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Tononi G, Boly M, Cirelli C. Consciousness and sleep. Neuron 2024; 112:1568-1594. [PMID: 38697113 PMCID: PMC11105109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is a universal, essential biological process. It is also an invaluable window on consciousness. It tells us that consciousness can be lost but also that it can be regained, in all its richness, when we are disconnected from the environment and unable to reflect. By considering the neurophysiological differences between dreaming and dreamless sleep, we can learn about the substrate of consciousness and understand why it vanishes. We also learn that the ongoing state of the substrate of consciousness determines the way each experience feels regardless of how it is triggered-endogenously or exogenously. Dreaming consciousness is also a window on sleep and its functions. Dreams tell us that the sleeping brain is remarkably lively, recombining intrinsic activation patterns from a vast repertoire, freed from the requirements of ongoing behavior and cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
| | - Melanie Boly
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
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2
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Campo Redondo M, Andrade G. Nightmare experiences and perceived ethnic discrimination amongst female university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study. J Sleep Res 2024:e14148. [PMID: 38233953 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Perceived ethnic discrimination is known to be associated with anxiety and depression, and in turn, anxiety and depression are known to be associated with nightmare frequency and distress. This elicits a question: is perceived ethnic discrimination associated with nightmare frequency and distress? In this study, 179 female university students from the United Arab Emirates were assessed to answer that question. Results showed that while anxiety and depression were related to nightmare experiences, perceived ethnic discrimination was a stronger predictor of nightmare experiences. We posit two explanations for this finding: one based on psychoanalytical insights, and the other based on the Disposition-Stress model with neurobiological correlates. No significant differences were found across ethnicity when it comes to nightmare experiences or perceived ethnic discrimination. This is an encouraging sign of optimal societal integration in the United Arab Emirates.
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3
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Okabe S, Abe T. Subjectively intense odor does not affect dream emotions during rapid eye movement sleep. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10442. [PMID: 37369711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dreams experienced during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have emotional features. Intervention methods for dream affectivity have recently garnered interest; we previously demonstrated that negative dreams were induced during REM sleep by exposure to favorable or familiar odors. However, the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear. Thus, to address this gap, we investigated whether more intense odors could induce negative dreams, as odors tend to be perceived as more intense when they are preferred or familiar. Contrary to our hypothesis, the results of our study indicated that subjective intense odors did not induce negative dreams. We initially anticipated stronger odors to have a greater impact on dream emotionality, as they stimulate the brain more intensely. Notably, during arousal, weak odors tended to evoke a more potent olfactory response, while strong odors tended to produce a weaker response. To investigate whether this difference influenced the effects on dreams, we compared the respiratory activities of the strongly and weakly perceived odor groups; however, no significant differences were observed. Our findings suggest that subjectively perceived strong odors are unlikely to affect dream emotionality and may be processed differently than favorable or familiar odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Okabe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
- Research Fellowship for Young Scientists (PD), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Koujimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
- Department of sleep-wake disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Takashi Abe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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4
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Wang J, Sun L, Chen L, Sun J, Xie Y, Tian D, Gao L, Zhang D, Xia M, Wu T. Common and distinct roles of amygdala subregional functional connectivity in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 36806219 PMCID: PMC9938150 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies suggest a pivotal role of amygdala dysfunction in non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the relationship between amygdala subregions (the centromedial (CMA), basolateral (BLA) and superficial amygdala (SFA)) and NMS has not been delineated. We used resting-state functional MRI to examine the PD-related alterations in functional connectivity for amygdala subregions. The left three subregions and right BLA exhibited between-group differences, and were commonly hypo-connected with the frontal, temporal, insular cortex, and putamen in PD. Each subregion displayed distinct hypoconnectivity with the limbic systems. Partial least-squares analysis revealed distinct amygdala subregional involvement in diverse NMS. Hypo-connectivity of all four subregions was associated with emotion, pain, olfaction, and cognition. Hypo-connectivity of the left SFA was associated with sleepiness. Our findings highlight the hypofunction of the amygdala subregions in PD and their preliminary associations with NMS, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Lianglong Sun
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Lili Chen
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Junyan Sun
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Yapei Xie
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Dezheng Tian
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Linlin Gao
