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Russell L, Condo K, DeFlorville T. Nutrition, endocannabinoids, and the use of cannabis: An overview for the nutrition clinician. Nutr Clin Pract 2024; 39:815-823. [PMID: 38555505 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECs) is composed of multiple signaling compounds and receptors within the central and peripheral nervous system along with various organs, including the gut, liver, and skeletal muscle. The ECs has been implicated in metabolism, gut motility, and eating behaviors. The ECs is altered in disease states such as obesity. Recent studies have clarified the role of the gut microbiome and nutrition on the ECs. Exogenous cannabinoid (CB) use, either organic or synthetic, stimulates the ECs through CB1 and CB2 receptors. However, the role of CBs is unclear in regard to nutrition optimization or to treat disease states. This review briefly summarizes the effect of the ECs and exogenous CBs on metabolism and nutrition. With the increased legalization of cannabis, there is a corresponding increased use in the United States. Therefore, nutrition clinicians need to be aware of both the benefits and harm of cannabis use on overall nutrition status, as well as the gaps in knowledge for future research and guideline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Russell
- Center for Human Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgical Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kayla Condo
- Center for Human Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany DeFlorville
- Center for Human Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgical Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Mostosi D, Molinaro M, Saccone S, Torrente Y, Villa C, Farini A. Exploring the Gut Microbiota-Muscle Axis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5589. [PMID: 38891777 PMCID: PMC11171690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining the dynamic balance of intestinal epithelial and immune cells, crucial for overall organ homeostasis. Dysfunctions in these intricate relationships can lead to inflammation and contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent findings uncovered the existence of a gut-muscle axis, revealing how alterations in the gut microbiota can disrupt regulatory mechanisms in muscular and adipose tissues, triggering immune-mediated inflammation. In the context of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), alterations in intestinal permeability stand as a potential origin of molecules that could trigger muscle degeneration via various pathways. Metabolites produced by gut bacteria, or fragments of bacteria themselves, may have the ability to migrate from the gut into the bloodstream and ultimately infiltrate distant muscle tissues, exacerbating localized pathologies. These insights highlight alternative pathological pathways in DMD beyond the musculoskeletal system, paving the way for nutraceutical supplementation as a potential adjuvant therapy. Understanding the complex interplay between the gut microbiota, immune system, and muscular health offers new perspectives for therapeutic interventions beyond conventional approaches to efficiently counteract the multifaceted nature of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Mostosi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (Y.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Monica Molinaro
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Saccone
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (Y.T.); (C.V.)
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (Y.T.); (C.V.)
| | - Andrea Farini
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (S.S.)
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Murru E, Manca C, Carta G, Ruggiu M, Solinas R, Montisci R, Hodson L, Dearlove D, Mollica MP, Tocco F, Banni S. Indirect Calorimetry-Based Novel Approach for Evaluating Metabolic Flexibility and Its Association with Circulating Metabolic Markers in Middle-Aged Subjects. Nutrients 2024; 16:525. [PMID: 38398849 PMCID: PMC10891777 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel method for assessing metabolic flexibility (MF) through indirect calorimetry. A total of twenty healthy volunteers (10 females; 10 males) aged 45-65 were categorized into a Low-Intensity activity group (LI, 0-1 session of 1 h per week) and a High-Intensity activity group (HI, 5-6 sessions of 2 h per week). Volunteers underwent a stepwise exercise test on a cycle ergometer, connected to a calorimeter, to examine respiratory gas exchange to evaluate peak fatty acid Oxidation (PFO) and peak carbohydrate oxidation (PCO). Circulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) biomarkers, docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratio and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), and the endocannabinoid- 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), were evaluated. We developed two MF parameters: the MF index (MFI), calculated by the product of PFO normalized per kg of fat-free mass (FFM) and the percentage of VO2max at PFO, and the peak energy substrates' oxidation (PESO), computed by summing the kilocalories from the PFO and PCO, normalized per kg FFM. The MFI and PESO were significantly different between the HI and LI groups, showing strong correlations with the circulating bioactive substances. Higher DHA/EPA ratio (p ≤ 0.05) and OEA (p ≤ 0.01), but lower 2-AG levels (p ≤ 0.01) were found in the HI group. These new parameters successfully established a functional link between MF and the balance of PPARα/endocannabinoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Murru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.M.); (C.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Claudia Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.M.); (C.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.M.); (C.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Michele Ruggiu
- Clinical Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Roberto Solinas
- Clinical Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Roberta Montisci
- Clinical Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; (L.H.); (D.D.)
