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Golesorkhi M, Gomez-Pilar J, Zilio F, Berberian N, Wolff A, Yagoub MCE, Northoff G. The brain and its time: intrinsic neural timescales are key for input processing. Commun Biol 2021; 4:970. [PMID: 34400800 PMCID: PMC8368044 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We process and integrate multiple timescales into one meaningful whole. Recent evidence suggests that the brain displays a complex multiscale temporal organization. Different regions exhibit different timescales as described by the concept of intrinsic neural timescales (INT); however, their function and neural mechanisms remains unclear. We review recent literature on INT and propose that they are key for input processing. Specifically, they are shared across different species, i.e., input sharing. This suggests a role of INT in encoding inputs through matching the inputs' stochastics with the ongoing temporal statistics of the brain's neural activity, i.e., input encoding. Following simulation and empirical data, we point out input integration versus segregation and input sampling as key temporal mechanisms of input processing. This deeply grounds the brain within its environmental and evolutionary context. It carries major implications in understanding mental features and psychiatric disorders, as well as going beyond the brain in integrating timescales into artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Golesorkhi
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada ,grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Javier Gomez-Pilar
- grid.5239.d0000 0001 2286 5329Biomedical Engineering Group, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Zilio
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Nareg Berberian
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Annemarie Wolff
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustapha C. E. Yagoub
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada ,grid.410595.c0000 0001 2230 9154Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XMental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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2
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Hwang H, Cho G, Jin MJ, Ryoo JH, Choi Y, Lee SH. A knowledge-based multivariate statistical method for examining gene-brain-behavioral/cognitive relationships: Imaging genetics generalized structured component analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247592. [PMID: 33690643 PMCID: PMC7946325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in neuroimaging and genetics, imaging genetics is a naturally emerging field that combines genetic and neuroimaging data with behavioral or cognitive outcomes to examine genetic influence on altered brain functions associated with behavioral or cognitive variation. We propose a statistical approach, termed imaging genetics generalized structured component analysis (IG-GSCA), which allows researchers to investigate such gene-brain-behavior/cognitive associations, taking into account well-documented biological characteristics (e.g., genetic pathways, gene-environment interactions, etc.) and methodological complexities (e.g., multicollinearity) in imaging genetic studies. We begin by describing the conceptual and technical underpinnings of IG-GSCA. We then apply the approach for investigating how nine depression-related genes and their interactions with an environmental variable (experience of potentially traumatic events) influence the thickness variations of 53 brain regions, which in turn affect depression severity in a sample of Korean participants. Our analysis shows that a dopamine receptor gene and an interaction between a serotonin transporter gene and the environment variable have statistically significant effects on a few brain regions' variations that have statistically significant negative impacts on depression severity. These relationships are largely supported by previous studies. We also conduct a simulation study to safeguard whether IG-GSCA can recover parameters as expected in a similar situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heungsun Hwang
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gyeongcheol Cho
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Min Jin Jin
- Institute of Liberal Education, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Ryoo
- Department of Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younyoung Choi
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Hanyang Cyber University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Ilsan-Paik Hospital and Inje University, Goyang, Korea
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3
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Ushakova VM, Morozova AY, Reznik AM, Kostyuk GP, Chekhonin VP. Molecular Biological Aspects of Depressive Disorders: A Modern View. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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4
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Watanabe K, Kakeda S, Katsuki A, Ueda I, Ikenouchi A, Yoshimura R, Korogi Y. Whole-brain structural covariance network abnormality in first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 300:111083. [PMID: 32298948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in the abnormality of networks across the brain in major depressive disorder (MDD). We aimed to investigate the structural covariance networks in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve MDD using structural imaging. A total of 77 patients with first-episode and drug-naïve MDD and 79 healthy subjects (HS) were recruited, from whom high-resolution T1-weighted images were analysed. Incident component analysis was used to calculate the brain networks based on grey matter volume covariance. There were significant differences in salience network, medial temporal lobe network, default mode network and central executive network between MDD and HS (p < 0.05). Further, the disturbance of medial temporal lobe network was significantly correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we found a novel abnormality in the brain network in the medial temporal lobe primarily involving the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus in patients with first-episode and treatment-naïve MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shingo Kakeda
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Radiology, Aomori, Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Issei Ueda
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikenouchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukunori Korogi
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Kneer K, Reinhard J, Ziegler C, Slyschak A, Schiele M, Vietz M, Peters K, Meisenzahl EM, Pauli P, Reif A, Deckert J, Romanos M, Domschke K, Neufang S. Serotonergic influence on depressive symptoms and trait anxiety is mediated by negative life events and frontal activation in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:691-706. [PMID: 31422473 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are common in childhood and adolescence. Even though cardinal symptoms differ, there is a considerable overlap regarding the pathogenic influence of serotonergic innervation, negative life experience, disturbed emotion perception/affect regulation, and impaired neural functioning in the fronto-limbic circuit. In this study, we examined the effect of the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype on depressive symptoms and trait anxiety under the consideration of the amount of negative life events in healthy children and adolescents (N = 389). In a subsample of 49 subjects, we performed fMRI to add fronto-limbic brain activation as a second interacting factor. Across all subjects, negative life events moderated the influence of the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype on both depressive symptoms and trait anxiety. In the fMRI subsample, 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S + S/LG + S/LA + LGLA + LGLG genotype-associated