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Chen Z, Wang X, Yu G, Pu J, Li X, Tao Z, Duan Z, Zhang F, Han P, Li H, Yu H. Genome-wide identification, characterization, molecular evolution and expression profiling analysis of scavenger receptors in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109686. [PMID: 38852787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The scavenger receptors (SRs) gene family is considered as the membrane-associated pattern recognition receptors that plays important roles in the immune responses of organisms. However, there is currently limited research on the systematic identification of the SRs gene family in teleost and their role in the innate immunity of S. schegelii. In this study, we identified and annotated 15 SRs genes in S. schegelii. Through phylogenetic analysis, analysis of conserved domains, gene structure, and motif composition, we found that SRs gene family within different classes were relatively conserved. Additionally, we used qRT-PCR to analyze the expression patterns of SRs genes in immune-related tissues from healthy and Acinetobacter johnsonii-infected S. schegelii. The results showed that SRs genes exhibited different tissue expression patterns and the expression of SRs genes significantly changed after A. johnsonii infection. These results provided a valuable basis for further understanding of the functions of SRs in the innate immune response of S. schegelii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuangang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Gan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jingrun Pu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ze Tao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhixiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hengshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Wang Y, Shao W. Innate Immune Response to Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy. Viruses 2023; 15:1801. [PMID: 37766208 PMCID: PMC10536768 DOI: 10.3390/v15091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors play a pivotal role in the field of gene therapy, with several related drugs having already gained clinical approval from the EMA and FDA. However, numerous viral gene therapy vectors are currently undergoing pre-clinical research or participating in clinical trials. Despite advancements, the innate response remains a significant barrier impeding the clinical development of viral gene therapy. The innate immune response to viral gene therapy vectors and transgenes is still an important reason hindering its clinical development. Extensive studies have demonstrated that different DNA and RNA sensors can detect adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and lentiviruses, thereby activating various innate immune pathways such as Toll-like receptor (TLR), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING), and retinoic acid-inducible gene I-mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (RLR-MAVS). This review focuses on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the innate immune response induced by three widely utilized viral vectors: adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, and lentivirus, as well as the strategies employed to circumvent innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenwei Shao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
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3
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Bhat RAH, Tandel RS, Dash P, Nazir MI, Yousuf DJ, Bhat IA, Ganie PA, Gargotra P, Siva C. Computational analysis and functional characterisation of Tor putitora toll-like receptor 4 with the elucidation of its binding sites for microbial mimicking ligands. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:538-549. [PMID: 36152800 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, full-length Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) cDNA was cloned and characterised in Tor putitora, an important fish inhibiting Himalayan rivers. The complete coding sequence of TpTLR4 is 2457 bp with nine key structural domains, including six leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The phylogenetic tree revealed that TpTLR4 showed the closest relationship with TLR4 of Cyprinus carpio (96%), Labeo rohita (91%) and Megalobrama amblycephala (88%), all belonging to the Cyprinidae family. CELLO2GO tool revealed that TpTLR4 protein is highly localised in the plasma (67.7%), and the protein has a strong association with myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) followed by Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family. In the toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of TpTLR4, the proline is replaced by the alanine amino acid, thus may give plasticity to the receptor to recognise both bacterial and viral ligands. Molecular docking has revealed that TpTLR4 showed the strongest affinity towards poly (I:C) with the binding energy of -6.1 kcal/mol and five hydrogen bonds among all ligands. Based on our molecular docking results, it can be presumed that TpTLR4 can sense bacterial, fungal and viral molecular patterns with binding sites mainly present in the TpTLR4 LRR9 motif, which spans between 515 and 602 amino acids. Tor putiora TLR4 transcript was ubiquitously expressed in all the tested fish tissues. Although, transcript level was found to be highest in blood and spleen followed by the kidney. The TpTLR4 transcripts showed peak expression in spleen and kidney at 12 h post-injection (hpi) (p < 0.05) of poly (I:C). The constitutive expression of TpTLR4 in various tissues, up-regulation in different tissues and strong binding affinities with poly (I:C) indicate that TpTLR4 may play an essential role in sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), particularly of viral origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pragyan Dash
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mir Ishfaq Nazir
- DIVA, TNJFU-Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Muttukadu, 603112, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dar Jaffer Yousuf
- Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad Bhat
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Háskóli Íslands/University of Iceland Askja, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad Ganie
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pankaj Gargotra
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - C Siva
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
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Guo X, Liu Y, Liu J, Xu D, Chi C, Lv Z, Liu H. Sequence and functional features of a novel scavenger receptor homolog, SCARA5 from Yellow drum (Nibea albiflora). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104463. [PMID: 35690228 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important member in SR-As, member 5 (SCARA5) can swallow apoptotic cells and foreign bodies, and participate multiple signaling pathways to inhibit tumor occurrence, development growth and metastasis. To explore its immune function, SCARA5 was identified from the yellow drum (Nibea albiflora) according to its transcriptome data, and its full-length cDNA was 6968 bp (named as NaSCARA5, GenBank accession no: MW070211) encoding 497 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 55.12 kDa, which had the typical motifs of SR family, such as transmembrane helix region, coil region, Pfam collagens region and SR region. BLASTp and the phylogenetic relationship analysis illustrated that the sequences shared high similarity with known SCARA5 of teleosts. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis showed that NaSCARA5 was expressed in intestine, stomach, liver, kidney, gill, heart and spleen, with the highest in the spleen (24.42-fold compared with that in heart). After being infected with Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C), Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, NaSCARA5 mRNA were up-regulated with time dependent mode in spleen, which suggested that NaSCARA5 might play an important role in the immune process of fish. The extracellular domain of NaSCARA5 was successfully expressed in BL21 (DE3), and yielded the target protein of the expected size with many active sites for their conferring protein-protein interaction functions. After being purified by Ni-NAT Superflow resin and renatured, it was found to bind all the tested bacteria (V.parahaemolyticus,V.alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi). The eukaryotic expression vector of the NaSCARA5-EGFP fusion protein was constructed and transferred into epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells, and it was mainly expressed on the cell membrane indicating that NaSCARA5 was a typical transmembrane protein. The aforementioned results indicated that NaSCARA5 played a significant role in the defense against pathogenic bacteria infection as PRRs, which may provide some further understandings of the regulatory mechanisms in the fish innate immune system for SR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Guo
