1
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Calabrese M, Pizzi A, Daolio A, Beccaria R, Lo Iacono C, Scheiner S, Resnati G. Osme Bond: Geometric and Energetic Features in the Adducts between OsO 4 and Lewis Bases. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304240. [PMID: 38258620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Adducts between OsO4 and Lewis bases exert a role in important oxidation processes such as epoxidation and dihydroxylation. It has been shown that the attractive interaction driving the formation of these adducts is a σ-hole bond involving the metal as the electrophilic species; the term Osme Bond (OmB) was proposed for designating it. Here some new adducts between OsO4 and various bases have been characterized through single crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) and computational studies (density functional theory, DFT), confirming the existence of a robust correlation between σ-hole interaction energy and deformation of the tetrahedral geometry of OsO4. Also, some adducts formed by RuO4 with nucleophiles were investigated computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Calabrese
- NFMLab-Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pizzi
- NFMLab-Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Daolio
- NFMLab-Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Beccaria
- NFMLab-Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lo Iacono
- NFMLab-Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-0300, United States
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- NFMLab-Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, I-20131, Milan, Italy
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2
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Enhancing Effects of the Cyano Group on the C-X∙∙∙N Hydrogen or Halogen Bond in Complexes of X-Cyanomethanes with Trimethyl Amine: CH3−n(CN)nX∙∙∙NMe3, (n = 0–3; X = H, Cl, Br, I). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911289. [PMID: 36232589 PMCID: PMC9570363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, density functional theory and wave function theory calculations are carried out to investigate the strength and nature of the intermolecular C-X∙∙∙N bond interaction as a function of the number of cyano groups, CN, in the X-bond donor while maintaining the X-bond acceptor as fixed. Specifically, complexes of X-cyanomethanes with trimethyl amine CH3−n(CN)nX∙∙∙NMe3 (n = 0–3; X = H, Cl, Br, I) are used as model systems. Geometrical parameters and vibrational C-X-stretching frequencies as well as interaction energies are used as relevant indicators to gauge hydrogen or halogen bond strength in the complexes. Additional characteristics of interactions that link these complexes, i.e., hydrogen or halogen bonds, are calculated with the use of the following theoretical tools: the atoms in molecules (AIM) approach, the natural bond orbital (NBO) method, and energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The results show that, for the specified X-center, the strength of C-X∙∙∙N interaction increases significantly and in a non-additive fashion with the number of CN groups. Moreover, the nature (noncovalent or partly covalent) of the interactions is revealed via the AIM approach.
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3
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Scheiner S. Principles Guiding the Square Bonding Motif Containing a Pair of Chalcogen Bonds between Chalcogenadiazoles. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1194-1203. [PMID: 35143197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bonding motif adopted by a dimer of chalcogenadiazole molecules is characterized by a pair of equivalent Ch···N chalcogen bonds. Quantum calculations show that the interaction energy is substantial, varying between 4 kcal/mol for Ch = S and 17 kcal/mol for Te. The interaction is cooperative in that the total bond strength is greater than either chalcogen bond individually. Neither the addition of a phenyl ring nor the addition of a pair of cyano substituents to the diazole ring has much influence on this binding. Removal of one N from the diazole weakens the binding, and addition of two nitrogens has little effect. The largest perturbation arises with three N atoms in each ring, for which the binding energy increases by some 25%. The ring size plays a minor role in most cases, although a near doubling of bond strength occurs if there are two N atoms present on a four-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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4
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Abstract
A halogen-bonded complex containing a pair of anions can be made more stable than the isolated anions if the Lewis acid is a long carbon chain, fully substituted by CN groups, with an I atom on one end and a COO− group on the other, with Cl− as base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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5
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Scheiner S. On the Ability of Nitrogen to Serve as an Electron Acceptor in a Pnicogen Bond. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10419-10427. [PMID: 34846149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whereas pnicogen atoms like P and As have been shown repeatedly to act as electron acceptors in pnicogen bonds, the same is not true of the more electronegative first-row N atom. Quantum calculations assess whether N can serve in this capacity in such bonds and under what conditions. There is a positive π-hole belt that surrounds the central N atom in the linear arrangement of NNNF, NNN-CN, and NNO, which can engage a NH3 base to form a pnicogen bond with binding energy between 3 and 5 kcal/mol. Within the context of a planar arrangement, the π-hole above the N in NO2OF, N(CN)3, and CF3NO2 is also capable of forming a pnicogen bond, the strongest of which amounts to 11 kcal/mol with NMe3 as base. In their pyramidal geometry, NF3 and N(NO2)3 engage with a base through the σ-hole on the central N, with variable binding energies between 2 and 9 kcal/mol. AIM and NBO provide somewhat different interpretations of the secondary interactions that occur in some of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300 United States