left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) activation mediated the influence of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype on depressive symptoms, however, only in combination with negative life events. Genetic influence on trait anxiety was predominantly mediated by negative life events; only LALA genotype-specific activation in the right MFG worked as a mediator in combination with negative life events. The present findings hint towards distinct mechanisms mediating the influence of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 genotype on depressive symptoms and anxiety, with negative life events playing a crucial role in both phenotypes. With regard to depressive symptoms, however, this influence was only visible in combination with MFG activation, whereas, in anxiety, it was independent of brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kneer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Reinhard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Slyschak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Vietz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Bergische Landstraße 2, 40629, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neufang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Bergische Landstraße 2, 40629, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Albert PR, Le François B, Vahid-Ansari F. Genetic, epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms for treatment of major depression: the 5-HT1A receptor gene as a paradigm. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:164-176. [PMID: 30807072 PMCID: PMC6488484 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression and anxiety are highly prevalent and involve chronic dysregulation of serotonin, but they remain poorly understood. Here, we review novel transcriptional (genetic, epigenetic) and posttranscriptional (microRNA, alternative splicing) mechanisms implicated in mental illness, focusing on a key serotonin-related regulator, the serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor. Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms and stress-induced DNA methylation of the 5-HT1A promoter converge to differentially alter pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression associated with major depression and reduced therapeutic response to serotonergic antidepressants. Major depression is also associated with altered levels of splice factors and microRNA, posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate RNA stability. The human 5-HT1A 3′-untranslated region is alternatively spliced, removing microRNA sites and increasing 5-HT1A expression, which is reduced in major depression and may be genotype-dependent. Thus, the 5-HT1A receptor gene illustrates the convergence of genetic, epigenetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms in gene expression, neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, and major depression. Understanding gene regulatory mechanisms could enhance the detection, categorization and personalized treatment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Albert
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Brice Le François
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Faranak Vahid-Ansari
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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7
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Abstract
Stress is an adaptive response to environment aversive stimuli and a common life experience of one's daily life. Chronic or excessive stress especially that happened in early life is found to be deleterious to individual's physical and mental health, which is highly related to depressive disorders onset. Stressful life events are consistently considered to be the high-risk factors of environment for predisposing depressive disorders. In linking stressful life events with depressive disorder onset, dysregulated HPA axis activity is supposed to play an important role in mediating aversive impacts of life stress on brain structure and function. Increasing evidence have indicated the strong association of stress, especially the chronic stress and early life stress, with depressive disorders development, while the association of stress with depression is moderated by genetic risk factors, including polymorphism of SERT, BDNF, GR, FKBP5, MR, and CRHR1. Meanwhile, stressful life experience particularly early life stress will exert epigenetic modification in these risk genes via DNA methylation and miRNA regulation to generate long-lasting effects on these genes expression, which in turn cause brain structural and functional alteration, and finally increase the vulnerability to depressive disorders. Therefore, the interaction of environment with gene, in which stressful life exposure interplay with genetic risk factors and epigenetic modification, is essential in predicting depressive disorders development. As the mediator of environmental risk factors, stress will function together with genetic and epigenetic mechanism to influence brain structure and function, physiology and psychology, and finally the vulnerability to depressive disorders.
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8
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Loss of Adult 5-HT1A Autoreceptors Results in a Paradoxical Anxiogenic Response to Antidepressant Treatment. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1334-1346. [PMID: 30552180 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0352-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line antidepressants but require several weeks to elicit their actions. Chronic SSRI treatment induces desensitization of 5-HT1A autoreceptors to enhance 5-HT neurotransmission. Mice (both sexes) with gene deletion of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in adult 5-HT neurons (1AcKO) were tested for response to SSRIs. Tamoxifen-induced recombination in adult 1AcKO mice specifically reduced 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels. The 1AcKO mice showed a loss of 5-HT1A autoreceptor-mediated hypothermia and electrophysiological responses, but no changes in anxiety- or depression-like behavior. Subchronic fluoxetine (FLX) treatment induced an unexpected anxiogenic effect in 1AcKO mice in the novelty suppressed feeding and elevated plus maze tests, as did escitalopram in the novelty suppressed feeding test. No effect was seen in wild-type (WT) mice. Subchronic FLX increased 5-HT metabolism in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and raphe of 1AcKO but not WT mice, suggesting hyperactivation of 5-HT release. To detect chronic cellular activation, FosB+ cells were quantified. FosB+ cells were reduced in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus (CA2/3) and increased in dorsal raphe 5-HT cells of 1AcKO mice, suggesting increased raphe activation. In WT but not 1AcKO mice, FLX reduced FosB+ cells in the median raphe, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and median septum, which receive rich 5-HT projections. Thus, in the absence of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, SSRIs induce a paradoxical anxiogenic response. This may involve imbalance in activation of dorsal and median raphe to regulate septohippocampal or fimbria-fornix pathways. These results suggest that markedly reduced 5-HT1A autoreceptors may provide a marker for aberrant response to SSRI treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating anxiety and depression in humans and mouse models. However, in some cases, SSRIs can increase anxiety, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. Here we show that, rather than enhancing SSRI benefits, adulthood knockout (KO) of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor, a critical negative regulator of 5-HT activity, results in an SSRI-induced anxiety effect that appears to involve a hyperactivation of the 5-HT system in certain brain areas. Thus, subjects with very low levels of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, such as during childhood or adolescence, may be at risk for an SSRI-induced anxiety response.