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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5
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Li R, Qu J, Li H, Zhang Q. Genome-wide identification and analysis of scavenger receptors and their expression profiling in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104397. [PMID: 35307477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The scavenger receptors (SRs) gene family, as one of pattern recognition receptors, participates in the innate immune response in diverse lineages. However, the systematic identification, characteristics and functions of SRs family are lacking in teleost. Here, we identified all 19 SRs family members in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) based on the genome and transcriptome data. Phylogenetic and Ka/Ks analysis demonstrated that these SRs genes were divided into five classes and all exhibited pronounced purified selection pressures. Whole genome duplication event was found in colec12, scarb2, and lamp1. Gene structure, functional domain and motif distribution analyses indicated that SRs within the different subfamilies are severely conservative. SRs genes showed diverse expression patterns in the embryogenesis and unchanged tissues. The regulations of 14 SRs genes in blood, gill and kidney after E. tarda infection suggested their roles in innate immune response. Meanwhile, ten SRs genes were differentially expressed after E. tarda stimulation in macrophages in vitro. Then we proved that PoSCARA3 could suppress the activity of NF-κB and AP-1 in HEK 293T cells by dual-luciferase assays. In summary, this study provided valuable basis for further functional characterization and immune functions of SRs genes in P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangbo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hengshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 266003, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, 572000, Sanya, Hainan, China.
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6
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Zhang W, Deng H, Liu Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Zhao Y. Antiviral Effectivity of Favipiravir Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Is Mediated by the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT Pathways. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722840. [PMID: 34552976 PMCID: PMC8450531 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, causes severe infectious disease in small ruminants and has been rapidly spreading in many parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Although vaccination is considered to be an effective means of controlling PPR, the heat-sensitive nature of the vaccines against PPRV greatly limits their application in areas with a hot climate. In the present study, we investigated the anti-PPRV effects of favipiravir and sought to identify the underlying mechanisms in vitro using the Vero cell line. MTT assays, Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence assays, virus plaque formation assays, and qRT-PCR were used to assess the effects of favipiravir on the life cycle of PPRV and the expression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Additionally, the expression levels of JAK1, STAT1, phosphorylated (p)-STAT1, PI3K, AKT, and p-AKT, as well as those of signaling molecules acting downstream of the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, were determined by Western blotting and qRT-PCR. The results indicated that, in PPRV-infected, favipiravir-treated Vero cells, the attachment, invasion, replication, and release of PPRV were significantly inhibited, as was the expression of RdRp, when compared with that in untreated PPRV-infected cells. Furthermore, in favipiravir-treated cells, the expression of JAK1 and STAT1 was downregulated, whereas that of p-STAT1 was significantly upregulated. Similarly, the expression levels of PKR, IRF9, ISG54, and MxA proteins that are associated with innate antiviral activity in host cells were also markedly increased. Moreover, with favipiravir treatment, the expression of PI3K and p-AKT and the p-AKT/AKT ratio were significantly decreased, whereas the expression of AKT was noticeably upregulated. The expression of GSK3, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, and BAD was also increased with favipiravir treatment, while the expression of CREB, p-CREB, p-GSK3, and Bcl-2 was slightly decreased. In addition, all the p-GSK3/GSK3, p-CREB/CREB, p-NF-κB/NF-κB, and p-BAD/BAD ratios were significantly reduced in favipiravir-treated cells. These results implied that the antiviral effectivity of favipiravir against PPRV is mediated by the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways and that favipiravir has potential for use as an effective antiviral agent against PPRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hualong Deng
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shaohong Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - You Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuntao Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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7
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Viret C, Duclaux-Loras R, Nancey S, Rozières A, Faure M. Selective Autophagy Receptors in Antiviral Defense. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:798-810. [PMID: 33678557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy ensures the degradation of cytosolic substrates by the lysosomal pathway. Cargoes destined to be eliminated are confined within double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, prior to fusion with endolysosomal vacuoles. Autophagy receptors selectively interact with cargoes and route them to elongating autophagic membranes, a process referred to as selective autophagy. Besides contributing to cell homeostasis, selective autophagy constitutes an important cell-autonomous defense mechanism against viruses. We review observations related to selective autophagy receptor engagement during host cell responses to virus infection. We examine the distinct roles of autophagy receptors in antiviral autophagy, consider the strategies viruses have evolved to escape or oppose such restrictions, and delineate the contributions of selective autophagy to the tailoring of antiviral innate responses. Finally, we mention some open and emerging questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Rémi Duclaux-Loras
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Femme-Mère-Enfant Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Stéphane Nancey
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Lyon Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Autophagy Infection Immunity, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM, France.
