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Anderson EJ, Midgley KJ, Holcomb PJ, Riès SK. Taxonomic and thematic semantic relationships in picture naming as revealed by Laplacian-transformed event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14091. [PMID: 35554943 PMCID: PMC9788343 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Semantically related concepts co-activate when we speak. Prior research reported both behavioral interference and facilitation due to co-activation during picture naming. Different word relationships may account for some of this discrepancy. Taxonomically related words (e.g., WOLF-DOG) have been associated with semantic interference; thematically related words (e.g., BONE-DOG) have been associated with facilitation. Although these different semantic relationships have been associated with opposite behavioral outcomes, electrophysiological studies have found inconsistent effects on event-related potentials. We conducted a picture-word interference electroencephalography experiment to examine word retrieval dynamics in these different semantic relationships. Importantly, we used traditional monopolar analysis as well as Laplacian transformation allowing us to examine spatially deblurred event-related components. Both analyses revealed greater negativity (150-250 ms) for unrelated than related taxonomic pairs, though more restricted in space for thematic pairs. Critically, Laplacian analyses revealed a larger negative-going component in the 300 to 500 ms time window in taxonomically related versus unrelated pairs which were restricted to a left frontal recording site. In parallel, an opposite effect was found in the same time window but localized to a left parietal site. Finding these opposite effects in the same time window was feasible thanks to the use of the Laplacian transformation and suggests that frontal control processes are concurrently engaged with cascading effects of the spread of activation through semantically related representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Anderson
- Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative DisordersSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA,Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative DisordersUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Phillip J. Holcomb
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephanie K. Riès
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing SciencesSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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2
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von Grebmer Zu Wolfsthurn S, Pablos L, Schiller NO. Noun-phrase production as a window to language selection: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 162:108055. [PMID: 34626618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Characterising the time course of non-native language production is critical in understanding the mechanisms behind successful communication. Yet, little is known about the modulating role of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) on the temporal unfolding of non-native production and the locus of target language selection. In this study, we explored CLI effects on non-native noun phrase production with behavioural and neural methods. We were particularly interested in the modulation of the P300 as an index for inhibitory control, and the N400 as an index for co-activation and CLI. German late learners of Spanish overtly named pictures while their EEG was monitored. Our results indicate traceable CLI effects at the behavioural and neural level in both early and late production stages. This suggests that speakers faced competition between the target and non-target language until advanced production stages. Our findings add important behavioural and neural evidence to the underpinnings of non-native production processes, in particular for late learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah von Grebmer Zu Wolfsthurn
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Reuvensplaats 3-4, 2311, BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Leticia Pablos
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Reuvensplaats 3-4, 2311, BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Niels O Schiller
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Reuvensplaats 3-4, 2311, BE Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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3
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Declerck M, Meade G, Midgley KJ, Holcomb PJ, Roelofs A, Emmorey K. Language control in bimodal bilinguals: Evidence from ERPs. Neuropsychologia 2021; 161:108019. [PMID: 34487737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is currently unclear to what degree language control, which minimizes non-target language interference and increases the probability of selecting target-language words, is similar for sign-speech (bimodal) bilinguals and spoken language (unimodal) bilinguals. To further investigate the nature of language control processes in bimodal bilinguals, we conducted the first event-related potential (ERP) language switching study with hearing American Sign Language (ASL)-English bilinguals. The results showed a pattern that has not been observed in any unimodal language switching study: a switch-related positivity over anterior sites and a switch-related negativity over posterior sites during ASL production in both early and late time windows. No such pattern was found during English production. We interpret these results as evidence that bimodal bilinguals uniquely engage language control at the level of output modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Declerck
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Linguistics and Literary Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Meade
- Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University & University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Phillip J Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Ardi Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karen Emmorey
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA.
