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High-Voltage LC-Parallel Resonant Converter with Current Control to Detect Metal Pollutants in Water through Glow-Discharge Plasma. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a high-voltage power source to produce glow-discharge plasma in the frame of a specific application. The load has two well-differentiated types of behavior. To start the system, it is necessary to apply a high voltage, up to 15 kV, to produce air-dielectric breakdown. Before that, the output current is zero. Contrarily, under steady state, the output voltage is smaller (a few hundred volts) while the load requires current-source behavior to maintain a constant glow in the plasma. The amount of current must be selectable by the operator in the range 50 mA–180 mA. Therefore, very different voltage gains are required, and they cannot be easily attained by a single power stage. This work describes why the LC-parallel resonant topology is a good single stage alternative to solve the problem, and shows how to make the design. The step-up transformer is the key component of the converter. It provides galvanic isolation and adapts the voltage gain to the most favorable region of the LC topology, but it also introduces non-avoidable reactive components for the resonant net, determining their shape and, to some extent, their magnitude. In the paper, the transformer’s constructive details receive special attention, with discussion of its model. The experimental dynamic tests, carried out to design the control, show load behavior that resembles negative resistance. This fact makes any control loop prone to instability. To compensate this effect, a resistive ballast is proposed, eliminating its impact on efficiency with a novel filter design, based on an inductor, connected in series with the load beyond the voltage-clamping capacitor. The analysis includes a mathematical model of the filtering capacitor discharge through the inductor during the breakdown transient. The model provides insight into the dimensions of the inductor, to limit the discharge current peak and to analyze the overall performance on steady state. Another detail addressed is the balance among total weight, efficiency and autonomy, which appears if the filter inductor is substituted for a larger battery in autonomous operation. Finally, a comprehensive set of experimental results on the real load illustrate the performance of the power source, showing waveforms at breakdown and at steady state (for different output currents). Additionally, the detector’s constructive principles are described and its experimental performance is explored, showing results with two different types of metallic pollutants in water.
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Rodríguez-Serrano AF, Hsing IM. Allosteric Regulation of DNA Circuits Enables Minimal and Rapid Biosensors of Small Molecules. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:371-378. [PMID: 33481567 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detection of environmental pollutants is crucial to safeguard ecological and public health. Here, we report a modular biosensing approach for the detection of contaminants based on the regulation of a minimal DNA signal amplifier and transducer circuit by allosteric transcription factors and their cognate ligands. We leverage the competition between allosteric proteins and an endonuclease to modulate cascade toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions, which are triggered in the presence of specific effectors and sustained by the endonuclease. We built two optical biosensors for the detection of tetracyclines and macrolides in water using repressors TetR and MphR, respectively. We demonstrate that our minimal, fast, and single-step biosensors can successfully detect antibiotics in nanomolar levels and apply them to report the presence of spiked-in antibiotics in water samples in a matter of minutes, suggesting great potential for monitoring of water contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Rodríguez-Serrano
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - I-Ming Hsing
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Contaminants in water were studied using ultraviolet absorption with light emitting diode and deuterium lamp sources, and a thresholding detector. The absorption spectra of potassium hydrogen pthalate, clothianidin, tryptophan, thiamethoxam, uric acid and metaldehyde were obtained in the range 200–360 nm. Only metaldehyde was not suitable for detection in this range. For the other contaminants, and mixtures of pairs of compounds, the transmitted signal could be approximately described with a simple spectral model of the source–absorption–detector system. Combined measurements at two wavelengths could allow relative concentrations in certain mixtures to be determined, and real-time absorption measurements were demonstrated in a flume.