- grid.417031.00000 0004 1799 2675Department of General Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300122 China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Mingrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091, China. .,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
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5
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Markowitsch HJ, Staniloiu A, Wahl-Kordon A. Urbach-Wiethe disease in a young patient without apparent amygdala calcification. Neuropsychologia 2023; 183:108505. [PMID: 36775051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Urbach-Wiethe disease is an extremely rare genetically-based syndrome which usually leads to dermatological and neurological changes. Neurologically, the amygdaloid region is primarily bilaterally affected. Therefore, several functions modulated by the amygdala are changed in patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease. As the neurological alterations evolve only gradually, it is particularly important to determine the cognitive and brain status of a juvenile. The patient described here was seen briefly at age 9 and tested neuropsychologically at age 19; furthermore, computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of his head was done. There were no important abnormalities in the brain, which is unusual in the light of previous data from other patients. On the cognitive level, the patient was generally within normal limits. However, he had mild problems in attention and concentration, and more prominent problems in emotional processing domain, and in personality dimensions. It is concluded that amygdala calcifications in Urbach-Wiethe disease take place progressively-possibly underpinned by genetic and gender variables; this can subsequently allow psychosocial-social factors (such a proper education and socialization) and biological factors (compensatory neuroplasticity) to retard and diminish the development of socio-emotional and cognitive deteriorations, though the outcome of questionnaires indicates that such patients may develop substantial concerns as to their future life and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Staniloiu
- University of Bielefeld, Germany; University of Bucharest, Romania; Oberberg Clinic Hornberg, Germany
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6
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Koslowski M, de Haas MP, Fischmann T. Converging theories on dreaming: Between Freud, predictive processing, and psychedelic research. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1080177. [PMID: 36875230 PMCID: PMC9978341 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1080177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dreams are still an enigma of human cognition, studied extensively in psychoanalysis and neuroscience. According to the Freudian dream theory and Solms' modifications of the unconscious derived from it, the fundamental task of meeting our emotional needs is guided by the principle of homeostasis. Our innate value system generates conscious feelings of pleasure and unpleasure, resulting in the behavior of approaching or withdrawing from the world of objects. Based on these experiences, a hierarchical generative model of predictions (priors) about the world is constantly created and modified, with the aim to optimize the meeting of our needs by reducing prediction error, as described in the predictive processing model of cognition. Growing evidence from neuroimaging supports this theory. The same hierarchical functioning of the brain is in place during sleep and dreaming, with some important modifications like a lack of sensual and motor perception and action. Another characteristic of dreaming is the predominance of primary process thinking, an associative, non-rational cognitive style, which can be found in similar altered states of consciousness like the effect of psychedelics. Mental events that do not successfully fulfill an emotional need will cause a prediction error, leading to conscious attention and adaptation of the priors that incorrectly predicted the event. However, this is not the case for repressed priors (RPs), which are defined by the inability to become reconsolidated or removed, despite ongoing error signal production. We hypothesize that Solms' RPs correspond with the conflictual complexes, as described by Moser in his dream formation theory. Thus, in dreams and dream-like states, these unconscious RPs might become accessible in symbolic and non-declarative forms that the subject is able to feel and make sense of. Finally, we present the similarities between dreaming and the psychedelic state. Insights from psychedelic research could be used to inform dream research and related therapeutic interventions, and vice versa. We propose further empirical research questions and methods and finally present our ongoing trial "Biological Functions of Dreaming" to test the hypothesis that dreaming predicts intact sleep architecture and memory consolidation, via a lesion model with stroke patients who lost the ability to dream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koslowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité CCM-Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychoanalysis, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max-Pelgrom de Haas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité CCM-Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychoanalysis, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Fischmann
- Clinical Psychology and Psychoanalysis, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Focus III: Psychotherapy and Psychoanalytic Conceptual Research, Sigmund-Freud-Institut, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Renner J, Rasia-Filho AA. Morphological Features of Human Dendritic Spines. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:367-496. [PMID: 37962801 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spine features in human neurons follow the up-to-date knowledge presented in the previous chapters of this book. Human dendrites are notable for their heterogeneity in branching patterns and spatial distribution. These data relate to circuits and specialized functions. Spines enhance neuronal connectivity, modulate and integrate synaptic inputs, and provide additional plastic functions to microcircuits and large-scale networks. Spines present a continuum of shapes and sizes, whose number and distribution along the dendritic length are diverse in neurons and different areas. Indeed, human neurons vary from aspiny or "relatively aspiny" cells to neurons covered with a high density of intermingled pleomorphic spines on very long dendrites. In this chapter, we discuss the phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of human spines and describe the heterogeneous features of human spiny neurons along the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampal regions, and neocortical areas. Three-dimensional reconstructions of Golgi-impregnated dendritic spines and data from fluorescence microscopy are reviewed with ultrastructural findings to address the complex possibilities for synaptic processing and integration in humans. Pathological changes are also presented, for example, in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Basic morphological data can be linked to current techniques, and perspectives in this research field include the characterization of spines in human neurons with specific transcriptome features, molecular classification of cellular diversity, and electrophysiological identification of coexisting subpopulations of cells. These data would enlighten how cellular attributes determine neuron type-specific connectivity and brain wiring for our diverse aptitudes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Renner
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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8
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Solms M. Una revisione della teoria delle pulsioni. PSICOTERAPIA E SCIENZE UMANE 2022. [DOI: 10.3280/pu2022-003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Questo contributo propone profonde revisioni della teoria freudiana delle pulsioni. Le principali revisioni sono le seguenti: (1) Le pulsioni sono coscienti e sono in effetti la fonte di tutta la co-scienza. (2) L'energia pulsionale è equiparata all'energia libera variazionale (variational free energy) ed è quindi quantificabile in linea di principio. (3) Non esistono solo due pulsioni: ve ne sono tante di cui, per la precisione, sette possono essere categorizzate come pulsioni "emotive"; tutte le altre possono essere descritte come pulsioni "corporee". (4) Tutte le pulsioni sono o auto-conservative o in funzione della preservazione della specie; non esiste invece una pulsione di mor-te all'opera nella mente. Ciò significa che, dal punto di vista del meccanismo funzionale, tutte le pulsioni sono omeostatiche e anti-entropiche. (5) Il grande compito dello sviluppo mentale è quel-lo di aggiungersi alle predizioni istintuali innate, permettendo così non solo di gratificare le nostre più diverse esigenze pulsionali ma anche di armonizzarle tra loro. Questo lavoro viene svolto apprendendo dall'esperienza, principalmente attraverso un comportamento volontario, che è gover-nato da sentimenti coscienti.
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9
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Coronado-Álvarez A, López-Muciño LA, Pastrana-Trejo JC, Viana-Torre G, Barberena JJ, Soriano-Nava DM, García-García F. Neurobiology of dream activity and effects of stimulants on dreams. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1280-1295. [PMID: 35761491 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220627162032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is the result of the activity of a multiple neurobiological network interaction. Dreaming feature is one interesting sleep phenomena that represents sensorial components, mostly visual perceptions, accompanied with intense emotions. Further complexity has been added to the topic of the neurobiological mechanism of dreams generation by the current data that suggests the influence of drugs on dream generation. Here, we discuss the review on some of the neurobiological mechanism of the regulation of dream activity, with special emphasis on the effects of stimulants on dreaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Astrid Coronado-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Luis Angel López-Muciño
- Health Sciences Program. Health Sciences Institute. Veracruzana University. Xalapa. Veracruz. Mexico
| | - José Carlos Pastrana-Trejo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Gerardo Viana-Torre
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Juan José Barberena
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Escuela de Psicología, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México
| | - Daniela Marcia Soriano-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Anáhuac Mayab. Mérida, Yucatán. México.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Fabio García-García
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Health Sciences Program. Health Sciences Institute. Veracruzana University. Xalapa. Veracruz. Mexico
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10
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James E, Keppler J, L Robertshaw T, Sessa B. N,N-dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine. Hum Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:e2835. [PMID: 35175662 PMCID: PMC9286861 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reports have indicated possible uses of ayahuasca for the treatment of conditions including depression, addictions, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and specific psychoneuroendocrine immune system pathologies. The article assesses potential ayahuasca and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) integration with contemporary healthcare. The review also seeks to provide a summary of selected literature regarding the mechanisms of action of DMT and ayahuasca; and assess to what extent the state of research can explain reports of unusual phenomenology. DESIGN A narrative review. RESULTS Compounds in ayahuasca have been found to bind to serotonergic receptors, glutaminergic receptors, sigma-1 receptors, trace amine-associated receptors, and modulate BDNF expression and the dopaminergic system. Subjective effects are associated with increased delta and theta oscillations in amygdala and hippocampal regions, decreased alpha wave activity in the default mode network, and stimulations of vision-related brain regions particularly in the visual association cortex. Both biological processes and field of consciousness models have been proposed to explain subjective effects of DMT and ayahuasca, however, the evidence supporting the proposed models is not sufficient to make confident conclusions. Ayahuasca plant medicine and DMT represent potentially novel treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required to clarify the mechanisms of action and develop treatments which can be made available to the general public. Integration between healthcare research institutions and reputable practitioners in the Amazon is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward James
