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Kumar M, Jalota A, Sahu SK, Haque S. Therapeutic antibodies for the prevention and treatment of cancer. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:6. [PMID: 38216921 PMCID: PMC10787459 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-00996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The developments of antibodies for cancer therapeutics have made remarkable success in recent years. There are multiple factors contributing to the success of the biological molecule including origin of the antibody, isotype, affinity, avidity and mechanism of action. With better understanding of mechanism of cancer progression and immune manipulation, recombinant formats of antibodies are used to develop therapeutic modalities for manipulating the immune cells of patients by targeting specific molecules to control the disease. These molecules have been successful in minimizing the side effects instead caused by small molecules or systemic chemotherapy but because of the developing therapeutic resistance against these antibodies, combination therapy is thought to be the best bet for patient care. Here, in this review, we have discussed different aspects of antibodies in cancer therapy affecting their efficacy and mechanism of resistance with some relevant examples of the most studied molecules approved by the US FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Akansha Jalota
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Shabirul Haque
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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2
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Xiao T, Ali S, Mata DGMM, Lohmann AE, Blanchette PS. Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Breast Cancer: Ascent to Destiny and Beyond-A 2023 Review. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:6447-6461. [PMID: 37504334 PMCID: PMC10378319 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are revolutionizing cancer treatment, adding another important new class of systemic therapy. ADCs are a specially designed class of therapeutics that target cells expressing specific cancer antigens using directed antibody-drug delivery and release a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic payload. Over the past two decades, improvements in ADC design, development, and research, particularly in breast cancer, have led to several recent landmark publications. These advances have significantly changed various treatment paradigms and revamped traditional classifications of breast cancer with the introduction of a potential new subtype: "HER2-low". This review will focus on several ADCs developed for breast cancer treatment, including trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), sacituzumab govitecan (SG) and other newer emerging agents. It will provide an overview of the role of ADCs in breast cancer and discuss the opportunities and challenges they present. Additionally, our review will discuss future research directions to improve the selection of targets, combination therapies, and aim to improve drug safety. Important first-line metastatic and adjuvant clinical trials are underway, which may expand the role of ADC therapy in breast cancer. We foresee ADCs driving a new era of breast cancer treatment, adding to the steady incremental survival advantage observed in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xiao
- Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Sanji Ali
- Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Danilo Giffoni M M Mata
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Ana Elisa Lohmann
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Phillip S Blanchette
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
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Gambles MT, Yang J, Kopeček J. Multi-targeted immunotherapeutics to treat B cell malignancies. J Control Release 2023; 358:232-258. [PMID: 37121515 PMCID: PMC10330463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of multi-targeted immunotherapeutic systems has propelled the field of cancer immunotherapy into an exciting new era. Multi-effector molecules can be designed to engage with, and alter, the patient's immune system in a plethora of ways. The outcomes can vary from effector cell recruitment and activation upon recognition of a cancer cell, to a multipronged immune checkpoint blockade strategy disallowing evasion of the cancer cells by immune cells, or to direct cancer cell death upon engaging multiple cell surface receptors simultaneously. Here, we review the field of multi-specific immunotherapeutics implemented to treat B cell malignancies. The mechanistically diverse strategies are outlined and discussed; common B cell receptor antigen targeting strategies are outlined and summarized; and the challenges of the field are presented along with optimistic insights for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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4
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BAP1 and PTEN mutations shape the immunological landscape of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and reveal the intertumoral heterogeneity of T cell suppression: a proof-of-concept study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 72:1603-1618. [PMID: 36562826 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an immunologically vulnerable tumor entity, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are now widely used to treat patients with advanced disease. Whether and to what extent immune responses in ccRCC are shaped by genetic alterations, however, is only beginning to emerge. In this proof-of-concept study, we performed a detailed correlative analysis of the mutational and immunological landscapes in a series of 23 consecutive kidney cancer patients. We discovered that a high infiltration with CD8 + T cells was not dependent on the number of driver mutations but rather on the presence of specific mutational events, namely pathogenic mutations in PTEN or BAP1. This observation encouraged us to compare mechanisms of T cell suppression in the context of four different genetic patterns, i.e., the presence of multiple drivers, a PTEN or BAP1 mutation, or the absence of detectable driver mutations. We found that ccRCCs harboring a PTEN or BAP1 mutation showed the lowest level of Granzyme B positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). A multiplex immunofluorescence analysis revealed a significant number of CD8 + TILs in the vicinity of CD68 + macrophages/monocytes in the context of a BAP1 mutation but not in the context of a PTEN mutation. In line with this finding, direct interactions between CD8 + TILs and CD163 + M2-polarized macrophages were found in BAP1-mutated ccRCC but not in tumors with other mutational patterns. While an absence of driver mutations was associated with more CD8 + TILs in the vicinity of FOXP3 + Tregs and CD68 + monocytes/macrophages, the presence of multiple driver mutations was, to our surprise, not found to be strongly associated with immunosuppressive mechanisms. Our results highlight the role of genetic alterations in shaping the immunological landscape of ccRCC. We discovered a remarkable heterogeneity of mechanisms that can lead to T cell suppression, which supports the need for personalized immune oncological approaches.
