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Fan G, Lou L, Song Z, Zhang X, Xiong XF. Targeting mutated GTPase KRAS in tumor therapies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113816. [PMID: 34520956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma virus oncogene (KRAS) mutation accounts for approximately 85% of RAS-driven cancers, and participates in multiple signaling pathways and mediates cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. KRAS has been considered as an "undruggable" target due to the lack of effective direct inhibitors, although high frequency of KRAS mutations have been identified in multiple carcinomas in the past decades. Encouragingly, the KRASG12C inhibitor AMG510 (sotorasib), which has been approved for treating NSCLC and CRC recently, makes directly targeting KRAS the most promising strategy for cancer therapy. To better understand the current state of KRAS inhibitors, this review summarizes the biological functions of KRAS, the structure-activity relationship studies of the small-molecule inhibitors that directly target KRAS, and highlights the therapeutic agents with improved selectivity, bioavailability and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the combined medication that can enhance efficacy and overcome drug resistance of KRAS covalent inhibitors is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Linlin Lou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhendong Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Wang X, Zhang R, Huang Z, Zang S, Wu Q, Xia L. Inhibition of the miR-155 and protein prenylation feedback loop alleviated acute graft-versus-host disease through regulating the balance between T helper 17 and Treg cells. Transpl Immunol 2021; 69:101461. [PMID: 34487810 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-155(miR-155) and protein prenylation have been reported to participate in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) through modulating T lymphocyte differentiation, however the mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-155 and protein prenyltransferases in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of aGVHD mice was significantly increased. Suppression of miR-155 by antagomir-155 could remarkably reduce prenyltransferases mRNA and protein expression in T lymphocytes of aGVHD mice. Conversely, prenyltransferase inhibitors significantly reduced the level of miR-155. Inhibition of this feedback loop of miR-155 and protein prenylation in aGVHD mice led to improved survival and lower aGVHD histopathology scores and significantly induced T cell deficient differentiation towards T helper 17 (Th17) cells and titled differentiation towards CD4+CD25hi regulatory T (Treg) cells. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effects and protection from aGVHD of prenyltransferase inhibitors could be reversed by the addition of miR-155. The dual treatment of prenylation inhibitors and antagomir-155 showed synergistic effects on T polarization and protection from aGVHD. Consistent with the in vivo changes, inhibition of this feedback loop of miR-155 and protein prenylation affected Th17 and Treg cell polarization in vitro. Our data suggest that miR-155 and protein prenylation may constitute a feedback loop that amplifies immune and inflammatory responses in subjects with aGVHD, and they may serve as potential targets for aGVHD prophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 JieFang Avenue,Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Geriatrics,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,1277 JieFang Avenue,Wuhan 430022,China; Institute of Gerontology,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,1277 JieFang Avenue,Wuhan 430022,China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenli Huang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 JieFang Avenue,Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sibin Zang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 JieFang Avenue,Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiuling Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 JieFang Avenue,Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Linghui Xia
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 JieFang Avenue,Wuhan 430022, China.