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8
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Lazarte JMS, Thompson KD, Jung TS. Pattern Recognition by Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5 (Mda5) in Teleost Fish: A Review. Front Immunol 2019; 10:906. [PMID: 31080451 PMCID: PMC6497758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish, as with other vertebrates, rely on their innate immune system as a first line of defense against invading pathogens. A very important characteristic of the innate immune response is its ability to recognize conserved molecular structures, such as viral dsRNA and ssRNA. Mda5 is one of the three pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize cytoplasmic viral ligands. Teleost Mda5 is widely conserved among several fish species and possesses the same structural domains as those seen in their mammalian counterparts. Fish Mda5 has been shown to be capable of initiating an inflammatory response both in vitro (in different fish cell lines) and in vivo using synthetic viral analogs or virus. The interferon (IFN) pathway is triggered as a result of Mda5 activation, leading to the expression of type I IFNs, IFN- stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although it is known that Mda5 acts as a receptor for virally-produced ligands, it has been shown more recently that it can also initiate an immune response against bacterial challenges. This review discusses recent advances in the characterization of teleost Mda5 and its potential role in antiviral and antibacterial immunity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassy Mary S Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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9
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Viret C, Rozières A, Faure M. Autophagy during Early Virus–Host Cell Interactions. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1696-1713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Paria A, Makesh M, Chaudhari A, Purushothaman CS, Rajendran KV. Molecular characterisation, ontogeny and expression analysis of melanoma differentiation-associated factor 5 (MDA5) from Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:71-82. [PMID: 28919361 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MDA5 is the pivotal member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and is reported to play a crucial role in type I IFN-mediated responses against pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), especially nucleic acids. In this study, we have identified and cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of MDA5, which comprises 3398 nucleotides and encodes for a putative protein of 978 AA length, in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. From the putative amino acid sequence of AsMDA5, four different conserved domains could be predicted: two N-terminal CARD domains, a DExDc domain, a HELICc domain and a C-terminal RIG-1_C-RD domain. The mRNA transcript of AsMDA5 could be detected in all the 11 tissues tested in healthy animals with the highest expression in heart followed by gill and skin. The ontogenetic expression profile showed constitutive expression in developmental stages starting from unfertilized eggs, which implies the possibility of maternally acquired immunity of RLRs in offspring. The viral analogue poly I:C could modulate the AsMDA5 expression both in vivo and in vitro. In all the tissues, AsMDA5 expression was found to be highly regulated following injection with poly I:C with the highest expression observed in kidney. The expression level of AsMDA5 was found to be modulated at different time-points following challenge with Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, noticeable change in AsMDA5 expression was detected in SISK cell line induced with either LPS or PGN. The observations made in this study suggest that in euryhaline marine teleosts like Asian seabass, MDA5 gene serves as one of the pivotal receptor for the detection of viral and bacterial PAMP, and might play an important antimicrobial role during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai -400 061, India
| | - M Makesh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai -400 061, India
| | - Aparna Chaudhari
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai -400 061, India
| | - C S Purushothaman
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai -400 061, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Off-Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai -400 061, India.
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11
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Rozières A, Viret C, Faure M. Autophagy in Measles Virus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120359. [PMID: 29186766 PMCID: PMC5744134 DOI: 10.3390/v9120359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a biological process that helps cells to recycle obsolete cellular components and which greatly contributes to maintaining cellular integrity in response to environmental stress factors. Autophagy is also among the first lines of cellular defense against invading microorganisms, including viruses. The autophagic destruction of invading pathogens, a process referred to as xenophagy, involves cytosolic autophagy receptors, such as p62/SQSTM1 (Sequestosome 1) or NDP52/CALCOCO2 (Nuclear Dot 52 KDa Protein/Calcium Binding And Coiled-Coil Domain 2), which bind to microbial components and target them towards growing autophagosomes for degradation. However, most, if not all, infectious viruses have evolved molecular tricks to escape from xenophagy. Many viruses even use autophagy, part of the autophagy pathway or some autophagy-associated proteins, to improve their infectious potential. In this regard, the measles virus, responsible for epidemic measles, has a unique interface with autophagy as the virus can induce multiple rounds of autophagy in the course of infection. These successive waves of autophagy result from distinct molecular pathways and seem associated with anti- and/or pro-measles virus consequences. In this review, we describe what the autophagy–measles virus interplay has taught us about both the biology of the virus and the mechanistic orchestration of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Rozières
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.V.); (M.F.)
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +334-3728-2372; Fax: +33-43728-2341
| | - Christophe Viret
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.V.); (M.F.)
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.V.); (M.F.)