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4
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Gallo F, Bermudez-Margaretto B, Shtyrov Y, Abutalebi J, Kreiner H, Chitaya T, Petrova A, Myachykov A. First Language Attrition: What It Is, What It Isn't, and What It Can Be. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:686388. [PMID: 34557079 PMCID: PMC8452950 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.686388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims at clarifying the concept of first language attrition by tracing its limits, identifying its phenomenological and contextual constraints, discussing controversies associated with its definition, and suggesting potential directions for future research. We start by reviewing different definitions of attrition as well as associated inconsistencies. We then discuss the underlying mechanisms of first language attrition and review available evidence supporting different background hypotheses. Finally, we attempt to provide the groundwork to build a unified theoretical framework allowing for generalizable results. To this end, we suggest the deployment of a rigorous neuroscientific approach, in search of neural markers of first language attrition in different linguistic domains, putting forward hypothetical experimental ways to identify attrition's neural traces and formulating predictions for each of the proposed experimental paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gallo
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatriz Bermudez-Margaretto
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jubin Abutalebi
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics (CNPL), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Hamutal Kreiner
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Linguistic Cognition Laboratory, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Tamara Chitaya
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Petrova
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andriy Myachykov
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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Lorenz A, Zwitserlood P, Bürki A, Regel S, Ouyang G, Abdel Rahman R. Morphological facilitation and semantic interference in compound production: An ERP study. Cognition 2021; 209:104518. [PMID: 33545513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of nominal compounds (Experiment 1) and simple nouns (Experiment 2) in a picture-word interference (PWI) paradigm to test models of morpho-lexical representation and processing. The continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) was registered and event-related brain potentials [ERPs] were analyzed in addition to picture-naming latencies. Experiment 1 used morphologically and semantically related distractor words to tap into different pre-articulatory planning stages during compound production. Relative to unrelated distractors, naming was speeded when distractors corresponded to morphemes of the compound (sun or flower for the target sunflower), but slowed when distractors were from the same semantic category as the compound (tulip ➔ sunflower). Distractors from the same category as the compound's first constituent (moon ➔ sunflower) had no influence. The diverging effects for semantic and morphological distractors replicate results from earlier studies. ERPs revealed different effects of morphological and semantic distractors with an interesting time course: morphological effects had an earlier onset. Comparable to the naming latencies, no ERP effects were obtained for distractors from the same semantic category as the compound's first constituent. Experiment 2 investigated the effectiveness of the latter distractors, presenting them with pictures of the compounds' first constituents (e.g., moon ➔ sun). Interference was confirmed both behaviorally and in the ERPs, showing that the absence of an effect in Experiment 1 was not due to the materials used. Considering current models of speech production, the data are best explained by a cascading flow of activation throughout semantic, lexical and morpho-phonological steps of speech planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Lorenz
- Department of Psychology, Neurocognitive Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pienie Zwitserlood
- Department of Psychology and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Audrey Bürki
- Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefanie Regel
- Department of Psychology, Neurocognitive Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Guang Ouyang
- Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Rasha Abdel Rahman
- Department of Psychology, Neurocognitive Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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6
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Cai X, Ouyang M, Yin Y, Zhang Q. Language proficiency moderates the effect of L2 semantically related distractors in L2 spoken word production. Brain Res 2020; 1753:147231. [PMID: 33385375 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bilinguals differ substantially in their second language (L2) proficiency, but it remains unclear whether language proficiency modulates the effect of L2 semantically related distractors in L2 spoken word production. In the present study, two groups of high proficiency and low proficiency Chinese-English bilinguals named target pictures in their L2 accompanied by visually superimposed L2 distractor words while electroencephalogram signals were recorded. Distractor names were semantically related or unrelated to target names. Variables of L2 proficiency (high proficiency or low proficiency) and semantic relatedness (related or unrelated) were manipulated in the experiment. Behavioral results demonstrated an interaction between L2 proficiency and semantic relatedness, with a semantic interference effect appearing only in high proficiency bilinguals. Waveform analysis indicated that semantic relatedness only exerted significant effects on event-related potentials in high proficiency bilinguals around 300-500 ms post picture presentation. Source localization analysis revealed that semantically related distractors induced higher brain activations in the left middle and superior temporal regions among high proficiency bilinguals, while higher brain activations were found in the right prefrontal cortex among low proficiency bilinguals. Taken together, these findings substantiate the role of language proficiency in determining whether L2 semantically related distractors are sufficiently activated to exceed the competition threshold and interfere with L2 picture naming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Mingkun Ouyang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Qingfang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
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7