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3
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Ilyas A, Hashim Z, Channa IS, Zarina S. Alendronate and FTI-277 combination as a possible therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma: An in vitro study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:241-250. [PMID: 29627155 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important product of mevalonate pathway is downstream synthesis of isoprenoid units that has long been implicated in development and progression of tumor. It has been speculated that inhibition of protein prenylation might be therapeutically beneficial. The objective of current study was to evaluate antitumor potential of a novel therapeutic combination of mevalonate pathway inhibitors, FTI-277 and alendronate. We also examined differentially expressed proteins in response to treatment using proteomics approach. METHODS Huh-7 cells were incubated with different concentrations of FTI-277 alone and in combination with alendronate. Differential protein and gene expression was examined through two dimensional gel electrophoresis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. Proteins were identified using tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line with FTI-277 alone showed cell death in a time and dose dependent manner while in combination with alendronate, a synergistic apoptotic effect at 24 h was observed. Proteomic studies on the 20 µmol/L FTI-277 and 5 µmol/L alendronate +20 µmol/L FTI-277 treated cells revealed altered expression of different proteins including peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), glutathione S transferase 1 (GSTP1), Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP), triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). Down-regulated expression of Prx2 and GSTP1 in treated cells was also confirmed by real-time qPCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment of FTI-277 and alendronate on Huh-7 HCC cells showed cell death suggesting their anticancer potential. Such treatment approaches are likely to offer new therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Alendronate/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Methionine/analogs & derivatives
- Methionine/pharmacology
- Proteomics/methods
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ilyas
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Hashim
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Iffat Saeed Channa
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shamshad Zarina
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Ovarian tumour growth is characterized by mevalonate pathway gene signature in an orthotopic, syngeneic model of epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47343-47365. [PMID: 27329838 PMCID: PMC5216946 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer and often is not detected until late stages when cancer cells transcoelomically metastasize to the abdomen and typically become resistant to therapy resulting in very low survival rates. We utilize an orthotopic, syngeneic mouse model to study late stage disease and have discovered that the tumor cells within the abdominal ascites are irreversibly re-programmed, with an increased tumorigenicity and resistance to apoptosis. The goal of this study was to characterize the reprogramming that occurred in the aggressive ascites-derived cells (28-2 cells) compared to the original cell line used for tumor induction (ID8 cells). Microarray experiments showed that the majority of genes upregulated in the 28-2 cells belonged to the mevalonate pathway, which is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, protein prenylation, and activation of small GTPases. Upregulation of mevalonate appeared to be associated with the acquisition of a p53 mutation in the ascites-derived cells. Treatment with simvastatin to inhibit HMG CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme of this pathway, induced apoptosis in the 28-2 cell line. Rescue experiments revealed that mevalonate, but not cholesterol, could inhibit the simvastatin-mediated effects. In vivo, daily intraperitoneal simvastatin treatment significantly regressed advanced stage disease and induced death of metastatic tumor cells. These data suggest that ovarian cancer cells become reprogrammed, with genetic mutations, and upregulation of the mevalonate pathway, which facilitates the development of advanced stage disease. The use of statins to inhibit HMGCR may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of advanced stage EOC.
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Hagemann A, Müller G, Manthey I, Bachmann HS. Exploring the putative self-binding property of the human farnesyltransferase alpha-subunit. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3637-3648. [PMID: 28948621 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Farnesylation is an important post-translational protein modification in eukaryotes. Farnesylation is performed by protein farnesyltransferase, a heterodimer composed of an α- (FTα) and a β-subunit. Recently, homodimerization of truncated rat and yeast FTα has been detected, suggesting a new role for FTα homodimers in signal transduction. We investigated the putative dimerization behaviour of human and rat FTα. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches revealed no self-dimerization and a presumably artificial formation of homotrimers and higher homo-oligomers in vitro. Our study contributes to the clarification of the physiological features of FTase in different species and may be important for the ongoing development of FTase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hagemann
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Grit Müller
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Iris Manthey
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Hagen S Bachmann
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Germany
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6