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - David Dearlove
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; (L.H.); (D.D.)
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Filippo Tocco
- Clinical Cardiology and Sport Medicine, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (M.R.); (R.S.); (R.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (E.M.); (C.M.); (G.C.)
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Watkins BA, Smith BJ, Volpe SL, Shen CL. Exerkines, Nutrition, and Systemic Metabolism. Nutrients 2024; 16:410. [PMID: 38337694 PMCID: PMC10857119 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cornerstones of good health are exercise, proper food, and sound nutrition. Physical exercise should be a lifelong routine, supported by proper food selections to satisfy nutrient requirements based on energy needs, energy management, and variety to achieve optimal metabolism and physiology. The human body is sustained by intermediary and systemic metabolism integrating the physiologic processes for cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Recently, interest in specific metabolites, growth factors, cytokines, and hormones called exerkines has emerged to explain cooperation between nutrient supply organs and the brain during exercise. Exerkines consist of different compounds described as signaling moiety released during and after exercise. Examples of exerkines include oxylipin 12, 13 diHOME, lipid hormone adiponectin, growth factor BDNF, metabolite lactate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including products of fatty acid oxidation, and cytokines such as interleukin-6. At this point, it is believed that exerkines are immediate, fast, and long-lasting factors resulting from exercise to support body energy needs with an emphasis on the brain. Although exerkines that are directly a product of macronutrient metabolism such as lactate, and result from catabolism is not surprising. Furthermore, other metabolites of macronutrient metabolism seem to be candidate exerkines. The exerkines originate from muscle, adipose, and liver and support brain metabolism, energy, and physiology. The purpose of this review is to integrate the actions of exerkines with respect to metabolism that occurs during exercise and propose other participating factors of exercise and brain physiology. The role of diet and macronutrients that influence metabolism and, consequently, the impact of exercise will be discussed. This review will also describe the evidence for PUFA, their metabolic and physiologic derivatives endocannabinoids, and oxylipins that validate them being exerkines. The intent is to present additional insights to better understand exerkines with respect to systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brenda J. Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stella Lucia Volpe
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Sirotiak Z, Gallagher BT, Smith-Hernandez CA, Showman LJ, Hillard CJ, Brellenthin AG. Endocannabinoid and psychological responses to acute resistance exercise in trained and untrained adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291845. [PMID: 38039265 PMCID: PMC10691681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the effects of acute resistance exercise on circulating endocannabinoid (eCB) and mood responses in trained and untrained healthy adults. METHODS Thirty-two healthy adults (22.1 ± 2.9 years) were recruited from trained (reporting resistance exercise at least twice per week for ≥ previous three months) and untrained (performing no resistance exercise for ≥ previous three months) groups. Participants (13 male, 19 female) completed three sets of resistance exercise (16 repetitions at 50% 1-repetition max, 12 repetitions at 70% 1-repetition max, 8 repetitions at 80% 1-repetition max). Resistance machines targeted the legs, chest, back, and abdominal muscles. Mood states, affect, and circulating eCB concentrations were evaluated before and after resistance exercise. RESULTS There were significant decreases in AEA, PEA, and OEA levels following acute resistance exercise (p <0.05; ds = -0.39, -0.48, -0.65, respectively), with no significant group differences or group by time interactions. 2-AG did not change significantly. Positive affect increased significantly following resistance exercise (p = 0.009), while negative affect decreased (p <0.001). Depressive symptoms, anger, confusion, and total mood disturbance decreased significantly (p <0.05), while vigor increased significantly following resistance exercise (p = 0.005). There were no significant group differences or group by time interactions for any psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION These results indicate that acute resistance exercise may reduce eCB and related lipid concentrations, which is opposite to the increase in lipids typically observed with acute aerobic exercise. Furthermore, psychological improvements occur after resistance exercise regardless of decreases in eCBs, supporting the notion that psychological changes with exercise likely occur through a wide variety of biological and environmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Sirotiak
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Brandon T. Gallagher
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Lucas J. Showman
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Cecilia J. Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Aguiar AS. Cannabis Is Not Doping. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:949-954. [PMID: 37279460 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classifies cannabis, all phytocannabinoids, and synthetics as doping, except for CBD. For agency, a method for doping substance must meet two criteria: performance enhancement (ergogenicity), health risk, or violation of the spirit of sports. Cannabis is neither ergogenic nor ergolytic (performance worsens), and the health risks for athletes are overestimated after 20 years of research. The significant problem remains in the complex (and difficult interpretation) definition of the spirit of sports, which transcends the objectives of sports excellence (performance and injury prevention) for moral policing. This perspective presents an evidence-based counterargument recommending the removal of cannabis and phytocannabinoids from the WADA Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal Silva Aguiar
- Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Araranguá, Brazil
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The Endocannabinoid System and Physical Exercise. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031989. [PMID: 36768332 PMCID: PMC9916354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in various processes, including brain plasticity, learning and memory, neuronal development, nociception, inflammation, appetite regulation, digestion, metabolism, energy balance, motility, and regulation of stress and emotions. Physical exercise (PE) is considered a valuable non-pharmacological therapy that is an immediately available and cost-effective method with a lot of health benefits, one of them being the activation of the endogenous cannabinoids. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are generated as a response to high-intensity activities and can act as short-term circuit breakers, generating antinociceptive responses for a short and variable period of time. A runner's high is an ephemeral feeling some sport practitioners experience during endurance activities, such as running. The release of eCBs during sustained physical exercise appears to be involved in triggering this phenomenon. The last decades have been characterized by an increased interest in this emotional state induced by exercise, as it is believed to alleviate pain, induce mild sedation, increase euphoric levels, and have anxiolytic effects. This review provides information about the current state of knowledge about endocannabinoids and physical effort and also an overview of the studies published in the specialized literature about this subject.
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Jurado-Fasoli L, Di X, Sanchez-Delgado G, Yang W, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Ortiz-Alvarez L, Krekels E, Harms AC, Hankemeier T, Schönke M, Aguilera CM, Llamas-Elvira JM, Kohler I, Rensen PCN, Ruiz JR, Martinez-Tellez B. Acute and long-term exercise differently modulate plasma levels of oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and their analogues in young sedentary adults: A sub-study and secondary analyses from the ACTIBATE randomized controlled-trial. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104313. [PMID: 36374769 PMCID: PMC9626892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid-derived lipid mediators including oxylipins, endocannabinoids (eCBs), and their analogues, have emerged as key metabolites in the inflammatory and immune response to physiological stressors. METHODS This report was based on a sub-study and secondary analyses the ACTIBATE single-center unblinded randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02365129). The study was performed in the Sport and Health University Research Institute and the Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital of the University of Granada. Eligible participants were young, sedentary adults with no chronic diseases. Here, we performed both an acute endurance and resistance exercise sub-studies (n.ß=.ß14 and 17 respectively), and a 24-week supervised exercise intervention, combining endurance and resistance exercise training at moderate-intensity (MOD-EX) or vigorous-intensity (VIG-EX) exercise groups, in young sedentary adults. Randomization was performed by unrestricted randomization. Plasma levels of oxylipins, eCBs, and their analogues were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. FINDINGS Both endurance and resistance exercise increased by.ß+50% the plasma levels of dihomo-..-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) omega-6 derived oxylipins, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid omega-3 derived after 3 and 120.ßmin of the bout of exercise (all ..2.ß....ß0.219 and P.ß..±.ß0.039). These exercise modalities also increased the levels of anandamide and eCBs analogues (+25%). 145 young sedentary adults were assigned to a control (CON, n.ß=.ß54), a MOD-EX (n.ß=.ß48) or a VIG-EX (n.ß=.ß43). 102 participants were included in the final long-term analyses (CON, n.ß=.ß36; MOD-EX, n.ß=.ß33; and VIG-EX, n.ß=.ß33) of the trial. After 24-week of supervised exercise, MOD-EX decreased plasma levels of omega-6 oxylipins, concretely linoleic acid (LA) and adrenic acid derived oxylipins, and the eCBs analogues OEA and LEA in comparison to the CON (all P.ß..±.ß0.021). VIG-EX decreased LA-derived oxylipins and LEA compared to CON. No relevant adverse events were recorded. INTERPRETATION Endurance and resistance exercises acutely increased plasma levels of oxylipins, eCBs, and their analogues, whereas 24 weeks of exercise training decreased fasting plasma levels of omega-6 oxylipins, and eCBs analogues in young, sedentary adults. FUNDING See Acknowledgments section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Xinyu Di
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ortiz-Alvarez
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elke Krekels
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, ..úJos.. Mataix Verd....Ñ Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada 18016, Spain; Instituto de Investigaci..n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatolog.ía de la Obesidad y la Nutrici..n (CIBEROBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jose M Llamas-Elvira
- Instituto de Investigaci..n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain; Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigaci..n Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almer.ía, Almer.ía, Spain.