- Inserm, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007 Lyon, France
- Equipe FRM Labellisée Fondation Pour la Recherche Médicale FRM, 75007 Paris, France
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Lu L, Wang X, Wu S, Song X, Zou Z, Xie X, Xiao J, Chen S, Feng H. Black carp STING functions importantly in innate immune defense against RNA virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:13-24. [PMID: 28863891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a central and multifaceted mediator in the innate immune response of higher vertebrates. To explore its role in teleost fish, the STING homolog of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) (bcSTING) has been cloned and characterized in this paper. bcSTING transcription in Mylopharyngodon piceus fin (MPF) cells increased remarkably in response to GCRV and SVCV infection, or poly (I:C) stimulation. bcSTING migrated around 42 KDa in immunoblot assay and was identified as a cytosolic protein locating on ER majorly through immunofluorescence staining. Under condition of SVCV/GCRV infection or poly (I:C) stimulation, the subcellular distribution of bcSTING majorly displayed on mitochondria, which overlapped with that of bcMAVS. HA-bcSTING instead of bcSTING-HA presented strong IFN-inducing activity in reporter assay and antiviral ability against both SVCV and GCRV in plaque assay. Site mutation of serine (S) on C-terminus of bcSTING demonstrated that both S371 and S379 were crucial for its mediated signaling. Taken together, our study support the conclusion that bcSTING plays an important role in host innate immune defense against RNA virus such as SVCV and GCRV, in which its C-terminus functions crucially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Sizhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ziqi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xinchi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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13
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Youssef SS, Hamdy NM. SOCS1 and pattern recognition receptors: TLR9 and RIG-I; novel haplotype associations in Egyptian fibrotic/cirrhotic patients with HCV genotype 4. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3347-3354. [PMID: 28762092 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we explore the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) (rs243327), the regulator of toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) (rs352140), retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) (rs669260), and cluster of differentiation 152 (CD152) (rs231776) in fibrotic/cirrhotic patients. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these genes as well as haplotype analyses were performed on a cohort of 120 Egyptian fibrotic patients. Fibrosis had progressed from HCV genotype 4 infections. Using RT-PCR, SNPs were evaluated in the DNA collected from each patient using TaqMan® genotyping assays. A regression model was used to evaluate allelic and haplotypic associations with a fibrosis/cirrhotic scale. The necroinflammatory A score was adjusted for non-genetic covariates. The genotype distributions for SOCS1 (rs243327) and TLR-9 (rs352140) differed significantly between the F1-F3 and F3-F4 groups. On the other hand, the genotype distributions for RIG-I (rs669260) and CD152 (rs231776) genes did not significantly differ. The allele frequency was calculated using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) for the SOCS1 (rs243327), RIG-I (rs669260), and CD152 (rs231776) genes. These calculated frequency values indicated the need to compare them to another population for that locus. However, TLR9 (rs352140) did not show similar results. The A allele in SOCS1, TLR9, and RIG-I SNPs was an adverse prognostic factor for liver fibrosis and liver activity. Haplotype analysis revealed a significant association between SOCS1 and TLR9 in fibrotic/cirrhotic patients. This indicated the presence of the A allele in either gene, which is considered a risk factor for the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis. SOCS1 rs243327, TLR9 rs352140, and RIG-I rs669260 polymorphisms might affect liver pathophysiology and the cirrhotic outcome following genotype 4 HCV infection. Therefore, performing this specific SNP testing may be of value for the stratification of the population at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Youssef
- Genetic Engineering Division, Microbial Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, El Behous st, Dokki, Cairo, Giza, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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14
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Petkova DS, Verlhac P, Rozières A, Baguet J, Claviere M, Kretz-Remy C, Mahieux R, Viret C, Faure M. Distinct Contributions of Autophagy Receptors in Measles Virus Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050123. [PMID: 28531150 PMCID: PMC5454435 DOI: 10.3390/v9050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a potent cell autonomous defense mechanism that engages the lysosomal pathway to fight intracellular pathogens. Several autophagy receptors can recognize invading pathogens in order to target them towards autophagy for their degradation after the fusion of pathogen-containing autophagosomes with lysosomes. However, numerous intracellular pathogens can avoid or exploit autophagy, among which is measles virus (MeV). This virus induces a complete autophagy flux, which is required to improve viral replication. We therefore asked how measles virus interferes with autophagy receptors during the course of infection. We report that in addition to NDP52/CALCOCO2 and OPTINEURIN/OPTN, another autophagy receptor, namely T6BP/TAXIBP1, also regulates the maturation of autophagosomes by promoting their fusion with lysosomes, independently of any infection. Surprisingly, only two of these receptors, NDP52 and T6BP, impacted measles virus replication, although independently, and possibly through physical interaction with MeV proteins. Thus, our results suggest that a restricted set of autophagosomes is selectively exploited by measles virus to replicate in the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa S Petkova
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Joël Baguet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Mathieu Claviere
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Carole Kretz-Remy
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
- Equipe labellisée Ligue nationale contre le cancer, France.
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
- Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale FRM, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, France.