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Wang J, Yao X, Huang J. New tricks for human farnesyltransferase inhibitor: cancer and beyond. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:841-854. [PMID: 30108801 PMCID: PMC6072492 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the addition of a C15-farnesyl lipid group to the cysteine residue located in the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide motif of a variety of important substrate proteins, including well-known Ras protein superfamily. The farnesylation of Ras protein is required both for its normal physiological function, and for the transforming capacity of its oncogenic mutants. Over the last several decades, FTase inhibitors (FTIs) were developed to disrupt the farnesylation of oncogenic Ras as anti-cancer agents, and some of them have entered cancer clinical investigation. On the other hand, some substrates of FTase were demonstrated to be related with other human diseases, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, chronic hepatitis D, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the roles of FTase in malignant transformation, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells, and the recently anticancer clinical research advances of FTIs. The therapeutic prospect of FTIs on several other human diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Xue Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
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Wills VS, Metzger JI, Allen C, Varney ML, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Bishomoisoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2437-2444. [PMID: 28302510 PMCID: PMC5450914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein geranylgeranylation reactions are dependent on the availability of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), which serves as the isoprenoid donor. Inhibition of GGDP synthase (GGDPS) is of interest from a drug development perspective as GGDPS inhibition results in impaired protein geranylgeranylation, which in multiple myeloma, disrupts monoclonal protein trafficking and induces apoptosis. We have recently reported a series of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates and have demonstrated that a 3:1 mixture of homogeranyl and homoneryl isomers potently, and in a synergistic manner, inhibits GGDPS. We now present the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of bishomoisoprenoid triazoles which furthers our understanding of the structure-function relationship of this class. These studies demonstrate the importance of chain length and olefin stereochemistry on inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | - Joseph I Metzger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | - Cheryl Allen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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8
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Mechanisms of Chromosome Congression during Mitosis. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010013. [PMID: 28218637 PMCID: PMC5372006 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome congression during prometaphase culminates with the establishment of a metaphase plate, a hallmark of mitosis in metazoans. Classical views resulting from more than 100 years of research on this topic have attempted to explain chromosome congression based on the balance between opposing pulling and/or pushing forces that reach an equilibrium near the spindle equator. However, in mammalian cells, chromosome bi-orientation and force balance at kinetochores are not required for chromosome congression, whereas the mechanisms of chromosome congression are not necessarily involved in the maintenance of chromosome alignment after congression. Thus, chromosome congression and maintenance of alignment are determined by different principles. Moreover, it is now clear that not all chromosomes use the same mechanism for congressing to the spindle equator. Those chromosomes that are favorably positioned between both poles when the nuclear envelope breaks down use the so-called "direct congression" pathway in which chromosomes align after bi-orientation and the establishment of end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments. This favors the balanced action of kinetochore pulling forces and polar ejection forces along chromosome arms that drive chromosome oscillatory movements during and after congression. The other pathway, which we call "peripheral congression", is independent of end-on kinetochore microtubule-attachments and relies on the dominant and coordinated action of the kinetochore motors Dynein and Centromere Protein E (CENP-E) that mediate the lateral transport of peripheral chromosomes along microtubules, first towards the poles and subsequently towards the equator. How the opposite polarities of kinetochore motors are regulated in space and time to drive congression of peripheral chromosomes only now starts to be understood. This appears to be regulated by position-dependent phosphorylation of both Dynein and CENP-E and by spindle microtubule diversity by means of tubulin post-translational modifications. This so-called "tubulin code" might work as a navigation system that selectively guides kinetochore motors with opposite polarities along specific spindle microtubule populations, ultimately leading to the congression of peripheral chromosomes. We propose an integrated model of chromosome congression in mammalian cells that depends essentially on the following parameters: (1) chromosome position relative to the spindle poles after nuclear envelope breakdown; (2) establishment of stable end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments and bi-orientation; (3) coordination between kinetochore- and arm-associated motors; and (4) spatial signatures associated with post-translational modifications of specific spindle microtubule populations. The physiological consequences of abnormal chromosome congression, as well as the therapeutic potential of inhibiting chromosome congression are also discussed.