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6
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Scheiner S. Maximal occupation by bases of π-hole bands surrounding linear molecules. J Comput Chem 2021; 43:319-330. [PMID: 34859910 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Linear molecules such as CO2 contain a positive π-hole ring that surrounds C on the molecule's equator. Quantum calculations examine the question as to how many bases can simultaneously bind to this ring. Linear molecules examined are TO2 , where T = C, Si, Ge, Sn; bases are NCH and NH3 . CO2 engages in the weakest of the tetrel bonds, and can bind up to three NCH and two NH3 . Unlike σ-hole tetrel bonds, Si forms the strongest tetrel bonds, with interaction energies as high as 43 kcal/mol with NH3 . But like GeO2 , SiO2 can sustain only two bases in its equatorial ring. The π-hole ring of SnO2 can engage in up to four tetrel bonds with either NCH or NH3 , even though these bonds are weaker than those with GeO2 or SiO2 . As all of these complexes cast TO2 in the role of multiple electron acceptor, the resulting negative cooperativity makes each successive bond weaker than its predecessor as bases are added, as well as reducing the magnitude of the central molecule's π-hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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7
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Wysokiński R, Zierkiewicz W, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. Ability of Lewis Acids with Shallow σ-Holes to Engage in Chalcogen Bonds in Different Environments. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216394. [PMID: 34770803 PMCID: PMC8586936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules of the type XYT = Ch (T = C, Si, Ge; Ch = S, Se; X,Y = H, CH3, Cl, Br, I) contain a σ-hole along the T = Ch bond extension. This hole can engage with the N lone pair of NCH and NCCH3 so as to form a chalcogen bond. In the case of T = C, these bonds are rather weak, less than 3 kcal/mol, and are slightly weakened in acetone or water. They owe their stability to attractive electrostatic energy, supplemented by dispersion, and a much smaller polarization term. Immersion in solvent reverses the electrostatic interaction to repulsive, while amplifying the polarization energy. The σ-holes are smaller for T = Si and Ge, even negative in many cases. These Lewis acids can nonetheless engage in a weak chalcogen bond. This bond owes its stability to dispersion in the gas phase, but it is polarization that dominates in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (W.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (W.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (W.Z.); (S.S.)
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8
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Ibrahim MAA, Kamel AAK, Soliman MES, Moustafa MF, El-Mageed HRA, Taha F, Mohamed LA, Moussa NAM. Effect of External Electric Field on Tetrel Bonding Interactions in (FTF 3···FH) Complexes (T = C, Si, Ge, and Sn). ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25476-25485. [PMID: 34632205 PMCID: PMC8495869 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A quantum chemical study was accomplished on the σ-hole interactions of the barely explored group IV elements, for the first time, in the absence and presence of the positively and negatively directed external electric field (EEF). The analyses of molecular electrostatic potential addressed the occurrence of the σ-hole on all the inspected tetrel atoms, confirming their salient versatility to engage in σ-hole interactions. MP2 energetic findings disclosed the occurrence of favorable σ-hole interactions within the tetrel bonding complexes. The tetrel bonding interactions became stronger in the order of C < Si < Ge < Sn for F-T-F3···FH complexes with the largest interaction energy amounting to -19.43 kcal/mol for the optimized F-Sn-F3···FH complex under the influence of +0.020 au EEF. The interaction energy conspicuously evolved by boosting the magnitude of the positively directed EEF value and declining the negatively directed EEF one. The decomposition analysis for the interaction energies was also executed in terms of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory, illuminating the dominant electrostatic contribution to all the studied complexes' interactions except carbon-based interactions controlled by dispersion forces. The outcomes that emerged from the current work reported significantly how the direction and strength of the EEF affect the tetrel-bonding interactions, leading to further improvements in the forthcoming studies of supramolecular chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Afnan A. K. Kamel
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular
Bio-computation and Drug Design Lab, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud F. Moustafa
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - H. R. Abd El-Mageed
- Micro-Analysis,
Environmental Research and Community Affairs Center (MAESC), Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Fouad Taha
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A. Mohamed
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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9