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Kang H, Xiong Y, Ma L, Yang T, Xu X. Recent advances in micro-/nanostructure array integrated microfluidic devices for efficient separation of circulating tumor cells. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34892-34903. [PMID: 36540264 PMCID: PMC9724214 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) released from the primary tumor to peripheral blood are promising targets for liquid biopsies. Their biological information is vital for early cancer detection, efficacy assessment, and prognostic monitoring. Despite the tremendous clinical applications of CTCs, development of effective separation techniques are still demanding. Traditional separation methods usually use batch processing for enrichment, which inevitably destroy cell integrity and affect the complete information acquisition. Considering the rarity and heterogeneity of CTCs, it is urgent to develop effective separation methods. Microfluidic chips with precise fluid control at the micron level are promising devices for CTC separation. Their further combination with micro-/nanostructure arrays adds more biomolecule binding sites and exhibit unique fluid barrier effect, which significantly improve the CTC capture efficiency, purity, and sensitivity. This review summarized the recent advances in micro-/nanostructure array integrated microfluidic devices for CTC separation, including microrods, nanowires, and 3D micro-/nanostructures. The mechanisms by which these structures contribute to improved capture efficiency are discussed. Two major categories of separation methods, based on the physical and biological properties of CTCs, are discussed separately. Physical separation includes the design and preparation of micro-/nanostructure arrays, while chemical separation additionally involves the selection and modification of specific capture probes. These emerging technologies are expected to become powerful tools for disease diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Yuting Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Tongqing Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
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Böldicke T. Therapeutic Potential of Intrabodies for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Status and Future Directions. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030049. [PMID: 35892709 PMCID: PMC9326752 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by overexpressed tumor-associated antigens or mutated neoantigens, which are expressed on the cell surface or intracellularly. One strategy of cancer immunotherapy is to target cell-surface-expressed tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) with therapeutic antibodies. For targeting TAAs or neoantigens, adoptive T-cell therapies with activated autologous T cells from cancer patients transduced with novel recombinant TCRs or chimeric antigen receptors have been successfully applied. Many TAAs and most neoantigens are expressed in the cytoplasm or nucleus of tumor cells. As alternative to adoptive T-cell therapy, the mRNA of intracellular tumor antigens can be depleted by RNAi, the corresponding genes or proteins deleted by CRISPR-Cas or inactivated by kinase inhibitors or by intrabodies, respectively. Intrabodies are suitable to knockdown TAAs and neoantigens without off-target effects. RNA sequencing and proteome analysis of single tumor cells combined with computational methods is bringing forward the identification of new neoantigens for the selection of anti-cancer intrabodies, which can be easily performed using phage display antibody repertoires. For specifically delivering intrabodies into tumor cells, the usage of new capsid-modified adeno-associated viruses and lipid nanoparticles coupled with specific ligands to cell surface receptors can be used and might bring cancer intrabodies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böldicke
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Feng P, Li Z, Li Y, Zhang Y, Miao X. Characterization of Different Subtypes of Immune Cell Infiltration in Glioblastoma to Aid Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:799509. [PMID: 35799789 PMCID: PMC9254719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.799509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been identified as a frequently occurring adult primary brain cancer that is highly aggressive. Currently, the prognostic outcome for GBM patients is dismal, even with intensive treatment, and the median overall survival (OS) is 14.6 months. Immunotherapy, which is specific at the cellular level and can generate persistent immunosurveillance, is now becoming a promising tool to treat diverse cancers. However, the complicated nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) makes it challenging to develop anti-GBM immunotherapy because several cell types, cytokines, and signaling pathways are involved in generating the immunosuppressive environment. Novel immunotherapies can illustrate novel tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms. Here, we used unsupervised clustering analysis to identify different subtypes of immune cell infiltration that actuated different prognoses, biological actions, and immunotherapy responses. Gene cluster A, with a hot immune cell infiltration phenotype, had high levels of immune-related genes (IRGs), which were associated with immune pathways including the interferon-gamma response and interferon-alpha response, and had low IDH1 and ATRX mutation frequencies. Gene cluster B, a cold immune cell infiltration subtype, exhibited a high expression of the KCNIP2, SCRT1, CPLX2, JPH3, UNC13A, GABRB3, ARPP21, DLGAP1, NRXN1, DLL3, CA10, MAP2, SEZ6L, GRIA2, and GRIA4 genes and a low expression of immune-related genes, i.e., low levels of immune reactivity. Our study highlighted the complex interplay between immune cell infiltration and genetic mutation in the establishment of the tumor immune phenotype. Gene cluster A was identified as an important subtype with a better prognosis and improved immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Feng
- Neurosurgery Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhenqing Li
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Graduate Office Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xingyu Miao
- Neurosurgery Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xingyu Miao,
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8