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15
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Neubauer EF, Poole AZ, Weis VM, Davy SK. The scavenger receptor repertoire in six cnidarian species and its putative role in cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2692. [PMID: 27896028 PMCID: PMC5119243 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cnidarians engage in a mutualism with endosymbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates that forms the basis of the coral reef ecosystem. Interpartner interaction and regulation includes involvement of the host innate immune system. Basal metazoans, including cnidarians have diverse and complex innate immune repertoires that are just beginning to be described. Scavenger receptors (SR) are a diverse superfamily of innate immunity genes that recognize a broad array of microbial ligands and participate in phagocytosis of invading microbes. The superfamily includes subclades named SR-A through SR-I that are categorized based on the arrangement of sequence domains including the scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR), the C-type lectin (CTLD) and the CD36 domains. Previous functional and gene expression studies on cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis have implicated SR-like proteins in interpartner communication and regulation. In this study, we characterized the SR repertoire from a combination of genomic and transcriptomic resources from six cnidarian species in the Class Anthozoa. We combined these bioinformatic analyses with functional experiments using the SR inhibitor fucoidan to explore a role for SRs in cnidarian symbiosis and immunity. Bioinformatic searches revealed a large diversity of SR-like genes that resembled SR-As, SR-Bs, SR-Es and SR-Is. SRCRs, CTLDs and CD36 domains were identified in multiple sequences in combinations that were highly homologous to vertebrate SRs as well as in proteins with novel domain combinations. Phylogenetic analyses of CD36 domains of the SR-B-like sequences from a diversity of metazoans grouped cnidarian with bilaterian sequences separate from other basal metazoans. All cnidarian sequences grouped together with moderate support in a subclade separately from bilaterian sequences. Functional experiments were carried out on the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida that engages in a symbiosis with Symbiodinium minutum (clade B1). Experimental blocking of the SR ligand binding site with the inhibitor fucoidan reduced the ability of S. minutum to colonize A. pallida suggesting that host SRs play a role in host-symbiont recognition. In addition, incubation of symbiotic anemones with fucoidan elicited an immune response, indicating that host SRs function in immune modulation that results in host tolerance of the symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie F. Neubauer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Angela Z. Poole
- Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR, United States
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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16
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He J, Liu H, Yang J, Dong X, Wu C. Abundant members of Scavenger receptors family and their identification, characterization and expression against Vibrio alginolyticus infection in juvenile Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 50:297-309. [PMID: 26876357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to defense pathogen infection in fish innate immunity. In this paper, some members in SRs family of Larimichthys crocea were identified, including eight genes in the class A, B, D and F families. (G + C) % of all SRs members held 51% ∼ 59%, and these genes were no obvious codon bias by analyzing the distribution of A-, T-, G- and C-ended codons. The order of Enc for all SRs members by sequencing was LycCD68 > LycSCARA5 > LycSCARB1 > LycCD163 > LycMARCO > LycSREC1 > LycSCARA3 > LycSREC2. Moreover, different lengths and numbers of exons and introns led to the diverse mRNAs and respective functional domains or motifs, for example, an optional cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain in LycMARCO and LycSCARA5, an epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF-like domain in LycSREC1 and LycSREC2. The sub-cellular localization demonstrated SRs members mainly located in plasma membrane or extracellular matrix. Further, all of the SRs members in L. crocea were almost low expressed in heart, gill and intestine, whereas high in spleen and liver. After stimulation by Vibrio alginolyticus, the class A and F families were induced significantly, but the class B and D families expressed less even none after pathogenic infection. All the findings would pave the way to understand not only the evolution of the SR-mediated immune response, but also the complexity of fish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu He
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Xiangli Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Changwen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
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17
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Yu CH, Yu WY, Fang J, Zhang HH, Ma Y, Yu B, Wu F, Wu XN. Mosla scabra flavonoids ameliorate the influenza A virus-induced lung injury and water transport abnormality via the inhibition of PRR and AQP signaling pathways in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:146-155. [PMID: 26719287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACROLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y. Wu and H.W. Li has been used as a traditional medicinal herb for centuries in East Asian countries. It has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In folk medicine, it is used as a remedy for the treatment of pulmonary diseases, such as fever, cold, cough, pulmonary edema and emphysema. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was to investigate the protective mechanism of total flavonoids from M. scabra (MF) in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were infected with IAV and then were treated daily with MF for five days. At the end of the experiment, the levels of inflammatory-related cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. Pathological changes of lung tissue were examined by H&E staining. The protein expressions of AQP5, p-p38, caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 were detected by western blot analysis while the gene expressions of key effectors in AQP5 and PRRs signaling pathways were detected by real-time Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFQ-PCR) analysis. RESULTS The results showed that treatment with MF at doses of 120-360mg/kg for five days to IAV-infected mice significantly attenuated IAV-induced pulmonary injury and decreased the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β, but increased IFN-α levels. MF treatment could up-regulate the mRNA expressions of TLR-7, RIG-1, TRAF6, Bcl-2, Bax, VIPR1, PKCα and AQP5 and down-regulate caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 protein expression. CONCLUSION Treatment with MF could significantly alleviate IAV-induced pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis and water transport abnormality, which was probably through the regulation of TLR7, RIG-1 and AQP5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wen-Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wu
- Pharmaceutical Department, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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18
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Glennie S, Gritzfeld JF, Pennington SH, Garner-Jones M, Coombes N, Hopkins MJ, Vadesilho CF, Miyaji EN, Wang D, Wright AD, Collins AM, Gordon SB, Ferreira DM. Modulation of nasopharyngeal innate defenses by viral coinfection predisposes individuals to experimental pneumococcal carriage. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:56-67. [PMID: 25921341 PMCID: PMC4703943 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased nasopharyngeal colonization density has been associated with pneumonia. We used experimental human pneumococcal carriage to investigate whether upper respiratory tract viral infection predisposes individuals to carriage. A total of 101 healthy subjects were screened for respiratory virus before pneumococcal intranasal challenge. Virus was associated with increased odds of colonization (75% virus positive became colonized vs. 46% virus-negative subjects; P=0.02). Nasal Factor H (FH) levels were increased in virus-positive subjects and were associated with increased colonization density. Using an in vitro epithelial model we explored the impact of increased mucosal FH in the context of coinfection. Epithelial inflammation and FH binding resulted in increased pneumococcal adherence to the epithelium. Binding was partially blocked by antibodies targeting the FH-binding protein Pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC). PspC epitope mapping revealed individuals lacked antibodies against the FH binding region. We propose that FH binding to PspC in vivo masks this binding site, enabling FH to facilitate pneumococcal/epithelial attachment during viral infection despite the presence of anti-PspC antibodies. We propose that a PspC-based vaccine lacking binding to FH could reduce pneumococcal colonization, and may have enhanced protection in those with underlying viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glennie