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | - Ben Sessa
- Centre for NeuropsychopharmacologyDivision of Brain SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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11
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Maranci JB, Nigam M, Masset L, Msika EF, Vionnet MC, Chaumereil C, Vidailhet M, Leu-Semenescu S, Arnulf I. Eye movement patterns correlate with overt emotional behaviours in rapid eye movement sleep. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1770. [PMID: 35110651 PMCID: PMC8810754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that sleep plays a key role in regulating emotions. Rapid eye movements (REMs) in REM sleep could be associated with dreams emotions, but supporting evidence is indirect. To highlight this association, we studied the REM sleep during video-polysomnography of 20 subjects with REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), a model of enacted dreams offering direct access to the emotional content of the sleeper (face expression, speeches, behaviour). Video and the electro-oculography recordings were divided into 3 s time intervals and classified as non-behavioural, or behavioural (neutral, positive or negative emotions), and as containing no eye movements (EMs), slow eye movements (SEMs) or REMs (isolated or bursts). Compared to the absence of EMs, neutral behaviours successively increased in the presence of SEMs (odd ratio, OR = 1.4), then isolated REMs (OR = 2.8) and then REM bursts (OR = 4.6). Positive behaviours increased with SEMs (OR = 2.8) but did not increase further with isolated REMs (OR = 2.8) and REM bursts (OR = 3). Negative behaviours were absent with SEMs, increased with isolated REMs (OR = 2.6) and further with REM bursts (OR = 10.1). These results support an association between REMs and SEMs, and dream emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Maranci
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France
| | - Milan Nigam
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Luc Masset
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Eva-Flore Msika
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Marie Vidailhet
- Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Smaranda Leu-Semenescu
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Sleep Disorder Unit, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France. .,Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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12
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Moyne M, Legendre G, Arnal L, Kumar S, Sterpenich V, Seeck M, Grandjean D, Schwartz S, Vuilleumier P, Domínguez-Borràs J. Brain reactivity to emotion persists in NREM sleep and is associated with individual dream recall. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac003. [PMID: 35174329 PMCID: PMC8844542 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The waking brain efficiently detects emotional signals to promote survival. However, emotion detection during sleep is poorly understood and may be influenced by individual sleep characteristics or neural reactivity. Notably, dream recall frequency has been associated with stimulus reactivity during sleep, with enhanced stimulus-driven responses in high vs. low recallers. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we characterized the neural responses of healthy individuals to emotional, neutral voices, and control stimuli, both during wakefulness and NREM sleep. Then, we tested how these responses varied with individual dream recall frequency. Event-related potentials (ERPs) differed for emotional vs. neutral voices, both in wakefulness and NREM. Likewise, EEG arousals (sleep perturbations) increased selectively after the emotional voices, indicating emotion reactivity. Interestingly, sleep ERP amplitude and arousals after emotional voices increased linearly with participants' dream recall frequency. Similar correlations with dream recall were observed for beta and sigma responses, but not for theta. In contrast, dream recall correlations were absent for neutral or control stimuli. Our results reveal that brain reactivity to affective salience is preserved during NREM and is selectively associated to individual memory for dreams. Our findings also suggest that emotion-specific reactivity during sleep, and not generalized alertness, may contribute to the encoding/retrieval of dreams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Moyne
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Legendre
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luc Arnal
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samika Kumar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, USA
| | - Virginie Sterpenich
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Uni Mail, bd du Pont-d’Arve 40, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schwartz
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Affective Sciences, CISA - chemin des mines 9, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Affective Sciences, CISA - chemin des mines 9, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Judith Domínguez-Borràs
- Campus Biotech, chemin des mines, 9 CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Affective Sciences, CISA - chemin des mines 9, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Abstract
Several deep revisions of Freud's theory of the drives are proposed: (1) Drives are conscious and are in fact the source of all consciousness. (2) Drive energy is equated with variational free energy and is therefore quantifiable in principle. (3) There are not two drives but many, seven of which may be described as "emotional" as opposed to "bodily" drives. (4) All drives are self-preservative or preservative of the species; there is no death drive at work in the mind. This means, at the mechanistic level, that all drives are homeostatic and anti-entropic. (5) The great task of mental development is to supplement instinctual predictions about how our multiple drive demands may be met and reconciled with each other. This work is done by learning from experience, mainly through voluntary behavior, which is governed by conscious feelings.