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9
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Kakeda S, Watanabe K, Katsuki A, Sugimoto K, Igata N, Ueda I, Igata R, Abe O, Yoshimura R, Korogi Y. Relationship between interleukin (IL)-6 and brain morphology in drug-naïve, first-episode major depressive disorder using surface-based morphometry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10054. [PMID: 29968776 PMCID: PMC6030126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence to support the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of depression; however, no previous studies have examined the relationship between cytokines and the brain morphology of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We therefore evaluated the relationship between serum cytokine levels and cortical thinning during the first depressive episode in drug-naïve patients with MDD. We measured the serum cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNFα), and whole-brain cortical thickness and hippocampal subfield volumes on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using surface-based morphometry in 40 patients with MDD and 47 healthy volunteers (controls). Only the serum IL-6 level was significantly higher in patients with MDD than in controls. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) thickness was significantly reduced in patients with MDD, and showed a significant inverse correlation with the serum IL-6 level. Although high serum IL-6 levels were correlated with reduced left subiculum and right CA1, CA3, CA4, GC-DG, subiculum, and whole hippocampus volumes, the presence or absence of MDD had no effect on the volume of any hippocampal subfields. Our results suggest that IL-6 may play a key role in the morphological changes in the PFC during the early stage of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kakeda
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sugimoto
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Natsuki Igata
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Issei Ueda
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ryohei Igata
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yukunori Korogi
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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10
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Knyazev GG, Bazovkina DV, Savostyanov AN, Naumenko VS, Kuznetsova VB, Proshina EA. Suppression mediates the effect of 5-HTTLPR by stress interaction on depression. Scand J Psychol 2018; 58:373-378. [PMID: 28901577 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that the presence of short (S), as opposed to long (L), allele of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with a higher risk for depression following exposure to stressful life events. However, many other studies failed to confirm this association. One reason for this inconsistency might be the fact that the interaction of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with stress may relate not to depression per se, but rather to adaptive or maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Here we show that individuals homozygous for the long allele respond to stressful events by reappraising their emotional meaning, which may hamper the harmful effect of stress on mental health. In S genotype carriers, on the other hand, stress triggers the appearance of intrusive thoughts and vain attempts to suppress them, which in this group acts as a mediator between stress and depressive symptoms. These findings are in line with neuroimaging studies showing that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has an effect on the connectivity among key areas involved in emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Knyazev
- Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Daria V Bazovkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Alexander N Savostyanov
- Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | | | - Valeriya B Kuznetsova
- Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Proshina
- Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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11
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Resting State Networks Mediate the Effect of Genotype by Environment Interaction on Mental Health. Neuroscience 2017; 369:139-151. [PMID: 29129791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that the presence of short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with a higher risk for depression following exposure to stressful life events. These findings are in line with neuroimaging studies showing that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has an effect on the connectivity among key areas involved in emotion regulation. Here using mediated moderation analysis, we show that electrophysiological manifestations of resting state networks in the alpha frequency band mediate the effect of 5-HTTLPR by stress interaction on depression/anxiety symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Specifically, at the brain level, both L-allele homozygotes and S-allele carriers are similarly responsive to stress exposure. However, these brain responses seem to act as triggers of psychopathological symptoms in S-allele carriers, but as suppressors in L-allele homozygotes. This finding implies that the interpretation of the effect of gene by environment interaction on psychopathology seems more complicated than behavioral results alone would imply. It is not just differential sensitivity to stress, but rather different ways of coping with stress, which distinguish S-allele carriers and L-allele homozygotes.