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9
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Allen C, Kortagere S, Tong H, Matthiesen RA, Metzger JI, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Olefin Isomers of a Triazole Bisphosphonate Synergistically Inhibit Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:229-236. [PMID: 28057800 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The isoprenoid donor for protein geranylgeranylation reactions, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), is the product of the enzyme GGDP synthase (GGDPS) that condenses farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. GGDPS inhibition is of interest from a therapeutic perspective for multiple myeloma because we have shown that targeting Rab GTPase geranylgeranylation impairs monoclonal protein trafficking, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. We reported a series of triazole bisphosphonate GGDPS inhibitors, of which the most potent was a 3:1 mixture of homogeranyl (HG) and homoneryl (HN) isomers. Here we determined the activity of the individual olefin isomers. Enzymatic and cellular assays revealed that although HN is approximately threefold more potent than HG, HN is not more potent than the original mixture. Studies in which cells were treated with varying concentrations of each isomer alone and in different combinations revealed that the two isomers potentiate the induced-inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation when used in a 3:1 HG:HN combination. A synergistic interaction was observed between the two isomers in the GGDPS enzyme assay. These results suggested that the two isomers bind simultaneously to the enzyme but within different domains. Computational modeling studies revealed that HN is preferred at the FDP site, that HG is preferred at the GGDP site, and that both isomers may bind to the enzyme simultaneously. These studies are the first to report a set of olefin isomers that synergistically inhibit GGDPS, thus establishing a new paradigm for the future development of GGDPS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Allen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York (C.A.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania (H.T.); Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.A.M., J.I.M., D.F.W.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.A.H.)
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York (C.A.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania (H.T.); Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.A.M., J.I.M., D.F.W.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.A.H.)
| | - Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York (C.A.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania (H.T.); Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.A.M., J.I.M., D.F.W.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.A.H.)
| | - Robert A Matthiesen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York (C.A.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania (H.T.); Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.A.M., J.I.M., D.F.W.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.A.H.)
| | - Joseph I Metzger
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York (C.A.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania (H.T.); Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.A.M., J.I.M., D.F.W.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.A.H.)
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York (C.A.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania (H.T.); Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.A.M., J.I.M., D.F.W.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.A.H.)
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York (C.A.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania (H.T.); Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (R.A.M., J.I.M., D.F.W.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska (S.A.H.)
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10
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Abstract
The genetic landscape of pancreatic cancer shows nearly ubiquitous mutations of K-RAS. However, oncogenic K-Rasmt alone is not sufficient to lead to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in either human or in genetically modified adult mouse models. Many stimulants, such as high fat diet, CCK, LPS, PGE2 and others, have physiological effects at low concentrations that are mediated in part through modest increases in K-Ras activity. However, at high concentrations, they induce inflammation that, in the presence of oncogenic K-Ras expression, substantially accelerates PDAC formation. The mechanism involves increased activity of oncogenic K-Rasmt. Unlike what has been proposed in the standard paradigm for the role of Ras in oncogenesis, oncogenic K-Rasmt is now known to not be constitutively active. Rather, it can be activated by standard mechanisms similar to wild-type K-Ras, but its activity is sustained for a prolonged period. Furthermore, if the level of K-Ras activity exceeds a threshold at which it begins to generate its own activators, then a feed-forward loop is formed between K-Ras activity and inflammation and pathological processes including oncogenesis are initiated. Oncogenic K-Rasmt activation, a key event in PDAC initiation and development, is subject to complex regulatory mechanisms. Reagents which inhibit inflammation, such as the Cox2 inhibitor celecoxib, block the feed-forward loop and prevent induction of PDAC in models with endogenous oncogenic K-Rasmt. Increased understanding of the role of activating and inhibitory mechanisms on oncogenic K-Rasmt activity is of paramount importance for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies to fight against this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Logsdon
- 1. Department of GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA; 2. Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiqin Lu
