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Juvenal G, Higa GSV, Bonfim Marques L, Tessari Zampieri T, Costa Viana FJ, Britto LR, Tang Y, Illes P, di Virgilio F, Ulrich H, de Pasquale R. Regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission by purinergic receptors in brain physiology and disease. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10034-x. [PMID: 39046648 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors regulate the processing of neural information in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, structures related to cognitive functions. These receptors are activated when astrocytic and neuronal populations release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in an autocrine and paracrine manner, following sustained patterns of neuronal activity. The modulation by these receptors of GABAergic transmission has only recently been studied. Through their ramifications, astrocytes and GABAergic interneurons reach large groups of excitatory pyramidal neurons. Their inhibitory effect establishes different synchronization patterns that determine gamma frequency rhythms, which characterize neural activities related to cognitive processes. During early life, GABAergic-mediated synchronization of excitatory signals directs the experience-driven maturation of cognitive development, and dysfunctions concerning this process have been associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Purinergic receptors timely modulate GABAergic control over ongoing neural activity and deeply affect neural processing in the hippocampal and neocortical circuitry. Stimulation of A2 receptors increases GABA release from presynaptic terminals, leading to a considerable reduction in neuronal firing of pyramidal neurons. A1 receptors inhibit GABAergic activity but only act in the early postnatal period when GABA produces excitatory signals. P2X and P2Y receptors expressed in pyramidal neurons reduce the inhibitory tone by blocking GABAA receptors. Finally, P2Y receptor activation elicits depolarization of GABAergic neurons and increases GABA release, thus favoring the emergence of gamma oscillations. The present review provides an overall picture of purinergic influence on GABAergic transmission and its consequences on neural processing, extending the discussion to receptor subtypes and their involvement in the onset of brain disorders, including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Juvenal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Shigueto Vilar Higa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bonfim Marques
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Tessari Zampieri
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe José Costa Viana
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Britto
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre On Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Centre On Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- International Joint Research Centre On Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
| | - Roberto de Pasquale
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Chen K, Forrest A, Gonzalez Burgos G, Kozai TDY. Neuronal functional connectivity is impaired in a layer dependent manner near the chronically implanted microelectrodes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565852. [PMID: 37986883 PMCID: PMC10659303 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to reveal longitudinal changes in functional network connectivity within and across different brain structures near the chronically implanted microelectrode. While it is well established that the foreign-body response (FBR) contributes to the gradual decline of the signals recorded from brain implants over time, how does the FBR impact affect the functional stability of neural circuits near implanted Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) remains unknown. This research aims to illuminate how the chronic FBR can alter local neural circuit function and the implications for BCI decoders. Approach This study utilized multisite Michigan-style microelectrodes that span all cortical layers and the hippocampal CA1 region to collect spontaneous and visually-evoked electrophysiological activity. Alterations in neuronal activity near the microelectrode were tested assessing cross-frequency synchronization of LFP and spike entrainment to LFP oscillatory activity throughout 16 weeks after microelectrode implantation. Main Results The study found that cortical layer 4, the input-receiving layer, maintained activity over the implantation time. However, layers 2/3 rapidly experienced severe impairment, leading to a loss of proper intralaminar connectivity in the downstream output layers 5/6. Furthermore, the impairment of interlaminar connectivity near the microelectrode was unidirectional, showing decreased connectivity from Layers 2/3 to Layers 5/6 but not the reverse direction. In the hippocampus, CA1 neurons gradually became unable to properly entrain to the surrounding LFP oscillations. Significance This study provides a detailed characterization of network connectivity dysfunction over long-term microelectrode implantation periods. This new knowledge could contribute to the development of targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at improving the health of the tissue surrounding brain implants and potentially inform engineering of adaptive decoders as the FBR progresses. Our study's understanding of the dynamic changes in the functional network over time opens the door to developing interventions for improving the long-term stability and performance of intracortical microelectrodes.
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Chen K, Cambi F, Kozai TDY. Pro-myelinating clemastine administration improves recording performance of chronically implanted microelectrodes and nearby neuronal health. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122210. [PMID: 37413842 PMCID: PMC10528716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes have become a useful tool in neuroprosthetic applications in the clinic and to understand neurological disorders in basic neurosciences. Many of these brain-machine interface technology applications require successful long-term implantation with high stability and sensitivity. However, the intrinsic tissue reaction caused by implantation remains a major failure mechanism causing loss of recorded signal quality over time. Oligodendrocytes remain an underappreciated intervention target to improve chronic recording performance. These cells can accelerate action potential propagation and provides direct metabolic support for neuronal health and functionality. However, implantation injury causes oligodendrocyte degeneration and leads to progressive demyelination in surrounding brain tissue. Previous work highlighted that healthy oligodendrocytes are necessary for greater electrophysiological recording performance and the prevention of neuronal silencing around implanted microelectrodes over the chronic implantation period. Thus, we hypothesize that enhancing oligodendrocyte activity with a pharmaceutical drug, Clemastine, will prevent the chronic decline of microelectrode recording performance. Electrophysiological evaluation showed that the promyelination Clemastine treatment significantly elevated the signal detectability and quality, rescued the loss of multi-unit activity, and increased functional interlaminar connectivity over 16-weeks of implantation. Additionally, post-mortem immunohistochemistry showed that increased oligodendrocyte density and myelination coincided with increased survival of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons near the implant. Overall, we showed a positive relationship between enhanced oligodendrocyte activity and neuronal health and functionality near the chronically implanted microelectrode. This study shows that therapeutic strategy that enhance oligodendrocyte activity is effective for integrating the functional device interface with brain tissue over chronic implantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Hughes C, Kozai T. Dynamic amplitude modulation of microstimulation evokes biomimetic onset and offset transients and reduces depression of evoked calcium responses in sensory cortices. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:939-965. [PMID: 37244370 PMCID: PMC10330928 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is an emerging approach to restore sensation to people with neurological injury or disease. Biomimetic microstimulation, or stimulus trains that mimic neural activity in the brain through encoding of onset and offset transients, could improve the utility of ICMS for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications, but how biomimetic microstimulation affects neural activation is not understood. Current "biomimetic" ICMS trains aim to reproduce the strong onset and offset transients evoked in the brain by sensory input through dynamic modulation of stimulus parameters. Stimulus induced depression of neural activity (decreases in evoked intensity over time) is also a potential barrier to clinical implementation of sensory feedback, and dynamic microstimulation may reduce this effect. OBJECTIVE We evaluated how bio-inspired ICMS trains with dynamic modulation of amplitude and/or frequency change the calcium response, spatial distribution, and depression of neurons in the somatosensory and visual cortices. METHODS Calcium responses of neurons were measured in Layer 2/3 of visual and somatosensory cortices of anesthetized GCaMP6s mice in response to ICMS trains with fixed amplitude and frequency (Fixed) and three dynamic ICMS trains that increased the stimulation intensity during the onset and offset of stimulation by modulating the amplitude (DynAmp), frequency (DynFreq), or amplitude and frequency (DynBoth). ICMS was provided for either 1-s with 4-s breaks (Short) or for 30-s with 15-s breaks (Long). RESULTS DynAmp and DynBoth trains evoked distinct onset and offset transients in recruited neural populations, while DynFreq trains evoked population activity similar to Fixed trains. Individual neurons had heterogeneous responses primarily based on how quickly they depressed to ICMS, where neurons farther from the electrode depressed faster and a small subpopulation (1-5%) were modulated by DynFreq trains. Neurons that depressed to Short trains were also more likely to depress to Long trains, but Long trains induced more depression overall due to the increased stimulation length. Increasing the amplitude during the hold phase resulted in an increase in recruitment and intensity which resulted in more depression and reduced offset responses. Dynamic amplitude modulation reduced stimulation induced depression by 14.6 ± 0.3% for Short and 36.1 ± 0.6% for Long trains. Ideal observers were 0.031 ± 0.009 s faster for onset detection and 1.33 ± 0.21 s faster for offset detection with dynamic amplitude encoding. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic amplitude modulation evokes distinct onset and offset transients, reduces depression of neural calcium activity, and decreases total charge injection for sensory feedback in BCIs by lowering recruitment of neurons during long maintained periods of ICMS. In contrast, dynamic frequency modulation evokes distinct onset and offset transients in a small subpopulation of neurons but also reduces depression in recruited neurons by reducing the rate of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Takashi Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Chen K, Cambi F, Kozai TDY. Pro-myelinating Clemastine administration improves recording performance of chronically implanted microelectrodes and nearby neuronal health. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.31.526463. [PMID: 36778360 PMCID: PMC9915570 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.526463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes have become a useful tool in neuroprosthetic applications in the clinic and to understand neurological disorders in basic neurosciences. Many of these brain-machine interface technology applications require successful long-term implantation with high stability and sensitivity. However, the intrinsic tissue reaction caused by implantation remains a major failure mechanism causing loss of recorded signal quality over time. Oligodendrocytes remain an underappreciated intervention target to improve chronic recording performance. These cells can accelerate action potential propagation and provides direct metabolic support for neuronal health and functionality. However, implantation injury causes oligodendrocyte degeneration and leads to progressive demyelination in surrounding brain tissue. Previous work highlighted that healthy oligodendrocytes are necessary for greater electrophysiological recording performance and the prevention of neuronal silencing around implanted microelectrodes over chronic implantation. Thus, we hypothesize that enhancing oligodendrocyte activity with a pharmaceutical drug, Clemastine, will prevent the chronic decline of microelectrode recording performance. Electrophysiological evaluation showed that the promyelination Clemastine treatment significantly elevated the signal detectability and quality, rescued the loss of multi-unit activity, and increased functional interlaminar connectivity over 16-weeks of implantation. Additionally, post-mortem immunohistochemistry showed that increased oligodendrocyte density and myelination coincided with increased survival of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons near the implant. Overall, we showed a positive relationship between enhanced oligodendrocyte activity and neuronal health and functionality near the chronically implanted microelectrode. This study shows that therapeutic strategy that enhance oligodendrocyte activity is effective for integrating the functional device interface with brain tissue over chronic implantation period. Abstract Figure
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Williams NP, Kushwah N, Dhawan V, Zheng XS, Cui XT. Effects of central nervous system electrical stimulation on non-neuronal cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:967491. [PMID: 36188481 PMCID: PMC9521315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.967491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, much progress has been made in the clinical use of electrical stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS) to treat an ever-growing number of conditions from Parkinson's disease (PD) to epilepsy as well as for sensory restoration and many other applications. However, little is known about the effects of microstimulation at the cellular level. Most of the existing research focuses on the effects of electrical stimulation on neurons. Other cells of the CNS such as microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular endothelial cells have been understudied in terms of their response to stimulation. The varied and critical functions of these cell types are now beginning to be better understood, and their vital roles in brain function in both health and disease are becoming better appreciated. To shed light on the importance of the way electrical stimulation as distinct from device implantation impacts non-neuronal cell types, this review will first summarize common stimulation modalities from the perspective of device design and stimulation parameters and how these different parameters have an impact on the physiological response. Following this, what is known about the responses of different cell types to different stimulation modalities will be summarized, drawing on findings from both clinical studies as well as clinically relevant animal models and in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P. Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Dhawan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xin Sally Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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