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Tomoschuk B, Ferreira VS, Gollan TH. Translation Distractors Facilitate Production in Single- and Mixed-Language Picture Naming. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 36:854-866. [PMID: 35706503 PMCID: PMC9197084 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2020.1852291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the picture-word interference (PWI) task, semantically related distractors slow production, while translation-equivalent distractors speed it, possibly implying a language-specific bilingual production system (Costa, Miozzo & Caramazza, 1999). However, in most previous PWI studies bilinguals responded in just one language, an artificial task restriction. We investigated translation facilitation effects in PWI with language switching. Spanish-English bilinguals named pictures in single- or mixed-language-response blocks, with distractors in the target language (Experiment 1), or in the non-target language (Experiment 2). Both experiments replicated previously reported translation facilitation effects in both single-language and mixed-language-response blocks. However, language dominance was reversed in mixed-language response blocks, implying inhibition of the dominant language and competition between languages. These results may be explained by a language non-specific selection model in which bilinguals do not restrict selection to one language, with translation facilitation being caused by facilitation at the semantic level offsetting competition at the lexical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Tomoschuk
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0109
| | - Victor S Ferreira
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0109
| | - Tamar H Gollan
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0109
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8
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Melinger A. Do elevators compete with lifts?: Selecting dialect alternatives. Cognition 2020; 206:104471. [PMID: 33075569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Melinger (2018) demonstrated that translation equivalent dialectal words compete for selection in a way that translation equivalent words from a non-target language do not. She argued that dialectal words are stored as within-language representations. However, Dylman and Barry (2018) showed that within-language synonyms behave like between-language translation equivalents, calling Melinger's interpretation into question. The aim of the present study is to compare dialectal and non-dialectal synonyms distractor effects with the same experimental design to elaborate our understanding of how dialectal lexical items are stored and retrieved during production. In two experiments, American translation equivalents slowed British picture naming times, replicating the findings from Melinger (2018). In a third experiment, synonymous distractor words did not slow picture naming times, replicating the findings from Dylman and Barry (2018). A proposal couched within the Swinging Lexical Network approach is proposed to explain the discrepant findings.
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9
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Emmorey K, Mott M, Meade G, Holcomb PJ, Midgley KJ. Lexical selection in bimodal bilinguals: ERP evidence from picture-word interference. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 36:840-853. [PMID: 34485589 PMCID: PMC8411899 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2020.1821905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The picture word interference (PWI) paradigm and ERPs were used to investigate whether lexical selection in deaf and hearing ASL-English bilinguals occurs via lexical competition or whether the response exclusion hypothesis (REH) for PWI effects is supported. The REH predicts that semantic interference should not occur for bimodal bilinguals because sign and word responses do not compete within an output buffer. Bimodal bilinguals named pictures in ASL, preceded by either a translation equivalent, semantically-related, or unrelated English written word. In both the translation and semantically-related conditions bimodal bilinguals showed facilitation effects: reduced RTs and N400 amplitudes for related compared to unrelated prime conditions. We also observed an unexpected focal left anterior positivity that was stronger in the translation condition, which we speculate may be due to articulatory priming. Overall, the results support the REH and models of bilingual language production that assume lexical selection occurs without competition between languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Emmorey
- Corresponding author: Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, 6495 Alvarado Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92120,
| | - Megan Mott
- Psychology Department, San Diego State University
| | - Gabriela Meade
- Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University, University of California, San Diego
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10
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Segal D, Stasenko A, Gollan TH. More evidence that a switch is not (always) a switch: Binning bilinguals reveals dissociations between task and language switching. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 148:501-519. [PMID: 30394767 PMCID: PMC6389445 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the cognitive mechanisms underlying task and language switching by comparing them with each other, and with flanker task performance, at multiple points of the response time distribution. Ninety-eight Spanish-English bilinguals completed cued language and color-shape switching tasks, and 2 versions of a nonlinguistic flanker task. Bilinguals responded more quickly and exhibited smaller mixing costs in the language task, but surprisingly exhibited larger switching costs than in the color-shape task. This language-task disadvantage was especially apparent in slower reaction times (RTs), because switching costs increased significantly through the slowest end of the RT distribution only in the language task (but not in the color-shape task). Although the flanker task resembled the language task to a greater extent than the color-shape task in some measures (e.g., flanker effects were largest in the slowest RT bins, like language switching costs), in other measures the 2 switching tasks resembled each other and the flanker task stood out as different (i.e., trial sequence effects and correlations between tasks in various cost measures). These results reveal that different measures of switching costs even in tasks with very similar designs, vary in the extent to which they measure switching ability, both between tasks, and even between different trials within the same task. Distributional analysis of RTs across tasks suggests that slow responses, particularly when switching between non-naturally competing responses, might not measure switching ability at all, and raises the possibility that smaller switching costs can even reflect reduced ability to juggle tasks in some cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Segal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Alena Stasenko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- University of California, San Diego/San Diego State University Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Tamar H. Gollan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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11