- 1. Department of GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
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11
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Dutilleul C, Ribeiro I, Blanc N, Nezames CD, Deng XW, Zglobicki P, Palacio Barrera AM, Atehortùa L, Courtois M, Labas V, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Ducos E. ASG2 is a farnesylated DWD protein that acts as ABA negative regulator in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:185-98. [PMID: 26147561 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The tagging-via-substrate approach designed for the capture of mammal prenylated proteins was adapted to Arabidopsis cell culture. In this way, proteins are in vivo tagged with an azide-modified farnesyl moiety and captured thanks to biotin alkyne Click-iT® chemistry with further streptavidin-affinity chromatography. Mass spectrometry analyses identified four small GTPases and ASG2 (ALTERED SEED GERMINATION 2), a protein previously associated to the seed germination gene network. ASG2 is a conserved protein in plants and displays a unique feature that associates WD40 domains and tetratricopeptide repeats. Additionally, we show that ASG2 has a C-terminal CaaX-box that is farnesylated in vitro. Protoplast transfections using CaaX prenyltransferase mutants show that farnesylation provokes ASG2 nucleus exclusion. Moreover, ASG2 interacts with DDB1 (DAMAGE DNA BINDING protein 1), and the subcellular localization of this complex depends on ASG2 farnesylation status. Finally, germination and root elongation experiments reveal that asg2 and the farnesyltransferase mutant era1 (ENHANCED RESPONSE TO ABSCISIC ACID (ABA) 1) behave in similar manners when exposed to ABA or salt stress. To our knowledge, ASG2 is the first farnesylated DWD (DDB1 binding WD40) protein related to ABA response in Arabidopsis that may be linked to era1 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Dutilleul
- EA2106 'Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales', UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, F-37200, France
| | - Iliana Ribeiro
- EA2106 'Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales', UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, F-37200, France
| | - Nathalie Blanc
- EA2106 'Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales', UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, F-37200, France
| | - Cynthia D Nezames
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8104, USA
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8104, USA
| | - Piotr Zglobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Ana María Palacio Barrera
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucia Atehortùa
- Universidad de Antioquia, Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Martine Courtois
- EA2106 'Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales', UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, F-37200, France
| | - Valérie Labas
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR CNRS 7247, UFR, IFC, Plate-forme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, Nouzilly, F-37380, France
| | - Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc'h
- EA2106 'Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales', UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, F-37200, France
| | - Eric Ducos
- EA2106 'Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales', UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, F-37200, France
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12
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Zhu Z, Golay HG, Barbie DA. Targeting pathways downstream of KRAS in lung adenocarcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1507-18. [PMID: 25303301 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS activation is responsible for the most common genetic subtype of lung cancer. Although many of the major downstream signaling pathways that KRAS engages have been defined, these discoveries have yet to translate into effective targeted therapy. Much of the current focus has been directed at inhibiting the activation of RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling, but clinical trials combining multiple different agents that target these pathways have failed to show significant activity. In this article, we will discuss the evidence for RAF and PI3K as key downstream RAS effectors, as well as the RAL guanine exchange factor, which is equally essential for transformation. Furthermore, we will delineate alternative pathways, including cytokine activation and autophagy, which are co-opted by oncogenic RAS signaling and also represent attractive targets for therapy. Finally, we will present strategies for combining inhibitors of these downstream KRAS signaling pathways in a rational fashion, as multitargeted therapy will be required to achieve a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology & Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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13
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Bachmann HS, Meier W, du Bois A, Kimmig R, Kuhlmann JD, Siffert W, Sehouli J, Wollschlaeger K, Huober J, Hillemanns P, Burges A, Schmalfeldt B, Aminossadati B, Wimberger P. The FNTB promoter polymorphism rs11623866 as a potential predictive biomarker for lonafarnib treatment of ovarian cancer patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:1139-48. [PMID: 26033044 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Despite promising preclinical findings regarding clinical utility of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI), such as lonafarnib, success of clinical trials is limited. A multicentre AGO-OVAR-15 phase II trial reported an unfavourable effect of lonafarnib on the outcome of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. This study was performed as a genetic subgroup analysis of the AGO-OVAR-15 trial, and investigated the utility of the promoter polymorphism rs11623866 of the farnesyltransferase ß-subunit gene (FNTB) in predicting the clinical effectiveness of lonafarnib. METHODS The influence of rs11623866 (c.