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[What is the contribution of smoking to the increased risk of suicide in young smokers? A systematic review]. L'ENCEPHALE 2023; 49:72-86. [PMID: 36253173 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The correlation between smoking and suicide is well documented in the general population: there is an increased risk of suicide among tobacco smokers. However, the association between smoking and suicidal behaviors (ideations, plans, attempts) in youth is poorly elucidated. This is a systematic review of the literature examined data on the relationship between active and passive smoking and suicidal ideation (SI), suicide planning (SP), and suicide attempts (SA) among youth in the general population. METHOD Medline searches were performed for the period 1980-2020. Cross-sectional, case-control, prospective population-based studies of young people (age less than 18 years) were included in this review; studies of specific populations (patients with an identified pathology of any kind) were excluded. RESULTS This review included 43 studies: 23 studies on the association between active smoking and SI, SI and/or PS, TS; three studies on the association between passive smoking and suicidal behavior, three studies on the association between smoking and suicidal behavior in young people in psychiatric hospital settings, and five studies comparing the suicidal behavior of girls and boys. Analysis of the data collected lead to the conclusion that active or passive smoking is associated with suicidal behavior in young people. Smoking appears to contribute to psychopathological disorders, including depression, the use of other psychoactive substances, or psychosocial suffering which are often associated with an increased risk of suicide in young people. The correlations between smoking and the presence of mental disorders have been highlighted; tobacco use may contribute to the development of depression, anxiety and stress. Further studies are needed to verify the existence of a causal link between smoking and suicide. CONCLUSION Smoking is associated with the risk of suicidal behavior in young people; it should be included among the criteria for assessing suicidal risk in youth. Smoking cessation, which improves psychological well-being, should be further integrated into the prevention of suicidal behavior.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A strong association has been shown to exist between schizophrenia and suicide; however, research examining suicidality in the prodromal phase of psychotic disorders is limited. This study aimed to meet this need by examining potential risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in a population of individuals with attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS), as defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders as a condition for further study. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify individuals with APS during a 5-year period across a large medical university's inpatient and outpatient settings. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were examined in relation to suicide attempts to identify risk factors for suicide attempts. χ analyses were used to analyze dichotomous variables, and t test analyses were used to compare means of continuous predictors among those with versus without suicide attempts. Final analyses consisted of fitting multivariate logistic regression models to control for sociodemographic factors. RESULTS In total, 26.3% of the APS population had at least 1 lifetime suicide attempt. Six covariates were found to be statistically significant predictors of suicide attempts: Axis II disorders (P=0.006); history of trauma as a whole (P=0.022); the subcategory of sexual trauma (P=0.005); tobacco use (P=0.039); family history of nonpsychotic Axis I disorders (P=0.042); and number of hospitalizations (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Suicidality is a prominent feature of APS, and a number of risk factors increase the likelihood of suicide attempts in this population.
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Ren W, Gu Y, Zhu L, Wang L, Chang Y, Yan M, Han B, He J. The effect of cigarette smoking on vitamin D level and depression in male patients with acute ischemic stroke. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 65:9-14. [PMID: 26773985 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between low vitamin D levels and depression has been well documented in nonstroke subjects. Accumulating evidence shows that low vitamin D levels may be also associated with depression post stroke. Cigarette smoking was associated with lower vitamin D levels. The purposes of this study were to compare vitamin D levels in smokers to nonsmokers and examine the association between vitamin D levels and depression symptoms in patients with acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured in 194 males within 24h after admission: 116 smokers and 78 nonsmokers. Depression symptoms were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). Patients with the HAMD-17 score >7 were identified to have depression symptoms. RESULTS The chi-square test showed that the frequency of depression in the smoker group was 23.3% (27/116), which was significantly higher than that in the nonsmoker group (11.5%=9/78), with an odds ratios (OR) of 2.33 (95% CI: 1.03-5.27; χ(2)=4.25, df=1, p=0.039, φ=0.15). Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in smokers than in nonsmokers (52.4±20.8 vs 61.7±19.2; F=9.88, p=0.002), with an effect size of 0.05 (ηp(2)). Patients with depression symptoms showed lower vitamin D levels than those with no depression symptoms (49.2±19.6 vs 57.7±20.6; F=5.03, p=0.03), with an effect size of 0.03 (ηp(2)). CONCLUSION Higher rates of depression in smokers with acute ischemic stroke may be associated with lower vitamin D levels induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaling Chang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jincai He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Hawton K, Saunders K, Topiwala A, Haw C. Psychiatric disorders in patients presenting to hospital following self-harm: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:821-30. [PMID: 24091302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders occur in approximately 90% of individuals dying by suicide. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in people who engage in non-fatal self-harm has received less attention. METHOD Systematic review using electronic databases (Embase, PsychINFO and Medline) for English language publications of studies in which psychiatric disorders have been assessed using research or clinical diagnostic schedules in self-harm patients of all ages presenting to general hospitals, followed by meta-analyses using random effects methods. RESULTS A total of 50 studies from 24 countries were identified. Psychiatric (Axis I) disorders were identified in 83.9% (95% CI 74.7-91.3%) of adults and 81.2% (95% CI 60.9-95.5%) of adolescents and young persons. The most frequent disorders were depression, anxiety and alcohol misuse, and additionally attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder in younger patients. Personality (Axis II) disorders were found in 27.5% (95% CI 17.6-38.7%) of adult patients. Psychiatric disorders were somewhat more common in patients in Western (89.6%, 95% CI 83.0-94.7%) than non-Western countries (70.6%, 95% CI 50.1-87.6%). LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity between study results was generally high. There were differences between studies in identification of study participants and diagnostic procedures. CONCLUSIONS Most self-harm patients have psychiatric disorders, as found in people dying by suicide. Depression and anxiety disorders are particularly common, together with ADHD and conduct disorder in adolescents. Psychosocial assessment and aftercare of self-harm patients should include careful screening for such disorders and appropriate therapeutic interventions. Longitudinal studies of the progress of these disorders are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Hawton