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14
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Joswig H, Gui C, Arango M, Parrent AG, MacDougall KW, Burneo JG, Steven DA. A prospective controlled study on the impact of anterior temporal lobectomy on dream content. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:717-725. [PMID: 34507280 DOI: 10.3171/2021.3.jns21164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes of dream ability and content in patients with brain lesions have been addressed in only about 100 case reports. All of these reports lack data regarding prelesional baseline dream content. Therefore, it was the objective of this study to prospectively assess dream content before and after anterior temporal lobectomy. METHODS Using the Hall and Van de Castle system, 30 dreams before and 21 dreams after anterior temporal lobectomy for drug-resistant epilepsy were analyzed. Fifty-five dreams before and 60 dreams after stereoelectroencephalography served as controls. RESULTS After anterior temporal lobectomy, patients had significantly less physical aggression in their dreams than preoperatively (p < 0.01, Cohen's h statistic). Dream content of patients undergoing stereoelectroencephalography showed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS Within the default dream network, the temporal lobe may account for aggressive dream content. Impact of general anesthesia on dream content, as a possible confounder, was ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Joswig
- 1HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Ernst von Bergmann Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chloe Gui
- 2Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario; and
| | - Miguel Arango
- Departments of3Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | | | - Jorge G Burneo
- 4Clinical Neurological Sciences.,5Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and.,6NeuroEpidemiology Unit, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Steven
- 4Clinical Neurological Sciences.,5Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and
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15
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Marquis LP, Julien SH, Daneault V, Blanchette-Carrière C, Paquette T, Carr M, Soucy JP, Montplaisir J, Nielsen T. Local Neuronal Synchronization in Frequent Nightmare Recallers and Healthy Controls: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645255. [PMID: 33815047 PMCID: PMC8012764 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nightmares are highly dysphoric dreams that are well-remembered upon awakening. Frequent nightmares have been associated with psychopathology and emotional dysregulation, yet their neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. Our neurocognitive model posits that nightmares reflect dysfunction in a limbic-prefrontal circuit comprising medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, hippocampus, and amygdala. However, there is a paucity of studies that used brain imaging to directly test the neural correlates of nightmares. One such study compared the regional homogeneity (ReHo) of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging blood-oxygen level-dependent signals between frequent nightmare recallers and controls. The main results were greater regional homogeneity in the left anterior cingulate cortex and right inferior parietal lobule for the nightmare recallers than for the controls. In the present study, we aimed to document the ReHo correlates of frequent nightmares using several nightmare severity measures. We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 18 frequent nightmare recallers aged 18-35 (3 males and 15 females) and 18 age- and sex-matched controls, as well as retrospective and prospective disturbed dreaming frequency estimates and scores on the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire. While there were inconsistent results for our different analyses (group comparisons, correlational analyses for frequency estimates/Nightmare Distress scores), our results suggest that nightmares are associated with altered ReHo in frontal (medial prefrontal and inferior frontal), parietal, temporal and occipital regions, as well as some subcortical regions (thalamus). We also found a positive correlation between retrospective disturbed dreaming frequency estimates and ReHo values in the hippocampus. These findings are mostly in line with a recent SPECT study from our laboratory. Our results point to the possibility that a variety of regions, including but not limited to the limbic-prefrontal circuit of our neurocognitive model, contribute to nightmare formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Marquis
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM – Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah-Hélène Julien
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM – Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Daneault
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM – Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cloé Blanchette-Carrière
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM – Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyna Paquette
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM – Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep & Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Jacques Montplaisir
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM – Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS-NÎM – Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Scarpelli S, Alfonsi V, Gorgoni M, Giannini AM, De Gennaro L. Investigation on Neurobiological Mechanisms of Dreaming in the New Decade. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020220. [PMID: 33670180 PMCID: PMC7916906 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dream research has advanced significantly over the last twenty years, thanks to the new applications of neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques. Many findings pointed out that mental activity during sleep and wakefulness shared similar neural bases. On the other side, recent studies have highlighted that dream experience is promoted by significant brain activation, characterized by reduced low frequencies and increased rapid frequencies. Additionally, several studies confirmed that the posterior parietal area and prefrontal cortex are responsible for dream experience. Further, early results revealed that dreaming might be manipulated by sensory stimulations that would provoke the incorporation of specific cues into the dream scenario. Recently, transcranial stimulation techniques have been applied to modulate the level of consciousness during sleep, supporting previous findings and adding new information about neural correlates of dream recall. Overall, although multiple studies suggest that both the continuity and activation hypotheses provide a growing understanding of neural processes underlying dreaming, several issues are still unsolved. The impact of state-/trait-like variables, the influence of circadian and homeostatic factors, and the examination of parasomnia-like events to access dream contents are all opened issues deserving further deepening in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scarpelli
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (L.D.G.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-7508
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (V.A.); (L.D.G.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.M.G.)