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Lau D, Lechermann LM, Gallagher FA. Clinical Translation of Neutrophil Imaging and Its Role in Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:221-234. [PMID: 34637051 PMCID: PMC8983506 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against pathogens and abnormal cells. They regulate many biological processes such as infections and inflammation. Increasing evidence demonstrated a role for neutrophils in cancer, where different subpopulations have been found to possess both pro- or anti-tumorigenic functions in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the phenotypic and functional diversity of neutrophils in cancer, their prognostic significance, and therapeutic relevance in human and preclinical models. Molecular imaging methods are increasingly used to probe neutrophil biology in vivo, as well as the cellular changes that occur during tumor progression and over the course of treatment. This review will discuss the role of neutrophil imaging in oncology and the lessons that can be drawn from imaging in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders. The major factors to be considered when developing imaging techniques and biomarkers for neutrophils in cancer are reviewed. Finally, the potential clinical applications and the limitations of each method are discussed, as well as the challenges for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Lau
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Marasca F, Sinha S, Vadalà R, Polimeni B, Ranzani V, Paraboschi EM, Burattin FV, Ghilotti M, Crosti M, Negri ML, Campagnoli S, Notarbartolo S, Sartore-Bianchi A, Siena S, Prati D, Montini G, Viale G, Torre O, Harari S, Grifantini R, Soldà G, Biffo S, Abrignani S, Bodega B. LINE1 are spliced in non-canonical transcript variants to regulate T cell quiescence and exhaustion. Nat Genet 2022; 54:180-193. [PMID: 35039641 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How gene expression is controlled to preserve human T cell quiescence is poorly understood. Here we show that non-canonical splicing variants containing long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE1) enforce naive CD4+ T cell quiescence. LINE1-containing transcripts are derived from CD4+ T cell-specific genes upregulated during T cell activation. In naive CD4+ T cells, LINE1-containing transcripts are regulated by the transcription factor IRF4 and kept at chromatin by nucleolin; these transcripts act in cis, hampering levels of histone 3 (H3) lysine 36 trimethyl (H3K36me3) and stalling gene expression. T cell activation induces LINE1-containing transcript downregulation by the splicing suppressor PTBP1 and promotes expression of the corresponding protein-coding genes by the elongating factor GTF2F1 through mTORC1. Dysfunctional T cells, exhausted in vitro or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), accumulate LINE1-containing transcripts at chromatin. Remarkably, depletion of LINE1-containing transcripts restores TIL effector function. Our study identifies a role for LINE1 elements in maintaining T cell quiescence and suggests that an abundance of LINE1-containing transcripts is critical for T cell effector function and exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marasca
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Shruti Sinha
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca Vadalà
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Translational and Molecular Medicine, DIMET, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Benedetto Polimeni
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- Ph.D. Program in Translational and Molecular Medicine, DIMET, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valeria Ranzani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Elvezia Maria Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Ghilotti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Luce Negri
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartore-Bianchi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Prati
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- University of Milan, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Torre
- Department of Medical Sciences, San Giuseppe Hospital MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Harari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, San Giuseppe Hospital MultiMedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- CheckmAb Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffo
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Rosati D, Giordano A. Single-cell RNA sequencing and bioinformatics as tools to decipher cancer heterogenicity and mechanisms of drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 195:114811. [PMID: 34673017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that cancer is an aggressive disease, often associated with relapse, in many cases due to drug resistance. Cancer stem cell and clonal evolution are frequently causes of innate or acquired drug resistance. Current RNA sequencing technologies do not distinguish gene expression of different cell lineages because they are based on bulk cell studies. Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies and related bioinformatics clustering and differential expression analysis represent a turning point in cancer research. They are emerging as essential tools for dissecting tumors at single-cell resolution and represent novel tools to understand carcinogenesis and drug response. In this review, we will outline the role of these new technologies in addressing cancer heterogeneity and cell lineage-dependent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Rosati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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11
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Liu H, Wang ZY, Zhou YC, Song W, Ali U, Sze DMY. Immunomodulation of Chinese Herbal Medicines on NK cell populations for cancer therapy: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113561. [PMID: 33157222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Immunomodulation has become a crucial modality for cancer treatment. Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) are expected as adjuvant therapy for immunomodulation against cancer, but face the key challenge of poor scientific evidence. Changes of natural killer (NK) cells on numbers and/or cytotoxicity are a novel respect to evaluate the immunomodulation of CHMs. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this review is to investigate the immunomodulation of Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) on NK cell populations for cancer therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was conducted and outside mainstream electronic databases were screened for potential reference articles. This review tried to report and critically analyzed all the correlative studies, especially these clinical trials (3 CHM extracts and 11 CHM formulas). RESULTS Evidence-based functions of CHMs against cancer could be summarized as: (1) enhancement of NK cells activity or relative percentage; (2) prevention of tumor growth and metastasis; (3) relief on side-effects or complications of therapeutic strategies (i.e. chemotherapy, radiotherapy and resection). Briefly, most of cellular studies and two thirds animal studies were based on the extract or components of single herbs, whilst most of clinical trials were keen on formula or prescription of CHMs. The main components of CHMs were demonstrated active on promoting the cytotoxicity of NK cells, including Angelica sinensis, Ganoderma lucidum, Panax ginseng, Radix Astragali, Lentinus edodes, etc. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive review demonstrated NK cells activity was positively associated with quality of life but not survival benefit of cancer patients. Thus exploring the roles of NK cells in adjuvant therapy against cancer is confirmed to be beneficial to explore the underlying relationship between immunomodulation and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, And Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yu-Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, And School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Usman Ali