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK ,grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Present Address: 7Present address: School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK., ,
| | - J F Gritzfeld
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - S H Pennington
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Garner-Jones
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Coombes
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - M J Hopkins
- grid.269741.f0000 0004 0421 1585Liverpool Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - C F Vadesilho
- grid.418514.d0000 0001 1702 8585Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - E N Miyaji
- grid.418514.d0000 0001 1702 8585Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Wang
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Tropical Clinical Trial Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - A D Wright
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK ,grid.269741.f0000 0004 0421 1585NIHR Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - A M Collins
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK ,grid.269741.f0000 0004 0421 1585NIHR Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - S B Gordon
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - D M Ferreira
- grid.48004.380000 0004 1936 9764Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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He J, Liu W, Wang S, Liu W, Liu H. The SREC-I and SREC-II associated with epidermal growth factor in scavenger receptor family are the potential regulative transmembrane receptors in Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:182-195. [PMID: 26343178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In innate immunity, the regulation of the immunologic gene expression plays a vital role in defense against pathogenic threat. The class F scavenger receptors (SCARFs), a kind of crucial immunologic type I transmembrane receptors, mainly involve in the signal transmission and eliminating pathogens in host immune system. In this study, the SREC-I and SREC-II of SCARFs in Larimichthys crocea (designated as LycSREC1 and LycSREC2 respectively) were first identified, the potential genetic locus relationships with other species were depicted and the features of gene expression after Vibrio alginolyticus stimulation were tested. The results demonstrated that the complete ORF sequences of two candidates were 3024 bp and 2832 bp (KM884873 and KM884874) respectively including some important domains and motifs, such as EGF/EGF-like domains, TRAF2-binding consensus motif, generic motif and atipical motif. The gene location maps and genetic locus interpreted that the DNA sequences of LycSREC1 and LycSREC2 were 7603 bp and 4883 bp, and some locus had changed compared with human being, but three more crucial genetic locus were conservative among ten species. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the highest mRNA expression of LycSREC1 and LycSREC2 were both in liver among eight detected tissues, and their expression were up-regulated by V. alginolyticus stimulation. All these findings would contribute to better understanding the biologic function of SCARFs in defending against pathogenic bacteria challenge and further exploring the innate immune of sciaenidae fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu He
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Wan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
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20
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Abstract
Many viruses deliver their genomes into the host cell’s nucleus before they replicate. While onco-retroviruses and papillomaviruses tether their genomes to host chromatin upon mitotic breakdown of the nuclear envelope, lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, adenoviruses, herpesviruses, parvoviruses, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus, polyomaviruses, and baculoviruses deliver their genomes into the nucleus of post-mitotic cells. This poses the significant challenge of slipping a DNA or RNA genome past the nuclear pore complex (NPC) embedded in the nuclear envelope. Quantitative fluorescence imaging is shedding new light on this process, with recent data implicating misdelivery of viral genomes at nuclear pores as a bottleneck to virus replication. Here, we infer NPC functions for nuclear import of viral genomes from cell biology experiments and explore potential causes of misdelivery, including improper virus docking at NPCs, incomplete translocation, virus-induced stress and innate immunity reactions. We conclude by discussing consequences of viral genome misdelivery for viruses and host cells, and lay out future questions to enhance our understanding of this phenomenon. Further studies into viral genome misdelivery may reveal unexpected aspects about NPC structure and function, as well as aid in developing strategies for controlling viral infections to improve human health.
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Bhat A, Paria A, Deepika A, Sreedharan K, Makesh M, Bedekar MK, Purushothaman CS, Rajendran KV. Molecular cloning, characterisation and expression analysis of melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5) of green chromide, Etroplus suratensis. Gene 2014; 557:172-81. [PMID: 25523097 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune system recognises pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by limited number of germline encoded and non-clonally developed pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are important cytosolic PRRs for sensing viral RNAs. The receptor encoded by melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5), an RLR, recognises viral RNA and enhances antiviral response in host cells. The full-length MDA5 cDNA in Etroplus suratensis was cloned and found to have 3673 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 978 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains four main structural domains: two CARD domains in the N-terminal region, a DExDc (DEAH/DEAD box helicase domain), HELICc (C-terminal helicase) domain and a C-terminal regulatory domain (RD). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship of E. suratensis MDA5 (EsMDA5) with MDA5 of Neolamprologus brichardi and Oreochromis niloticus, both belonging to Cichlidae family. EsMDA5 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all the 12 tissues tested in healthy fish. Although, transcript level was found to be the highest in muscle, high expression was also detected in the spleen, head kidney and hindgut. In poly I:C-injected fish, EsMDA5 transcripts showed peak expression in the spleen, intestine and heart at 12h post-injection (hpi). However, in gill and kidney tissues, maximum up-regulation of EsMDA5 was observed at 6 and 48 hpi, respectively. Further, liver tissue showed an increasing trend in expression profile from 6 to 48 hpi. Interferon promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) gene, an adaptor triggering RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated type I interferon induction, also showed up-regulated expression at initial time-points in poly I:C-injected E. suratensis. The constitutive expression and up-regulation of EsMDA5 and the IPS-1 genes in different tissues indicate that EsMDA5 may play an important role in sensing viral PAMPs in conjunction with IPS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Bhat
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - A Deepika
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - K Sreedharan
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - M Makesh
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Megha K Bedekar
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - C S Purushothaman
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India
| | - K V Rajendran
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off-Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India.