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12
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Deng D, Jian C, Lei L, Zhou Y, McSweeney C, Dong F, Shen Y, Zou D, Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhang L, Mao Y. A prenatal interruption of DISC1 function in the brain exhibits a lasting impact on adult behaviors, brain metabolism, and interneuron development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84798-84817. [PMID: 29156684 PMCID: PMC5689574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses like schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depression disorder (MDD) are devastating brain disorders. The SCZ risk gene, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), has been associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. However, little is known regarding the long-lasting impacts on brain metabolism and behavioral outcomes from genetic insults on fetal NPCs during early life. We have established a new mouse model that specifically interrupts DISC1 functions in NPCs in vivo by a dominant-negative DISC1 (DN-DISC1) with a precise temporal and spatial regulation. Interestingly, prenatal interruption of mouse Disc1 function in NPCs leads to abnormal depression-like deficit in adult mice. Here we took a novel unbiased metabonomics approach to identify brain-specific metabolites that are significantly changed in DN-DISC1 mice. Surprisingly, the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, is augmented. Consistently, parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are increased in the cingulate cortex, retrosplenial granular cortex, and motor cortex. Interestingly, somatostatin (SST) positive and neuropeptide Y (NPY) interneurons are decreased in some brain regions, suggesting that DN-DISC1 expression affects the localization of interneuron subtypes. To further explore the cellular mechanisms that cause this change, DN-DISC1 suppresses proliferation and promotes the cell cycle exit of progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), whereas it stimulates ectopic proliferation of neighboring cells through cell non-autonomous effect. Mechanistically, it modulates GSK3 activity and interrupts Dlx2 activity in the Wnt activation. In sum, our results provide evidence that specific genetic insults on NSCs at a short period of time could lead to prolonged changes of brain metabolism and development, eventually behavioral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Deng
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chongdong Jian
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Lei
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Health Examination Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yijing Zhou
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Colleen McSweeney
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Fengping Dong
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yilun Shen
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingwei Mao
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Luckhart C, Philippe TJ, Le François B, Vahid-Ansari F, Geddes SD, Béïque JC, Lagace DC, Daigle M, Albert PR. Sex-dependent adaptive changes in serotonin-1A autoreceptor function and anxiety in Deaf1-deficient mice. Mol Brain 2016; 9:77. [PMID: 27488351 PMCID: PMC4973060 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C (-1019) G rs6295 promoter polymorphism of the serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor gene is associated with major depression in several but not all studies, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms mediate resilience. The rs6295 risk allele prevents binding of the repressor Deaf1 increasing 5-HT1A receptor gene transcription, and the Deaf1-/- mouse model shows an increase in 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression. In this study, Deaf1-/- mice bred on a mixed C57BL6-BALB/c background were compared to wild-type littermates for 5-HT1A autoreceptor function and behavior in males and females. Despite a sustained increase in 5-HT1A autoreceptor binding levels, the amplitude of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor-mediated current in 5-HT neurons was unaltered in Deaf1-/- mice, suggesting compensatory changes in receptor function. Consistent with increased 5-HT1A autoreceptor function in vivo, hypothermia induced by the 5-HT1A agonist DPAT was augmented in early generation male but not female Deaf1-/- mice, but was reduced with succeeding generations. Loss of Deaf1 resulted in a mild anxiety phenotype that was sex-and test-dependent, with no change in depression-like behavior. Male Deaf1 knockout mice displayed anxiety-like behavior in the open field and light-dark tests, while female Deaf1-/- mice showed increased anxiety only in the elevated plus maze. These data show that altered 5-HT1A autoreceptor regulation in male Deaf1-/- mice can be compensated for by generational adaptation of receptor response that may help to normalize behavior. The sex dependence of Deaf1 function in mice is consistent with a greater role for 5-HT1A autoreceptors in sensitivity to depression in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Luckhart
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Tristan J Philippe
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Brice Le François
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Faranak Vahid-Ansari
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Sean D Geddes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Béïque
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Diane C Lagace
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada
| | - Mireille Daigle
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), Ottawa, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H-8M5, Canada.
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14
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Liu X, Watanabe K, Kakeda S, Yoshimura R, Abe O, Ide S, Hayashi K, Katsuki A, Umene-Nakano W, Watanabe R, Ueda I, Nakamura J, Korogi Y. Relationship between white matter integrity and serum cortisol levels in drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder: diffusion tensor imaging study using tract-based spatial statistics. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 208:585-90. [PMID: 26892846 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.155689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher daytime cortisol levels because of a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have been reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The elevated glucocorticoids inhibit the proliferation of the oligodendrocytes that are responsible for myelinating the axons of white matter fibre tracts. AIMS To evaluate the relationship between white matter integrity and serum cortisol levels during a first depressive episode in drug-naive patients with MDD (MDD group) using a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method. METHOD The MDD group (n = 29) and a healthy control group (n = 47) underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans and an analysis was conducted using TBSS. Morning blood samples were obtained from both groups for cortisol measurement. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the MDD group had significantly reduced fractional anisotropy values (P<0.05, family-wise error (FWE)-corrected) in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus and anterior thalamic radiation. The fractional anisotropy values of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus and anterior thalamic radiation had significantly negative correlations with the serum cortisol levels in the MDD group (P<0.05, FWE-corrected). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the elevated cortisol levels in the MDD group may injure the white matter integrity in the frontal-subcortical and frontal-limbic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Kakeda
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Ide
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Hayashi
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wakako Umene-Nakano
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rieko Watanabe
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Issei Ueda
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukunori Korogi
- Xiaodan Liu, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan, and Medical Imaging Center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Keita Watanabe, MD, Shingo Kakeda, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Reiji Yoshimura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Osamu Abe, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Satoru Ide, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Kenji Hayashi, MD, Asuka Katsuki, MD, Wakako Umene-Nakano, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Rieko Watanabe, MD, Issei Ueda, MD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Jun Nakamura, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan; Yukunori Korogi, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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FKBP5 modulates the hippocampal connectivity deficits in depression: a study in twins. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:62-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Northoff G. Spatiotemporal Psychopathology II: How does a psychopathology of the brain's resting state look like? Spatiotemporal approach and the history of psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:867-879. [PMID: 26071797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathology as the investigation and classification of experience, behavior and symptoms in psychiatric patients is an old discipline that ranges back to the end of the 19th century. Since then different approaches to psychopathology have been suggested. Recent investigations showing abnormalities in the brain on different levels raise the question how the gap between brain and psyche, between neural abnormalities and alteration in experience and behavior can be bridged. Historical approaches like descriptive (Jaspers) and structural (Minkoswki) psychopathology as well as the more current phenomenological psychopathology (Paarnas, Fuchs, Sass, Stanghellini) remain on the side of the psyche giving detailed description of the phenomenal level of experience while leaving open the link to the brain. In contrast, the recently introduced Research Domain Classification (RDoC) aims at explicitly linking brain and psyche by starting from so-called 'neuro-behavioral constructs'. How does Spatiotemporal Psychopathology, as demonstrated in the first paper on depression, stand in relation to these approaches? In a nutshell, Spatiotemporal Psychopathology aims to bridge the gap between brain and psyche. Specifically, as demonstrated in depression in the first paper, the focus is on the spatiotemporal features of the brain's intrinsic activity and how they are transformed into corresponding spatiotemporal features in experience on the phenomenal level and behavioral changes, which can well account for the symptoms in these patients. This second paper focuses on some of the theoretical background assumptions in Spatiotemporal Psychopathology by directly comparing it to descriptive, structural, and phenomenological psychopathology as well as to RDoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Center for Brain and Consciousness, Taipeh Medical University (TMU), Taipeh, Taiwan; College for Humanities and Medicine, Taipeh Medical University (TMU), Taipeh, Taiwan; ITAB, University of Chieti, Italy.