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Daniel M-Y Sze
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Sinha D, Smith C, Khanna R. Joining Forces: Improving Clinical Response to Cellular Immunotherapies with Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:75-90. [PMID: 33011081 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as a powerful therapeutic tool against both hematological and virus-associated cancers. However, extension of this success to solid cancers has been challenging owing to intratumoral mechanisms that induce a hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Delineating the impact of tumor-intrinsic adaptive resistance mechanisms on immune-based therapies is essential to improve long-term efficacy. We discuss the different tumor-intrinsic factors that lead to resistance to ACT. We highlight the potential of repurposing molecular targeted therapies to modulate immune responses and override intratumor resistance to ACT. Finally, we discuss the potential of combining targeted therapy and ACT as a new paradigm to improve the clinical efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debottam Sinha
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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13
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Molecular basis and rationale for combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 46:100644. [PMID: 31585395 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Mutational and Antigenic Landscape in Tumor Progression and Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:396-416. [PMID: 30765144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evolving neoplasms accumulate non-synonymous mutations at a high rate, potentially enabling the expression of antigenic epitopes that can be recognized by the immune system. Since they are not covered by central tolerance, such tumor neoantigens (TNAs) should be under robust immune control as they surge. However, genetic defects that impair cancer cell eradication by the immune system coupled with the establishment of local immunosuppression can enable TNA accumulation, which is generally associated with improved clinical sensitivity to various immunotherapies. Here, we explore how tumor-intrinsic factors and immunological processes shape the mutational and antigenic landscape of evolving neoplasms to influence clinical responses to immunotherapy, and propose strategies to achieve robust immunological control of the disease despite disabled immunosurveillance.
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15
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Yi G, Guo S, Liu W, Wang H, Liu R, Tsun A, Jin G, Li B. Identification and functional analysis of heterogeneous FOXP3 + Treg cell subpopulations in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:972-981. [PMID: 36658893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells express the transcription factor FOXP3 and play an essential role in preventing autoimmunity. Abundant Treg cell accumulation in tumors and tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) has been reported to correlate with both poor and favorable prognosis in various cancers, which suggests that Tregs may have multiple effects on antitumor immunity. However, the heterogeneity of tumor- and TDLN-infiltrating Treg cells remains unclear. Here we provide heterogeneity analysis of tumor infiltrating human CD4+ Treg cells and their matched adjacent tissues and TDLNs. We defined three different subpopulations of tumor- and TDLN-infiltrating Treg cells by Helios and CCR8 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and confirmed their functional heterogeneity. Helios+ CCR8+ Treg cells with potent suppressor function and limited IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion were identified in tumors and TDLNs. On the contrary, Helios- CCR8- Treg cells have impaired suppressive activity, and elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. More advanced grades of PDAC have predominantly Helios+ CCR8+ Treg cells and few Helios- CCR8- Treg cells both in tumors and TDLNs that suggests poor prognosis. These data could help further define the role of Treg cells and their functional role in tumors and TDLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rendong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Andy Tsun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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16
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Goto T, Hirotsu Y, Amemiya K, Mochizuki H, Omata M. Understanding Intratumor Heterogeneity and Evolution in NSCLC and Potential New Therapeutic Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070212. [PMID: 29932159 PMCID: PMC6071014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in innovative technology, including next-generation sequencing, have allowed comprehensive genomic analysis and the elucidation of the genomic aspect of intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). Moreover, models of the evolution of the cancer genome have been proposed by integrating these analyses. Cancer has been considered to accumulate genetic abnormalities for clonal evolution in time and space, and these evolutionary patterns vary depending on the organs of primary sites. Selection pressure is an important determinant of such evolutionary patterns. With weak selection pressure, more diverse clones coexist, and heterogeneity increases. Heterogeneity is maximized when there is no selection pressure; in other words, neutral evolution occurs. Some types of cancer such as lung cancer evolve in conditions that have maintained close to neutral evolution and produce diverse variants. This ITH is a key factor contributing to the lethal outcome of cancer, therapeutic failure, and drug resistance. This factor reaffirms the complexity and subtle adaptability of cancer. It is expected that further understanding of ITH and cancer genome evolution will facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies to overcome ITH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Goto
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu 400-8506, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Hirotsu
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu 400-8506, Japan.