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Liao Z, Chen X, Nie D, Wang J, Wu M. A RING finger protein 114 (RNF114) homolog from Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) possesses immune-regulation properties via modulating RIG-I signaling pathway-mediated interferon expression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:507-516. [PMID: 25290666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases play important roles in immune regulation. The human RNF114 (RING finger protein 114), an ubiquitin ligase, was recently reported to be involved in immune response to double-stranded RNA in disease pathogenesis. Here, we identified a RNF114 homolog in Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) and investigated its potential role in immune response. The full-length cDNA of Chinese sturgeon RNF114 (csRNF114) contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 681 nucleotides coding a protein of 227 amino acids. csRNF114 shares the highest identity of 76% at amino acid level to other RNF114 homologs, clustering with bony fish RNF114s based on phylogenetic analysis. The main structural features of csRNF114, including a C3HC4 (Cys3-His-Cys4) RING domain, a C2HC (Cys2-His-Cys)-type zinc finger motif, a C2H2 (Cys2-His2)-type zinc finger motif, and a UIM (ubiquitin-interacting motif), take csRNF114 as an ubiquitin ligase. csRNF114 mRNA was widely expressed in various tissues and significantly up-regulated in poly(I:C)-treated Chinese sturgeon. Over-expression of csRNF114 in HEK293T cells significantly promoted both basal and poly(I:C)-induced activation of interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) downstream retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling pathway and expression of target genes type I interferon (IFN), which was nearly abolished by knockdown of RIG-I with specific human siRNA and by mutation of the C3HC4 RING domain (C28A/C31A) in csRNF114 as well. Furthermore, csRNF114 associated with ubiquitinated proteins in HEK293T cells, for which the C3HC4 RING domain was essential. These data suggested that an ubiquitin ligase RNF114 homolog with a potential role in antiviral response possibly through modulating RIG-I signaling pathway was cloned from Chinese sturgeon, which might contribute to our understanding of the immune biology of Chinese sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Dongsong Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mingjiang Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Rausell A, Telenti A. Genomics of host–pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 30:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hendrickx R, Stichling N, Koelen J, Kuryk L, Lipiec A, Greber UF. Innate immunity to adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:265-84. [PMID: 24512150 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in gene medicine, with applications ranging from oncolytic therapies to vaccinations, but adenovirus vectors are not without side effects. In addition, natural adenoviruses pose severe risks for immunocompromised people, yet infections are usually mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. Here we describe how adenoviruses are recognized by the host innate defense system during entry and replication in immune and nonimmune cells. Innate defense protects the host and represents a major barrier to using adenoviruses as therapeutic interventions in humans. Innate response against adenoviruses involves intrinsic factors present at constant levels, and innate factors mounted by the host cell upon viral challenge. These factors exert antiviral effects by directly binding to viruses or viral components, or shield the virus, for example, soluble factors, such as blood clotting components, the complement system, preexisting immunoglobulins, or defensins. In addition, Toll-like receptors and lectins in the plasma membrane and endosomes are intrinsic factors against adenoviruses. Important innate factors restricting adenovirus in the cytosol are tripartite motif-containing proteins, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like inflammatory receptors, and DNA sensors triggering interferon, such as DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase. Adenovirus tunes the function of antiviral autophagy, and counters innate defense by virtue of its early proteins E1A, E1B, E3, and E4 and two virus-associated noncoding RNAs VA-I and VA-II. We conclude by discussing strategies to engineer adenovirus vectors with attenuated innate responses and enhanced delivery features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodinde Hendrickx
- 1 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Yan Z, Sun X, Evans IA, Tyler SR, Song Y, Liu X, Sui H, Engelhardt JF. Postentry processing of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 1 and transduction of the ferret lung are altered by a factor in airway secretions. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:786-96. [PMID: 23948055 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently created a cystic fibrosis ferret model that acquires neonatal lung infection. To develop lung gene therapies for this model, we evaluated recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene transfer to the neonatal ferret lung. Unlike in vitro ferret airway epithelial (FAE) cells, in vivo infection of the ferret lung with rAAV1 required proteasome inhibitors to achieve efficient airway transduction. We hypothesized that differences in transduction between these two systems were because of an in vivo secreted factor that alter the transduction biology of rAAV1. Indeed, treatment of rAAV1 with ferret airway secretory fluid (ASF) strongly inhibited rAAV1, but not rAAV2, transduction of primary FAE and HeLa cells. Properties of the ASF inhibitory factor included a strong affinity for the AAV1 capsid, heat-stability, negative charge, and sensitivity to endoproteinase Glu-C. ASF-treated rAAV1 dramatically inhibited apical transduction of FAE ALI cultures (512-fold), while only reducing viral entry by 55-fold, suggesting that postentry processing of virus was influenced by the inhibitor factor. Proteasome inhibitors rescued transduction in the presence of ASF (~1600-fold) without effecting virus internalization, while proteasome inhibitors only enhanced transduction 45-fold in the absence of ASF. These findings demonstrate that a factor in lung secretions can influence intracellular processing of rAAV1 in a proteasome-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, USA
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Aoki T, Hikima JI, Hwang SD, Jung TS. Innate immunity of finfish: primordial conservation and function of viral RNA sensors in teleosts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1689-1702. [PMID: 23462146 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, huge progress has been made in research into teleost PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecule patterns) recognition receptors (PRRs). Numerous fish PRR genes have been identified, and the primordial functions of PRRs involved in the innate immune response to viral infection (especially those responsible for sensing viral RNA) have been increasingly clarified in teleosts. Particular progress has been made in our understanding of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). However, there are important evolutionary differences between teleosts and mammals; for instance, seven TLR repertoires (TLR5S, -14, -19, -20, -21, -22 and -23) are present in teleosts but not in mammals, indicating that some TLRs likely possess different functions. Thus, comparison of PRRs in teleosts and mammals may help us understand the immune responses triggered by host-pathogen interactions in teleosts. In this article, the evolutionary conservations and divergences in the PRR mechanisms of teleosts and mammals are examined, with a focus on their molecular features and the recognition of viral RNA by fish TLRs and RLRs. In addition, the mechanism of type I interferon gene expression in teleosts, which is enhanced after the recognition of viral RNA by fish TLRs and RLRs, is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Aoki
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-710, South Korea.