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Hermesdorf M, Sundermann B, Feder S, Schwindt W, Minnerup J, Arolt V, Berger K, Pfleiderer B, Wersching H. Major depressive disorder: Findings of reduced homotopic connectivity and investigation of underlying structural mechanisms. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:1209-17. [PMID: 26704348 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has been associated with various alterations in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived resting-state functional connectivity. Recently, homotopic connectivity, defined as functional connectivity between homotopic regions across hemispheres, has been reported to be reduced in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, little is known about structural factors underlying alterations of homotopic connectivity, which would contribute to the understanding of the altered neurophysiological architecture in patients with MDD. We compared 368 patients with MDD and 461 never-depressed controls regarding voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and potential underlying mechanisms such as the structural connectivity of the corpus callosum, measured by DTI-derived fractional anisotropy (FA), and left-right symmetries in homotopic gray matter volumes. Compared to controls, patients with MDD exhibited reduced VMHC in the cuneus, putamen, superior temporal gyrus, insula, and precuneus. Within these regions, no differences in left-right symmetries in homotopic gray matter volumes were evident across cohorts. FA of the corpus callosum correlated with VMHC in the entire sample. However, patients with MDD and controls did not differ with regard to callosal FA. The findings indicate that MDD is associated with a loss of interhemispheric synchrony in regions known to be implicated in self-referential and reward processing. They also suggest that additional mechanisms are implicated in altered homotopic connectivity of patients with MDD, other than direct callosal fiber pathways or asymmetries in homotopic gray matter volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hermesdorf
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Sundermann
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Feder
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfram Schwindt
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Minnerup
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bettina Pfleiderer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heike Wersching
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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18
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Liu X, Kakeda S, Watanabe K, Yoshimura R, Abe O, Ide S, Hayashi K, Katsuki A, Umeno-Nakano W, Watanabe R, Ueda I, Moriya J, Nakamura J, Korogi Y. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CORTICAL THICKNESS AND SERUM CORTISOL LEVELS IN DRUG-NAÏVE, FIRST-EPISODE PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: A SURFACE-BASED MORPHOMETRIC STUDY. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:702-8. [PMID: 26290363 DOI: 10.1002/da.22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, higher morning cortisol levels due to a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between cortical thinning and the serum cortisol levels during the first depressive episode in drug-naïve MDD patients using an automated surface-based morphometry (SBM) method. METHODS The institutional review board approved this prospective study. MR imaging data were obtained using a 3T scanner by a three-dimensional fast-spoiled gradient recalled acquisition with steady state (3D-FSPGR). Thirty drug-naïve patients with MDD and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (controls) were enrolled. We then used the SBM method (Freesurfer) to generate cortical thickness maps, and measured the cortical thickness in each subject. Morning blood samples were drawn from all participants for cortisol measurements. RESULTS We found the serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in the MDD patients than in the controls. The MDD patients manifested significant thinning of the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex compared with the controls. There was a significant negative linear correlation between the thickness of the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the serum cortisol levels in the MDD patients. CONCLUSIONS In the early stage of MDD, the thickness of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex was significantly reduced, and also showed a significant inverse correlation with the serum cortisol levels. Since the lateral orbitofrontal cortex contains a high concentration of glucocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor-mediated signaling transductions could contribute to neurotoxicity, which might occur when there are high cortisol levels in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan.,Medical imaging center, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shingo Kakeda
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ide
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Hayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wakako Umeno-Nakano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rieko Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Issei Ueda
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Moriya
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukunori Korogi
- Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Le François B, Soo J, Millar AM, Daigle M, Le Guisquet AM, Leman S, Minier F, Belzung C, Albert PR. Chronic mild stress and antidepressant treatment alter 5-HT1A receptor expression by modifying DNA methylation of a conserved Sp4 site. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:332-341. [PMID: 26188176 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A), a critical regulator of the brain serotonergic tone, is implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) where it is often found to be dys-regulated. However, the extent to which stress and antidepressant treatment impact 5-HT1A expression in adults remains unclear. To address this issue, we subjected adult male BALB/c mice to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) to induce a depression-like phenotype that was reversed by chronic treatment with the antidepressant imipramine. In prefrontal cortex (PFC) and midbrain tissue, UCMS increased 5-HT1A RNA and protein levels, changes that are expected to decrease the brain serotonergic activity. The stress-induced increase in 5-HT1A expression was paralleled by a specific increase in DNA methylation of the conserved -681 CpG promoter site, located within a Sp1-like element. We show that the -681 CpG site is recognized and repressed by Sp4, the predominant neuronal Sp1-like factor and that Sp4-induced repression is attenuated by DNA methylation, despite a stress-induced increase in PFC Sp4 levels. These results indicate that adult life stress induces DNA methylation of a conserved promoter site, antagonizing Sp4 repression to increase 5-HT1A expression. Chronic imipramine treatment fully reversed the UCMS-induced increase in methylation of the -681 CpG site in the PFC but not midbrain of stressed animals and also increased 5-HT1A expression in the PFC of control animals. Incomplete reversal by imipramine of stress-induced changes in 5-HT1A methylation and expression indicates a persistence of stress vulnerability, and that sustained reversal of behavioral impairments may require additional pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/pharmacology