| | - Kenji Amemiya
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu 400-8506, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu 400-8506, Japan.
| | - Masao Omata
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu 400-8506, Japan.
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17
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Burinaru TA, Avram M, Avram A, Mărculescu C, Ţîncu B, Ţucureanu V, Matei A, Militaru M. Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Microfluidics. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:107-126. [PMID: 29363937 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients worldwide. During metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor and invade distant tissue. The cells that undergo this process are called circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Studies show that the number of CTCs in the peripheral blood can predict progression-free survival and overall survival and can be informative concerning the efficacy of treatment. Research is now concentrated on developing devices that can detect CTCs in the blood of cancer patients with improved sensitivity and specificity that can lead to improved clinical evaluation. This review focuses on devices that detect and capture CTCs using different cell properties (surface markers, size, deformability, electrical properties, etc.). We also discuss the process of tumor cell dissemination, the biology of CTCs, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and several challenges and clinical applications of CTC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiberiu A. Burinaru
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Marioara Avram
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Andrei Avram
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Cătălin Mărculescu
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Bianca Ţîncu
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Vasilica Ţucureanu
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Alina Matei
- National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, 077190
| | - Manuella Militaru
- University of Agronomic
Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania, 050097
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18
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Efremova M, Finotello F, Rieder D, Trajanoski Z. Neoantigens Generated by Individual Mutations and Their Role in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1679. [PMID: 29234329 PMCID: PMC5712389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have proved the long-standing hypothesis that tumors elicit adaptive immune responses and that the antigens driving effective T-cell response are neoantigens, i.e., peptides that are generated from somatically mutated genes. Hence, the characterization of neoantigens and the identification of the immunogenic ones are of utmost importance for improving cancer immunotherapy and broadening its efficacy to a larger fraction of patients. In this review, we first introduce the methods used for the quantification of neoantigens using next-generation sequencing data and then summarize results obtained using these tools to characterize the neoantigen landscape in solid cancers. We then discuss the importance of neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockers, vaccination, and adoptive T-cell transfer. Finally, we give an overview over emerging aspects in cancer immunity, including tumor heterogeneity and immunoediting, and give an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Efremova
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Francesca Finotello
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Rieder
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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De Simone M, Arrigoni A, Rossetti G, Gruarin P, Ranzani V, Politano C, Bonnal RJP, Provasi E, Sarnicola ML, Panzeri I, Moro M, Crosti M, Mazzara S, Vaira V, Bosari S, Palleschi A, Santambrogio L, Bovo G, Zucchini N, Totis M, Gianotti L, Cesana G, Perego RA, Maroni N, Pisani Ceretti A, Opocher E, De Francesco R, Geginat J, Stunnenberg HG, Abrignani S, Pagani M. Transcriptional Landscape of Human Tissue Lymphocytes Unveils Uniqueness of Tumor-Infiltrating T Regulatory Cells. Immunity 2017; 45:1135-1147. [PMID: 27851914 PMCID: PMC5119953 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) can suppress effector T cells specific for tumor antigens. Deeper molecular definitions of tumor-infiltrating-lymphocytes could thus offer therapeutic opportunities. Transcriptomes of T helper 1 (Th1), Th17, and Treg cells infiltrating colorectal or non-small-cell lung cancers were compared to transcriptomes of the same subsets from normal tissues and validated at the single-cell level. We found that tumor-infiltrating Treg cells were highly suppressive, upregulated several immune-checkpoints, and expressed on the cell surfaces specific signature molecules such as interleukin-1 receptor 2 (IL1R2), programmed death (PD)-1 Ligand1, PD-1 Ligand2, and CCR8 chemokine, which were not previously described on Treg cells. Remarkably, high expression in whole-tumor samples of Treg cell signature genes, such as LAYN, MAGEH1, or CCR8, correlated with poor prognosis. Our findings provide insights into the molecular identity and functions of human tumor-infiltrating Treg cells and define potential targets for tumor immunotherapy. Transcriptome analysis performed on tumor-resident CD4+ Th1, Th17, and Treg cells Tumor-infiltrating Treg cells are defined by the expression of signature genes Treg-specific signature genes correlate with patients’ survival in both CRC and NSCLC
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Simone
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Alberto Arrigoni
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Grazisa Rossetti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Valeria Ranzani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Claudia Politano
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Raoul J P Bonnal
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Elena Provasi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Sarnicola
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Ilaria Panzeri
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Monica Moro
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Saveria Mazzara
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy; Division of Pathology, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Division of Pathology, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palleschi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Luigi Santambrogio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Organ Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bovo
- Department of Pathology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Nicola Zucchini
- Department of Pathology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Mauro Totis
- Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Luca Gianotti
- Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza 20900, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Monza 20900 Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cesana
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Monza 20900 Italy
| | - Roberto A Perego
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Monza 20900 Italy
| | - Nirvana Maroni
- UO Chirurgia Epatobiliopancreatica e Digestiva Ospedale San Paolo, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Andrea Pisani Ceretti
- UO Chirurgia Epatobiliopancreatica e Digestiva Ospedale San Paolo, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Enrico Opocher
- UO Chirurgia Epatobiliopancreatica e Digestiva Ospedale San Paolo, Milan 20142, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20122, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20122, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,' Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20129, Italy.