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Gorito AM, Barbosa MO, Almeida CMR, Pereira MFR, Silva AMT, Ribeiro ARL. Quenchers in advanced oxidation technologies for analysis of micropollutants by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: Sodium sulphite or catalase? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:995-1004. [PMID: 31540003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the possible effect of 2 quenchers commonly used in H2O2-based advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs), i.e. catalase and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3), on the analytical signal of 3 detectors coupled to liquid chromatography (LC): tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), fluorescence detection (LC-FD) and LC-diode array detection (LC-DAD). The observation of analytical interferences for a group of compounds when studying the removal by continuous mode UV/H2O2 of 26 micropollutants (MPs) from a spiked surface water (SW), for which the residual H2O2 in the samples was quenched by Na2SO3, triggered the need of understanding these effects and thus catalase was used as comparative quencher. From the 26 MPs having a wide range of polarity and pKa, those monitored after electrospray ionization (ESI) under positive ionization (PI) mode and presenting a pKa higher than 5.9 revealed a great signal suppression, but only when using Na2SO3 as H2O2 quencher. In this sense, we further explored this effect by selecting 2 MPs, metoprolol and diclofenac, which had respectively signal suppression and no interference in the LC-MS/MS response. These MPs were analysed before and after addition of H2O2 and catalase or Na2SO3 in reaction vials, using: (i) different detectors coupled to LC, namely LC-MS/MS with ESI under PI and negative ionization (NI) modes, LC-FD and LC-DAD; (ii) different environmental matrices (SW, drinking water, wastewater) and ultrapure water; and (iii) different magnitude levels (0.1-10 mg L-1). The results demonstrated a remarkable signal suppression in LC-MS/MS analyses under PI mode for those compounds with pKa higher than 5.9, confirming the interfering effect of H2O2/Na2SO3. To the best of our knowledge, the analytical interference in the LC-MS/MS analysis, after adding Na2SO3 to quench H2O2 in AOTs experiments was never reported before and the results presented herein support the recommendation to use catalase instead of Na2SO3 as quencher in AOTs studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gorito
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta O Barbosa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - M Fernando R Pereira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R L Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Flores C, Caixach J. An integrated strategy for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins and related peptides in natural blooms by liquid chromatography-electrospray-high resolution mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry using both positive and negative ionization modes. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:76-89. [PMID: 26141269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An integrated high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) strategy has been developed for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins (MCs) and related peptides in water blooms. The natural samples (water and algae) were filtered for independent analysis of aqueous and sestonic fractions. These fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and ESI-Orbitrap-HCD-MS. MALDI, ESI and the study of fragmentation sequences have been provided crucial structural information. The potential of combined positive and negative ionization modes, full scan and fragmentation acquisition modes (TOF/TOF and HCD) by HRMS and high resolution and accurate mass was investigated in order to allow unequivocal determination of MCs. Besides, a reliable quantitation has been possible by HRMS. This composition helped to decrease the probability of false positives and negatives, as alternative to commonly used LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The analysis was non-target, therefore covered the possibility to analyze all MC analogs concurrently without any pre-selection of target MC. Furthermore, archived data was subjected to retrospective "post-targeted" analysis and a screening of other potential toxins and related peptides as anabaenopeptins in the samples was done. Finally, the MS protocol and identification tools suggested were applied to the analysis of characteristic water blooms from Spanish reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Korostynska O, Mason A, Al-Shamma’a AI. Monitoring Pollutants in Wastewater: Traditional Lab Based versus Modern Real-Time Approaches. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wode F, Reilich C, van Baar P, Dünnbier U, Jekel M, Reemtsma T. Multiresidue analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 72 micropollutants in aqueous samples with ultra high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dai CM, Zhou XF, Zhang YL, Liu SG, Zhang J. Synthesis by precipitation polymerization of molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective extraction of diclofenac from water samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 198:175-81. [PMID: 22050930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by precipitation polymerization using diclofenac (DFC) as a template, 2-vinylpyridine (2-VP) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker, and toluene as porogen. The MIP showed outstanding affinity toward DFC in aqueous solution with a binding site capacity (Q(max)) of 324.8 mg/g (1.09 mmol/g) and was used as solid-phase extraction (SPE) material for the quantitative enrichment of DFC in environmental water samples and off-line coupled to a reversed-phase HPLC/DAD. Various parameters including washing solvent, elution solvent and breakthrough volume affecting the extraction efficiency of the polymers have been evaluated to achieve the selective preconcentration of DFC from water samples and to reduce non-specific interactions. Recoveries of DFC extracted from tap water, river water and wastewater samples were higher than 95%, and no significant DFC recovery difference was obtained among the different water matrix. The stability of MIP was tested by consecutive percolation of water sample, and it was shown that the performance of the MIP did not vary even after 30 adsorption and desorption cycles. Furthermore, the MISPE was used for the analysis of DFC in river water and wastewater samples and revealed DFC concentrations of 0.69±0.002 μg/L (n=3) and 0.31±0.004μg/L (n=3), respectively. The results were in good agreement with corresponding LC-MS/MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-meng Dai
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Pinhancos R, Maass S, Ramanathan DM. High-resolution mass spectrometry method for the detection, characterization and quantitation of pharmaceuticals in water. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:1175-1181. [PMID: 22124990 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water is an emerging environmental concern. In most environmental testing laboratories, LC-MS/MS assays based on selected reaction monitoring are used as part of a battery of tests used to assure water quality. Although LC-MS/MS continues to be the best tool for detecting pharmaceuticals in water, the combined use of hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is starting to become a practical tool to study emerging environmental contaminants. The hybrid LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometer is suitable for integrated quantitative and qualitative bioanalysis because of the following reasons: (1) the ability to collect full-scan HRMS spectra with scan speeds suitable for UHPLC separations, (2) routine measurement of mass with less than 5 ppm mass accuracy, (3) high mass resolving power, and (4) ability to perform on-the-fly polarity switching in the linear ion trap (LTQ). In the present work, we provide data demonstrating the application of UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap for the detection, characterization and quantification of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Pinhancos
