponding online calculator was created (https://predicthardtoheal.azurewebsites.net/). CONCLUSION Based on clinical characteristics, machine learning algorithms can achieve acceptable predictions of hard-to-heal DFUs, with the NB model performing the best. Our online calculator can assist doctors in identifying the possibility of hard-to-heal DFUs at the time of admission to reduce the likelihood of a dismal prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qirui Zheng
- Software Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Aiping Wang, Department of Endocrinology, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, 210002, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Qian Tan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qian Tan, Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 25 83106666, Email
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Rahman T, Al-Ishaq FA, Al-Mohannadi FS, Mubarak RS, Al-Hitmi MH, Islam KR, Khandakar A, Hssain AA, Al-Madeed S, Zughaier SM, Chowdhury MEH. Mortality Prediction Utilizing Blood Biomarkers to Predict the Severity of COVID-19 Using Machine Learning Technique. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1582. [PMID: 34573923 PMCID: PMC8469072 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare researchers have been working on mortality prediction for COVID-19 patients with differing levels of severity. A rapid and reliable clinical evaluation of disease intensity will assist in the allocation and prioritization of mortality mitigation resources. The novelty of the work proposed in this paper is an early prediction model of high mortality risk for both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients, which provides state-of-the-art performance, in an external validation cohort from a different population. Retrospective research was performed on two separate hospital datasets from two different countries for model development and validation. In the first dataset, COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients were admitted to the emergency department in Boston (24 March 2020 to 30 April 2020), and in the second dataset, 375 COVID-19 patients were admitted to Tongji Hospital in China (10 January 2020 to 18 February 2020). The key parameters to predict the risk of mortality for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients were identified and a nomogram-based scoring technique was developed using the top-ranked five parameters. Age, Lymphocyte count, D-dimer, CRP, and Creatinine (ALDCC), information acquired at hospital admission, were identified by the logistic regression model as the primary predictors of hospital death. For the development cohort, and internal and external validation cohorts, the area under the curves (AUCs) were 0.987, 0.999, and 0.992, respectively. All the patients are categorized into three groups using ALDCC score and death probability: Low (probability < 5%), Moderate (5% < probability < 50%), and High (probability > 50%) risk groups. The prognostic model, nomogram, and ALDCC score will be able to assist in the early identification of both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients with high mortality risk, helping physicians to improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawsifur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (K.R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Fajer A. Al-Ishaq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.A.A.-I.); (F.S.A.-M.); (R.S.M.); (M.H.A.-H.)
| | - Fatima S. Al-Mohannadi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.A.A.-I.); (F.S.A.-M.); (R.S.M.); (M.H.A.-H.)
| | - Reem S. Mubarak
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.A.A.-I.); (F.S.A.-M.); (R.S.M.); (M.H.A.-H.)
| | - Maryam H. Al-Hitmi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.A.A.-I.); (F.S.A.-M.); (R.S.M.); (M.H.A.-H.)
| | - Khandaker Reajul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (K.R.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Amith Khandakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (K.R.I.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Somaya Al-Madeed
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Susu M. Zughaier
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (F.A.A.-I.); (F.S.A.-M.); (R.S.M.); (M.H.A.-H.)
| | - Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (T.R.); (K.R.I.); (A.K.)
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