-609G > C) on FNTB promoter activity was investigated by electrophoretic-mobility-shift assay, luciferase-reporter assay and RT-qPCR. A total of 57 out of 105 patients from the AGO-OVAR-15 trial, treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel ± lonafarnib, was genotyped for rs11623866 by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Genotype-dependent survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS The presence of the G allele was associated with increased FNTB promoter activity compared with the C allele. An unfavourable effect of lonafarnib was limited to patients carrying a GG genotype (HRPFS 6.2, 95%CI = 2.01, 19.41, P = 0.002; HROS 9.6, 95%CI = 1.89, 48.54, P = 0.006). Median progression free survival (PFS) for patients with the GG genotype in the lonafarnib treated arm was 10 months, whereas median PFS without FTI-treatment was 40 months. Median overall survival (OS) in the lonafarnib-treated group was 19 months, whereas median OS was not reached in the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS Discrepancies between preclinical success and clinical failure may be due to the patients' genetic variability of FNTB. Therefore, our results may encourage retrospective evaluation of FNTB polymorphisms in previous FTI studies, especially those reporting positive FTI response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Meier
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Klinikum Essen Mitte, Essen
| | - Rainer Kimmig
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Jan Dominik Kuhlmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institute of Pharmacogenetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynecology, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin
| | | | - Jens Huober
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Ulm, Ulm
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Hannover, Hannover
| | - Alexander Burges
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Großhadern, Munich
| | | | - Behnaz Aminossadati
- Coordinating Centre for Clinical Trials (KKS), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rho GTPases are master regulators of actomyosin structure and dynamics and play pivotal roles in a variety of cellular processes including cell morphology, gene transcription, cell cycle progression, and cell adhesion. Because aberrant Rho GTPase signaling activities are widely associated with human cancer, key components of Rho GTPase signaling pathways have attracted increasing interest as potential therapeutic targets. Similar to Ras, Rho GTPases themselves were, until recently, deemed "undruggable" because of structure-function considerations. Several approaches to interfere with Rho GTPase signaling have been explored and show promise as new ways for tackling cancer cells. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the recent progress in targeting the signaling activities of three prototypical Rho GTPases, that is, RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. The authors describe the involvement of these Rho GTPases, their key regulators and effectors in cancer. Furthermore, the authors discuss the current approaches for rationally targeting aberrant Rho GTPases along their signaling cascades, upstream and downstream of Rho GTPases, and posttranslational modifications at a molecular level. EXPERT OPINION To date, while no clinically effective drugs targeting Rho GTPase signaling for cancer treatment are available, tool compounds and lead drugs that pharmacologically inhibit Rho GTPase pathways have shown promise. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting Rho GTPase signaling may add new treatment options for future precision cancer therapy, particularly in combination with other anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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15
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Holland AJ, Reis RM, Niessen S, Pereira C, Andres DA, Spielmann HP, Cleveland DW, Desai A, Gassmann R. Preventing farnesylation of the dynein adaptor Spindly contributes to the mitotic defects caused by farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1845-56. [PMID: 25808490 PMCID: PMC4436830 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore-specific dynein adaptor Spindly is identified as a novel substrate of farnesyltransferase in human cells. Farnesylation is required for Spindly accumulation at kinetochores, and nonfarnesylated Spindly delays chromosome congression, providing new mechanistic insight into the biological effect of farnesyltransferase inhibitors. The clinical interest in farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) makes it important to understand how these compounds affect cellular processes involving farnesylated proteins. Mitotic abnormalities observed after treatment with FTIs have so far been attributed to defects in the farnesylation of the outer kinetochore proteins CENP-E and CENP-F, which are involved in chromosome congression and spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. Here we identify the cytoplasmic dynein adaptor Spindly as an additional component of the outer kinetochore that is modified by farnesyltransferase (FTase). We show that farnesylation of Spindly is essential for its localization, and thus for the proper localization of dynein and its cofactor dynactin, to prometaphase kinetochores and that Spindly kinetochore recruitment is more severely affected by FTase inhibition than kinetochore recruitment of CENP-E and CENP-F. Molecular replacement experiments show that both Spindly and CENP-E farnesylation are required for efficient chromosome congression. The identification of Spindly as a new mitotic substrate of FTase provides insight into the causes of the mitotic phenotypes observed with FTase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Holland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rita M Reis