- Chronic Disease
- Conserved Sequence
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA Methylation/physiology
- Depressive Disorder/drug therapy
- Depressive Disorder/genetics
- Depressive Disorder/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus/drug effects
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus/metabolism
- Imipramine/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Le François
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jeremy Soo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Anne M Millar
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mireille Daigle
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Samuel Leman
- Inserm U 930, Université François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Minier
- Inserm U 930, Université François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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20
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Klucken T, Schweckendiek J, Blecker C, Walter B, Kuepper Y, Hennig J, Stark R. The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:700-7. [PMID: 25140050 PMCID: PMC4420749 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence links the 5-HTTLPR genotype to the modulation of amygdala reactivity during fear conditioning, which is considered to convey the increased vulnerability for anxiety disorders in s-allele carriers. In addition to amygdala reactivity, the 5-HTTLPR has been shown to be related to alterations in structural and effective connectivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 5-HTTLPR genotype on amygdala reactivity and effective connectivity during fear conditioning, as well as structural connectivity [as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)]. To integrate different classification strategies, we used the bi-allelic (s-allele vs l/l-allele group) as well as the tri-allelic (low-functioning vs high-functioning) classification approach. S-allele carriers showed exaggerated amygdala reactivity and elevated amygdala-insula coupling during fear conditioning (CS + > CS-) compared with the l/l-allele group. In addition, DTI analysis showed increased fractional anisotropy values in s-allele carriers within the uncinate fasciculus. Using the tri-allelic classification approach, increased amygdala reactivity and amygdala insula coupling were observed in the low-functioning compared with the high-functioning group. No significant differences between the two groups were found in structural connectivity. The present results add to the current debate on the influence of the 5-HTTLPR on brain functioning. These differences between s-allele and l/l-allele carriers may contribute to altered vulnerability for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Schweckendiek
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlo Blecker
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bertram Walter
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kuepper
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juergen Hennig
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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21
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Ortiz R, Ulrich H, Zarate CA, Machado-Vieira R. Purinergic system dysfunction in mood disorders: a key target for developing improved therapeutics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 57:117-31. [PMID: 25445063 PMCID: PMC4262688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid and purines (such as adenosine) regulate mood, sleep, activity, appetite, cognition, memory, convulsive threshold, social interaction, drive, and impulsivity. A link between purinergic dysfunction and mood disorders was first proposed a century ago. Interestingly, a recent nationwide population-based study showed elevated risk of gout in subjects with bipolar disorder (BD), and a recent meta-analysis and systematic review of placebo-controlled trials of adjuvant purinergic modulators confirmed their benefits in bipolar mania. Uric acid may modulate energy and activity levels, with higher levels associated with higher energy and BD spectrum. Several recent genetic studies suggest that the purinergic system - particularly the modulation of P1 and P2 receptor subtypes - plays a role in mood disorders, lending credence to this model. Nucleotide concentrations can be measured using brain spectroscopy, and ligands for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of adenosine (P1) receptors have been developed, thus allowing potential target engagement studies. This review discusses the key role of the purinergic system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Focusing on this promising therapeutic target may lead to the development of therapies with antidepressant, mood stabilization, and cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Ortiz
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departament of Biochemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM27, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Northoff G. Slow cortical potentials and "inner time consciousness" - A neuro-phenomenal hypothesis about the "width of present". Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 103:174-84. [PMID: 25678022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