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17
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Sterpenich V, Perogamvros L, Tononi G, Schwartz S. Fear in dreams and in wakefulness: Evidence for day/night affective homeostasis. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:840-850. [PMID: 31663236 PMCID: PMC7267911 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroscientific theories have proposed that emotions experienced in dreams contribute to the resolution of emotional distress and preparation for future affective reactions. We addressed one emerging prediction, namely that experiencing fear in dreams is associated with more adapted responses to threatening signals during wakefulness. Using a stepwise approach across two studies, we identified brain regions activated when experiencing fear in dreams and showed that frightening dreams modulated the response of these same regions to threatening stimuli during wakefulness. Specifically, in Study 1, we performed serial awakenings in 18 participants recorded throughout the night with high‐density electroencephalography (EEG) and asked them whether they experienced any fear in their dreams. Insula and midcingulate cortex activity increased for dreams containing fear. In Study 2, we tested 89 participants and found that those reporting higher incidence of fear in their dreams showed reduced emotional arousal and fMRI response to fear‐eliciting stimuli in the insula, amygdala and midcingulate cortex, while awake. Consistent with better emotion regulation processes, the same participants displayed increased medial prefrontal cortex activity. These findings support that emotions in dreams and wakefulness engage similar neural substrates, and substantiate a link between emotional processes occurring during sleep and emotional brain functions during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Sterpenich
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lampros Perogamvros
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sophie Schwartz
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Sikka P, Revonsuo A, Noreika V, Valli K. EEG Frontal Alpha Asymmetry and Dream Affect: Alpha Oscillations over the Right Frontal Cortex during REM Sleep and Presleep Wakefulness Predict Anger in REM Sleep Dreams. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4775-4784. [PMID: 30988168 PMCID: PMC6561691 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2884-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective experiences are central not only to our waking life but also to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep dreams. Despite our increasing understanding of the neural correlates of dreaming, we know little about the neural correlates of dream affect. Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) is considered a marker of affective states and traits as well as affect regulation in the waking state. Here, we explored whether FAA during REM sleep and during evening resting wakefulness is related to affective experiences in REM sleep dreams. EEG recordings were obtained from 17 human participants (7 men) who spent 2 nights in the sleep laboratory. Participants were awakened 5 min after the onset of every REM stage after which they provided a dream report and rated their dream affect. Two-minute preawakening EEG segments were analyzed. Additionally, 8 min of evening presleep and morning postsleep EEG were recorded during resting wakefulness. Mean spectral power in the alpha band (8-13 Hz) and corresponding FAA were calculated over the frontal (F4-F3) sites. Results showed that FAA during REM sleep, and during evening resting wakefulness, predicted ratings of dream anger. This suggests that individuals with greater alpha power in the right frontal hemisphere may be less able to regulate (i.e., inhibit) strong affective states, such as anger, in dreams. Additionally, FAA was positively correlated across wakefulness and REM sleep. Together, these findings imply that FAA may serve as a neural correlate of affect regulation not only in the waking but also in the dreaming state.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We experience emotions not only during wakefulness but also during dreaming. Despite our increasing understanding of the neural correlates of dreaming, we know little about the neural correlates of dream emotions. Here we used electroencephalography to explore how frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA)-the relative difference in alpha power between the right and left frontal cortical areas that is associated with emotional processing and emotion regulation in wakefulness-is related to dream emotions. We show that individuals with greater FAA (i.e., greater right-sided alpha power) during rapid eye movement sleep, and during evening wakefulness, experience more anger in dreams. FAA may thus reflect the ability to regulate emotions not only in the waking but also in the dreaming state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilleriin Sikka
- Department of Psychology and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland,
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, 54 128 Skövde, Sweden, and
| | - Antti Revonsuo
- Department of Psychology and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, 54 128 Skövde, Sweden, and
| | - Valdas Noreika
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Valli
- Department of Psychology and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, 54 128 Skövde, Sweden, and
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