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20
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Ng KW, Marshall EA, Bell JC, Lam WL. cGAS-STING and Cancer: Dichotomous Roles in Tumor Immunity and Development. Trends Immunol 2017; 39:44-54. [PMID: 28830732 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) sensing has emerged as a key regulator of innate immune responses to both exogenous and endogenous DNA. Recent studies reveal critical roles for this pathway in natural antitumor immunity across cancer types as well as in immune checkpoint blockade therapy. However, it is also clear that some tumors evade cGAS-STING-mediated immune responses, and immunomodulatory therapeutics are currently being explored to target this pathway. Finally, we also discuss recent observations that cGAS-STING-mediated inflammation may promote tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis in certain malignancies and how this may complicate the utility of this pathway in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Ng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Erin A Marshall
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
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21
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Saiag P, Gutzmer R, Ascierto PA, Maio M, Grob JJ, Murawa P, Dreno B, Ross M, Weber J, Hauschild A, Rutkowski P, Testori A, Levchenko E, Enk A, Misery L, Vanden Abeele C, Vojtek I, Peeters O, Brichard VG, Therasse P. Prospective assessment of a gene signature potentially predictive of clinical benefit in metastatic melanoma patients following MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic (PREDICT). Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1947-53. [PMID: 27502712 PMCID: PMC5035794 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic profiling of tumor tissue may aid in identifying predictive or prognostic gene signatures (GS) in some cancers. Retrospective gene expression profiling of melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer led to the characterization of a GS associated with clinical benefit, including improved overall survival (OS), following immunization with the MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic. The goal of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the predictive value of the previously characterized GS. PATIENTS AND METHODS An open-label prospective phase II trial ('PREDICT') in patients with MAGE-A3-positive unresectable stage IIIB-C/IV-M1a melanoma. RESULTS Of 123 subjects who received the MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic, 71 (58.7%) displayed the predictive GS (GS+). The 1-year OS rate was 83.1%/83.3% in the GS+/GS- populations. The rate of progression-free survival at 12 months was 5.8%/4.1% in GS+/GS- patients. The median time-to-treatment failure was 2.7/2.4 months (GS+/GS-). There was one complete response (GS-) and two partial responses (GS+). The MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic was similarly immunogenic in both populations and had a clinically acceptable safety profile. CONCLUSION Treatment of patients with MAGE-A3-positive unresectable stage IIIB-C/IV-M1a melanoma with the MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic demonstrated an overall 1-year OS rate of 83.5%. GS- and GS+ patients had similar 1-year OS rates, indicating that in this study, GS was not predictive of outcome. Unexpectedly, the objective response rate was lower in this study than in other studies carried out in the same setting with the MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic. Investigation of a GS to predict clinical benefit to adjuvant MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic treatment is ongoing in another melanoma study.This study is registered at www.clinicatrials.gov NCT00942162.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saiag
- General Dermatology and Oncology Service, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Boulogne, France
| | - R Gutzmer
- Skin Cancer Center Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - P A Ascierto
- National Institute for Tumors Foundation 'G. Pascale', Napoli
| | - M Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - J-J Grob
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Cancers, La Timone APHM Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - P Murawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - B Dreno
- Dermatology Clinic, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Ross
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UTMD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - J Weber
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA
| | - A Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - P Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Testori
- Melanoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - E Levchenko
- Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Misery
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - I Vojtek
- GSK Vaccines, Rixensart, Belgium
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22
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Lund AW, Medler TR, Leachman SA, Coussens LM. Lymphatic Vessels, Inflammation, and Immunity in Skin Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 6:22-35. [PMID: 26552413 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin is a highly ordered immune organ that coordinates rapid responses to external insult while maintaining self-tolerance. In healthy tissue, lymphatic vessels drain fluid and coordinate local immune responses; however, environmental factors induce lymphatic vessel dysfunction, leading to lymph stasis and perturbed regional immunity. These same environmental factors drive the formation of local malignancies, which are also influenced by local inflammation. Herein, we discuss clinical and experimental evidence supporting the tenet that lymphatic vessels participate in regulation of cutaneous inflammation and immunity, and are important contributors to malignancy and potential biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated inflammation are now appreciated not only for their role in cancer progression but also for their response to therapy. The lymphatic vasculature is a less-appreciated component of this microenvironment that coordinates local inflammation and immunity and thereby critically shapes local responses. A mechanistic understanding of the complexities of lymphatic vessel function in the unique context of skin provides a model to understand how regional immune dysfunction drives cutaneous malignancies, and as such lymphatic vessels represent a biomarker of cutaneous immunity that may provide insight into cancer prognosis and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Terry R Medler