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, Center for Physiological Proteomics, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Douglas A Andres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - H Peter Spielmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 Department of Chemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Kentucky Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research/Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
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16
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Tate EW, Kalesh KA, Lanyon-Hogg T, Storck EM, Thinon E. Global profiling of protein lipidation using chemical proteomic technologies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 24:48-57. [PMID: 25461723 PMCID: PMC4319709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation is unique amongst post-translational modifications (PTMs) in enabling direct interaction with cell membranes, and is found in every form of life. Lipidation is important in normal function and in disease, but its intricate interplay with disease context presents a challenging for drug development. Global whole-proteome profiling of protein lipidation lies beyond the range of standard methods, but is well-suited to metabolic tagging with small 'clickable' chemical reporters that do not disrupt metabolism and function; chemoselective reactions are then used to add multifunctional labels exclusively to tagged-lipidated proteins. This chemical proteomic technology has opened up the first quantitative whole-proteome studies of the known major classes of protein lipidation, and the first insights into their full scope in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Karunakaran A Kalesh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elisabeth M Storck
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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17
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Tian H, Lu JY, Shao C, Huffman KE, Carstens RM, Larsen JE, Girard L, Liu H, Rodriguez-Canales J, Frenkel EP, Wistuba II, Minna JD, Hofmann SL. Systematic siRNA Screen Unmasks NSCLC Growth Dependence by Palmitoyltransferase DHHC5. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:784-94. [PMID: 25573953 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Protein S-palmitoylation is a widespread and dynamic posttranslational modification that regulates protein-membrane interactions, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability. A large family of palmitoyl acyl transferases, termed the DHHC family due to the presence of a common catalytic motif, catalyzes S-palmitoylation; the role of these enzymes in cancer is largely unexplored. In this study, an RNAi-based screen targeting all 23 members of the DHHC family was conducted to examine the effects on the growth in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Interestingly, siRNAs directed against DHHC5 broadly inhibited the growth of multiple NSCLC lines but not normal human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) lines. Silencing of DHHC5 by lentivirus-mediated expression of DHHC5 shRNAs dramatically reduced in vitro cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell invasion in a subset of cell lines that were examined in further detail. The phenotypes were restored by transfection of a wild-type DHHC5 plasmid but not by a plasmid expressing a catalytically inactive DHHC5. Tumor xenograft formation was severely inhibited by DHHC5 knockdown and rescued by DHHC5 expression, using both a conventional and tetracycline-inducible shRNA. These data indicate that DHHC5 has oncogenic capacity and contributes to tumor formation in NSCLC, thus representing a potential novel therapeutic target. IMPLICATIONS Inhibitors of DHHC5 enzyme activity may inhibit non-small cell lung cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jui-Yun Lu
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chunli Shao
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kenneth E Huffman
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan M Carstens
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jill E Larsen
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Luc Girard
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eugene P Frenkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sandra L Hofmann
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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18
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van Hattum H, Waldmann H. Chemical Biology Tools for Regulating RAS Signaling Complexity in Space and Time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1185-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Biro M, Munoz MA, Weninger W. Targeting Rho-GTPases in immune cell migration and inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5491-506. [PMID: 24571448 PMCID: PMC4282076 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are unmatched migrators capable of traversing barriers and tissues of remarkably varied structural composition. An effective immune response relies on the ability of its constituent cells to infiltrate target sites. Yet, unwarranted mobilization of immune cells can lead to inflammatory diseases and tissue damage ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. The efficacy and plasticity of leukocyte migration is driven by the precise spatiotemporal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. The small GTPases of the Rho family (Rho-GTPases), and their immediate downstream effector kinases, are key regulators of cellular actomyosin dynamics and are therefore considered prime pharmacological targets for stemming leukocyte motility in inflammatory disorders. This review describes advances in the development of small-molecule inhibitors aimed at modulating the Rho-GTPase-centric regulatory pathways governing motility, many of which stem from studies of cancer invasiveness. These inhibitors promise the advent of novel treatment options with high selectivity and potency against immune-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maté Biro