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Desai S, Borg B, Cuttler C, Crombie KM, Rabinak CA, Hill MN, Marusak HA. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Exercise on the Endocannabinoid System. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:388-408. [PMID: 34870469 PMCID: PMC9418357 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis, including the regulation of metabolism and stress responses. Chronic stress may blunt eCB signaling, and disruptions in eCB signaling have been linked to stress-related psychiatric disorders and physical health conditions, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diabetes, and obesity. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological behavioral interventions (e.g., exercise) that target the eCB system may be promising therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases. In this study, we perform a systematic review and the first meta-analysis to examine the impact of exercise on circulating eCB concentrations. Materials and Methods: We performed a review of the MEDLINE (PubMed) database for original articles examining the impact of exercise on eCBs in humans and animal models. A total of 262 articles were screened for initial inclusion. Results: Thirty-three articles (reporting on 57 samples) were included in the systematic review and 10 were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of samples that measured anandamide (AEA) showed a significant increase in AEA concentrations following acute exercise (74.4%), whereas effects on 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were inconsistent. The meta-analysis, however, revealed a consistent increase in both AEA and 2-AG following acute exercise across modalities (e.g., running, cycling), species (e.g., humans, mice), and in those with and without pre-existing health conditions (e.g., PTSD, depression). There was substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of the effect across studies, which may relate to exercise intensity, physical fitness, timing of measurement, and/or fasted state. Effects of chronic exercise were inconsistent. Conclusions: Potential interpretations and implications of exercise-induced mobilization of eCBs are discussed, including refilling of energy stores and mediating analgesic and mood elevating effects of exercise. We also offer recommendations for future work and discuss therapeutic implications for exercise in the prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Desai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Breanna Borg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrie Cuttler
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin M. Crombie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Christine A. Rabinak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew N. Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hilary A. Marusak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Effect of Different Exercise Training Modalities on Fasting Levels of Oxylipins and Endocannabinoids in Middle-Aged Sedentary Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:275-284. [PMID: 35339112 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise training programs on fasting plasma levels of oxylipins, endocannabinoids (eCBs), and eCBs-like molecules in middle-aged sedentary adults. A 12-week randomized controlled trial was conducted using a parallel group design. Sixty-five middle-aged adults (40-65 years old) were randomly assigned to: (a) no exercise (control group), (b) concurrent training based on international physical activity recommendations (PAR group), (c) high-intensity interval training (HIIT group), and (d) HIIT together with whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT + EMS group). Plasma levels of oxylipins, eCBs, and eCBs-like molecules were determined in plasma samples before and after the intervention using targeted lipidomics. Body composition was assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and dietary intake through a food frequency questionnaire and three nonconsecutive 24-hr recalls. The physical activity recommendations, HIIT, and HIIT-EMS groups showed decreased plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3-derived oxylipins, and eCBs and eCBs-like molecules after 12 weeks (all Δ ≤ -0.12; all p < .05). Importantly, after Bonferroni post hoc corrections, the differences in plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins were not statistically significant compared with the control group (all p > .05). However, after post hoc corrections, plasma levels of anandamide and oleoylethanolamide were increased in the physical activity recommendations group compared with the control group (anandamide: Δ = 0.05 vs. -0.09; oleoylethanolamide: Δ = -0.12 vs. 0.013, all p ≤ .049). In conclusion, this study reports that a 12-week exercise training intervention, independent of the modality applied, does not modify fasting plasma levels of omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins, eCBs, and eCBs-like molecules in middle-aged sedentary adults.