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Scheiner S. Dissection of the Origin of π-Holes and the Noncovalent Bonds in Which They Engage. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6514-6528. [PMID: 34310147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accompanying the rapidly growing list of σ-hole bonds has come the acknowledgment of parallel sorts of noncovalent bonds which owe their stability in large part to a deficiency of electron density in the area above the molecular plane, known as a π-hole. The origins of these π-holes are probed for a wide series of molecules, comprising halogen, chalcogen, pnicogen, tetrel, aerogen, and spodium bonds. Much like in the case of their σ-hole counterparts, formation of the internal covalent π-bond in the Lewis acid molecule pulls density toward the bond midpoint and away from its extremities. This depletion of density above the central atom is amplified by an electron-withdrawing substituent. At the same time, the amplitude of the π*-orbital is enhanced in the region of the density-depleted π-hole, facilitating a better overlap with the nucleophile's lone pair orbital and a stabilizing n → π* charge transfer. The presence of lone pairs on the central atom acts to attenuate the π-hole and shift its position somewhat, resulting in an overall weakening of the π-hole bond. There is a tendency for π-hole bonds to include a higher fraction of induction energy than σ-bonds with proportionately smaller electrostatic and dispersion components, but this distinction is less a product of the σ- or π-character and more a function of the overall bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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10
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Scheiner S. Relative Strengths of a Pnicogen and a Tetrel Bond and Their Mutual Effects upon One Another. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2631-2641. [PMID: 33734698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the T and Z atoms of TR3ZR2 to engage in a noncovalent interaction with NH3 is assessed by DFT calculations, where the T atom refers to C, Si, and Ge; Z = As, Sb, and P; and substituents R = H and F. In most instances, the tetrel bond (TB) is both stronger and shorter than the pnicogen bond (ZB). These two bond strengths can be equalized, or preference shifted to the ZB, if F substituents are placed on the Z and H on the T atoms. Employing C as the T atom results in a very weak TB, with the ZB clearly favored energetically. The simultaneous formation of both TB and ZB weakens both, particularly the latter, but both bonds survive intact. Geometric and spectroscopic perturbations of the subunits reflect the two types of noncovalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University†Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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11
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Zierkiewicz W, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. Noncovalent Bonds through Sigma and Pi-Hole Located on the Same Molecule. Guiding Principles and Comparisons. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061740. [PMID: 33804617 PMCID: PMC8003638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, scientific interest in noncovalent interactions based on the presence of electron-depleted regions called σ-holes or π-holes has markedly accelerated. Their high directionality and strength, comparable to hydrogen bonds, has been documented in many fields of modern chemistry. The current review gathers and digests recent results concerning these bonds, with a focus on those systems where both σ and π-holes are present on the same molecule. The underlying principles guiding the bonding in both sorts of interactions are discussed, and the trends that emerge from recent work offer a guide as to how one might design systems that allow multiple noncovalent bonds to occur simultaneously, or that prefer one bond type over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA;
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12
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Scheiner S. Comparison of Bifurcated Halogen with Hydrogen Bonds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020350. [PMID: 33445461 PMCID: PMC7827642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifurcated halogen bonds are constructed with FBr and FI as Lewis acids, paired with NH3 and NCH bases. The first type considered places two bases together with a single acid, while the reverse case of two acids sharing a single base constitutes the second type. These bifurcated systems are compared with the analogous H-bonds wherein FH serves as the acid. In most cases, a bifurcated system is energetically inferior to a single linear bond. There is a larger energetic cost to forcing the single σ-hole of an acid to interact with a pair of bases, than the other way around where two acids engage with the lone pair of a single base. In comparison to FBr and FI, the H-bonding FH acid is better able to participate in a bifurcated sharing with two bases. This behavior is traced to the properties of the monomers, in particular the specific shape of the molecular electrostatic potential, the anisotropy of the orbitals of the acid and base that interact directly with one another, and the angular extent of the total electron density of the two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
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13
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Scheiner S. Competition between a Tetrel and Halogen Bond to a Common Lewis Acid. J Phys Chem A 2020; 125:308-316. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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14
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Lu J, Scheiner S. Relationships between Bond Strength and Spectroscopic Quantities in H-Bonds and Related Halogen, Chalcogen, and Pnicogen Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7716-7725. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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15
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Abstract