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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23
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Abstract
This review explores the incessant evolutionary interaction and co-development between immune system evolution and somatic evolution, to put it into context with the short, over 60-year, detailed human study of this extraordinary protective system. Over millions of years, the evolutionary development of the immune system in most species has been continuously shaped by environmental interactions between microbes, and aberrant somatic cells, including malignant cells. Not only has evolution occurred in somatic cells to adapt to environmental pressures for survival purposes, but the immune system and its function has been successively shaped by those same evolving somatic cells and microorganisms through continuous adaptive symbiotic processes of progressive simultaneous immunological and somatic change to provide what we observe today. Indeed, the immune system as an environmental influence has also shaped somatic and microbial evolution. Although the immune system is tuned to primarily controlling microbiological challenges for combatting infection, it can also remove damaged and aberrant cells, including cancer cells to induce long-term cures. Our knowledge of how this occurs is just emerging. Here we consider the connections between immunity, infection and cancer, by searching back in time hundreds of millions of years to when multi-cellular organisms first began. We are gradually appreciating that the immune system has evolved into a truly brilliant and efficient protective mechanism, the importance of which we are just beginning to now comprehend. Understanding these aspects will likely lead to more effective cancer and other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Coventry
- Discipline of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, The University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
This review explores the incessant evolutionary interaction and co-development between immune system evolution and somatic evolution, to put it into context with the short, over 60-year, detailed human study of this extraordinary protective system. Over millions of years, the evolutionary development of the immune system in most species has been continuously shaped by environmental interactions between microbes, and aberrant somatic cells, including malignant cells. Not only has evolution occurred in somatic cells to adapt to environmental pressures for survival purposes, but the immune system and its function has been successively shaped by those same evolving somatic cells and microorganisms through continuous adaptive symbiotic processes of progressive simultaneous immunological and somatic change to provide what we observe today. Indeed, the immune system as an environmental influence has also shaped somatic and microbial evolution. Although the immune system is tuned to primarily controlling microbiological challenges for combatting infection, it can also remove damaged and aberrant cells, including cancer cells to induce long-term cures. Our knowledge of how this occurs is just emerging. Here we consider the connections between immunity, infection and cancer, by searching back in time hundreds of millions of years to when multi-cellular organisms first began. We are gradually appreciating that the immune system has evolved into a truly brilliant and efficient protective mechanism, the importance of which we are just beginning to now comprehend. Understanding these aspects will likely lead to more effective cancer and other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Coventry
- Discipline of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, The University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Jamal-Hanjani M, Lee SM. Lung cancer. Lung Cancer Manag 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mariam Jamal-Hanjani Mariam Jamal-Hanjani is a Specialist Registrar in Medical Oncology. She studied physics and then medicine at University College London (UCL), and is currently pursuing her PhD in non-small-cell lung cancer tumor evolution and intratumor heterogeneity at the Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, UCL Cancer Institute & CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PT, UK
| | - Siow-Ming Lee
- University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, UCL Cancer Institute & CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PT, UK
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26
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Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have led to an unprecedented view of the cancer genome and its evolution. Genomic studies have demonstrated the complex and heterogeneous clonal landscape of tumors of different origins and the potential impact of intratumor heterogeneity on treatment response and resistance, cancer progression, and the risk of disease relapse. However, the significance of subclonal mutations, in particular mutations in driver genes, and their evolution through time and their dynamics in response to cancer therapies, is yet to be determined. The necessary tools are now available to prospectively determine whether clonal heterogeneity can be used as a biomarker of clinical outcome and to what extent subclonal somatic alterations might influence clinical outcome. Studies that use longitudinal tissue sampling, integrating both genomic and clinical data, have the potential to reveal the subclonal composition and track the evolution of tumors to address these questions and to begin to define the breadth of genetic diversity in different tumor types and its relevance to patient outcome. Such studies may provide further evidence for drug-resistance mechanisms informing combinatorial, adaptive, and tumor immune therapies placed within the context of tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, United Kingdom. Cancer Research UK London Research institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Larkin
- Department of Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, United Kingdom. Cancer Research UK London Research institute, London, United Kingdom.