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Zhou X, Ferree SD, Wills VS, Born EJ, Tong H, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Geranyl and neryl triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2791-8. [PMID: 24726306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When inhibitors of enzymes that utilize isoprenoid pyrophosphates are based on the natural substrates, a significant challenge can be to achieve selective inhibition of a specific enzyme. One element in the design process is the stereochemistry of the isoprenoid olefins. We recently reported preparation of a series of isoprenoid triazoles as potential inhibitors of geranylgeranyl transferase II but these compounds were obtained as a mixture of olefin isomers. We now have accomplished the stereoselective synthesis of these triazoles through the use of epoxy azides for the cycloaddition reaction followed by regeneration of the desired olefin. Both geranyl and neryl derivatives have been prepared as single olefin isomers through parallel reaction sequences. The products were assayed against multiple enzymes as well as in cell culture studies and surprisingly a Z-olefin isomer was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah D Ferree
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Veronica S Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ella J Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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21
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Künzl M, Wasinger C, Hohenegger M. Statins role in cancer prevention and development-recent meta-analyses. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:100-106. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic indications of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) include hypercholesterolaemia and the prevention of cardiovascular events. Statins are well tolerated and beyond their unambiguous positive cardiovascular effects there are a steadily increasing number of pleiotropic actions emerging. In this regard, growth inhibition, apoptosis, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions have been attributed to statins. The anti-proliferative effects have been the basis for massive preclinical investigations to elucidate a functional role for statins in carcinogenesis and tumor cell growth. However, preclinical and clinical studies are conflicting, although there is accumulating evidence that statins are capable to suppress and decrease the incidence and recurrence of some human cancers. Given the fact that statins are well tolerated they might also have some impact in combinations with conventional and targeted chemotherapy. While synergism has been shown for many combinations in vitro this does not hold true yet in the clinics. Here we review the rational behind usage of statins in oncological settings. Positive effects have been observed in patients with melanoma and cancers from the breast, colon, prostate, lung, liver and hematologic tissues. However, substantial evidence from clinical studies is still weak and confounded by several factors, which are inherent in the study design. The majority of the studies are observational or of retrospective nature. Definitely, there is substantial need for larger, prospective randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Finally, we conclude that statins at the current status of evidence should not be recommended in the prevention or during progression of any cancers, however, individual statins may have beneficial effects in specific tumor subgroups.
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22
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Williams CL. A new signaling paradigm to control the prenylation and trafficking of small GTPases. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2933-4. [PMID: 23974087 PMCID: PMC3875666 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Cancer Center and Cardiovascular Center; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI USA
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23
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Identification of a novel prenyl and palmitoyl modification at the CaaX motif of Cdc42 that regulates RhoGDI binding. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1417-29. [PMID: 23358418 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01398-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane localization of Rho GTPases is essential for their biological functions and is dictated in part by a series of posttranslational modifications at a carboxyl-terminal CaaX motif: prenylation at cysteine, proteolysis of the aaX tripeptide, and carboxymethylation. The fidelity and variability of these CaaX processing steps are uncertain. The brain-specific splice variant of Cdc42 (bCdc42) terminates in a CCIF sequence. Here we show that brain Cdc42 undergoes two different types of posttranslational modification: classical CaaX processing or novel tandem prenylation and palmitoylation at the CCaX cysteines. In the dual lipidation pathway, bCdc42 was prenylated, but it bypassed proteolysis and carboxymethylation to undergo modification with palmitate at the second cysteine. The alternative postprenylation processing fates were conserved in the GTPases RalA and RalB and the phosphatase PRL-3, proteins terminating in a CCaX motif. The differentially modified forms of bCdc42 displayed functional differences. Prenylated and palmitoylated brain Cdc42 did not interact with RhoGDIα and was enriched in the plasma membrane relative to the classically processed form. The alternative processing of prenylated CCaX motif proteins by palmitoylation or by endoproteolysis and methylation expands the diversity of signaling GTPases and enables another level of regulation through reversible modification with palmitate.
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