William James postulated a "stream of consciousness" that presupposes temporal continuity. The neuronal mechanisms underlying the construction of such temporal continuity remain unclear, however, in my contribution, I propose a neuro-phenomenal hypothesis that is based on slow cortical potentials and their extension of the present moment as described in the phenomenal term of "width of present". More specifically, I focus on the way the brain's neural activity needs to be encoded in order to make possible the "stream of consciousness." This leads us again to the low-frequency fluctuations of the brain's neural activity and more specifically to slow cortical potentials (SCPs). Due to their long phase duration as low-frequency fluctuations, SCPs can integrate different stimuli and their associated neural activity from different regions in one converging region. Such integration may be central for consciousness to occur, as it was recently postulated by He and Raichle. They leave open, however, the question of the exact neuronal mechanisms, like the encoding strategy, that make possible the association of the otherwise purely neuronal SCP with consciousness and its phenomenal features. I hypothesize that SCPs allow for linking and connecting different discrete points in physical time by encoding their statistically based temporal differences rather than the single discrete time points by themselves. This presupposes difference-based coding rather than stimulus-based coding. The encoding of such statistically based temporal differences makes it possible to "go beyond" the merely physical features of the stimuli; that is, their single discrete time points and their conduction delays (as related to their neural processing in the brain). This, in turn, makes possible the constitution of "local temporal continuity" of neural activity in one particular region. The concept of "local temporal continuity" signifies the linkage and integration of different discrete time points into one neural activity in a particular region. How does such local temporal continuity predispose the experience of time in consciousness? For that, I turn to phenomenological philosopher Edmund Husserl and his description of what he calls "inner time consciousness" (Husserl and Brough, 1990). One hallmark of humans' "inner time consciousness" is that we experience events and objects in succession and duration in our consciousness; according to Husserl, this amounts to what he calls the "width of [the] present." The concept of the width of present describes the extension of the present beyond the single discrete time point, such as, for instance, when we perceive different tones as a melody. I now hypothesize the degree of the width of present to be directly dependent upon and thus predisposed by the degree of the temporal differences between two (or more) discrete time points as they are encoded into neural activity. I therefore conclude that the SCPs and their encoding of neural activity in terms of temporal differences must be regarded a neural predisposition of consciousness (NPC) as distinguished from a neural correlate of consciousness (NCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada.
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23
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Northoff G. Resting state activity and the "stream of consciousness" in schizophrenia--neurophenomenal hypotheses. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:280-90. [PMID: 25150784 PMCID: PMC4266297 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a multifaceted disorder with various symptoms including auditory hallucinations, egodisturbances, passivity phenomena, and delusions. Recent neurobiological approaches have focused on, especially, the abnormal contents of consciousness, the "substantive parts" as James said, to associate them with the neural mechanisms related to sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, and the brain's underlying stimulus-induced or task-evoked activity. This leaves open, however, the neural mechanisms that provide the temporal linkage or glue between the various contents, the transitive parts that makes possible the "stream of consciousness." Interestingly, schizophrenic patients seem to suffer from abnormalities specifically in the "transitive parts" when they experience contents as temporally disconnected or fragmented which in phenomenological psychiatry has been described as "temporal fragmentation." The aim of this article is to develop so-called neurophenomenal hypothesis about the direct relationship between phenomenal features of the "stream of consciousness," the "transitive parts," and the specific neuronal mechanisms in schizophrenia as based on healthy subjects. Rather than emphasizing stimulus-induced and task-evoked activity and sensory and lateral prefrontal cortical regions as in neurocognitive approaches with their focus on the "substantive parts," the focus shifts here to the brain's intrinsic activity, its resting state activity, which may account for the temporal linkage or glue between the contents of consciousness, the transitive parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, CA; Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan; National Chengchi University, Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, Taipei, Taiwan; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders (CCBD), Normal University Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Northoff G. Do cortical midline variability and low frequency fluctuations mediate William James’ “Stream of Consciousness”? “Neurophenomenal Balance Hypothesis” of “Inner Time Consciousness”. Conscious Cogn 2014; 30:184-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Effects of genetic and early environmental risk factors for depression on serotonin transporter expression and methylation profiles. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e402. [PMID: 24937096 PMCID: PMC4080318 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) has been implicated in moderating the link between life stress and depression. However, respective molecular pathways of gene-environment (GxE) interaction are largely unknown. Sustained alterations in SERT gene expression profiles, possibly mediated by epigenetic modifications, are a frequent correlate of depression and may thus constitute a putative mediator of GxE interaction. Here, we aimed to investigate joint effects of 5-HTTLPR and self-reported environmental adversity throughout the lifespan (prenatal, early and recent stress/trauma) on in vivo SERT mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells. To further evaluate whether environmentally induced changes in SERT expression are mediated by epigenetic modifications, we analyzed 83 CpG sites within a 799-bp promoter-associated CpG island of the SERT gene using the highly sensitive method of bisulfite pyrosequencing. Participants were 133 healthy young adults. Our findings show that both the 5-HTTLPR S allele and maternal prenatal stress/child maltreatment are associated with reduced in vivo SERT mRNA expression in an additive manner. Remarkably, individuals carrying both the genetic and the environmental risk factors exhibited 32.8% (prenatal stress) and 56.3% (child maltreatment) lower SERT mRNA levels compared with those without any risk factor. Our data further indicated that changes in SERT mRNA levels were unlikely to be mediated by DNA methylation profiles within the SERT CpG island. It is thus conceivable that the persistent changes in SERT expression may in turn relate to altered serotonergic functioning and possibly convey differential disease vulnerability associated with 5-HTTLPR and early adversity.