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27
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Weitsman G, Lawler K, Kelleher MT, Barrett JE, Barber PR, Shamil E, Festy F, Patel G, Fruhwirth GO, Huang L, Tullis ID, Woodman N, Ofo E, Ameer-Beg SM, Irshad S, Condeelis J, Gillett CE, Ellis PA, Vojnovic B, Coolen AC, Ng T. Imaging tumour heterogeneity of the consequences of a PKCα-substrate interaction in breast cancer patients. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:1498-505. [PMID: 25399560 PMCID: PMC4259014 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer heterogeneity demands that prognostic models must be biologically driven and recent clinical evidence indicates that future prognostic signatures need evaluation in the context of early compared with late metastatic risk prediction. In pre-clinical studies, we and others have shown that various protein-protein interactions, pertaining to the actin microfilament-associated proteins, ezrin and cofilin, mediate breast cancer cell migration, a prerequisite for cancer metastasis. Moreover, as a direct substrate for protein kinase Cα, ezrin has been shown to be a determinant of cancer metastasis for a variety of tumour types, besides breast cancer; and has been described as a pivotal regulator of metastasis by linking the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton. In the present article, we demonstrate that our tissue imaging-derived parameters that pertain to or are a consequence of the PKC-ezrin interaction can be used for breast cancer prognostication, with inter-cohort reproducibility. The application of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded patient samples to probe protein proximity within the typically <10 nm range to address the oncological challenge of tumour heterogeneity, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Katherine Lawler
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- Department of Mathematics, King’s College London, Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Muireann T. Kelleher
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- Department of Medical Oncology, St George’s NHS Trust, London SW17 0QT, U.K
| | - James E. Barrett
- Department of Mathematics, King’s College London, Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Paul R. Barber
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Eamon Shamil
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Frederic Festy
- Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Division, King’s College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Gargi Patel
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- Division of Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Lufei Huang
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Iain D.C. Tullis
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Natalie Woodman
- Guy’s & St. Thomas’ Breast Tissue & Data Bank, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Enyinnaya Ofo
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Simon M. Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Sheeba Irshad
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital King’s College London School of Medicine, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - John Condeelis
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, New York, NY 10461, U.S.A
| | - Cheryl E. Gillett
- Guy’s & St. Thomas’ Breast Tissue & Data Bank, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Paul A. Ellis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy’s and St. Thomas Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Anthony C.C. Coolen
- Department of Mathematics, King’s College London, Strand Campus, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, Kings College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital King’s College London School of Medicine, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, U.K
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Navari M, Zare M, Javanmardi M, Asadi-Ghalehni M, Modjtahedi H, Rasaee MJ. Epitope mapping of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody and induction of growth-inhibitory polyclonal antibodies by vaccination with EGFR mimotope. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:309-15. [PMID: 25070131 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.945127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the proposed approaches in cancer therapy is to induce and direct the patient's own immune system against cancer cells. In this study, we determined the epitope mapping of the rat anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody ICR-62 using a phage display of random peptide library and identified a 12 amino acids peptide, which was recognized as a mimotope. The peptide was synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as carrier protein (P-BSA). We have shown that ICR-62 can react specifically with P-BSA as well as native EGFR. Two rabbits were immunized either by BSA or P-BSA and the rabbits IgGs were purified and examined for binding to the antigens, mimotope and the EGFR protein purified from the EGFR overexpressing A431 cell line. We showed that the rabbit IgG generated against the mimotope is capable of inhibiting the growth of A431 cells by 15%, but does not have any effect on the growth of EGFR-negative MDA-MB-453 cell line in vitro. Our results support the need for further investigations on the potential of vaccination with either mimotope of the EGFR or epitope displayed on the surface of phage particles for use in active immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Islamic Republic of Iran and
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Abstract
According to a reductionnist view, a malignant tumour emerges and evolves as a consequence of genetic damages that accumulate in a cell. These damages generate a major clone and a number of sub-clones. A dynamic equilibrium emerges between these sub-clones in a given environment. Upon a multiform selective pressure, a great heterogeneity can appear in the primary tumour, between the primary tumour and its metastases, and between metastases in diverse tissues. The ability to identify this heterogeneity in installed tumours, and the detection of tumour cells before the appearance of this intra-tumour complexity, are major challenges in current oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Solary
- Inserm UMR1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Édouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
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