- Centre for Suicide Research, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Kahalley LS, Robinson LA, Tyc VL, Hudson MM, Leisenring W, Stratton K, Mertens AC, Zeltzer L, Robison LL, Hinds PS. Risk factors for smoking among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:428-34. [PMID: 21618409 PMCID: PMC3165077 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined risk factors for smoking among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer. The present study reports on the rate of smoking and identifies factors associated with smoking in a sample of adolescent survivors from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). PROCEDURE Participants included 307 adolescent survivors and 97 healthy siblings (ages 14-20) who completed a self-report survey of health, quality of life, and health behaviors. RESULTS Smoking rates did not differ significantly between survivor and sibling groups (ever smokers: 28% vs. 33%, recent smokers: 10% vs. 9%, respectively). Ever smoking was significantly associated with peer smoking, smokers in the household, binging, suicidal behavior, and no history of CRT. There were significant interactions of peer smoking with gender and CRT for ever smoking and with binging for recent smoking. Recent smoking was more likely for survivors with other household smokers (RR=2.24, CI=1.21-4.16), past suicidality (RR=1.89, CI=1.00-3.56), and no CRT (RR=2.40, CI=1.12-5.17). Among survivors with few smoking friends, ever smoking was more likely for survivors with no CRT (RR=4.47, CI=1.43-13.9), and recent smoking was more likely among survivors who binged (RR=3.37, CI=1.17-9.71). CONCLUSIONS Despite the health risks associated with survivorship, nearly one in three adolescent survivors of childhood cancer has smoked. Exposure to other smokers, in particular, appears to increase the likelihood of smoking for some survivors. Providing smoking cessation programs targeted to family members, helping survivors choose non-smoking friends, and teaching ways to resist smoking influences from peers may be important pathways for smoking prevention with adolescent survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Kahalley
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | | | - Vida L. Tyc
- Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Division of Cancer Survivorship, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Wendy Leisenring
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kayla Stratton
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Lonnie Zeltzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Pamela S. Hinds
- Department of Nursing Research and Quality Outcomes, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC,
Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Konings M, Stefanis N, Kuepper R, de Graaf R, ten Have M, van Os J, Bakoula C, Henquet C. Replication in two independent population-based samples that childhood maltreatment and cannabis use synergistically impact on psychosis risk. Psychol Med 2012; 42:149-159. [PMID: 21676285 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There may be biological plausibility to the notion that cannabis use and childhood trauma or maltreatment synergistically increase the risk for later development of psychotic symptoms. To replicate and further investigate this issue, prospective data from two independent population-based studies, the Greek National Perinatal Study (n=1636) and The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) (n=4842), were analyzed. METHOD Two different data sets on cannabis use and childhood maltreatment were used. In a large Greek population-based cohort study, data on cannabis use at age 19 years and childhood maltreatment at 7 years were assessed. In addition, psychotic symptoms were assessed using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). In NEMESIS, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess psychotic symptoms at three different time points along with childhood maltreatment and lifetime cannabis use. RESULTS A significant adjusted interaction between childhood maltreatment and later cannabis use was evident in both samples, indicating that the psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis were stronger in individuals exposed to earlier sexual or physical mistreatment [Greek National Perinatal Study: test for interaction F(2, 1627)=4.18, p=0.02; NEMESIS: test for interaction χ2(3)=8.08, p=0.04]. CONCLUSIONS Cross-sensitivity between childhood maltreatment and cannabis use may exist in pathways that shape the risk for expression of positive psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konings
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Innamorati M, Leo DD, Rihmer Z, Serafini G, Brugnoli R, Lester D, Amore M, Pompili M, Girardi P. Tobacco Smoking and Suicidal Ideation in School-Aged Children 12–15 Years Old: Impact of Cultural Differences. J Addict Dis 2011; 30:359-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2011.609802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Suicidality in the "prodromal" phase of schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2011; 52:479-85. [PMID: 21185016 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with schizophrenia are at high risk for suicide ideation, attempts, and completed suicide. However, suicidal behavior during the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and a possible association between prodromal suicidal behavior and suicidality after the onset of overt psychosis are not studied. METHODS One hundred six consecutively admitted schizophrenia patients with recent onset were evaluated retrospectively for prodromal symptoms and suicidality during the prodromal phase and after the onset of frank psychosis. In addition, 106 matched control subjects from the general population were evaluated for suicidality during the same age period of the prodromal phase of the corresponding patient. RESULTS Suicide ideation and attempt during the prodromal period were reported in 25.5% and 7.5% of the patients, which are 3.8- and 8-fold greater than in the controls, respectively. Patients with suicidal behavior experienced a greater number of prodromal symptoms than those without. Prodromal depressive mood, marked impairment in role functioning, and tobacco smoking exerted an independent effect on suicide ideation, whereas depressive mood was the symptom significantly more frequent in patients with suicide attempt. Suicide attempts were associated with an earlier onset of prodromal symptoms and frank psychosis. All patients with prodromal suicide attempts were cigarette smokers. Suicide ideation during the prodromal phase was strongly associated with lifetime suicidality after the onset of frank psychosis. CONCLUSIONS Suicidal behavior is quite common during the prodromal period. The association of smoking, depressive mood, impaired functioning, and a large number of prodromal symptoms, particularly in patients with an early onset of symptomatology, carries a substantially increased risk for suicide ideation. Particular care is needed in patients with prodromal suicide ideation after the onset of frank psychosis because the risk to attempt suicide is high.
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