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Roelofs A. A unified computational account of cumulative semantic, semantic blocking, and semantic distractor effects in picture naming. Cognition 2018; 172:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Dylman AS, Barry C. When having two names facilitates lexical selection: Similar results in the picture-word task from translation distractors in bilinguals and synonym distractors in monolinguals. Cognition 2018; 171:151-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Melinger A. Distinguishing languages from dialects: A litmus test using the picture-word interference task. Cognition 2017; 172:73-88. [PMID: 29232596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Linguists have been working to develop objective criteria for distinguishing languages from dialects for well over half a century. The prevailing view amongst sociolinguists is that no objective criteria can be formulated. The aim of this study is to examine whether language processing can provide insights into this problem by comparing bidialectal behavioural effects to bilingual effects reported in the literature. Previous research has demonstrated that when bilinguals name an object in Lx while simultaneously processing a translation equivalent distractor word in Ly, naming times are sped up relative to an unrelated condition (Costa, Miozzo, & Caramazza, 1999). Using the same methodology, we evaluated whether a comparable facilitation effect arises when the distractor word is a dialectal or register variant of the picture name. Across 5 experiments we found no trace of translation equivalent facilitation. Instead, we repeatedly observed between-dialect and between-register interference, in contrast to the between-language facilitation effect. This behavioural divergence between bilingual vs. bidialectal processing suggests that this paradigm could provide an objective litmus tests for identifying the boundary between dialects and languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Melinger
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK.
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14
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Bürki A. Electrophysiological characterization of facilitation and interference in the picture-word interference paradigm. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1370-1392. [PMID: 28470728 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The picture-word interference paradigm is often used to investigate the processes underlying word production. In this paradigm, participants name pictures while ignoring distractor words. The aim of this study is to investigate the processes underlying this task and how/when they differ from those involved in simple picture naming. It examines the electrophysiological signature of general interference (longer response times with than without distractors) and facilitation (shorter response times for distractor-word stimuli overlapping in phonemes/orthography) effects. Mass univariate analyses are used to determine the temporal boundaries and spatial distribution of these effects without a priori restrictions in the time/space dimensions. Topographic pattern analyses complement this information by indicating whether (and when) the neural networks differ across conditions. Results suggest that the general interference effect has two loci, the grammatical encoding and the phonological encoding of the target word, with different neural networks involved in the two tasks during part of the grammatical encoding process. Furthermore, the electrophysiological signature of interference and facilitation effects in the time window of phonological encoding is highly similar, suggesting that the two effects could result from the same underlying mechanism. These findings are discussed in the light of existing accounts of interference and facilitation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bürki
- Methodology and Data Analysis/Psycholinguistics, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Shitova N, Roelofs A, Schriefers H, Bastiaansen M, Schoffelen JM. Control adjustments in speaking: Electrophysiology of the Gratton effect in picture naming. Cortex 2017; 92:289-303. [PMID: 28549279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that spoken word production requires different amounts of top-down control depending on the prevailing circumstances. For example, during Stroop-like tasks, the interference in response time (RT) is typically larger following congruent trials than following incongruent trials. This effect is called the Gratton effect, and has been taken to reflect top-down control adjustments based on the previous trial type. Such control adjustments have been studied extensively in Stroop and Eriksen flanker tasks (mostly using manual responses), but not in the picture-word interference (PWI) task, which is a workhorse of language production research. In one of the few studies of the Gratton effect in PWI, Van Maanen and Van Rijn (2010) examined the effect in picture naming RTs during dual-task performance. Based on PWI effect differences between dual-task conditions, they argued that the functional locus of the PWI effect differs between post-congruent trials (i.e., locus in perceptual and conceptual encoding) and post-incongruent trials (i.e., locus in word planning). However, the dual-task procedure may have contaminated the results. We therefore performed an electroencephalography (EEG) study on the Gratton effect in a regular PWI task. We observed a PWI effect in the RTs, in the N400 component of the event-related brain potentials, and in the midfrontal theta power, regardless of the previous trial type. Moreover, the RTs, N400, and theta power reflected the Gratton effect. These results provide evidence that the PWI effect arises at the word planning stage following both congruent and incongruent trials, while the amount of top-down control changes depending on the previous trial type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shitova
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ardi Roelofs
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Herbert Schriefers
- Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Bastiaansen
- NHTV Breda University of Applied Science, Academy for Leisure, Breda, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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