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Genetic polymorphisms in host innate immune sensor genes and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in North Africa. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:971-7. [PMID: 23576520 PMCID: PMC3689808 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.005371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy in most parts of the world. It is an Epstein-Barr virus−associated malignancy with an unusual racial and geographical distribution. The host innate immune sensor genes play an important role in infection recognition and immune response against viruses. Therefore, we examined the association between polymorphisms in genes within a group of pattern recognition receptors (including families of Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and retinoic acid−inducible gene I−like receptors) and NPC susceptibility. Twenty-six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five pattern-recognition genes were genotyped in 492 North African NPC cases and 373 frequency-matched controls. TLR3_rs3775291 was the most significantly associated SNP (odds ratio [OR] 1.49; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.11−2.00; P = 0.008; dominant model). The analysis showed also that CD209_rs7248637 (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.52−0.93; P = 0.02; dominant model) and DDX58_rs56309110 (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.51−0.98; P = 0.04) were associated with the risk of NPC. An 18% increased risk per allele was observed for the five most significantly associated SNPs, TLR3_rs3775291, CD209_rs7248637, DDX58_rs56309110, CD209_rs4804800, and MBL2_rs10824792, (ptrend = 8.2 × 10−4). Our results suggest that genetic variation in pattern-recognition genes is associated with the risk of NPC. These preliminary findings require replication in larger studies.
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Masson P, Hulo C, De Castro E, Bitter H, Gruenbaum L, Essioux L, Bougueleret L, Xenarios I, Le Mercier P. ViralZone: recent updates to the virus knowledge resource. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23193299 PMCID: PMC3531065 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
ViralZone (http://viralzone.expasy.org) is a knowledge repository that allows users to learn about viruses including their virion structure, replication cycle and host-virus interactions. The information is divided into viral fact sheets that describe virion shape, molecular biology and epidemiology for each viral genus, with links to the corresponding annotated proteomes of UniProtKB. Each viral genus page contains detailed illustrations, text and PubMed references. This new update provides a linked view of viral molecular biology through 133 new viral ontology pages that describe common steps of viral replication cycles shared by several viral genera. This viral cell-cycle ontology is also represented in UniProtKB in the form of annotated keywords. In this way, users can navigate from the description of a replication-cycle event, to the viral genus concerned, and the associated UniProtKB protein records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Swiss-Prot Group, Centre Médical Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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29
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Richetta C, Faure M. Autophagy in antiviral innate immunity. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:368-76. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Vigerust DJ, Vick S, Shepherd VL. Characterization of functional mannose receptor in a continuous hybridoma cell line. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:51. [PMID: 22967244 PMCID: PMC3495026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mannose receptor is the best described member of the type I transmembrane C-type lectins; however much remains unanswered about the biology of the receptor. One difficulty has been the inability to consistently express high levels of a functional full length mannose receptor cDNA in mammalian cells. Another difficulty has been the lack of a human macrophage cell line expressing a fully functional receptor. Commonly used human macrophage cell lines such as U937, THP-1, Mono-Mac and HL60 do not express the mannose receptor. We have developed a macrophage hybridoma cell line (43MR cells) created by fusion of U937 cells with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, resulting in a non-adherent cell line expressing several properties of primary macrophages. The purpose of this study was to identify and select mannose receptor-expressing cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and to characterize the expression and function of the receptor. Results In the current study we show that the mannose receptor found on this novel cell has endocytic characteristics consistent with and similar to the mannose receptor found on the surface of monocyte-derived human macrophages and rat bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, we demonstrate that these cells engage and internalize pathogen particles such as S. aureus and C. albicans. We further establish the transfectability of these cells via the introduction of a plasmid expressing influenza A hemagglutinin. Conclusions The 43MR cell line represents the first naturally expressed MR-positive cell line derived from a human macrophage background. This cell line provides an important cell model for other researchers for the study of human MR biology and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vigerust
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Medical Center/Research Service, 1310 24th Ave,, South, Nashville TN 37212, USA
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