The question as to whether the F atom can engage in a halogen bond (XB) remains unsettled. This issue is addressed via density functional theory calculations which pair a wide range of organic and inorganic F-acids with various sorts of Lewis bases. From an energetic perspective, perfluorinated hydrocarbons with sp, sp2, or sp3 C-hybridization are unable to form an XB with an N-base, but a very weak bond can be formed if electron-withdrawing C≡N substituents are added to the acid. There is little improvement for inorganic acids O2NF, FOF, ClF, BrF, SiF4, or GeF4, but F2 is capable of a stronger XB of up to 5 kcal/mol. These results are consistent with a geometric criterion, which compares the intermolecular equilibrium distance with the sum of atomic van der Waals radii. The intensity of the σ-hole on the F atom has predictive value in that a Vs,max of at least 10-15 kcal/mol is required for XB formation. Adding a positive charge to the Lewis acid enhances the strength of any XB and even more so if the base is anionic. The acid-base interaction induces a contraction of the r(AF) covalent bond in the acid in most cases and a deshielding of the NMR signal of the F nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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16
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Structures and energetics of clusters surrounding diatomic anions stabilized by hydrogen, halogen, and other noncovalent bonds. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Lu J, Scheiner S. Effects of Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnicogen, and Tetrel Bonds on IR and NMR Spectra. Molecules 2019; 24:E2822. [PMID: 31382402 PMCID: PMC6696224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes were formed pairing FX, FHY, FH2Z, and FH3T (X = Cl, Br, I; Y = S, Se, Te; Z = P, As, Sb; T = Si, Ge, Sn) with NH3 in order to form an A⋯N noncovalent bond, where A refers to the central atom. Geometries, energetics, atomic charges, and spectroscopic characteristics of these complexes were evaluated via DFT calculations. In all cases, the A-F bond, which is located opposite the base and is responsible for the σ-hole on the A atom, elongates and its stretching frequency undergoes a shift to the red. This shift varies from 42 to 175 cm-1 and is largest for the halogen bonds, followed by chalcogen, tetrel, and then pnicogen. The shift also decreases as the central A atom is enlarged. The NMR chemical shielding of the A atom is increased while that of the F and electron donor N atom are lowered. Unlike the IR frequency shifts, it is the third-row A atoms that undergo the largest change in NMR shielding. The change in shielding of A is highly variable, ranging from negligible for FSnH3 all the way up to 1675 ppm for FBr, while those of the F atom lie in the 55-422 ppm range. Although smaller in magnitude, the changes in the N shielding are still easily detectable, between 7 and 27 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
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18
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Scheiner S, Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W. Structures of clusters surrounding ions stabilized by hydrogen, halogen, chalcogen, and pnicogen bonds. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Sajid H, Mahmood T, Mahmood MH, Ayub K. Comparative investigation of sensor application of polypyrrole for gaseous analytes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain Sajid
- Department of ChemistryCOMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of ChemistryCOMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Pakistan
| | - Mian H.R. Mahmood
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Education, Faisalabad Campus Samanabad, Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of ChemistryCOMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Pakistan
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20
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Differential Binding of Tetrel-Bonding Bipodal Receptors to Monatomic and Polyatomic Anions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020227. [PMID: 30634503 PMCID: PMC6358819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that a bidentate receptor containing a pair of Sn atoms can engage in very strong interactions with halide ions via tetrel bonds. The question that is addressed here concerns the possibility that a receptor of this type might be designed that would preferentially bind a polyatomic over a monatomic anion since the former might better span the distance between the two Sn atoms. The binding of Cl− was thus compared to that of HCOO−, HSO4−, and H2PO4− with a wide variety of bidentate receptors. A pair of SnFH2 groups, as strong tetrel-binding agents, were first added to a phenyl ring in ortho, meta, and para arrangements. These same groups were also added in 1,3 and 1,4 positions of an aliphatic cyclohexyl ring. The tetrel-bonding groups were placed at the termini of (-C≡C-)n (n = 1,2) extending arms so as to further separate the two Sn atoms. Finally, the Sn atoms were incorporated directly into an eight-membered ring, rather than as appendages. The ordering of the binding energetics follows the HCO2− > Cl− > H2PO4− > HSO4− general pattern, with some variations in selected systems. The tetrel bonding is strong enough that in most cases, it engenders internal deformations within the receptors that allow them to engage in bidentate bonding, even for the monatomic chloride, which mutes any effects of a long Sn···Sn distance within the receptor.
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Wysokiński R, Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W, Scheiner S. Influence of monomer deformation on the competition between two types of σ-holes in tetrel bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10336-10346. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Competition between two competing sites on a tetrel atom is explained by balance between structural deformation and σ-hole intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Utah State University
- Logan
- USA
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