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26
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Identifying tinnitus-related genes based on a side-effect network analysis. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e97. [PMID: 24477090 PMCID: PMC3910011 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tinnitus, phantom sound perception, is a worldwide highly prevalent disorder for which no clear underlying pathology has been established and for which no approved drug is on the market. Thus, there is an urgent need for new approaches to understand this condition. We used a network pharmacology side-effect analysis to search for genes that are involved in tinnitus generation. We analyzed a network of 1,313 drug–target pairs, based on 275 compounds that elicit tinnitus as side effect and their targets reported in databases, and used a quantitative score to identify emergent significant targets that were more common than expected at random. Cyclooxigenase 1 and 2 were significant, which validates our approach, since salicylate is a known tinnitus generator. More importantly, we predict previously unknown tinnitus-related targets. The present results have important implications toward understanding tinnitus pathophysiology and might pave the way toward the design of novel pharmacotherapies.
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27
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Walsh ND, Dalgleish T, Lombardo MV, Dunn VJ, Van Harmelen AL, Ban M, Goodyer IM. General and specific effects of early-life psychosocial adversities on adolescent grey matter volume. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 4:308-18. [PMID: 25061568 PMCID: PMC4107373 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to childhood adversities (CA) is associated with subsequent alterations in regional brain grey matter volume (GMV). Prior studies have focused mainly on severe neglect and maltreatment. The aim of this study was to determine in currently healthy adolescents if exposure to more common forms of CA results in reduced GMV. Effects on brain structure were investigated using voxel-based morphometry in a cross-sectional study of youth recruited from a population-based longitudinal cohort. 58 participants (mean age = 18.4) with (n = 27) or without (n = 31) CA exposure measured retrospectively from maternal interview were included in the study. Measures of recent negative life events (RNLE) recorded at 14 and 17 years, current depressive symptoms, gender, participant/parental psychiatric history, current family functioning perception and 5-HTTLPR genotype were covariates in analyses. A multivariate analysis of adversities demonstrated a general association with a widespread distributed neural network consisting of cortical midline, lateral frontal, temporal, limbic, and cerebellar regions. Univariate analyses showed more specific associations between adversity measures and regional GMV: CA specifically demonstrated reduced vermis GMV and past psychiatric history with reduced medial temporal lobe volume. In contrast RNLE aged 14 was associated with increased lateral cerebellar and anterior cingulate GMV. We conclude that exposure to moderate levels of childhood adversities occurring during childhood and early adolescence exerts effects on the developing adolescent brain. Reducing exposure to adverse social environments during early life may optimize typical brain development and reduce subsequent mental health risks in adult life. Combined psychosocial factors broadly affect brain grey matter volume (GMV). Specific psychosocial risk factors exert specific effects on brain GMV. Exposure to childhood adversities reduces medial cerebellar and vermal GMV. A subsequent psychiatric history is associated with reduced temporal lobe GMV. Exposure to negative life events aged 14 is associated with increased regional GMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Walsh
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie J Dunn
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne-Laura Van Harmelen
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Ban
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Duncan NW, Wiebking C, Muñoz-Torres Z, Northoff G. How to investigate neuro-biochemical relationships on a regional level in humans? Methodological considerations for combining functional with biochemical imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Northoff G. How is our self altered in psychiatric disorders? A neurophenomenal approach to psychopathological symptoms. Psychopathology 2014; 47:365-76. [PMID: 25300727 DOI: 10.1159/000363351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The self is central in our experience and has often been assumed to be necessary for any kind of consciousness in philosophy. Recent investigations in neuroscience demonstrate a particular set of regions such as the cortical midline regions to be associated with the processing of stimuli specifically related to the self as distinguished from those remaining unrelated to the self. Furthermore, findings show a close overlap between self-related activity and high levels of resting state activity in especially anterior midline regions. Interestingly, recent findings in psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia show resting state abnormalities in exactly these regions, that is in the cortical midline structures. Based on phenomenal and neural observations, I here suggest a neurophenomenal approach that directly links neuronal and phenomenal features (without sandwiching cognitive or sensorimotor functions) to psychopathological symptoms of self in depression and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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30
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Doi H, Nishitani S, Shinohara K. NIRS as a tool for assaying emotional function in the prefrontal cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:770. [PMID: 24302904 PMCID: PMC3831266 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having relatively poor spatial and temporal resolution, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has several methodological advantages compared with other non-invasive measurements of neural activation. For instance, the unique characteristics of NIRS give it potential as a tool for investigating the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in emotion processing. However, there are several obstacles in the application of NIRS to emotion research. In this mini-review, we discuss the findings of studies that used NIRS to assess the effects of PFC activation on emotion. Specifically, we address the methodological challenges of NIRS measurement with respect to the field of emotion research, and consider potential strategies for mitigating these problems. In addition, we show that two fields of research, investigating (i) biological predisposition influencing PFC responses to emotional stimuli and (ii) neural mechanisms underlying the bi-directional interaction between emotion and action, have much to gain from the use of NIRS. With the present article, we aim to lay the foundation for the application of NIRS to the above-mentioned fields of emotion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Doi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Nagasaki, Japan
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