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The Endocannabinoid System and Physical Activity—A Robust Duo in the Novel Therapeutic Approach against Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063083. [PMID: 35328503 PMCID: PMC8948925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity and related pathologies encompassing coronary heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes constitute serious threats to global health and are associated with a significantly elevated risk of premature death. Considering the enormous burden of these pathologies, novel therapeutic and preventive patterns are indispensable. Dysregulation of one of the most complex biological systems in the human body namely, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may result in metabolic imbalance and development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, many studies showed that physical exercises, depending on their type, intensity, and frequency, exert various alterations within the ECS. Emerging evidence suggests that targeting the ECS via physical activity may produce robust beneficial effects on the course of metabolic pathologies. However, the data showing a direct correlation between the ECS and physical activity in the aspect of metabolic health are very scarce. Therefore, the aim of this review was to provide the most up-to-date state of knowledge about the interplay between the ECS activity and physical exercises in the novel therapeutic and preventive approach toward metabolic pathologies. We believe that this paper, at least in part, will fulfill the existing gap in knowledge and encourage researchers to further explore this very complex yet interesting link between the ECS, its action in physical activity, and subsequent positive outcomes for metabolic health.
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Vijay A, Kouraki A, Gohir S, Turnbull J, Kelly A, Chapman V, Barrett DA, Bulsiewicz WJ, Valdes AM. The anti-inflammatory effect of bacterial short chain fatty acids is partially mediated by endocannabinoids. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1997559. [PMID: 34787065 PMCID: PMC8604388 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1997559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (EC) system has pleiotropic functions in the body. It plays a key role in energy homeostasis and the development of metabolic disorders being a mediator in the relationship between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. In the current study we explore the functional interactions between the endocannabinoid system and the gut microbiome in modulating inflammatory markers. Using data from a 6 week exercise intervention (treatment n = 38 control n = 40) and a cross sectional validation cohort (n = 35), we measured the associations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) and N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) with gut microbiome composition, gut derived metabolites (SCFAs) and inflammatory markers both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. At baseline AEA and OEA were positively associated with alpha diversity (β(SE) = .32 (.06), P = .002; .44 (.04), P < .001) and with SCFA producing bacteria such as Bifidobacterium (2-AG β(SE) = .21 (.10), P < .01; PEA β(SE) = .23 (.08), P < .01), Coprococcus 3 and Faecalibacterium (PEA β(SE) = .29 (.11), P = .01; .25 (.09), P < .01) and negatively associated with Collinsella (AEA β(SE) = -.31 (.12), P = .004). Additionally, we found AEA to be positively associated with SCFA Butyrate (β(SE) = .34 (.15), P = .01). AEA, OEA and PEA all increased significantly with the exercise intervention but remained constant in the control group. Changes in AEA correlated with SCFA butyrate and increases in AEA and PEA correlated with decreases in TNF-ɑ and IL-6 statistically mediating one third of the effect of SCFAs on these cytokines. Our data show that the anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs are partly mediated by the EC system suggesting that there may be other pathways involved in the modulation of the immune system via the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Vijay
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,CONTACT Amrita Vijay Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Afroditi Kouraki
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Nihr Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sameer Gohir
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Nihr Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Turnbull
- Nihr Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Arthritis Research Uk Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anthony Kelly
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Nihr Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vicky Chapman
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Arthritis Research Uk Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Barrett
- Nihr Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,DAB-Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Ana M Valdes
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Nihr Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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de Melo Reis RA, Isaac AR, Freitas HR, de Almeida MM, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS, Trevenzoli IH. Quality of Life and a Surveillant Endocannabinoid System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747229. [PMID: 34776851 PMCID: PMC8581450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an important brain modulatory network. ECS regulates brain homeostasis throughout development, from progenitor fate decision to neuro- and gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, brain plasticity and circuit repair, up to learning, memory, fear, protection, and death. It is a major player in the hypothalamic-peripheral system-adipose tissue in the regulation of food intake, energy storage, nutritional status, and adipose tissue mass, consequently affecting obesity. Loss of ECS control might affect mood disorders (anxiety, hyperactivity, psychosis, and depression), lead to drug abuse, and impact neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, Parkinson, Huntington, Multiple, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum) disorders. Practice of regular physical and/or mind-body mindfulness and meditative activities have been shown to modulate endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, in addition to other players as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ECS is involved in pain, inflammation, metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, general immune responses (asthma, allergy, and arthritis) and tumor expansion, both/either in the brain and/or in the periphery. The reason for such a vast impact is the fact that arachidonic acid, a precursor of eCBs, is present in every membrane cell of the body and on demand eCBs synthesis is regulated by electrical activity and calcium shifts. Novel lipid (lipoxins and resolvins) or peptide (hemopressin) players of the ECS also operate as regulators of physiological allostasis. Indeed, the presence of cannabinoid receptors in intracellular organelles as mitochondria or lysosomes, or in nuclear targets as PPARγ might impact energy consumption, metabolism and cell death. To live a better life implies in a vigilant ECS, through healthy diet selection (based on a balanced omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), weekly exercises and meditation therapy, all of which regulating eCBs levels, surrounded by a constructive social network. Cannabidiol, a diet supplement has been a major player with anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant activities. Cognitive challenges and emotional intelligence might strengthen the ECS, which is built on a variety of synapses that modify human behavior. As therapeutically concerned, the ECS is essential for maintaining homeostasis and cannabinoids are promising tools to control innumerous targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Macedo de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Creatine kinase levels in psychotic patients who use cannabinoids. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:45-49. [PMID: 33165025 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum levels of creatine kinase enzymes have been found in brain injuries and psychosis. Cannabinoid use is associated with increased frequency and duration of hospitalizations. We examined whether creatine kinase levels differ in psychotic cannabinoid users and the association between creatine kinase levels and clinical measures (duration of hospitalization and need for mechanical restraint). Computerized medical records of 124 men hospitalized due to acute psychotic episodes were reviewed. Creatine kinase levels and various clinical measures at admission were documented. Cannabis users were significantly younger than nonusers. Duration of illness was longer among nonusers. Log creatine kinase among cannabinoid users (N = 32) was numerically higher compared to nonusers (N = 92) (5.6 ± 1 vs. 5.2 ± 0.9, respectively). Significantly higher rate of elevated creatine kinase levels (creatine kinase > 195 U/l) was detected in the cannabinoid users compared to nonusers (59.4% vs. 38%, respectively; P < 0.04). No association was found between creatine kinase levels and use of mechanical restraints and hospitalization days. Higher rate of elevated creatine kinase levels was observed in hospitalized psychotic cannabinoid users, possibly due to a cannabis activity at peripheral or brain tissues. Studies in larger, more diverse clinical populations are needed to confirm this finding and to clarify the biological mediators of elevated creatine kinase levels in psychotic cannabinoid users.
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Aseer KR, Egan JM. An Autonomous Cannabinoid System in Islets of Langerhans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:699661. [PMID: 34290671 PMCID: PMC8287299 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.699661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While endocannabinoids (ECs) and cannabis were primarily studied for their nervous system effects, it is now clear that ECs are also produced in the periphery where they regulate several physiological processes, including energy storage, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin secretion and synthesis, and hepatocyte function. Within islet of Langerhans there is an autonomous EC system (ECS). Beta (β)-cells contain all the enzymes necessary for EC synthesis and degradation; ECs are generated in response to cellular depolarization; their paracrine influence on β-cells is mostly through the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) that is present on all β-cells; they modulate basal and glucose- and incretin-induced insulin secretion, and β-cell responses to various stressors. Furthermore, there is now accumulating evidence from preclinical studies that the autonomous islet ECS is a key player in obesity-induced inflammation in islets, and β-cell damage and apoptosis from many causes can be mitigated by CB1R blockers. We will thoroughly review the literature relevant to the effects of ECs and their receptors on β-cells and the other cell types within islets. Therapeutic potential of agents targeting EC/CB1R and CB2R is highly relevant because the receptors belong to the druggable G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Present research in the ECS must be considered preliminary, especially with regards to human islet physiology, and further research is needed in order to translate basic cellular findings into clinical practice and the use of safe, clinically approved CBR modulators with and without glucose lowering combinations presently in therapeutic use for diabetes and obesity needs to be studied.
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Mutch DM, Dyck DJ. Editorial overview: Musculoskeletal 2020 – adipokines. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 52:iii-v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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