- New Jersey Center for Science, Technology, and Mathematics, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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Faggiano L, de Zwart D, García-Berthou E, Lek S, Gevrey M. Patterning ecological risk of pesticide contamination at the river basin scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2319-2326. [PMID: 20206965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment was conducted to determine the risk posed by pesticide mixtures to the Adour-Garonne river basin (south-western France). The objectives of this study were to assess the general state of this basin with regard to pesticide contamination using a risk assessment procedure and to detect patterns in toxic mixture assemblages through a self-organizing map (SOM) methodology in order to identify the locations at risk. Exposure assessment, risk assessment with species sensitivity distribution, and mixture toxicity rules were used to compute six relative risk predictors for different toxic modes of action: the multi-substance potentially affected fraction of species depending on the toxic mode of action of compounds found in the mixture (msPAF CA(TMoA) values). Those predictors computed for the 131 sampling sites assessed in this study were then patterned through the SOM learning process. Four clusters of sampling sites exhibiting similar toxic assemblages were identified. In the first cluster, which comprised 83% of the sampling sites, the risk caused by pesticide mixture toward aquatic species was weak (mean msPAF value for those sites<0.0036%), while in another cluster the risk was significant (mean msPAF<1.09%). GIS mapping allowed an interesting spatial pattern of the distribution of sampling sites for each cluster to be highlighted with a significant and highly localized risk in the French department called "Lot et Garonne". The combined use of the SOM methodology, mixture toxicity modelling and a clear geo-referenced representation of results not only revealed the general state of the Adour-Garonne basin with regard to contamination by pesticides but also enabled to analyze the spatial pattern of toxic mixture assemblage in order to prioritize the locations at risk and to detect the group of compounds causing the greatest risk at the basin scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Faggiano
- Universitat de Girona, Institut d'Ecologia Aquàtica, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
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Martínez Bueno MJ, Herrera S, Uclés A, Agüera A, Hernando MD, Shimelis O, Rudolfsson M, Fernández-Alba AR. Determination of malachite green residues in fish using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 665:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lisha KP, Pradeep T. Enhanced visual detection of pesticides using gold nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2009; 44:697-705. [PMID: 20183080 DOI: 10.1080/03601230903163814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of parts per billion (ppb) levels of chlorpyrifos (O,O-Diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) and malathion (S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl) ethyl O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate), two common pesticides found in the surface waters of developing countries, have been visually detected using gold nanoparticles. Visual detection of the presence of pesticide is possible when the color change occurring by the adsorption of pesticides on gold nanoparticles is enhanced by sodium sulfate. The method presented here is simple and there is no need of sample preparation or preconcentration. The response occurs within seconds and the color change is very clear. The detection is possible if chlorpyrifos and malathion are present up to a concentration of 20 and 100 ppb, respectively. The method shows great potential for on-site pesticide monitoring. The method is also applicable as a qualitative technique for the performance evaluation of various household water filters, which claim pesticide removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinattukara Parambil Lisha
- Department of Chemistry and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Bueno MJM, Agüera A, Hernando MD, Gómez MJ, Fernández-Alba AR. Evaluation of various liquid chromatography-quadrupole-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry operation modes applied to the analysis of organic pollutants in wastewaters. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5995-6002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Application of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of multi-class pesticides in environmental and wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1410-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Analysis of drugs of abuse and their human metabolites in water by LC-MS2: A non-intrusive tool for drug abuse estimation at the community level. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ochsenbein U, Zeh M, Berset JD. Comparing solid phase extraction and direct injection for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of relevant explosives in lake water and tributaries using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:974-980. [PMID: 18472128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Off-line solid phase extraction and direct injection analysis were evaluated for the determination of traces of explosives such as TNT and its mono and diamino metabolites, HMX, RDX, nitroglycerin and PETN in lake water and tributaries applying liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Improved chromatographic separation was achieved on a phenyl based stationary phase with baseline resolution of the mono- and diamino metabolites of TNT. Identification and quantification of the target compounds was performed by multiple reaction monitoring applying electrospray ionization in either the positive mode for the diaminometabolites of TNT or the negative mode for all other compounds. An extensive method validation was performed and limits of quantification were obtained for the explosives in preconcentrated lake water samples from 0.03 to 1 ng l(-1) and 0.1 to 5 ng l(-1) in river water. Direct injection analysis revealed comparable results to preconcentrated water samples for the most persistent explosives. Analysis of lake water samples collected at different depths showed the presence of HMX, RDX and PETN at concentrations from 0.1 to 0.4 ng l(-1). The analysis of main tributaries revealed concentrations from 0.1 to 0.9 ng l(-1) of the same compounds. They seem to be responsible for the contamination of the explosives in the lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Ochsenbein
- Water and Soil Protection Laboratory (WSPL), Department of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Schermenweg 11, 3014 Bern, Switzerland
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